Understanding Why Demand for SSDs is Soaring Ryan Smith Sr. Manager – SSD Product Marketing, Samsung Semiconductor, Inc.

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What is a HDD?

milliseconds

 HDD = Hard Disk Drive  Block Based Device (e.g., 512-byte)  Capacities in Base 10  Drivers are common and ubiquitous  RPM has peaked Avg. Latency 10 8 6 4 2

0 3,600

4,200

4,500

4,900

5,200

5,400

7,200

10,000

12,000

15,000

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What is Flash?  Non-volatile computer storage chip that can be electronically programmed and erased

Definition and Ingot Image Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx팀

What is an SSD?

Millions

 SSD = Solid State Drive  RAM-based introduced in 1970’s  Flash-based version in 1990’s  Today, it typically uses NAND Flash  Don’t complicate it.. it’s just a really fast drive! 150 100 50 2011

2012

2013 PC

2014

2015

2016

2017

Enterprise

Source : Forward Insights, 3Q13

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Why an SSD?  Three things that dictate the speed of your PC/Server: • CPU, DRAM, and HDD  Everything is speeding up.. Except the HDD Memory: • Larger footprint • Higher bandwidth

Processor: • Multi-core • Higher bandwidth Performance

Closing the gap with Solid State Storage

Storage: • Minor throughput improvements • Currently solved with spindles

Time YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx팀

Why an SSD?    

Lower response times (latency) Higher IOPS and Throughput ~3,000K RPM HDD Lower Power No RVI Issues, More reliable http://tiny.cc/yellatstorage Random Performance (IOPS)

Power Consumption (Watt)

SV843 15K RPM HDD

SV843 15K RPM HDD

88K X200

12.6 X75

8.5

29K X38

-80%

-88% 2.5

14K

1.0

Read

70:30 Test Environment : IOMeter2008

Write

Idle

Active

Test Environment : IOMeter2008 / 4KB RND R70:W30

Source : Samsung YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx팀

SSD Performance SSD Performance cannot be matched

80K 73K

5K HDD

PM830

PM841 YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx팀

SSD Performance

90,000 IOPS

900 Hard Drives

1 Samsung SSD

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So what’s there to know about an SSD? SSD Key Characteristics SSD Components NAND Characteristics P/E Cycles WAF TBW / WPD SMART Host Interface Sustained vs. Peak Performance Benchmarking

3,000

MLC 1 0

1 0

SSD Influencers TRIM Over-provisioning Changing Workload

User Area

O/P

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Reserved

SSD Key Characteristics

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SSD Components     

Host/NAND Controller Firmware NAND Flash DRAM Capacitors (optional)

NAND

Controller

DRAM

Firmware

Host Interface DRAM

Controller Firmware

NAND Flash

SSD Image Source : Anandtech

All components work closely together YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx팀

NAND Characteristics  Types of NAND

TLC

TLC MLC E-MLC SLC

1 0

1 0

E-MLC

10-30K P/E Cycles 3 month retention

1 0

1 0

1 0

1 0

1 0

1 0

SLC 1 0

90-100K P/E Cycles 3 mo – 1 yr retention

 NAND Hierarchy • Pages: Smallest unit that can be read/written (e.g., 8KB) • Erase block: Groups of pages (e.g., 64 pages @ 8KB = 512KB)

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Enterprise

3-5K P/E Cycles 1 year retention

1 0

1 0

1 0

500-1K P/E Cycles 1 year retention

MLC 1 0

 Geometry / Lithography • 4xnm, 3xnm, 2xnm • Smaller = Less Cost

1 0

PC

• • • •

P/E Cycles Program / Erase Cycles The # of times a given NAND cell can be programmed & erased  As geometries shrink, error correction must get better  It’s like a car warranty! • 3 years or 50,000 miles • 3 years or 3,000 P/E Cycles

 Not a useful characteristic by itself

ECC Requirements

3,000 3xnm

2xnm YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx팀

2ynm

Write Amplification Factor (WAF) Write Amplification Factor Bytes written to NAND versus bytes written from PC/Server

Bytes written to NAND Bytes written from Host

WAF =

 WAF 1 means 1MB from host writes 1MB to NAND  WAF 5 means 1MB from host writes 5MB to NAND  Factors that can affect WAF: Flash Translation Layer

Controller

(FTL)

Wear Leveling Over-provisioning Garbage Collection

Host Application

Write Profile (Ran vs. Seq) Free user space / TRIM YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx팀

Write Amplification (WAF) Example  Below example illustrates WAF of 6 4KB from Host

Z

Cache

LBA 0

Flash

SSD

Host

Host wants to update LBA 0

Z

A C E

LBA 0

Z C E

B D F

No more free pages

A C E

B D F

Z C E

B D F

B D F

Z C E

Z C E

Need to erase entire block Read existing data to Cache

Time

Erase block

B D F

B D F

Write modified page and old pages back to Flash

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24KB to NAND

TBW TeraBytes Written # of terabytes you can write to the drive over it’s useful life

TBW =

(Capacity GB/1000) x PE Cycles WAF

Examples: ((128GB / 1000) * 3000 PE) / 5 = 76.8 TBW ((128GB / 1000) * 3000 PE) / 2.5 = 153.6 TBW ((256GB / 1000) * 3000 PE) / 5 = 153.6 TBW ((128GB / 1000) * 30000 PE) / 5 = 768 TBW YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx팀

WPD Writes Per Day Same as TBW but normalized on capacity and lifetime

How many complete drive writes can be done over a period of time

WPD =

TBW * 1000 / Capacity GB Years * 365

Examples: (1,730 TBW * 1,000 / 480GB) / (5yr * 365) (1,730 TBW * 1,000 / 400GB) / (5yr * 365) (1,730 TBW * 1,000 / 400GB) / (3yr * 365)

= 1.97 WPD = 2.37 WPD = 3.95 WPD YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx팀

SMART Attributes       

Look at health and various statistics Allows for predictable maintenance windows Calculate WAF, TBW Host GB written = [ID241] / (2/1024/1024) NAND GB written = [ID177] * Capacity GB WAF = NAND GB / Host GB Expected Life (yrs) = Warranty PE * ([ID9]/24/365) / [ID177] ID

Attribute Name

5

Reallocated Sector Count

9

Power-on Hours

12

Power-on Count

177

Wear Leveling Count

179

Used Reserved Block Count

180

Unused Reserved Block Count

181

Program Fail Count

182

Erase Fail Count

187

Uncorrectable Error Count

195

ECC Error Count

199

CRC Error Count

241

Total LBA Written YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx팀

Host Interface  This is how you communicate to the SSD  So many choices.. • SATA • SAS • PCIe (NVMe, SCSIe, SATAe, Proprietary)  Which is right for you? PC

Server

Current

SATA PCIe

SATA SAS PCIe

Future

SATA PCIe

SATA SAS PCIe

External Storage SATA + SAS bridge

SAS

SAS PCIe

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PCIe SSDs  Sequential performance bottleneck removed  Protocol overhead / bridging removed: Better latency  NVMe will enable PCIe to be ubiquitous SATA

PCIe 3.1X

2.4X SATA 6Gb/s Limit

2.7X

1.8X

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Sustained vs. Peak Performance  There can be significant differences in sustained vs. peak  Run enterprise benchmark (e.g., SNIA RTP 2.0)  Or even better, run your own workload (or simulated) [IOPS]

Samsung vs Vendor “X” 11x Sustained Random Writes [Ran. Performance @ 4KB]

94% below Peak

Samsung 128GB

4KB Ran. R/W 100/0 (NCQ=16)

Samsung 200GB

4KB Ran. R/W 65/35 (NCQ=16)

[MBs]

Samsung vs Vendor “X” 2x Sustained Sequential Writes [Seq. Performance @ 1MB]

95% below Peak

99% below Peak

Vendor “X” 160GB 4KB Ran. R/W 0/100 (NCQ=16)

Samsung 128GB

1MB Seq. R/W 100/0 (NCQ=16)

Samsung 200GB

1MB Seq. R/W 65/35 (NCQ=16)

95% below Peak

Vendor “X” 160GB 1MB Seq. R/W 0/100 (NCQ=16)

Source : Samsung / SNIA RTP2.0 Benchmark YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx팀

Benchmarking  Synthetic or actual workload & take measurements

Benchmark

URL

SNIA RTP 2.0

http://www.snia.org/tech_activities/standards/curr_standards/pts

Iometer

http://sourceforge.net/projects/iometer/

ATTO Disk

http://www.attotech.com/products/product.php?sku=Disk_Benchmark

CrystalDiskMark

http://crystalmark.info/software/CrystalDiskMark/index-e.html

HD Tune Pro

http://www.hdtune.com/

AS SSD (SSD)

http://alex-is.de/PHP/fusion/downloads.php?download_id=9

Anvil (SSD)

http://thessdreview.com/latest-buzz/anvil-storage-utilities-releases-new-storage-and-ssd-benchmark/

Scripts

Have multiple “dd” running with best guess workload, capturing timing/speeds

Real Workload

Capture trace during real workload and playback (ioapps, blktrace/btereplay) YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx팀

SSD Reviewers  Good SSD Review sites available..

YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx팀

SSD Influencers

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TRIM

SSD

Host

 Helps the SSD know which blocks aren’t used  Widely supported standard: Windows, Mac OS X, Linux, hdparm  Better sustained performance and extends TBW  Without TRIM, SSD only knows block isn’t used once the same LBA is written to No TRIM needed Bye Hi LBA 0 LBA 0

LBA 0

Hi

LBA 1

Hi

LBA 0

Hi

? Hi

Hi

LBA 0

Time

Bye

LBA 0

TRIM makes SSD aware Bye

LBA 0

TRIM LBA 0

Bye

LBA 1

Hi

Bye

LBA 1

Time

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Base-2 versus Base-10 Base

Units

KB

2

KiB, MiB, GiB, TiB

1,024

1,048,576

1,073,741,824

1,099,511,627,776

1,000 2.4%

1,000,000 4.9%

1,000,000,000 7.4%

1,000,000,000,000 10.0%

10

KB, MB, GB, TB Difference

1 MB

1 GB

1 TB

238GB Base-2

7.4% difference can be used for wear-leveling, bad blocks, etc. 255GB Base-10

YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx팀

Over-Provisioning  Helps a few things: • Improves Write Performance, Reduces WAF, Increases TBW 512GB

User Area

O/P

Reserved

112GB

400GB

28% O/P

Sample 128GB SSD

480GB

400GB

Over-Provisioning

7%

28%

Random Read (8K) IOPS

89K

89K

Random Write (8K) IOPS

13,000

Sequential Read (64K) MB/s

530

530

Sequential Write (64K) MB/s

360

360

4KB Random WAF

5.4

-58%

2.25

4KB Random TBW

1,730

2.4x

4,096

4KB Random WPD (5yr)

1.8

3.1x

5.6

3.5x

512GB Base-2 to Base-10 conversion: 549,755,813,888 to 512,000,000,0000 (7.4%)

35,000

These performance numbers are fictitious but do represent the actual benefits seen during tests YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx팀

Over-Provisioning  However, there can be diminishing returns on OP levels

YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx팀

Change Write Workload  Write sequentially instead of random to reduce WAF • If you have control of the I/O to the disk, this will pay off Random MLC 480GB SSD

1,730 TBW

Sequential 5.8x

10,000 TBW

Host

LBA 8

SSD

 Align your writes with the page boundaries (e.g., 8KB) 2 Pages needed Only 1 Page needed

8K

LBA 16

8K

8K

Change block alignment

LBA 0

8K

LBA 16

8K

8K

LBA 0

8K

8K

LBA 16

 If alignment is too hard to implement, just increase your IO size YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx팀

Applications of SSDs

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HDD Replacement  Replace boot drive or main storage  Fastest and easiest way to experience SSDs

Server

Storage

HDD

HDD

SSD

SSD YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx팀

Caching Appliance  Read and/or Write Cache  Caching will take place in one of the following: • Between servers and storage, typically in a SAN • Inside server

 Used to speed up legacy or slower storage

Servers

Cache

SSD SSD

Storage HDD YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx팀

Tiered Storage  An external storage device (NAS, SAN)  Only puts “hot” or “critical” data on SSD  Most of the storage is still on HDD

Servers

SSD

HDD

HDD

Storage YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx팀

All Flash Storage  External storage based on 100% SSD/Flash  Typically uses MLC and de-duplication/compression to achieve better pricing  Designers of these systems are Flash experts

Servers

SSD

SSD

SSD

Storage YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx팀

Datacenter Trends

YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx팀

Mainstream 2TB 2.5” SSDs 2014 brings similar 1U server capacity and unmatched performance

HDD

SSD

3+1 RAID 5 (5TB) RAID Card 4 x 3.5” HDDs

10 IOPS/GB was difficult to use high capacity 10K RPM HDD

Capacity IOPS IOPS/GB

2011-12 SSD

2013 SSD

300GB

600GB

120GB

240GB

480GB

960GB

200

200

1,500

1,500

14,500

14,500

0.66

0.33

12

6

28

14

Other factors 10Gb networking Server density Rack optimization YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx팀

Density at Component and System Level  SSDs more dense by 2015; However, already there! 2013

2014

2015

2016

3.5”

4TB

5TB

6TB

8TB

2.5”

2TB

4TB

8TB

16TB

2U12 3.5”

2U24 2.5”

2U48 2.5”

5TB

60TB

48TB*

N/A

2TB

24TB

48TB

96TB

4TB

48TB

96TB

192TB

* 2TB largest 2.5” HDDYYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx팀

QoS – Quality of Service

Write latency (us)

 If consistency is important, SSDs can vary depending on degree 2000

90%

1800

80%

1600

70%

1400

60%

1200

50%

1000 40%

800

30%

600 400

20%

200

10%

0

0%

Samsung

Competitor

Difference YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx팀

Datacenter Write Workload Datacenter workload 0-10 WPD Competitors 1 0

1 0

0.3WPD

Heavy Read

MLC

TLC

0.3WPD

MLC

2-4WPD

E-MLC

10WPD

1 0

1 0

1 0

1 0

1 0

Heavy Write

E-MLC

10WPD

1 0

1 0

1 0

1 0

YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx팀

Dell’s customers prefer Samsung

A B C

Samsung is the preferred vendor for Dell’s customers YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx팀

Why Samsung? 100% Vertically Integrated Samsung produces all critical components that make up a SSD, resulting in: 1. Increased Performance, 2. Superior Reliability, 3. Ownership of design

Market Leader provides highest quality products

#1

#1

#1

Source: Gartner 2Q13 Report YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx팀

Why Samsung? “It’s what’s inside that counts”  Only the best Flash makes it into Samsung SSDs  Samsung SSD Flash is 20 times better than conventional Flash!

YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx팀

Why Samsung? Highest Quality NAND  Server grade NAND is used for all Samsung SSDs  Samsung SSDs prove to have the lowest failure rate compared to any competitor

SSD Failure Rate

* from Oct’12 to Apr’13

[Source :HardWare.fr, May’13]

YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx팀

Why Samsung? Innovation. Samsung is leading the SSD industry with innovative products

2006

Samsung SSD Introduction

2008

1st

World’s 2-bit SSD

2012

1st 3-bit SSD

1H2013

1st

World’s PC PCIe SSD

2H2013

World’s 1st 3D-NAND

Clear Market leader in SSD

2012

[Source : iSuppli, Q1 2013] YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx팀

Planar NAND  Vertical NAND Over 30nm

Over 30nm

Over 30nm

Over 30nm

Cell

Cell

e

e

-

-

V-NAND

-

e

20nm

e

e

-

-

10nm

Cell-to-Cell Interference

Patterning

e -

e -

e -

e -

e -

YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx팀

V-NAND Era for the Future Design Rule (nm)

2D Planar

3D V-NAND / No Patterning Limitation 8 stack

24 stack

16Gb

128Gb

1Tb

128Gb ‘03

‘05

‘07

‘09

‘11

‘13

‘15

YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx팀

‘17

Year

Innovation Result: 128Gb V-NAND Chip “The World’s 1st 3D V-NAND Flash Mass Production” Compared to 20nm planar NAND Flash: • 2X Density and Write Speed

• ½ Power Consumption • 10X Endurance

128Gb V-NAND Flash

24 Layer Cell Structure YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx팀

Dell / Samsung - Partnership  Partners for 25 years  Samsung technology offered in leading edge Latitude and XPS notebooks

YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx팀

Dell / Samsung – Solving Real World Problems Dell PowerEdge R720n Server Solution with Samsung SSDs and Windows Server 2012 VDI performance comparison of Samsung SSDs vs. SAS drives in a Dell PowerEdge R720

Dell PowerEdge R720 Server Solution with Samsung SSDs and Windows Server 2012: Supporting Virtual Desktops in Remote Offices

Enhancing server performance and scalability with solid-state drives

http://www.samsung.com/us/dellcio YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx팀

SSD Resources

Dell PCs:

www.dell.com/business/ssd

Dell Servers:

www.dell.com/business/ssd/server

Samsung SSDs:

www.samsung.com/us/dellpromo YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx팀

Thank you! Visit our booth

or email us any questions at [email protected] YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx팀