Tunnel Lighting and Behaviour

Gunnar D.Jenssen, PhD Senior Research Scientist SINTEF Technology and Society Transport research

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Global Safety approach Sourcwe: Kohury et al 2008

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The Role of Human Behaviour -How we “normally” behave In tunnels

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Are accidents part of normal human behaviour ?

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Something leads up to potential catastrophes These are the things we more easily can address At lower cost (Pro active safety) Technology and Society

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Tunnel fires Cause

Frequency (1970-2005)

Collisions (Monotony, Queue, Speed, Drugs)

# 9

Heat/open fire (Brakes, Motor, Sigarette.)

# 8

Terror/vandalism (explosion,gas)

# 3

Tip of the iceberg Cathastrohes often involve HGV’s

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 Status 1995

 Limited knowledge on behaviour in tunnels  Limited knowledge on how design elements affect safety  Limited focus on safety measures  US experiments (Source : Carmody)

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Incidents and accidents Branner Personskadeulykker Materiellskadeulykker

0,2% 2,5% 5,2% 48,0%

Motorstopp

22,4%

Drivstoffmangel Punktering Gjenstand i kjørebanen

5,9% 3,5% 12,3%

Annet

0%

10 %

20 %

30 %

40 %

50 %

Source: NPRA (2007) Technology and Society

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What type of accidents occur? Ulykkestyper på europa- og riksvegnettet 50 %

I tunnelene Alle trafikkulykker

40 % 30 % 20 % 10 % 0% Andre uhell

Samme kjøreretning Møtende kjøreretning Kryssing og avsving Fotgjengere involvert Singel utforkjøring

Source: NPRA (2007) Technology and Society

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Engebretsen and Amundsen 2008

Amundsen and Raanes 1997

Acc. Freq.(acc./mill veh.km) in different zones

Zone 1

Zone 2

Zone 3

Midlezone Zone 4

Zone 3

Zone 2

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Zone 1

Effect of public lighting (dark driving) • Improved visibility due to public lighting influences behaviour •

As the quality of the lighting improves we: • observe intersections earlier • see objects earlier • adapt our speed earlier (Rockwell, 1969, as described in Beyer & Ker, 2009) Technology and Society

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.Research on Tunnel lighting and behaviour  Kirscher 2012 No previous research on how illumination affects driver behaviour  Light colored walls are more important than strong illumination to keep driver focused on the road ahead

 Jenssen 1999, Kvaale & Lotsberg 2001, Flø and Jenssen 2007 Effect of color and lighting design on driving behaviour, attention comfort and gaze direction  Manser and Hancock 2007 Effect of pattern width on speed  Carmody 1997 effect of horizontal and vertical stripes on speed and gradient info.

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The effect of lighting on lateral position  When entering a tunnel, drivers reduce speed and change their lateral position on the carriageway to keep further away from the tunnel wall.  Some distance into the tunnel they revert to their normal lateral position (Martens & Kaptein, 1998)  Elderly drivers often keep away from the tunnel wall all trough the tunnel, except when meeting a traffic (brake, swerve) (Jenssen 1997)

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What are the causes of crashes in and near tunnels? Specific Hazard factors that play a role in crashes occurring in tunnels • •

• •

Behavioural aspects e.g. safety distance, lane keeping, overtaking, speeding, Nussbaumer (2007) Bidirectional traffic (Amundsen 1994, Amundsen and Engelbrektsen 2009.) • Probability of being injured or killed is 19 % higher tunnels with bidirectional traffic Lack of vigilance (e.g. fatigue, distraction, inattention) Longer periods of monotonous driving can lead to boredom and fatigue • Depending on the traffic intensity as well as the length of the tunnel and the tunnel design, the resulting level of driver activation can be anywhere between high and low. (Jenssen & Moe, 2000, Thiffault and Bergeron, 2003; Ting et al., 2008).

. As long tunnels become more common, the issue of monotony

fatigue, inattention and how to increase activation is a concern Technology and Society

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The Lærdal Tunnel, Norway (2001) The world longest road tunnel: 24.5 km

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3 rock caverns

 Dividing the tunnel into 4 short tunnels to reduce monontony

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Rock caverns

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4 alternatives tested in a driving simulator Alt 1: ”Basic”

Alt 2: ”Water”

Alt 3: ”Rock Crystals”

Alt 4: ”Outdoor experiences” Cavern 1

Cavern 2 Technology and Society

Cavern 3 19

Average speed profile

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Be carefull with the combination of red, orange and yellow colours

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How anxiety affects average speed Mean speed 100 km/h kmkm/h 88

90 84

80

82

79

81 74

71

60

Alternativ e Alternative

1

40

2 20

3 4

0

None None Anxiety l

moderate to Moderate strong strong

Anxiety Technology and Society

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From idea to implementation

”Rock Crystals”, Sketch

”Rock Crystals”, Simulator

Implemented in the Lærdal Tunnel – ”Rock Crystals”

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Strategies for interior design og lighting have been a success No accidents Massive media coverage

Goood feedback from road users A tourist attraction

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The role of blue light Professor Russel Foster, University of Oxford (2012)

 A new discovery within the science of how we see and react to colors shed light on the Lærdal project and effect of blue caverns  The function of Rods and Cones are well known, but recently a new group of cells regulating our internal time has been discovered.  External light regulates our internal time and it is a photosensitive ganglion cell in the eye which regulates sleep, arousal and alertness.  These ganglion cells are only sensitive to blue light  Blue light, as in the blue morning dawn light activates us and make us more alert . Technology and Society

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Zhongnanshan Tunnel, China (2007) The world longes twin tube tunnel: 18 km

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Main innland highway north-south

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3-D image of tunnel Courtesy IPORY

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Project manager Wen Banghou Shaanxi commuunication Bureau: QZM tunnel Project manager Gunnar D. Jenssen SINTEF: Safety evaluation and Special lighting design

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Tunnel entrance by night

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Tunnel interior

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3 rock caverns in each tunnel tube

西安 Xi’an

Borehole 1

Borehole 2

安康 Ankang

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From idea to implementation  Said about the ”winning” designs:    

 The final result is inspired by the two cavern designs that got the highest score among the subjects Technology and Society

Calming Good variation, Relaxing, Comforting

Tunnel Psychology Need hierarchy

The visible tip of the iceberg This is what makes the tunnel unique attractive and comfortable and safe for all road users Attract professionals, tourists, media

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THE ELDERLY DRIVER CHALLENGE

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Increasing number of elderly,

Kilde: Statistisk sentralbyrå, Befolkningsvekst: observert og framskrevet 1950-2060 Technology and Society

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Need for light A 40 year old needs 4 times more light to see as well as a 20 year old A 60 year old needs 8 times more light

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Jackson et al. (1999). Dark adaptation as a function of decade. Arrows label the portion of the function representing the rod-cone break and the second and third components of rod-mediated dark adaptation. Note that the funcs shift to the right with increasing decade, indicating a slowing in the rate of dark adaptation during aging

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Light-Emitting Diode (LED) Lighting for Safety and Guidance

LED Lights on Outside Roadway Edges in Grilstad tunnel Norway

LED Lights as Roadway Delienation and Vehicle Spacing in Mont Blanc Tunnel Technology and Society

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LED Lights in Submerged Trondheim City Subsea Tunnel (Opened for traffic 2010)

Good cues for slope / Gradient and curvature Technology and Society

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Underground space can be attractive

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New lighting technologies can add to that

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The Role of Human Behaviour -In Tunnel Fires

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Misconceptions Minimum required Tunnel Closing Equipment is sufficient to stop drivers and avoid secondary accidents?

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Actual Observed Behavior in Tunnel Fires  Red flashing stoplights

 20% drive past  Smoke in tunnel not enough to change behavior

Barrier for closing tunnel

Signals for closing tunnel Technology and Society

Real Accident while we were installing our equipment, and the tunnel was closed

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Safestop ….Soft stop

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It is my claim...  An ordinary Traffic Signal would work better than alternating stop signals

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Design guidelines • Does the Vision Zero apply to tunnels? • In principle, the same design guidelines apply to tunnels as to road sections outside tunnels • Forgiving environment • Soft shoulders • Barriers • Good lighting

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