Ultra Fast Charging Lithium Battery Market October 2012 Shmuel De-Leon [email protected] 1

What is Ultra Fast Charging? Empty to Full in as little time as possible Re-charging a battery within 5 min (more than 10C Rate) Slow Charge

Quick Charge

Fast Charge

Ultra Fast Charge

10C) • These cell has a large surface area between Anode and Cathode allowing them to decrease internal resistance and to deliver high power (Spiral Construction) • Energy density is low relatively to high energy cells as the high power cell less active material • Some of the high power cells has an advantage of capably to be charge fast

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How To Define Ultra Fast Charging Lithium Cells Ultra High Power Lithium Cells Max constant discharge current

>20C

Power weight density at max constant discharge current

>2000 W/kg

Max pulse discharge current

>40C

Ultra Fast charging

>=10C

Max constant discharge current capacity/ 1C constant discharge current capacity

>80%

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What are the Options When Battery Run Time is Insufficient? Extra Batteries

Battery Swap

Fast Charging

More battery weight and volume

More batteries for swap stations

No extra batteries are needed!!!

Powerful chargers or longer charge time to fill the batteries

Suitable only for “standard” size batteries

High Power chargers needed

High costs due to extra batteries and more powerful chargers

Special and expensive swap machines

Complicated thermal battery management system for safety reasons

Very high costs due to extra batteries and swap machines

More power from the grid Faster battery degradation High costs for “special” batteries and powerful chargers

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Why are We Always Thinking “Fully Charge” • Empty to Full in as little time as possible o We should remember that batteries are not often empty – We rarely fully charge them!!!

• We also rarely need a full charge for our mission!!! • Adaptive Charging – Standard charge when possible and Fast or Ultra Fast only when it is necessary.

Energy is like money – we always want more even if we don’t need it 6

Example of Battery Markets Served by Ultra Fast Charging 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

x-EVs – especially BEVs. Electric bikes. Smart grid energy storage. High power tools. Engine/generator starter. Elevator energy recycle.

Why Can’t We Ultra Fast Charge “Standard” Lithium Batteries? 1. Lithium Graphite Anode accepts the lithium ions at a slow rate although the Cathode can transfer them at a faster rate. 2. During ultra fast charging the cell faces deposition of lithium metal in the form of dendrites or as a high surface area film over the Anode. 3. Leads to very fast capacity degradation and increase of internal impedance. 4. Leads to safety problems like internal short circuit and explosion when the dendrites reach the cathode.

Fast discharge is easy like going down stairs. Fast charge is difficult like climbing stairs.

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What Happened When Ultra Fast Charging Imply to a “Standard” Battery • Reduce End of charge energy

Batteries Suffer from Slow Ion and electron transport

• Reduce charging efficiency • Generate more heat during charge

• Charging Safety become a concern • Generate Irreversible capacity lose • Depredate Cycle and calendar life 9

Rechargeable Lithium Chemistries that can be Ultra Fast Charged 1. Lithium Titanate (LTO) – fast Anode kinetics. Anode voltage is far from the voltage needed to deposit metallic lithium, thus smaller probability for metallic lithium deposition over the anode - Low energy density. 2. Lithium Iron Phosphate (LPF) – Nano Materials lower cell voltage - Low energy density and faster self discharge. 3. Lithium Cobalt Oxide (LCO) – only Saft cells are spirally designed to have a large Anode and Cathode surface area– thus lowering internal impedance.

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Lithium Titanate Battery • Lithium Manganese Oxide Spinel Cathode - LMO • Lithium Titanate Oxide Anode – LTO Advantages Very Long Cycle Life

Disadvantages Low cell voltage 1.9-2.4v

High charge/discharge rates

Lower energy than carbon anodes Higher cost per Kwh

Very temperature tolerant

High safety Public domain technology

Toshiba Lithium Titanate Rechargeable Battery - SCiB • Recharges to 90% of full capacity in less than 5 minutes. • Excellent safety because of high level anode stability. • 6000 cycles of full D.O.D. to 90% of initial capacity. • Low temperature discharge from -30C. • Available on the Schwinn Tailwind E-Bike and EV projects with VW, Mitsubishi and Honda.

2.4Voc/ 4.2Ah

65 Wh/Kg

131 wh/l

650 W/Kg

1316 W/l

VW & Toshiba

Toshiba Super Charge Lithium Ion Battery - SCiB

http://www.toshiba.com/ind/data/tag_files/SCiB_Brochure_5383.pdf

A123 LiFePO4 Rechargeable Batteries • • • • • •

Cylindrical and soft package cells. High power density 3000 W/Kg (100C). 5-minute charge time possible on some models. Safer technology. 3.3V working voltage. Excellent cycle life - Thousands of cycles.

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Saft – Very High Power Cells • Specially designed for high power. • Can be charged in 4-10 min.

http://www.saftbatteries.com/doc/Documents/defence/Cube769/VL12V_0510.c 49bfef4-fb6b-4469-a620-d3ca7f6e6c5c.pdf

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From the Academy • University of Illinois research group led by Prof Paul Braun has developed an innovative three - dimensional nanostructure cathode that enables faster charging and discharging without sacrificing energy storage capacity.

http://braungroup.beckman.illinois.edu/PaulBraun.html

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Ultra Fast Charging Should Get More Attention… • Ultra Fast Charging enable smaller and lighter battery pack. • There are very limited lithium ultra fast charging cell models on the market. • Current cell models have a lower weight energy density - only 65-108 Wh/Kg in comparison to 130-170 Wh/Kg of standard high power cells. • A new Nano-Materials, electrochemical couples and high surface area cells design should be develop for having a better charging rates.

A small “payment” in + Ultra fast Energy Density Charging

=

EV Driving Range Solution

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Thank You for Your Attention Shmuel De-Leon Energy, Ltd. Mazal Arie 10, Hod-Hasharon, Israel 45309 Tel/Fax: 972-77-5010792, Mobile: 972-52-8601517 www.sdle.co.il, www.batteriesdatabase.com [email protected] Information on this presentation was obtained by: 1. Public web sources. 2. Shmuel De-Leon Battery/Energy Sources DataBase ® (Includes 30,000 cell PDF data sheets). 3. Shmuel De-Leon Batteries & Fuel Cells Seminar ® presentations. 18