AbiDJAn, CÔte D’ivoire SAHEL AND WEST AFRICA

25-29 NOVEMBER 2013

Club

SAhel AND WeSt AFriCA WEEK SAhel AnD WeSt AFriCA Club Forum the Future oF the SAhAro-SAheliAn AreAS From A trAnS-regionAl PerSPeCtive 28 november 2013

summary record

Tunisia

Morocco Algeria

Libya

Mauritania Mali

Niger

Chad

DU SAHEL ET DE L'AFRIQUE DE L'OUEST

SWAC Forum: the Future of the saharo-sahelian areas, 28 November 2013

About the Forum

U

nder the auspices of His Excellency Alassane Ouattara, President of the Republic of Côte d’Ivoire and current President of ECOWAS, the Forum brings together a representative panel of stakeholders: high dignitaries, African ministers, regional and international organisations, technical and financial partners, researchers, local and economic actors. The presentations and debates aim to: question “security and development” initiatives, their coherence and their geographic scale of intervention; share experiences from the perspectives of development specialists, security experts, economic actors, researchers and policy makers; discuss innovative mechanisms and scales of intervention to promote the development and security of populations living in the Saharo-Sahelian areas.

The Forum is articulated around work led by the SWAC Secretariat in the framework of its biennial “West African Futures” programme dedicated to the Sahara-Sahel in 2013-2014. The area under study is shared between Algeria, Burkina Faso, Chad, Libya, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Niger, and Tunisia. It represents almost half of West Africa’s territory, two thirds of Chad, 80% of the Maghreb, and almost all of Mauritania. The area disposes of real economic potential, which is today insufficiently exploited. It constitutes a set of ancient civilisations united by a long tradition of trade and cultural and social exchange. The debates highlighted that these zones are increasingly connected to broad/global networks of instability, requiring and extending of the analysis to other countries of West, Central and North Africa.

The Forum was co-chaired by Pierre Buyoya, High-Representative of the African Union for Mali and the Sahel and François-Xavier de Donnea, SWAC President, and moderated by Santiago Martinez-Caro, GeneralDirector of Casa Africa, Djimé Adoum, CILSS Executive Secretary and Michel Reveyrand de Menthon, Special Representative of the European Union for the Sahel.

Presentations are available online at: www.oecd.org/site/sahelandwestafricaweek2013/forum.htm 1 . Pierre Buyoya, AU High Representative for Mali and the Sahel and François-Xavier de Donnea, SWAC President 2. Abdourahamane Maouli, Mayor of Arlit, Niger and Hansjürg Ambühl, Head of West Africa Division, Swiss Development Co-operation (SDC) 3. Santiago Martinez-Caro, Director-General of Casa Africa 4. Michel Reveyrand de Menthon, EU Special Representative for the Sahel 5. Djimé Adoum, CILSS Executive Secretary 6. Participants of the Forum 7. from left to right: Kamel Abid, Counsellor, Algerian Embassy in Abidjan; Boumédiène Guennad, Ambassador of Algeria in Abidjan and Thomas Palé, Deputy Minister attached to the Minister of Foreign Affairs and Regional Co-operation, Burkina Faso 8. Ismail Chekkori, Plenipotentiary Minister, Morocco

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© Sahel and West Africa Club Secretariat (SWAC/OECD)

SWAC Forum: the Future of the saharo-sahelian areas, 28 November 2013

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he Saharo-Sahelian areas suffer from chronic instability, exacerbated by a recent increase in violence. These enduring ills are a source of threats and destabilisation for the region and the world. Building on work that decodes the current context, the 2013 Forum organised by the OECD Sahel and West Africa Club (SWAC) aims to illustrate that strengthened relations between North, West and Central Africa are pivotal to the short and long term security and development of these areas. Particular attention is paid to different spatial dimensions in the proposal of sustainable and adapted solutions. The actions of African countries, the engaged armed forces and the co-ordination efforts of multilateral organisations and the international community to bring peace to Mali and to stabilise the area are praised. Concerned countries have equipped or are equipping themselves with strategies

and policies for the stabilisation and development of the Saharo-Sahelian areas; ECOWAS is developing a Regional Coherence and Action Programme for Stability and Development in the Saharo-Sahelian Areas (PARC); the international community is mobilising itself through several important initiatives, including the European Union’s Strategy for Development and Security in the Sahel (2011), the African Union’s Strategic Concept for the Resolution of the Crises in Mali (2012), the launch of the process of Nouakchott on security co-operation and the operationalisation of the African Peace and Security Architecture (APSA) in the Sahelo-Saharan region (2013), the United Nations Integrated Strategy for the Sahel (2013), and the commitments made by certain financial partners during the joint mission to the Sahel1, and the World Bank’s regional approach to the Sahel (2013).

Presentations and panels

Debates

The presentations draw on on-going analyses undertaken for the production of an atlas to be published in the second semester of 2014 2. These include a mapping of regional instabilities with more specific analysis of the Malian crisis. The first two panels are supplied with analysis on the historical and geographic trends of population mobility and consequent effect on the structuration of the SaharoSahelian territories, on the recomposition of nomadic societies, and on the potential of commercial exchanges between North, West and Central Africa.

The debates highlight the following:

•

•

•

The first panel questions the policy dialogue and action mechanisms of “Sahel” strategies or “security and development” initiatives. Are they adapted – temporarily, spatially, operationally – to current tensions? The second looks at the potential for economic co-operation – cross-border and regional – and for infrastructure development, in particular roads. A third panel that closes the day looks at existing initiatives and illustrates efforts of complementarity and synergy by international and regional institutions in devising activities for the Sahel region. The panel recalls the importance of building on the comparative advantage of each institution and of facilitating open and constructive dialogue. From a political perspective, the strengthening of relations between North, West and Central Africa, at national as well as regional level, is an essential element in the stabilisation of the Sahara-Sahel.

1  Joint mission to the Sahel and Mali, Niger, Burkina Faso and Chad including the African Development Bank, the World Bank, the United Nations, the African Union, and the European Union (November 2013). 2  To be published by OECD Publishing. The presentations at the Forum only reflect a selection of work that will be included in the Atlas.

© Sahel and West Africa Club Secretariat (SWAC/OECD)

•

The security threats that weigh on the SaharoSahelian areas are transnational in nature, and they affect West, Central and North Africa and the international community.

•

The dynamics of the current conflicts are complex and multidimensional. They can only be thwarted by strategies that articulate the short, medium and long-term, and that take into account that security and development concerns are intrinsically linked, and that adapt responses to these realities.

•

The Saharo-Sahelian areas dispose of shared potentials able to guarantee the common development, and to support the development of the countries and regions that they belong to.

As outlined above, several “Sahel” strategies currently exist. Their objectives, content, geographic mandate and time span vary. They emanate from partner countries (Switzerland, Japan, Norway…), multilateral organisations (AU, ECOWAS, EU, UN…), financial institutions (AfDB, World Bank…) and finally, countries of the Saharo-Sahel. A search for synergies is currently taking place, as evidenced by the first Ministerial meeting, held on 5 November 2013 in Bamako, for the establishment of a co-ordination platform of the United Nations Integrated Strategy for the Sahel. 3

3  Establishment of a co-ordination mechanism placed under the presidence of Mali for the next two years.

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SWAC Forum: the Future of the saharo-sahelian areas, 28 November 2013

If the definition of one integrated strategy shared by all actors remains but a dream, a harmonisation of strategies and a reflection on common concerns are within reach. When strategies are defined in emergency situations, are they negotiated with the relevant countries and regional institutions? How can the objectives of the fight against terrorism and the objectives of development be made to converge? What are the adequate geographic scales of intervention? What are the appropriate mechanisms for implementing and financing multilateral initiatives?

sahEliAn intersection

Irrespective of the answers to these questions, a pluriannual commitment by all stakeholders is required. Two pivotal and cross-cutting needs are identified for the evolution of the agenda: •

Strengthening dialogue between West, North and Central Africa, for the stabilisation and development of the Sahara-Sahel, given that the area under threat is shared. This will permit an adequate definition of the geographic scale of responses to the security dynamics (border, transnational, regional, continental, and global).

•

Carrying out security and development initiatives simultaneously; the first being one of the conditions of the second, and development not being able to prosper sustainably in a context of insecurity.

Adapt geographic scales of intervention; learning the lessons in terms of aid effectiveness

I

t is possible to read the Sahara-Sahel through mobility and “route empires”. This vision calls us to understand the social networks based on commercial exchange, which shape the territory and its history. The trafficking and terrorism that characterise these zones have grafted themselves onto existing networks in order to thrive. However, it is noteworthy that a formal affiliation to a criminal group is less important than tribal affiliation, explaining the mobility of certain individuals. The formulation of anti-terrorism and -trafficking responses is rendered complex by the difficulty in analysing these

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continuous recompositions. These features and mobilities call into question the adequate geographic scale (of the search) for sustainable peace and development. A discrepancy exists between the “territorialisation” of strategies and the reality of the dynamics and threats at play. This gap manifests itself in development as well as security initiatives. It can result from national differences, difficult realities, or institutional constraints. Tensions between Morocco and Algeria, or the Libyan crisis, for example, hold back the construction of a dialogue to strengthen security

© Sahel and West Africa Club Secretariat (SWAC/OECD)

SWAC Forum: the Future of the saharo-sahelian areas, 28 November 2013

and common development opportunities. No regional organisation currently counts all Saharo-Sahelian countries among its members. As such, Algeria is not a member of CENSAD, Morocco is not a member of the African Union. The Strategy for Development and Security in the Sahel of the European Union covers Mauritania, Mali and Niger, while acknowledging effects on Burkina Faso, Chad or even Algeria, Libya, Morocco and Nigeria. The United Nations Integrated Strategy for the Sahel includes Mali, Burkina Faso, Chad Mauritania and Niger. How can the reality in the field (for example, the dynamics of conflict of the recent Mali crisis) be reconciled with the proposed geographic scale of action? Can it be sustainable to not take into account the evolution of the Libyan crisis, given how strongly it impacted the events in Mali? How can we gain sufficient distance to analyse the real nature and dimensions of trafficking, often only associated with terrorism, but with its own dynamics and destabilising impacts?

These questions call for a more global debate on aid effectiveness. Do development projects and strategies sufficiently take into account the particular dynamics of the areas, the nature and functioning of ancestral networks, their impact on how the territory is structured, the political and economic concerns that shape them? How can we better connect research and policy makers? What lessons can we draw from the incidents of the Malian crisis to better anticipate and prevent similar violence and capacity for regional and continental destabilisation? How to build more regular dialogue between North, West and Central Africa, between regional institutions (AU, CEMAC, CENSAD, ECOWAS, UMA, …), between institutional partners? Development partners and concerned States are responsible for drawing the lessons of the Mali crisis and for questioning the impact and implementation of their development strategies (in terms of their content, mode of financing, and implementation).

Combining security and development

T

he evolution of instabilities and their interactions reinforces the need to co-ordinate security and development activities, while recognising that its actors and the policy and operational dimensions involved are sometimes difficult to bring together. For a number of years, political leaders have combined the two aspects in speeches and regional and international mechanisms: the UNDP introduces the concept of human security, the African Union underlines the difficulty of ending conflict in fragile economies subject to recurring instability, the Council of foreign affairs on the EU Strategy for Security and Development in the Sahel announces that “the improvement of the security situation is indivisible from economic growth and poverty reduction in the region.” It is an accepted truth that without security, no human development can be sustainable. However we still know very little about how the two dimensions can be made to interact. It is to be noted that certain projects do operationalise this interdependence, such as the Comité de Liaison de la Route Transsaharienne, or the recent pastoralism or irrigation programmes of the World Bank. These advances remain timid and their implementation complicated.

4  According to Wikipedia, “the Sahara is a desertic ecoregion situated in the North of the African continent and that spreads beyond the Red Sea. It extends over 7,500 kilometres, covers 12 million square kilometres, and constitutes the western part of a vast arid diagonal that extends to Mongolia. The Sahara extends to ten countries: Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, Sudan, Chad, Niger, Mali, Mauritania and the disputed territory of the Western Sahara. The Sahelian belt covers (in most definitions), entirely or partly, the following countries: Senegal, southern Mauritania, Mali, the southern tip of Algeria, northern Burkina Faso, Niger, the northern tip of Nigeria, the centre of Chad, the centre of Sudan, and Cape Verde.” [our translation from the French]

© Sahel and West Africa Club Secretariat (SWAC/OECD)

Although conflict is recognised as one of the leading causes of food insecurity, platforms such as the Global Alliance for Resilience – Sahel and West Africa (AGIR) do not – for the moment – include explicit activities that associate “security” and “food security and resilience”. Challenges lie in connecting development specialists and experts in security, or in the operationalisation and the simultaneity of concrete actions. The World Bank Global Centre on Conflict Security and Development produces analytical work and proposes trainings on how to factor conflict considerations into its development projects. The PARC, while structured along three development axis (education, pastoralism, and infrastructure) integrates a cross-cutting theme of “security and development”. Besides this semantic and practical discussion, we must underline that the Saharo-Sahelian areas hold opportunities of exchange, which if sufficiently analysed and reactivated could favour a rapprochement between North, West and Central Africa. Current policy dialogue signals indicate a growing awareness by some key/protagonist States (for example, Algeria and Mali) of a shared interest for the stabilisation of the Sahara-Sahel. This recognition can only lead to stronger incentives for development strategies and projects that build a sustainable link with initiatives that enhance security. Mechanisms for this are needed. Some avenues for action exist, such as decentralisation, that would allow a better management of the public sphere. The twinning of border cities of North and West Africa constitutes an interesting option, as it translates into a rapprochement that is not only economic but also social, thus revitalising ancient linkages. Economic and social cross-border co-operation (schools, clinics, transhumance corridors) reinforce linkages valuable to conflict prevention and management. These work threads should build on what is already in place and be supported by feasibility

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SWAC Forum: the Future oF the SAhAro-SAheliAn AreAS, 28 november 2013

studies (such as on how to fi nance security actions in the framework of development projects, or on how to fi nance and conceptualise cross-border operations in areas governed by different legislative systems, or fi nanced by donors whose institutional geographic divisions do not correspond to the reality of the issues at hand – Chad remaining outside of West African operations sphere, for example).

These reflections would feed stabilisation and development strategies of the Saharo-Sahelian areas. They would contribute to rethinking how States can co-operate on a trans-border and trans-national level around the three challenges faced by the Sahel, as identified by the audience: security (the strength of armed groups vs. the weakness of States); governance (weakness of budgets allocated to justice and the military); development (in particular, poverty and food insecurity).

ConneCting PeoPle through trAnSPort AnD trADe FACilitAtion The reconnection of the Saharo-Sahelian area with its South (Atlantic coast) and its North (Mediterranean coast) is a condition for their long-term stabilisation and development. Trans-Saharan roads are a carrier of revitalisation for merchants (the cost of maritime transport between the Maghreb and West Africa is prohibitive, while North Africa imports large quantities of coffee, cotton, peanuts, meat, etc.), local government officials and the population at large (the road can become a powerful factor in favour of the diversification and development of the local economy).5 Finally, the construction itself of the road generates the digging of numerous wells (water represents 10% of the cost of a Trans-Saharan road). Representatives of countries that are crossed by the Trans-Saharan road, brought together by the Comité de liaison de la route transsaharienne, examined in January 2014 the beginning of works for the following sections: Arlit -Assamaka (221 km) in Niger and Ngouri- – Niger-Chadborder (331 km).6 Other infrastructure ambitions should complete the trans-Saharan road programme, in particular, mobile telephony and optic fibre. While the road will favour trans-Saharan trade, internal flows and local economies of the area also need to be facilitated and supported. This objective will be attained through ambitious and concerted land planning and local development policies, based on cross-border complementarity and co-operation.

5—Despite the absence of a road towards the Algerian border, the livelihood of two thirds of the population of Arlit does not depend on uranium but on trade. 6—financed by the Arab bank for Economic Development in Africa (bADEA), the islamic Development bank (iDb), the African Development bank (ADb), the OPEc fund for international Development (OfiD), and Kuwaiti, Saudi and Abou Dahbi funds. the cLrt, created in 1966, co-ordinates the project for a Pan-African road (approximately 4,000 km on the Algiers-Lagos axis). Six countries are concerned: Algeria, tunisia, mali, Niger, chad and Nigeria. composed of a central North-South axis that stretches from Algiers to Lagos, the trans-Saharan is conceived to serve the entoire sub-region of the maghreb and the Sahel via four branches that link two capitals of the maghreb (Algiers and tunis) and four capitals of Sub-Sahara (bamako, Niamey, N’Djamena and Lagos, on a total length of 9,400 km. (Source: El Wakab, January 2014)

roUtE EMPirEs

Ta n e

zrouft

Té

né

ré

Sedentary areas Nomadic areas Sahelian intersection Sahelian intersection city Kanem empire IX - XIII century Kanem Bornou empire XIV - XVI century Kanem Bornou empire XVI - XIX century Ghana empire IX - X century

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Almoravid empire XII

Mali empire XI - XIV century

Almohad empire XIII

Songhaï empire XV - XVI century

SAHEL AND WESt AfricA WEEK, 25-29 NOVEmbEr 2013

Haoussa city

© Sahel and West Africa club Secretariat (SWAc/OEcD)

SWAC Forum: the Future oF the SAhAro-SAheliAn AreAS, 28 november 2013

liSt oF PArtiCiPAntS ADeSS RETAILLé Denis

Professor, Director UMR ADESS

University of Bordeaux-CNRS

Counsellor Ambassador of Algeria in Abidjan

Algerian Embassy in Côte d’Ivoire Algerian Embassy in Côte d’Ivoire

AlGÉRIe/AlGeRIA ABID Kamel GUENNAD Boumédiène

ARABIe SAoUDITe/SAoUDI ARABIA SIDIBé Birama Boubacar

Vice-President (Operations)

Islamic Development Bank

High-Commissioner Second Secretary

Australian High-Commission, Ghana Australian High-Commission, Ghana

Head of Office in Burkina Faso

Austrian Development Cooperation, Burkina Faso

AUSTRAlIe/AUSTRAlIA ADAMSON Joanna Marie LIVSEY Marc

AUTRICHe/AUSTRIA EHMEIR Walter

BANQUe MoNDIAle/THe WoRlD BANK CHAHERLI Nabil TOURé Abdoulaye

Sector Leader Expert, Agricultural development

BelGIQUe/BelGIUM HUYGHEBAERT Peter

Ambassador

Belgian Embassy in Côte d’Ivoire

Ambassador

Brazilian Embassy in Côte d’Ivoire

Deputy Minister, Regional Co-operation

Ministry of Foreign Affairs and regional co-operation

First Secretary (Co-operation - regional prog. panafrican)

Canadian Embassy in Ethiopia

Commissioner, Agriculture, Environment & Water Resources

Commission

BRÉSIl/BRAZIl DE CAMARGO Alfredo José Calcanti Jordao

BURKINA FASo PALé Thomas

CANADA ROBERGE Stéphane

CeDeAo/eCoWAS ATOUGA Marc Lapodini

CeR (Centre d’études des religions) SAMBE Bakary

Researcher EFD, ORCRA

University Gaston Berger of Saint-Louis

CGlUA (Cités et gouvernements locaux unis d’Afrique) YATTA Paul François

Consultant United Cities and Local Governments Africa (UCLG)

CICR (Comité international de la Croix-Rouge) NKURUNZIZA Donatien

Délégué pour les forces armées et de sécurité

CIlSS ADOUM Djimé HAMADOUN Mahalmoudou IDI-ISSA Ibrahim Lumumba

Executive Secretary Co-ordinator PRA/SA/LCD/POP-DEV Head of Unit, Management Support

Executive Secretariat Executive Secretariat Executive Secretariat

BOUAFOU Kouamé Guy-Marcel

Director-General

AGRHYMET

BA DIAO, Maty

Head of Information and Reseach Department

AGRHYMET

CIRAD TOURé Ibra

Geographer Researcher, CIRAD-ES-SISTO

ClRT (Comité de liaison de la route transsaharienne) AYADI Mohammed

Secretary-General

© Sahel and West Africa club Secretariat (SWAc/OEcD)

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SWAC Forum: the Future of the saharo-sahelian areas, 28 November 2013

CNRS GAGNOL Laurent

Associate Researcher

Laboratoire PACTE – UMR CNRS 5194

Côte d’Ivoire ACKA, Ekponon Akablan Valérie Chargée de la planification AGBAYA N’dja Daniel Head of Service AMAN Koko Sous-Directeur des cultures annuelles ANON Bertin Directeur, productions vivrières et sécurité alimentaire BEKE Dassys Claude Secrétaire général du ministère d’état BIE LEMONKPE Hubert SD Ministère de l’intégration COMOE Bernard Directeur, planification, programmation et financement CONDE TOURE Diénébou Conseiller technique Ministère de l’agriculture COULIBALY Nouhoun Directeur général, planificat°, contrôle des projets & statistiques COULIBALY Nanien Dokaha CE MINAGRI COULIBALY Drissa S/D MEMAE DIEMELEOU A. Chantal ép. AKA Sous-Directeur de la sécurité alimentaire DJATO Kouakou Kra Conseiller technique Primature DOSSO Mamadou Protocole d’état  ELIASSOU Zakarya CE MINAGRI ESSE Kouadio Jean Sous-Directeur des semences et intrants GBA Serges Directeur ONU institution spécialisée GOHOUA KEKE Olivier Sous-Directeur, environnement et ressources naturelles GUINDO Marie Claire KANDEL Communication KOFFI Ahoutou Emmanuel Directeur de cabinet adjoint, Primature KOUASSI Brédoumy Soumaïla Traoré Director-General, productions et de la sécurité alimentaire KOUDOU Germain Gbedjeli CE Direction des organisations africaines KPANGNI Kracou Barthelemy Inspecteur Minagri KPEHE Djo Paul CE Direction des organisations africaines MAMA Moussa Director, Ministry of Integration N’DRI Abdon CE Primature NGUESSAN Rodrigue Directeur de la modernisation et de la maîtrise de l’eau OBI-BAKAYOKO Zeguela Technical Advisor OUATTARA Wautabouna Directeur général de l’intégration africaine SILUE Gnénégnéry Directeur, protection des végétaux, contrôle et qualité SILUE Sionseligam Director, évaluation des projets SOFFO Yoboué Valentin Ministère des ressources animales et halieutiques SORO Kouhonan Director, Statistics, documentation and informatique TRA Séoulou Technical advisor, Primature

Ministry of Agriculture Ministry of African Integration Ministry of Agriculture Ministry of Agriculture Ministry of Foreign Affairs Comité d’organisation Ministry of Agriculture Comité d’organisation Ministry of Agriculture Comité d’organisation Comité d’organisation Ministry of Agriculture Comité d’organisation Comité d’organisation Comité d’organisation Ministry of Agriculture Ministère d’état et des affaires étrangères Ministère de l’intégration africaine Ministère de la femme, de la famille et de la solidarité Comité d’organisation Comité d’organisation Ministry of Agriculture Ministère d’état et des affaires étrangères Comité d’organisation Ministère d’état et des affaires étrangères Comité d’organisation Comité d’organisation Ministère de l’agriculture Comité d’organisation Ministère de l’intégration africaine Ministry of Agriculture Ministry of Agriculture Comité d’organisation Ministry of Agriculture Comité d’organisation

Crisis Management Initiative (CMI) EL KREKSHI Maruan TUULI Suvi

Regional Director, North Africa and Sahel Project Manager

CSAO/SWAC DE DONNEA François-Xavier SOMDA T. Jean de Dieu BOSSARD Laurent TREMOLIERES Marie HEINRIGS Philipp HITIMANA Léonidas PIETIKAINEN Anna WANJIRU Julia HAMEL Nadia

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SWAC President, State Minister of Belgium, President of the External Affairs Commission Special Representative to the SWAC President Director Secretariat Programme Officer Secretariat Programme Oficer Secretariat Programme Officer Secretariat Counsellor/Administrator Secretariat Communications Officer Secretariat Administrative Assistante and communications Secretariat

SAHEL AND West Africa WEEK, 25-29 NOVember 2013

© Sahel and West Africa Club Secretariat (SWAC/OECD)

SWAC Forum: the Future of the saharo-sahelian areas, 28 November 2013

EHESS CHENA Salim

Dr. en science politique, ATER à Sciences-Po Bordeaux Associate Editor of Dynamiques internationales

IEP Bordeaux

Espagne/SPAIN CALVO-SOTELO Fernando Moran Ambassador MARTINEZ-CARO Santiago Director-General

Ambassade du Royaume d’Espagne en Côte d’Ivoire Consorcio Casa África

Etats-Unis/UNITED STATES BUZZARD Candace OLIVEIRA Jorge

Director, West Africa USAID, Ghana Food Security/NRM Advisor, West Africa Regional Program USAID, Ghana

France JEANVOINE Anne-Laure RECUERO VIRTO Laura

Rédactrice au sein du pôle sécurité alimentaire Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs Chef du pôle d’analyse économique et de la mondialisation Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs

IAG (Institut africain de la gouvernance) SY Ousmane

Executive Director

IFRI NWAJIAKU-DAHOU Kathryn N. ANTIL Alain

Researcher/Consultant INCAS Consulting Researcher, Directeur du programme Afrique subsaharienne

Institut Thomas More TISSERON Antonin

Research Fellow

ISS (Institut d’études de sécurité) THÉROUX-BÉNONI Lori-Anne

Senior Researcher

Italie/ITALY DI RISO Alfonso

Ambassador

Italian Embassy in Côte d’Ivoire

Ambassador Businessman

Libyan Embassy in Côte d’Ivoire

First Secretary

Ambassade du Grand-Duché du Luxembourg, Senegal

Ambassador, Director Africa

Ministère des affaires étrangères & coopération interna-

Plenipotentiary Minister Ambassador

Ministry of Foreign Affairs Ambassade du Maroc in Côte d’Ivoire

Libye/LIBYA BAKIR Taher A.S. ELGHARBI Fathi M. Ibrahim

Luxembourg GOEBBELS David

Mali TOUNKARA Claude Sama tionale

Maroc/MOROCCO CHEKKORI Ismail JEBARI Mustapha

Nations Unies/UNITED NATIONS LE MORE Anne

Senior Advisor and Resident Co-ordinator, MINUSMA

Mali

Director, West African Regional Office

Senegal

NEPAD NWALOZIE Marcel

Niger FELTOU Rhissa MAOULI Abdourahamane MOUMOUNI Adamou

Mayor of Agadez Mayor of Arlit Head of Unit, opportunités économiques au Secrétariat exécutif Cabinet du Premier Ministre de la SDS-Sahel Niger

© Sahel and West Africa Club Secretariat (SWAC/OECD)

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SWAC Forum: the Future of the saharo-sahelian areas, 28 November 2013

OCDE/OECD KECHIDA Said

Counsellor

Global Relations Secretariat

OIF INGUÉ Etienne URAYENEZA Tharcisse

Directeur de la francophonie économique (DFE) Regional Director for West Africa

PAM/WFP FERRERA Gianluca

Representative

Côte d’Ivoire

ROPPA SYLLA Kalilou

Executive Secretary

Royaume-Uni/UNITED KINGDOM THOLSTRUP Sophie

Department for International Development (DFID)

Mali

Visiting Assistant Professor

Division of Global Affairs

Head of West Africa Division Regional Advisor, Rural Development in West Africal Advisor, Rural Development, West Africa Division

Swiss Development Co-operation (SDC) Swiss Co-operation Office, Mali Swiss Development Co-operation (SDC)

Ambassador

Tunisian Embassy in Côte d’Ivoire

Rutgers University WALTHER Olivier

Suisse/SWITZERLAND AMBÜHL Hansjürg EGGENBERGER Markus SCHULER Karl

Tunisie/TUNISIA EL OUED Yassine

UE/EU DEMOOR Arnaud Chef de secteur «Sahel», DEVCO HOUBEN KASKEALA Sanna Attachée politique NILS Didier Chef de section, développement rural & ressources nat. POZZI Bruno Chargé d’affaires RÉVEYRAND DE MENTHON Michel Special Representative for the Sahel SEGNANA Marion Conseillère politique du rep. spécial de l’UE pour le Sahel

Commission European Union European Union Delegation, Côte d’Ivoire Delegation, Côte d’Ivoire Commission Commission

UEMOA DIEME Ibrahima HAMADOU Seyni M’BODJ Amadou

Commissioner, Food Security, Agriculture, Mines & Env. Acting Director, Agriculture Responsible FRDA

Commission Commission Commission

Union Africaine/AFRICAN UNION BUYOYA Pierre KAZADI Ntole NIYONSABA Ambroise

AU High-Representative for Mali and the Sahel (former President of Burundi) Political Advisor Représentant spécial de la Présidente de la Commission

University Aix-Marseille BENSAAD Ali

Lecturer

UNOWA

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SAMPSON Peter Robert

Head of Mediation Support/Advisor

COLE Peter Alan Derek

Independent consultant

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© Sahel and West Africa Club Secretariat (SWAC/OECD)

Koutiala

Mopti

Niafounké Léré

Douentza

Diré

Koudougou

Goundam

Tombouctou

Atouila

Ouagadougou

FASO

Town captured by the MNLA and Ansar Dine (between February 8 and April 3, 2012), Taken over by Ansar Dine after ousting the MNLA (March 18 and October 1, 2012)

Attentat ou enlèvement revendiqué par AQMI entre 2007 et 2012 Attack or kidnapping claimed by AQIM between 2007 and 2012

Localité attaquée par le MNLA depuis janvier 2012 Town attacked by the MNLA since January 2012

Ansongo

Gao

Bourem

Anéfis

Kidal

Ménaka

a

o

Gusau

Sokoto

Tahoua

z

Arlit

a

Massif

Zinder

NIGER

rg

du

Zone déconseillée par le MAE sauf raison impérative (5 avril 2012) Areas advised against all but essential travel by French Foreign Affairs Ministry (April 2012) États nigérians appliquant la Charia Nigerian States imposing Sharia Law

né

Gashua

Té

ré

10 000 - 50 000 hab/inhab

Azawad Azawad

MNLA progress

Progression du MNLA

Surgissement d’Ansar Dine Surge by Ansar Dine

Sanctuaire d’Ansar Dine Ansar Dine safe haven

International border

Frontière internationale

Airport

Aéroport

Route Road

Autre localité / other settlement

autre ville / other town

50 000 - 100 000 hab/inhab

du Djado

> 100 000 hab/inhab

Capitale / Capital

Villes / Cities

Plateau

LIBYE

NIGERIA

Nguru

E

de l’Aïr

Agadez

Kano

Katsina

Maradi

g g H o

r

Zone formellement déconseillée par le MAE (5 avril 2012) Areas advised against all travel by by French Foreign Affairs Ministry (April 2012)

Touareg Touareg

Niamey

A

Birnin-Kebbi

Ti-n-Zaouatene

Tamanrasset

ALGÉRIE

Andéramboukane

des Iforas

Adrar

Tessalit

Aguelhok

BURKINA

Niger

Localité prise par le MNLA et Ansar Dine (du 8 février au 3 avril 2012), puis par Ansar Dine après en avoir chassé le MNLA (du 18 mars au 1er octobre 2012)

Bamako

Ségou

MALI

MAURITANIE

Erg

z r o u f t T a n e

gh

a

© Sahel and West Africa Club Secretariat (SWAC/OECD) u

Mali

SWAC Forum: the Future of the saharo-sahelian areas, 28 November 2013

Source : Ministère français des Affaires étrangères (avril 2012) ; Retaillé, Walther, New ways of conceptualizing space and mobility, 2012.

SAHEL AND West Africa WEEK, 25-29 NOVember 2013

11

SAHEL AND WEST AFRICA

Contacts: [email protected] [email protected]

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