2904 2904 1169_05_2000_c2 1169_05_2000_c2© 1999, © 2000, CiscoCisco Systems, Systems, Inc. Inc.
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Troubleshooting Cable Access Networks Session 2904
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Agenda • Specifications and References • RF Troubleshooting • DOCSIS Troubleshooting • Cisco IOS ® and Cable • Upconverter Troubleshooting • CMTS Troubleshooting • CM Troubleshooting 2904 1169_05_2000_c2
• Questions 3
© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Functional Components Five Major Parts to a Cable TV Network TV
HFC HFC (Hybrid (Hybrid Fiber Fiber Coax) Coax)
• Headend • The trunk cable
TAP TAP Distribution LHE Receiver Receiver Regional Head End
Other Sources
Fiber
Modulator Modulator and and Scrambler Scrambler
Local Head Down End Stream
Trunks
• The drop cable to the home
For each channel Receiver
Modulator and Scrambler
Up Stream
LHE
• The distribution (or feeder) cable in neighborhoods
Fiber Node
• The terminal equipment (TV, cable modem, set-top box, etc)
Bidirectional Amplifiers HFC Interface
To Internet 2904 1169_05_2000_c2
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Reference Material
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© 1999, 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Web Resources Check CCO resources for: • DDTS issues http://www.cisco.com/support/bugtools/
• Downloading latest images http://www.cisco.com/kobayashi/sw-center/sw-ios.shtml
• Documentation http://www.cisco.com/univercd/cc/td/doc/product/cable/ index.htm
• Release Notes http://www.cisco.com/univercd/cc/td/doc/product/software/ ios113ed/ios113p/cablern/index.htm
• TAC Tips http://www.cisco.com/kobayashi/serv_tips.shtml 2904 1169_05_2000_c2
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References Web References • http://www.cisco.com/cable • http://www.cablemodem.com
Text References • Modern Cable Television Technology— Video, Voice, and Data Communications
• http://www.cablelabs.com
By Walter Ciciora/James Farmer/ David Large
• http://www.scte.org
ISBN # 1-55860-416-2
• http://cable.doit.wisc.edu • http://www.catv.org
• Broadband Return Systems for Hybrid Fiber/Coax Cable TV Networks
• http://www.wwwgsolutions.com
By Donald Raskin and Dean Stoneback
• http://www.hukk.com
ISBN # 0-13-636515-9 • Cable Television Proof-Of-Performance By Jeff Thomas ISBN # 0-13-306382-8
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White Paper Resources • Multimedia Traffic Engineering for Cable Networks http://www.cisco.com/warp/public/cc/cisco/mkt/access/ apath/tech/hfcn_wp.pdf
• Combined Wisdom on the Upstream http://www.cisco.com/warp/public/cc/cisco/mkt/access/ apath/tech/mllt_wp.pdf
• Successfully Deploying Data Over Cable Networks: An Overview http://www.cisco.com/warp/public/cc/cisco/mkt/servprod/ tech/dcsis_wp.pdf
• Business Case for Two-Way Service Deployment over HFC Network http://www.cisco.com/warp/public/cc/cisco/mkt/servprod/ tech/2way_pl.pdf
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International Split Plans Region or Country
Split Plan
North, Central, and South America, China, Korea, Phillipines, Thailand, Singapore
40/52
Australia
65/85
Japan, New Zealand
55/70
India, Malta, Eastern Europe
30/48
Western Europe, Ireland, United Kingdom
65/85
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© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Is Your Upstream DOCSIS Compliant? Variable
DOCSIS Specification
Frequency Range
5–42 MHz Edge to Edge
Carrier to Noise (upstream)
Not less than 25 dB
Transit Delay (Map Advance)
£ 0.800 msec
Carrier to hum
Not greater than -23 dBc (7.0%)
Amplitude Ripple
5–42 MHz: .5 dB/MHz
Group Delay Ripple
5–42 MHz: 200 ns/MHz
Digital Signal Levels
DOCSIS Specifications
From Cable Modem (Upstream)
+8 to +58 dBmV (QPSK) +8 to +55 dBmV (16-QAM)
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Your Plant Settings
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Specs for Success Typical DOCSIS Per Upstream Bandwidth* Upstream Bandwidth
QPSK Throughput
16-QAM Throughput
200 kHz
.272 Mbps
.546 Mbps
400 kHz
.546 Mbps
1.108 Mbps
800 kHz
1.108 Mbps
2.176 Mbps
1600 kHz
2.176 Mbps
4.352 Mbps
3200 kHz
4.352 Mbps
9.704 Mbps
*Actual usable rates minus the DOCSIS Phy and MAC overhead 2904 1169_05_2000_c2
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Coaxial Cable and Properties Outer Conductor Increasing Frequency
Coaxial Cable
Direct Direct Current Current
Alternating Alternating Current Current
For Direct Current, electron flow is distributed uniformly throughout the conductor. As frequency increases, electron flow radiates to the outer circumference. This is known as “skin effect” and is an important property in coaxial cable design. Slope Loss (dB)
Dielectric
Center Conductor Additional Aluminum Braided Shield
External Jacket
Coaxial Coaxial Cable Cable Foam Foam Dielectric Dielectric Cable Cable Characteristics Characteristics (dB (dB per per 100 100 ft ft )) Size (Od) Loss Loss ( Inches) (54 MHz) (500mhz) 1.16 1.00 0.875 0.840 0.750 0.625 0.565 0.500 0.412 Rg 6 Rg 59
0.23 0.31 0.33 0.30 0.37 0.46 0.44 0.54 0.67 1.60 2.05
0.77 0.97 1.05 1.05 1.17 1.40 1.51 1.70 2.15 4.60 5.65
Frequency 2904 1169_05_2000_c2
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RF Troubleshooting
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© 1999, 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Analog and Digital Channels Multiple NTSC Down Stream Channels 0 -10
Amplitude dBmV
-20 -30 -40 -50
Video
Down Stream QAM Data
6.0 MHz
6.0 MHz
Video
6.0 MHz Frequency MHz
• NTSC USA—6 MHz
• PAL/SECAM Europe/ASIA—8 MHz 2904 1169_05_2000_c2
• QAM RF modulated digital signal Quadrature amplitude modulation downstream
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Downstream Carriers NTSC Video Signal CH 114, 733.25 MHz * *
Downstream Channel EIA CH 111, 717.00 MHz * Notice the Digital QAM Signal Adjusted to 6–10 dB below Peak Video Levels 2904 1169_05_2000_c2
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Upstream Carriers
Peak Over Time
Low Band Noise
Single Sweep
Upstream Channel 20.00 MHz 2904 1169_05_2000_c2
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Proper Upstream Setup • Use spectrum analyzer in zero span mode
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© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Combining Gotchas! RF 50–750 MHz
uBR-MC16C
Optical Transmitter Splitter
500 500 # 1 500 500
Frequency F 1 64 64 QAM QAM 27 27 Mbs Mbs 66 MHz MHz BW BW
TX 1
#2 500 500 # 4
Upconverter Upconverter
RX 1
44 44 MHz MHz IF IF
RX 2 RX 3
QPSK QPSK 2.3 2.3 Mbs Mbs 1.6 1.6 MHz MHz
From Node # 1 (32 dB CNR)
RX 4
Signal From 4 Nodes
RX 5
3000 Homes Passed
From Node # 2 (32 dB CNR) From Node # 3 (34 dB CNR)
From Node # 4 (35 dB CNR) RX 6
One Receiver Supporting 4 Nodes (2000 Homes Passed )) 2904 1169_05_2000_c2
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Combining in Sparse Mode CMTS
U0 = 20 MHz @ 1.6 MHz BW = 2.56 Mbps for 4 Serving Areas
DO
LC 1x1 U0
• Limited bandwidth for multiple serving areas • Over-subscription a concern • Collisions a possibility • Greatest density • Don’t put more than 1000 modems per linecard! 2904 1169_05_2000_c2
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Combining in Dense Mode CMTS
U0 = 20 MHz @ 1.6 MHz U1 = 22 MHz @ 1.6 MHz
DO UO LC U1 1x4 U2 U3
U2 = 26 MHz @ 1.6 MHz U3 = 28 MHz @ 1.6 MHz BW = 10.24 Mbps for 3 Serving Areas
• Each US must be a different frequency • Load balance through provisioning • Easy way to add BW to a serving area • Need open upstream ports 2904 1169_05_2000_c2
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Combining in Wideband Dense Mode CMTS
U0 = 20 MHz @ 1.6 MHz U1 = 22 MHz @ 1.6 MHz
DO UO LC U1 1x4 U2 U3
U2 = 26 MHz @ 1.6 MHz U3 = 28 MHz @ 1.6 MHz BW = 10.24 Mbps for One Serving Area!
• Each US must be a different frequency • Provisioning assistance speeds bringup • Stop gap before node split • Need open upstream ports 2904 1169_05_2000_c2
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© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Operational Keys Testbed
• Key components
Time of Day DHCP TFTP
Run the correct IOS! Religiously monitor levels Use a testbed Use network mgmt
Upconverter
IF IN Cable Modems RF OUT Diplex Filter
HI 4 LO
Common
Analyze spectrum
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DOCSIS Troubleshooting
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PHY Layer Operation
• Digital modulation • MPEG framing • MPEG encapsulation • Upstream FDMA/TDMA
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Digital Modulation In-Phase Carrier (I)
Quadrature Carrier (Q) 90° Out of Phase
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Digital Modulation
QPSK 01
QAM-16
Q 11 I
00
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QAM-64
Q
10
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Q
I
I
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Importance of Good C/N Importance of Carrier-Noise Ratio Good CNR
Poor CNR
Noise Causes Constellation Points to Close and Overlap 2904 1169_05_2000_c2
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© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.
MPEG Framing (1/3) Modulation: QAM-64, -256 Symbol Rates: 5.056941, 5.360537 Msps Interleave: 8/16, 16/8, 32/4, 64/2, 128/1
ITU-T J.83 Annex B 188 Byte Sync 1 Byte
Payload 187 Bytes
DOCSIS PID = 1FFE TE PS PR
PID
TS AF SEQ
3 Byte Transport Header 2904 1169_05_2000_c2
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NULL PID = 1FFF
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MPEG Framing (2/3) Downstream MPEG Encapsulation of DOCSIS Frames 4 Bytes
Sync
Hdr
1 Byte
Ptr
4 Bytes Sync
Hdr
183 Bytes
Segment 1
73 Bytes
111 Bytes
Segment 2
FF Filler 256 Byte DOCSIS Frame
Segment 1 2904 1169_05_2000_c2
Segment 2
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MPEG Framing (3/3) ITU-T J.83 Annex A—Europe 204 byte Reed-Solomon Error Protected Frame Sync 1 Byte
Payload 187 Bytes
RS(204,188,8)
Error Correction Bits
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Upstream Data Burst
Preamble
Codeword
Unique Word Mini-Slot N
Short Codeword
Mini-Slot N+1
Mini-Slot N+2
Data Clock Has No Relationship to Mini-Slot Clock 2904 1169_05_2000_c2
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Return Path Noise 0 -10 -20 Noise -30 Power -40
Narrow Narrow Band Band Ingress Ingress
Harmonic Harmonic Roll-off Roll-off
Varies Widely Plant to Plant
(dBmV) -50 -60 -70 0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Frequency (MHz) 2904 1169_05_2000_c2
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MAC Layer Operation • DOCSIS encapsulation • Initial maintenance • Station maintenance • Registration • Frequency hop • Upstream channel change 2904 1169_05_2000_c2
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DOCSIS Encapsulation DOCSIS Frame Header FC FC (1 (1 Byte) Byte)
MAC_PARM EHDR HCS MAC_PARM LEN LEN (SID) (SID) EHDR HCS (1 (2 (1 Byte) Byte) (2 Bytes) Bytes) (0-240 (0-240 Bytes) Bytes) (2 (2 Bytes) Bytes)
Frame Control
FC FC TYPE TYPE (2 (2 Bits) Bits)
DOCSIS Payload
FC FC PARM PARM EHDR_ON EHDR_ON (5 (1 (5 Bits) Bits) (1 Bit) Bit)
Ethernet Ethernet Frame/Mac Frame/Mac Message Message
EHDR = 1 DA DA (6 (6 Bytes) Bytes)
Ethernet Frame SA SA (6 (6 Bytes) Bytes)
Type/Len Data CRC Type/Len CRC (2 (2 Bytes) Bytes) (0—1500 Bytes) (4 (4 Bytes) Bytes)
MAC Management Frame 0000000X 0000000X
Ethernet Ethernet Frame Frame
1100000X 1100000X
SYNC SYNC Message Message
1100001X 1100001X
MAC MAC Message Message
11000100 11000100
Request Request Message Message
DA DA (6 (6 Bytes) Bytes)
SA SA (6 (6 Bytes) Bytes)
Version Rsvd Version Type Rsvd (1 (1 Byte) Byte) (1 Byte) (1 (1 Byte) Byte)
MAC MAC Message Message (Variable (Variable no. no. Bytes) Bytes)
CRC CRC (4 (4 Bytes) Bytes)
Request Message (Header Only) Hex Hex C4 C4 (1 (1 Byte) Byte)
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Len DSAP Len DSAP SSAP SSAP Control Control (2 (2 Bytes) Bytes) (1 (1 Byte) Byte) (1 (1 Byte) Byte) (1 (1 Byte) Byte)
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Mini-Slots (1 Byte)
SID (2 Bytes)
HCS HCS (2 (2 Bytes) Bytes) 34
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MAC Management Frame • Other MAC messages are encapsulated in a MAC management frame
0
1
2
3 4
5
DA DA (6 (6 Bytes) Bytes) SA SA (6 (6 Bytes) Bytes) Ctl Ctl
• Downstream messages include UCD, MAP, UCC, RNG-RSP, REG-RSP
6 7 SA SA (6 (6 Bytes) Bytes)
Len Len (2 (2 Bytes) Bytes)
SSAP SSAP
Ver Ver Type Rsvd Rsvd
MAC Message (Variable no. Bytes)
CRC CRC (4 (4 Bytes) Bytes)
• Upstream messages include RNG-REQ, REG-REQ 2904 1169_05_2000_c2
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MAC Management Message Types Type
Description
1
Message SYNC
2
UCD
Upstream Channel Descriptor
3
MAP
Upstream Bandwidth Allocation
4 5
RNG-REQ RNG-RSP
Ranging Request Ranging Response
6
REG-REQ
Registration Request
7
REG-RSP
Registration Response
8 9
UCC-REQ UCC-RSP
Upstream Channel Change Request Upstream Channel Change Response
10
TRI-TCD
Telephony Channel Descriptor
11
TRI-TSI
Telephony System Information
12
BPKM-REQ
Baseline Privacy Key Management Request
13
BPKM-RSP
Baseline Privacy Key Management Response
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Timing Synchronization
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Mini-Slot Clock • The timestamp clock runs at 10.24 MHz • The 160 KHz timebase tick frequency runs at 1/64 the rate, or a 6.25 ms period • Each upstream channel’s unit of allocation is the mini-slot. The CMTS configures the mini-slot to be the tick period times T = 2M, M = 0, 1, …, 7 • For example, an 8 tick mini-slot occupies 6.25 ms times 8 or 50 ms 2904 1169_05_2000_c2
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Request Frame • A bandwidth request is completely contained in a request frame
C4 10 00 01 XX XX
• The small size allows the request frame to fit in a single mini-slot • The CM waits for MAPs containing request contention intervals, then transmits the request 2904 1169_05_2000_c2
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SID Request Size (Mini-Slots) FC Type Is Request Frame
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DOCSIS Encapsulation(1/2)
• A DOCSIS frame is a DOCSIS header optionally followed by a payload • Frames with a FC field of binary 00 contain Ethernet frame payloads • Frames with a FC field of binary 11 are MAC messages 2904 1169_05_2000_c2
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Link Maintenance Messages SYNC SYNC Timestamp
CMTS
UCD US/DS Channel ID Channel Parameters MAP US Channel ID Back-off Parameters Mini-slot Allocation Table RNG-REQ MAC Address SID 0 RNG-RSP MAC Address Temporary SID
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CM 40
20
Insertion Procedure CM CM Step Step 1. 1. Acquire Acquire DS DS Lock Lock and and SYNC SYNC
CMTS
CM CM Step Step 2. 2.. Acquire Acquire US US Parameters Parameters
SYNC
CM CM Step Step 3. 3. Acquire Acquire MAP MAP with with Initial Initial Maintenance Maintenance Interval Interval and and Send Send RNG-REQ RNG-REQ using using SID SID 00
UCD
MAP
Mini-Slot Mapping
Initial Initial Maint. Maint..
CM1
RNG-REQ
CM2
RNG-REQ ~2 ms
Initial Maintenance Interval Contention 2904 1169_05_2000_c2
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Initial Power Adjustment ≤≤ 2 s Initial Maintenance Intervals dBmV
Nominal Upstream Receive Level
0
CM1 RNG-REQ Burst
-10 -20
dBmV
Nominal Upstream Receive Level
0
CM2 RNG-REQ Burst
-10 -20
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Intermodulation Distortion (IMD) ≤≤ 2 s Initial Maintenance Intervals dBmV
Nominal Upstream Receive Level
0
Upstream Channel Noise Power Level
-10 -20 -30
100 Modems Add 20 dB, 1000 Modems Add 30 dB.
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-40 -50 -60
Collisions Sum Together and Raise Noise Floor; Return Laser Clipping in Worst Case Knocks out Entire upstream! 43
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Binary Exponential Back-Off ≤≤ 2 s Initial Maintenance Intervals dBmV 0
CM1 RNG-REQ Burst
-10 -20
No Collision
Collision
dBmV 0
CM2 RNG-REQ Burst
-10 -20
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Successful Insertion CM CM Step Step 3. 3. Send Send RNG-REQ RNG-REQ Using Using SID SID 0; 0; Wait Wait for for RNG-RSP RNG-RSP
CMTS
CM CM Step Step 4. 4. Receive Receive RNG-RSP RNG-RSP with with temp. temp. SID SID
MAP
RNG-RSP
Mini-Slot Mapping
Initial Initial
CM1
RNG-REQ
CM CM Step Step 5. 5. Enter Enter Station Station Maintenance Maintenance State State
MAP
RNG-RSP
Station Station
RNG-REQ
Station Maintenance Interval: Contentionless
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Initial Maintenance (2/3) • Starting at minimum power, CMs increase their transmit power at each initial maintenance interval until the received power level at the CMTS is nominal (0 dBmV) • Because the initial maintenance interval is of the contention type, and because of return laser clipping, the CMs use a binary exponential back-off algorithm, skipping intervals to increase the chance of getting through and to reduce intermodulation distortion (IMD) 2904 1169_05_2000_c2
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Initial Maintenance (3/3) • After receiving the RNG-REQ message from a CM, the CMTS sends the CM a RNG-RSP message containing the CM’s temporary SID; additional timing, frequency, and power adjustment information is also present • The CM transitions to station maintenance state using the temporary SID • Modems still overshoot the nominal power point; reducing IMD noise depends on discouraging overshoot 2904 1169_05_2000_c2
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Station Maintenance Timing, Power, and Frequency Adjustments Continue
CMTS Mini-Slot Mapping
MAP
RNG-RSP
Station Station
Each CM has Its Own Station Maintenance Interval Using Its Own SID
MAP
RNG-RSP
Station Station
≤ 30 s
CM1
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RNG-REQ
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RNG-REQ
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Station Maintenance (2/2) • Timing, frequency, and power adjustment continue the same as initial maintenance; compensates for cable plant drift over time • The CM has a limited class of service just after station maintenance is entered • The CM enters the registration state 2904 1169_05_2000_c2
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Frequency Hop Step Step 1. 1. CMTS CMTS Sets Sets New New Frequency Frequency and and Configuration Configuration Change Change Count Count
CMTS
UCD UCD
Step Step 2. 2. CMTS CMTS Sends Sends New New Map Map with with Matching Matching Configuration Configuration Change Change Count Count
Stale Stale MAP MAP
MAP MAP
MAP MAP
1 ms CM
REQ
Step Step 3. 3. CM CM Transmits Transmits Using Using New New MAP MAP
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MAC Layer Summary (1/2)
• The DOCSIS MAC layer presents a cable-oriented link protocol which offers both FDMA and TDMA; in fact, the primary purpose of the protocol is to manage upstream transmission over cable • The downstream is management free 2904 1169_05_2000_c2
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MAC Layer Summary (2/2) • CM transmit power level is initially adjusted by the initial and station maintenance procedures • The registration procedure provisions the CM for the class of service specified in its TFTP configuration file • Data privacy is available to protect subscribers and service provider content 2904 1169_05_2000_c2
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Cisco IOS and Cable
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© 1999, 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.
QoS on US/DS Channels “One to Many” Downstream Channel
Downstream Channel CM[1]
….
CM[N]
CMTS
Upstream Channel “Many to One”
Upstream Channel
• MCNS upstream channel is a shared multiple access channel; Layer 2 provisions have to be made at CMTS to ensure fair/coordinated access and bandwidth assignment on inbound (upstream) channel; MAC scheduler needed • MCNS downstream channel is just like any other router output interface and Layer 3 QoS is fine as the scheduler directly has IP packets from Internet to work upon 2904 1169_05_2000_c2
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Service Class Establishment • CM is assigned temporary Sid upon initial ranging • CMTS assigns a low priority preconfigured REGISTRATION service class to the temporary Sid • CM uses the temporary Sid (registration class) for initialization related bidirectional traffic • CM builds a registration request with Class Of Service parameters from its downloaded custom tftp configuration file 2904 1169_05_2000_c2
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Service Class Establishment • CMTS parses the registration request and extracts the Class of Service (CoS) profile requested • After authenticating CM and CoS information, CMTS checks if the requested CoS already exists; a new CoS profile is added to local QoS table if the requested QoS profile is unique • The temporary Sid assigned to the CM is converted to a permanent Sid, which now points to its CoS profile information at CMTS 2904 1169_05_2000_c2
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Service Class Establishment
• CMTS expects the CM to complete registration successfully within a predefined REGISTRATION time-out • Unaccounted usage of MCNS channel bandwidth by CMs using temporary Sid is avoided by auto aging of the temporary Sid 2904 1169_05_2000_c2
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DOCSIS 1.0 QoS Profile Service Class Profile • Traffic Priority (7, 6, 5….0) • Maximum (allowed) upstream rate (bps) • Maximum upstream channel burst (minislots) • Minimum (reserved) upstream rate (bps) • Maximum (allowed) downstream rate (bps) 2904 1169_05_2000_c2
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Priority Implementation Priority All 8 Priorities , [7—0] Queue Position Index
I = f { Arrv_time, Prio}
i2 i1 i0
Grant Server 2904 1169_05_2000_c2
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Max Rate Limiting Downstream Rate Limit Token Bucket sid[ k ] 1 Mbps (Max) Bandwidth Tokens
uBR
Cable Modem 256 Kbps (Max)
Upstream Rate Limit Token Bucket sid [ k ]
• Each instance of a Sid has 2 rate-limiting token buckets, one in either direction • Token bucket gets filled with bandwidth tokens proportional to maximum rate of the Sid’s service class in the applicable direction 2904 1169_05_2000_c2
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Minimum (Reserved) Upstream Data Rate Best Effort
Index = f {ArrvTime, Srv Class Prio} BE MAP Grant Server Request Classifier Guar Srv Dline = f {Vtime, GrantSize, RsvdRate}
Guaranteed Rate Service 2904 1169_05_2000_c2
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Maximum Upstream Transmit Burst Enqueue bw_req [n]
Max Tx Burst Policing (minislots)
drop
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Rate Limiting Token Bucket
Grant Scheduler Guar Srv Queue BE Srv Queue
Grants in Maps
drop
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CBR/Real Time Polling Unused Slots Can Go Wasted X X
X
X X
X X
Unsolicited Grants
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Unicast Request Polls
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Typical Maps MAP [ k ] Polls
MAP [ k + 1 ] UBR Grants (Best Effort)
CBR ABR Grants (Unsolicited (Committed Grants) Inf Rate)
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Contention Request Region
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Additional Cable QoS Capabilities • Upstream
• Downstream
Tiered best effort
Best effort service
CIR
Traffic rate limiting
Admission control per upstream channel
Traffic rate shaping
IP ToS overwrite
• Per-Sid (CM) Bandwidth Usage Report
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• Per-Sid (CM) Connectivity Usage Report
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Upconverter Troubleshooting
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Upconverter Troubleshooting Tips • Problems with modem performance can sometimes be caused by problems with the way the upconverters are set up; here are some things to watch out for: Symptoms: Modems don't work well, newer software causes “no downstream lock” Poor or intermittent throughput Loss of downstream when upstream traffic is high Modems in houses are intermittent, but headend is fine sh cont c0 tun, SNR_estimate: less than 36,000 Potential Causes: Incorrect upconverter setup Incorrect modem input levels If misconfigured, the upconverter WILL cause enough signal distortion to fully prevent modems from acquiring downstream signal 2904 1169_05_2000_c2
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Downstream Phase Noise
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GI Upconverter Troubleshooting Procedures: • Use a 6 dB attenuator pad on the IF input to the GI C6U • Set the GI C6U to “digital modulation” such that the "AUX" led on the front is lit for the active port • Set the GI C6U RF frequency for 1.75 MHz below the desired digital data downstream frequency • Ensure that the MGC bar graph is about middle to low position; correct setting requires: A spectrum analyzer attached to "0 dB IF" test point on the front of the unit Adjustment while measuring test point output as 0 dBmV @ 44 MHz The enter key must be pressed as adjustments are made, otherwise the unit reverts to the unchanged state
• Ensure that the correct port (A or B) IF input LED is blinking while making adjustments • Ensure that the RF output of the GI upconverter is about +56 to +60 dBmV channel power; your CM should have a correct SNR estimate provided that its input level is about -3 to +5 dBmV 2904 1169_05_2000_c2
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GI Upconverter Setup for 256 QAM Setup tips for 256 QAM: • 256 QAM setup of a GI upconverter REQUIRES a spectrum analyzer • Adjustments can take about one hour and should include use of a Cisco uBR904 cable modem Note: Setup for 256 QAM should be done after the unit has temperature stabilized and been running for more than one hour 2904 1169_05_2000_c2
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Wavecom Upconverter Troubleshooting Procedures: • No attenuation is required between the uBR7246 downstream and the IF input of the MA4040 • Set the IF AGC enabled • Set the RF output power to +55 dBmV • Set the frequency 2904 1169_05_2000_c2
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CMTS Troubleshooting
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uBR72xx Operation
• Current images on CCO: 11.3(11a)NA1 • Current images on CCO: 12.0(10)Sc1 • Current Images on CCO: 12.1(3)T Run 128 MB of memory in your uBR72xx!
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General Hints
• Ensure that all MC series cards are securely seated and the screws are tight (CRC errors) • Verify that the combiner used to combine multiple fiber nodes is grounded
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Minimum Configuration Requirements • Specify upstream frequency 7223(config-if)#cable upstream 3 frequency? return frequency in HZ
• Enable upstream interface 7223(config-if)#no cable upstream 3 shutdown
• Specify IP address(es) • Enable 7223(config-if)#cable helper-address 10.10.10.1? Cable-modem Only UDP broadcasts from cable modems host Only UDP broadcasts from hosts 2904 1169_05_2000_c2
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Downstream Configuration • Configuring the downstream 7223(config-if)#cable down?
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annex
ITU-T J.83 MPEG standard
channel-id
Downstream channel ID
frequency
Frequency
if-output
Enable IF output
interleave-depth
Downstream Interleave Depth
modulation
Digital modulation type
rate-limit
Enable DOCSIS rate limiting on downstream
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Downstream Configuration
cable downstream rate-limit token-bucket shaping cable downstream annex B cable downstream modulation 64qam cable downstream interleave-depth 32 cable downstream frequency 519000000 cable downstream channel-id 222
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Example Show Cable Modem 7223#show cable modem Interface
Prim Online Sid State
Timing Offset
Rec QoS CPE Power
IP address MACaddress
Cable2/0/U0 1
reject(m)
3762
0.25
1
0
10.5.2.8 0050.731c.b115
Cable2/0/U0 2
online(pt)
3238 -0.25
3
2
10.5.2.5 0050.7366.2539
Cable2/0/U0 3
online(pk)
3240 -0.25
3
0
10.5.2.2 0010.7bb3.fb83
Cable2/0/U0 4
online(d)
3242
0.25
5
1
10.5.2.3 0050.7366.252b
Cable2/0/U0 5
init(r1)
3242
0.25
2
3
0.0.0.0 0050.7366.251b
Cable2/0/U0 5
init(t)
3240
0.25
3
0
10.5.2.4 0050.7366.2527
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Show Cable Modem States offline—modem considered offline init(r1)—modem sent initial ranging init(r2)—modem is ranging init(rc)—ranging complete init(d)—dhcp request received init(i)—dhcp reply received; IP address assigned init(t)—TOD request received. init(o)—TFTP request was received. Online—modem registered, enabled for data online(d)—modem registered, but network access is disabled online(pk)—modem registered, BPI enabled and KEK assigned online(pt)—modem registered, BPI enabled and TEK assigned reject(m)—registration refused due to bad MIC reject(c)—registration refused due to bad COS reject(pk)—KEK modem key assignment rejected reject(pt)—TEK modem key assignment rejected 2904 1169_05_2000_c2
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debug ip udp • Shows DHCPDISCOVER and DHCPREQUEST broadcasts
à sent to UDP port 67 (BOOTP server) à sent from the cable modem à sent to the DHCP server via the relay agent (ubr72xx) • Shows DHCPOFFER and DHCPACK packets
à sent to UDP port 68 (BOOTP client) à sent from the DHCP server à sent to the cable modem via the relay agent (uBR72xx) 2904 1169_05_2000_c2
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debug ip udp • DHCPDISCOVER (broadcast) sent from new cable modem Oct 12 16:34:22.307: UDP: rcvd src=0.0.0.0(68), dst=255.255.255.255(67), length=584 Oct 12 16:34:22.307: BOOTP: opcode 1 from host 0.0.0.0 on Cable6/0, 0 secs, 0 hops Oct 12 16:34:22.311: UDP: forwarded broadcast 67 from 10.71.1.1 to 10.70.1.30 on Ethernet2/0
• DHCPOFFER (broadcast) sent from DHCP server Oct 12 16:34:22.315: UDP: rcvd src=10.70.1.30(67), dst=10.71.1.1(67), length=315 Oct 12 16:34:22.319: BOOTP: opcode 2 from host 10.70.1.30 on Ethernet2/0, 0 secs, 0 Oct 12 16:34:22.319: BOOTP: Broadcasting response 10.70.1.30 -> 10.71.1.2 (Cable6/0) Oct 12 16:34:22.319: UDP: forwarded broadcast 68 from 10.70.1.30 to 255.255.255.255 on
• DHCPREQUEST (broadcast) sent from cable modem Oct 12 16:34:22.331: UDP: rcvd src=0.0.0.0(68), dst=255.255.255.255(67), length=584 Oct 12 16:34:22.335: BOOTP: opcode 1 from host 0.0.0.0 on Cable6/0, 0 secs, 0 hops Oct 12 16:34:22.335: UDP: forwarded broadcast 67 from 10.71.1.1 to 10.70.1.30 on Ethernet2/0
• DHCPACK (unicast) sent from DHCP server Oct 12 16:34:22.535: UDP: rcvd src=10.70.1.30(67), dst=10.71.1.1(67), length=315 Oct 12 16:34:22.535: BOOTP: opcode 2 from host 10.70.1.30 on Ethernet2/0, 0 secs, 0 Oct 12 16:34:22.539: BOOTP: Broadcasting response 10.70.1.30 -> 10.71.1.2 (Cable6/0) Oct 12 16:34:22.539: UDP: forwarded broadcast 68 from 10.70.1.30 to 255.255.255.255 on Cable6/0 2904 1169_05_2000_c2
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Troubleshooting Tools • Flap List • DOCSIS Ping • Dynamic Ranging • Traffic Shaping • Traffic Rate Policing • Dynamic Service Class 2904 1169_05_2000_c2
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What Is the Flap List? • A list of flaky modems maintained in the uBR CMTS • A cable modem is added to flap list when: CM fails the registration process CMTS receives a Miss followed by a Hit from CM, an abnormal behavior during the keep alive messaging between the two CM upstream transmit power is adjusted beyond user-specified threshold
• Following parameters are settable: Max size of flap list Insertion time threshold 2904 1169_05_2000_c2
Age threshold Power adjustment threshold 83
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Flap List Usage
• Available via: SNMP MIB—ccsFlapTable in the CISCOCABLE-SPECTRUM-MIB IOS CLI—show cable flap-list
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Sample Output of Cable Flap List Router# show cable flap-list sort-flap MAC Address CableIF Ins Hit Miss CRC P-Adj Flap 00e0.1eb2.bb7f 3/0 U0 1 2453 0 0 5 902 00e0.1eb2.bbad 3/0 U0 704 0 0 0 3 704 00e0.1eb2.bbcf 3/0 U0 45 1356 234 56007 2 218 00e0.1eb2.bb85 3/0 U0 46 785 240 45985 3 217 00e0.1eb2.bb59 3/0 U0 46 789 236 70234 3 211 Router# show cable flap-list sort-time MAC Address CableIF Ins Hit Miss CRC P-Adj 00e0.1eb2.bb85 3/0 U0 46 785 240 45985 3 00e0.1eb2.bb59 3/0 U0 46 789 236 70234 3 00e0.1eb2.bbcf 3/0 U0 45 1356 234 56007 2 00e0.1eb2.bb7f 3/0 U0 1 2453 0 0 5 00e0.1eb2.bbad 3/0 U0 704 0 0 0 3 2904 1169_05_2000_c2
Time Jan 2 Jan 2 Jan 2 Jan 3 Jan 3
00:10:05 00:10:16 00:10:22 23:00:04 20:25:57
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Flap List Explained MAC addr
Identifies subscriber
Cable IF
Physical port identifier
Ins
# of times in 180 seconds that the modem re-starts initial ranging
Hit
# of times CMTS sent a station maintenance message and received a response
Miss
# of times CMTS sent a station maintenance message and didn’t receive a response
CRC
# of CRC errors from that modem.
P-Adj
# of times CMTS told CM to adjust TX power more than 3dB
Flap
Algorithm based on P-Adj and Ins
Time
Most recent time that the modem dropped off the system
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Flapping Modem Detector • Use modems to assist in fault correlation • uBR collects station maintenance statistics • Requires zero additional BW for modem/plant management • Configurable via CLI 2904 1169_05_2000_c2
Cable Modem
Intermittent
Possible Fault Location
Intermittent
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Flapping Modem Detector • Detect interface up/down flap • Detect intermittent upstream • Show flap command lists CM macaddresses sorted by flap rate or most recent flap time • Show power adjustment statistics during station maintenance polling • Assists in locating plant problems by subscriber 2904 1169_05_2000_c2
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Flap List Interface Commands
• [no] cable flap-list insertion-time • [no] cable flap-list size • [no] cable flap-list power-adjust threshold • [no] cable flap-list aging • [no] cable flap-list miss-threshold 2904 1169_05_2000_c2
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Flap List Minimums
• Recommended flap-list settings cable flap-list size 8000 cable flap-list aging 36000
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MC16S • First DOCSIS line card to offer an integrated spectrum analyzer • Hardware-assist frequency agility with software enhancements • Improves response time to ingress noise impairments • Increases cable plant reliability 2904 1169_05_2000_c2
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DOCSIS Ping • Quickly diagnoses channel between CM and CMTS • Even works with modems that don’t complete registration or which may have “crashed” 7223#ping docsis 10.5.2.2 Queuing 5 MAC-layer station maintenance intervals, timeout is 25 msec !!!!! Success rate is 100 percent (5/5) 2904 1169_05_2000_c2
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CMTS Dynamic Ranging • Result—large groups of modems come up in minutes and not hours • Allows you to deliver increased customer satisfaction while minimizing down-time • Exceptional disaster recovery times for maximum network stability 7223#show controller cable 3/0 upstream 2 Ranging Backoff Start 0, Ranging Backoff End 4 2904 1169_05_2000_c2
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CMTS Traffic Rate Shaping • Per CM/Sid downstream rate shaping • Improved throughput with window based protocols like TCP when downstream rate limiting is enforced on the CM • Greatly reduces number of retransmits Cable downstream rate-limit token-bucket shaping Cable upstream 0 rate-limit token-bucket shaping
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CMTS Traffic Rate Policing • Per CM/Sid upstream rate shaping • Ensures the CPE is not exceeding the rate defined by the service class • Protects against non-compliant devices which do not throttle their upstream traffic 7223(config-if)# cable upstream 0 admission-control 15 2904 1169_05_2000_c2
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General Operation of Spectrum Management • Frequency hop occurs after 100% of station maintenance messages are lost (approximately 10 seconds) • Use the command to force a frequency hop • Use the command to display the current allocation table and frequency assignments 2904 1169_05_2000_c2
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Sample Configurations for Spectrum Management Spectrum Management • Sample Configurations uBR(config)# no cable spectrum-group 1 cable spectrum-group 1 frequency 20000000 1 cable spectrum-group 1 frequency 30000000 0 uBR(config)# cable spectrum-group 2 time 06:00:00 frequency 20000000 4 cable spectrum-group 2 time 09:00:00 frequency 20000000 1 cable spectrum-group 2 time 17:00:00 frequency 20000000 4 cable spectrum-group 2 time 21:00:00 frequency 20000000 1
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Show Cable Hop
7223#show cable hop Upstream Port Poll Missed Min Missed Hop Hop Corr Uncorr Port Status Rate Poll Poll Poll Thres Period FEC FEC (ms) Count Sample Pcnt Pcnt (sec) Errors Errors Cable2/0/U0 27.408 MHz 1000 0 10 0% 40% 300 0 1 Cable3/0/U0 35.008 MHz 1000 * * * set to fixed frequency * * * 0 0 Cable3/0/U1 admindown 1000 * * * frequency not set * * * 0 0
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Cable Interface Config interface Cable2/0 ip address 10.5.2.1 255.255.255.0 ip verify unicast reverse-path no ip directed-broadcast ip rip send version 2 ip rip receive version 2 ip pim nbma-mode ip pim sparse-mode load-interval 30 no keepalive 2904 1169_05_2000_c2
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Cable Interface Configuration cable helper-address 172.22.85.34 cable bundle 1 master cable downstream rate-limit token-bucket shaping cable downstream annex B cable downstream modulation 64qam cable downstream interleave-depth 8 cable downstream frequency 519000000 cable downstream channel-id 222 cable upstream 0 spectrum-group 1 cable upstream 0 power-level 0 cable upstream 0 power-adjust continue 5 cable upstream 0 admission-control 15 no cable upstream 0 shutdown 2904 1169_05_2000_c2
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Controller Debug Output 7223#show controller c2/0 Interface Cable2/0 Hardware is MC11C BCM3210 revision=0x56B1 idb 0x613B446C MAC regs 0x3D080000 PLX regs 0x3D000000 rx ring entries 1024 tx ring entries 128 MAP tx ring entries 128 Rx ring 0x4B0A9540 shadow 0x613D1BD0 head 640 Tx ring 0x4B0AB580 shadow 0x613D2C40 head 11 tail 11 count 0 MAP Tx ring 0x4B0AB9C0 shadow 0x613D30B0 head 79 tail 79 count 0 MAP timer sourced from slot 2 throttled 0 enabled 0 disabled 0 Rx: spurious 7806 framing_err 0 hcs_err 0 no_buffer 0 short_pkt 0 no_enqueue 0 no_enp 1 miss_count 0 latency 21 invalid_sid 0 invalid_mac 0 bad_ext_hdr_pdu 0 Tx: full 0 drop 0 stuck 0 latency 1 MTx: full 0 drop 0 stuck 0 latency 20 2904 1169_05_2000_c2
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Controller Debug Output Slots 89017 NoUWCollNoEngy 15 FECorHCS 0 HCS 0 Req 855474365 ReqColl 0 ReqNoise 3080 ReqNoEnergy 855390817 ReqData 0 ReqDataColl 0 ReqDataNoise 0 ReqDataNoEnergy 0 Rng 44731 RngColl 0 RngNoise 65 FECBlks 533252 UnCorFECBlks 1 CorFECBlks 0 MAP FIFO overflow 0, Rx FIFO overflow 0, No rx buf 0 DS FIFO overflow 0, US FIFO overflow 0, US stuck 0 Bandwidth Requests= 0x177DF Piggyback Requests= 0x2206 Ranging Requests= 0x32759 Timing Offset = 0x0 Bad bandwidth Requests= 0x16 Cable2/0 Downstream is up Frequency 519.0000 MHz, Channel Width 6 MHz, 64-QAM, Symbol Rate 5.056941 Msps FEC ITU-T J.83 Annex B, R/S Interleave I=8, J=16 Downstream channel ID: 222 2904 1169_05_2000_c2
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All QPSK Modulation Profile 7223#show cable modulation-profile Mod IUC Type Preamb Diff FEC length enco T BYTES 1 request qpsk 64 no 0x0 1 initial qpsk 128 no 0x5 1 station qpsk 128 no 0x5 1 short qpsk 72 no 0x5 1 long qpsk 80 no 0x8
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FEC Scrambl Max Guard Last Scrambl CW seed B time CW size size size short 0x10 0x152 1 8 no yes 0x22 0x152 0 48 no yes 0x22 0x152 0 48 no yes 0x4B 0x152 6 8 no yes 0xDC 0x152 0 8 no yes
Preamb offset 952 896 896 944 936
103
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All 16QAM Modulation Profile 7223#show cable modulation-profile Mod IUC Type Preamb Diff FEC FEC length enco T CW BYTES 8 request qam 128 no 0x0 0x10 8 initial qam 256 no 0x5 0x22 8 station qam 256 no 0x5 0x22 8 short qam 144 no 0x6 0x4B 8 long qam 160 no 0x8 0xDC
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Scrambl seed size 0x152 0x152 0x152 0x152 0x152
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Max B size 1 0 0 6 0
Guard time size 8 48 48 8 8
Last CW short no no no no no
Scrambl Preamb offset yes yes yes yes yes
0 0 0 0 0
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QoS Relationship 7223#show int c2/0 sid Sid Prim Online Admin QoS Create IP Address MAC Address Sid State Status Time 8 online enable 4 Jan 02 2000 10.5.2.8 0050.731c.b115 9 online(pt) enable 3 Jan 02 2000 10.5.2.5 0050.7366.2539 10 online(pt) enable 3 Jan 02 2000 10.5.2.2 0010.7bb3.fb83 11 online(pt) enable 3 Jan 02 2000 10.5.2.3 0050.7366.252b 12 online(pt) enable 3 Jan 02 2000 10.5.2.6 0050.7366.251b 13 online(pt) enable 3 Jan 02 2000 10.5.2.4 0050.7366.2527 7223#show cable qos profile Service Prio Max Guarantee Max Max tx TOS TOS Create class upstream upstream downstream burst mask value by bandwidth bandwidth bandwidth 1 0 0 0 0 0 0x0 0x0 cmts 2 0 64000 0 1000000 0 0x0 0x0 cmts 3 5 512000 24000 4096000 0 0x0 0x0 cm 4 5 512000 24000 4096000 2000 0x0 0x0 cm 2904 1169_05_2000_c2
B priv enab no no yes no
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Useful CMTS Commands • debug cable range • ping docsis [ ip | mac ] • clear cable modem [mac] reset • show cable hop • show cable qos profile • show controller c3/0 sid (counters|connectivity) • show interface c3/0 up [0-5] • show controller c3/0 up [0-5] • show cable tech-support 2904 1169_05_2000_c2
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CM Troubleshooting
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Modem Initialization Sequence • Determine how far the cable modem is progressing during the boot sequence based on LEDs • Based on debug output from the uBR72XX, determine if the modem is requesting specific options • Check the DHCP server log and the TFTP server log to determine if they are receiving requests properly 2904 1169_05_2000_c2
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Words of Advice • Set the time on the network • If you are running BPI have BPI software • Use the DOCSIS configuration file for upgrading software • Run one CM vendor on the entire network! 2904 1169_05_2000_c2
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Troubleshooting Commands
• debug cable mac log [verbose] • show interface cable 0 counters • show controller c0 mac state • show dhcp lease • show dhcp server 2904 1169_05_2000_c2
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Show Commands
ubr904-2006#show controller cable 0 tuner Tuner: status=0x00 Rx: tuner_freq 519000000, symbol_rate 5055944, local_freq 11520000 snr_estimate 35210, ber_estimate 0, lock_threshold 26000 QAM in lock, FEC in lock, qam_mode QAM_64 Tx: tx_freq 27408000, power_level 0x3E, symbol_rate 8 (1280000 sym/sec)
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Definitions for “T” Timers T1
A CM timing parameter referenced as “Wait for UCD timeout” and having a duration of five UCD maximum time intervals (approximately 10 seconds)
T2
A CM timing parameter referenced as “Wait for broadcast ranging timeout” and having a duration of five ranging intervals (approximately 10 seconds)
T3
A CM timing parameter referenced as “Wait for ranging response” and having a duration of between 50 and 200 msec (default 200 msec)
T4
A CM timing parameter referenced as “Wait for unicast ranging opportunity;” if the pending-till-complete field was used earlier by this modem, then the value of the field must be added to this interval; the maximum value is 30 seconds
T5
A CMTS timing parameter referenced as “Wait for upstream channel change response” and having a maximum interval of 2 seconds
T6
A CM timing parameter referenced as “Wait for registration response” and having a maximum interval of 2 seconds
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Interface Counters ubr904-2006#show interface cable 0 counters Cable specific counters Ranging requests sent: 17837 Downstream FIFO full: 0 Re-requests: 68 DS MAC Message Overruns: 0 DS Data Overruns: 0 Received MAPs: 50414879 Received Syncs: 10578893 Message CRC failures : 0 Header CRC failures: 69 Data PDUs: 103739 DS MAC messages: 61194227 Valid Headers: 61298041 Sync losses: 4 Pulse losses: 4 BW request failures: 2 2904 1169_05_2000_c2
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Static Provisioning Model
Administration Host
Backbone
1. Build and Push Modem Configuration File
DHCP/TFTP Server 2. DOCSIS Access Protocol 2904 1169_05_2000_c2
3. Assign Service IDs
Router
Switch
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CMTS
Cable Modem
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Downstream SNR CM Controller (Tuner) ubr904#show controllers Cable-Modem 0 tuner Tuner: status=0xC1 Rx: tuner_freq 657000000, symbol_rate 5055692, local_freq 11520000 snr_estimate 32880, ber_estimate 0, lock_threshold 26000 QAM in lock, FEC in lock, qam_mode QAM_64 Tx: tx_freq 28000000, power_level 0x63, symbol_rate 1280000
SNR Must Be Greater than the Threshold 2904 1169_05_2000_c2
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Request/Grant Mechanism CM CM Waits Waits for for Request Request Interval Interval and and Transmits Transmits Request Request Frame Frame Asking Asking for for Mini-Slots Mini-Slots
CMTS Mini-slot Mapping CM1
MAP
The The CMTS CMTS Signals Signals the the Mini-Slot Mini-Slot Grant Grant in in aa Succeeding Succeeding MAP MAP Message Message
MAP
Request Request
G1
Request Request
R1
PAYLOAD
R1
CM2
R2
Request Interval Contention 2904 1169_05_2000_c2
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Link Establishment Head End Interface
Cable Modem
Clock Sync Broadcast
Scan DS for QAM
(One per 1.63 msec)
Wait for Clock Sync Set Signaling Clock Fails if no/Bad DS
UCD Broadcast US Channel Descriptor, DS Channel ID and Minislot Size (One per sec per US Channel)
Wait for UCD Set US Channel Freq
MAP Broadcast
Wait for MAP Look for Shared Request Slots (Availability Is Variable)
Contains US Time Sharing Info (One per 4 ms per US Channel)
• Downstream and Upstream Frequency Established 2904 1169_05_2000_c2
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Link Establishment (Cont.) Head End Interface Ranging Response (Can (Can Be Be Sent Sent as as Needed) Needed) US/DS US/DS Frequency Frequency Can Can Be Be Changed Changed
Contains Temp SID Fails if No/Bad US Or too Many Modems
Cable Modem Ranging Request +3dBmV +3dBmV Increments Increments Until Until CMTS CMTS Receives; Receives; only only in in Shared Shared Request Request Slots Slots Use Use SID SID == 00 (Service (Service ID) ID)
Insert R1
Wait for Ranging Response Adjust Adjust Clock Clock (in (in 6.25 6.25 us us Ticks) Ticks)
Keep Alive (One (One per per 30 30 sec sec Per Per Modem) Modem)
Wait Wait for for 1st 1st Keep Keep Alive Alive
Ranging Response (Sent as Needed)
Ranging Request
US/DS US/DS Frequency Frequency Can Can Be Be Changed Changed
Now Now in in Allocated Allocated Maintenance Maintenance Slot Slot Adjust Adjust Power Power (in (in 0.25 0.25 dB dB Steps) Steps)
R2
Link Established (Cable Modem HFC Interface Line Protocol Up, not On-Line Yet) Maintain Station Link Using Periodic Keep Alives Link Broken if Missed 16 Keep Alives 2904 1169_05_2000_c2
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Cable Modem Setup Head End Interface MAP Broadcast Contains Contains US US Time Time Sharing Sharing Information Information (One (One per per 44 ms ms per per US US Channel) Channel) Grant Grant Returned Returned when when Successful Successful
DHCP Reply
Cable Modem Bandwidth Bandwidth Request Request Only Only in in Shared Shared Request Request Slots Slots Use Temp SID Service ID) Use Temp SID ((Service ID) (Needed (Needed for for Every Every Use Use of of US) US)
DHCP Discover
DHCP DHCP offers offers an an IP IP Address Address
Now Now in in Allocated Allocated Slots Slots
DHCP Acknowledgement
DHCP Request
Contains Contains IP IP Addr, Addr, Default Default GW, GW, ToD ToD Server, Server, TOD TOD offset, offset, TFTP TFTP Server Server Addr Addr and and TFTP TFTP Boot Boot Config Config File File Name Name (Si (Si addr, addr, Packet Packet File File Name) Name)
Accepts Accepts Initial Initial lP lP Address Address
ToD Response
ToD Request
Contains Contains Time Time of of Day Day per per RFC Not NTP) RFC 868 868 ((Not NTP) 2904 1169_05_2000_c2
IP Address Assigned (CMAC_LOG_DHCP_Complete) (CMAC_LOG_DHCP_Complete)
In In Allocated Allocated Slots Slots
TOD Complete 119
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Cable Modem Setup (Cont.) Head End Interface
Cable Modem
TFTP Boot File Transfer
TFTP Boot Request
Contains QoS Parameters Specifies Privacy, New Software Download, etc.
Send TFTP Boot File Name Now in Allocated Slots
Registration Response Contains Assigned SID Modem Registered Fail if QoS Not Available or Authentication Failed
Registration Request Send QoS Parameters in Allocated Slots
Cable Modem Online Maintain Station Link Using Periodic Keep Alives May Need to Hop upstream Frequency Due to Noise (Means Link Reset) 2904 1169_05_2000_c2
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Baseline Privacy Head End Interface
Cable Modem Send Public Key
Generate Private KEK
Request KEK
Key Encryption Key
Decrypt KEK Using Public Key KEK Life Is 7 Days (Configurable 1 to 70 Days) Request TEK
Encrypt KEK by Public Key Generate Private TEK
Traffic Encryption Key Encrypt TEK by KEK
Decrypt TEK Using KEK TEK Life Is 12 Hours (Configurable 30 min to 7 Days)
Encrypted Data Flow Enabled Only Data Inside IEEE 802.2 Frame Is Encrypted Using TEK 40/56 bit DES Encryption Supported Must Re-establish Keys within Configured Grace Period before Life Expiry 2904 1169_05_2000_c2
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Link Establishment Head End Interface Clock Sync Broadcast (One per 1.63 msec)
UCD Broadcast US Channel Descriptor, DS Channel ID and Minislot Size (One per sec per US Channel)
MAP Broadcast Contains US Time Sharing Info (One per 4 ms per US Channel)
Cable Modem Scan DS for QAM Wait for Clock Sync Set Signaling Clock Fails if no/Bad DS Wait for UCD Set US Channel Freq Wait for MAP Look for Shared Request Slots (Availability Is Variable)
Downstream and Upstream Frequency Established 2904 1169_05_2000_c2
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Link Establishment (Cont.) Head End Interface Ranging Response (Can (Can Be Be Bent Bent as as Needed) Needed) US/DS US/DS Frequency Frequency Can Can Be Be Changed Changed
Contains Temp SID Fails if no/Bad US Or too Many Modems
Cable Modem Ranging Request +3dBmV +3dBmV Increments Increments until until CMTS CMTS Insert Receives; Receives; only only in in Shared Shared Request Request Slots Slots R1 Use Use SID SID == 00 (Service (Service ID) ID)
Wait for Ranging Response Adjust Adjust Clock Clock (in (in 6.25 6.25 us us Ticks) Ticks)
Keep Alive (One (One per per 30 30 sec sec per per Modem) Modem)
Wait Wait for for 1st 1st Keep Keep Alive Alive
Ranging Response (Sent as Needed)
Ranging Request
US/DS US/DS Frequency Frequency Can Can Be Be Changed Changed
Now Now in in Allocated Allocated Maintenance Maintenance Slot Slot Adjust Adjust Power Power (in (in 0.25 0.25 dB dB Steps) Steps)
R2
Link Established (Cable Modem HFC Interface Line Protocol Up, not on-line Yet) Maintain Station Link Using Periodic Keep Alives Link Broken if Missed 16 Keep Alives 2904 1169_05_2000_c2
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Cable Modem Setup Head End Interface MAP Broadcast Contains Contains US US Time Time Sharing Sharing Information Information (One (One per per 44 ms ms per per US US Channel) Channel) Grant Grant Returned Returned when when Successful Successful
DHCP Reply DHCP DHCP offers offers an an IP IP Address Address
Cable Modem Bandwidth Bandwidth Request Request Only Only in in Shared Shared Request Request Slots Slots Use Service ID) Use Temp Temp SID SID ((Service ID) (Needed (Needed for for Every Every Use Use of of US) US)
DHCP Discover Now Now in in Allocated Allocated Slots Slots
DHCP Acknowledgement
DHCP Request
Contains Contains IP IP Addr, Addr, Default Default GW, GW, ToD ToD Server, Server, TOD TOD offset, offset, TFTP TFTP Server Server Addr Addr and and TFTP TFTP Boot Boot Config Config File File Name Name (Si (Si addr, addr, Packet Packet File File Name) Name)
Accepts Accepts Initial Initial lP lP Address Address
ToD Response
ToD Request
Contains Contains Time Time of of Day Day per per RFC Not NTP) RFC 868 868 ((Not NTP) 2904 1169_05_2000_c2
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IP Address Assigned (CMAC_LOG_DHCP_Complete) (CMAC_LOG_DHCP_Complete)
In In Allocated Allocated Slots Slots
TOD Complete 124
62
DHCP CM
CMTS
DHCP DHCP D Discover iscover
DHCP DHCP O Offer ffer
• The CM uses standard DHCP (RFC 1541) to obtain its IP address, subnet mask, time server, and configuration file name
DHCP DHCP R Request equest
DHCP DHCP O Offer ffer
DHCP DHCP R Request equest
2904 1169_05_2000_c2
• The CMTS acts as a DHCP proxy and connects the CM to an available DHCP server 125
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Cable Modem Setup (Cont.) Head End Interface
Cable Modem
TFTP Boot File Transfer
TFTP Boot Request
Contains QoS Parameters Specifies Privacy, new Software Download, etc.
Send TFTP Boot File Name Now in Allocated Slots
Registration Response Contains Assigned SID Modem Registered Fail if QoS Not Available or Authentication Failed
Registration Request Send QoS Parameters in Allocated Slots
Cable Modem Online Maintain Station Link Using periodic Keep Alives May Need to Hop upstream Frequency Due to Noise (Means Link Reset) 2904 1169_05_2000_c2
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Service Class Negotiation CM
CMTS • Obtain configuration file
REG-REQ REG-REQ
• Build REG-REQ message REG-REQ
COS Fail
• Receive REG-RSP
REG-REQ
REG-REQ
Ok REG-REQ REG-REQ
2904 1169_05_2000_c2
• Send REG-REQ to CMTS • Check return code: 0=ok 1=authentication failure 2=class of service failure • Retry if necessary with same class of service
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DOCSIS Configuration File • DHCP-OFFER contains the name of the CM configuration file in the boot file name field • TFTP (RFC 1350) protocol is used to download the configuration file • Configuration file format is specified in DOCSIS SP-RFI-IO2-971008, Appendix C • Contains provisioning information such as class of service max rates, min rates, and priority 2904 1169_05_2000_c2
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Registration (1/2) • After entering station maintenance, the link is up; the CM uses the request/grant mechanism to obtain upstream bandwidth • DHCP protocol is used by the CM to obtain IP configuration; this is in addition to any DHCP performed between the host PC and network servers • CM Time-of-Day setting is automatic if time server option is present in the DHCP-OFFER 2904 1169_05_2000_c2
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Registration (2/2) • Provisioned downstream and upstream service assignment is obtained from the CM’s configuration file; service class registration is granted based on class assignment and load; the interface and line protocol are now up! • In baseline privacy, traffic encryption keys are automatically generated by the CMTS for each authorized SID; protection is weaker than full security, but implementation is simpler and doesn’t require RSM module 2904 1169_05_2000_c2
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Baseline Privacy Head End Interface
Cable Modem Send Public Key
Generate Private KEK
Request KEK
Key Encryption Key
Decrypt KEK Using Public Key KEK Life Is 7 Days (Configurable 1 to 70 Days) Request TEK
Encrypt KEK by Public Key Generate Private TEK
Traffic Encryption Key Encrypt TEK by KEK
Decrypt TEK Using KEK TEK Life Is 12 Hours ((Configurable Configurable 30 min to 7 Days)
Encrypted Data Flow Enabled Only Data inside IEEE 802.2 Frame Is Encrypted Using TEK 40/56 Bit DES Encryption Supported Must Re-establish Keys within Configured Grace Period before Life Expiry 2904 1169_05_2000_c2
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Baseline Privacy • CMTS generates traffic encryption keys (TEKs) for each SID; CM uses TEKs to encrypt upstream and decrypt downstream traffic • CM requests keys for its unicast SIDs • CM receives keys for its unicast SIDs and for downstream multicast SID programs • Each TEK is refreshed periodically; default lifetime is 12 hours; CM has a default gracetime of 10 minutes to refresh the TEK 2904 1169_05_2000_c2
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Debug Cable Mac Log 01:49:53: 6593.402 CMAC_RESET_T4_EXPIRED 01:49:53: 6593.404 CMAC_LOG_STATE_CHANGE
reset_interface_state
01:49:53: 6593.406 CMAC_LOG_STATE_CHANGE
reset_hardware_state
01:49:53: 6593.810 CMAC_LOG_STATE_CHANGE
wait_for_link_up_state
01:49:53: 6593.814 CMAC_LOG_DRIVER_INIT_IDB_RESET
0x081FE0EE
01:49:53: 6593.816 CMAC_LOG_LINK_DOWN
DOWNSTREAM SCAN
01:49:53: 6593.818 CMAC_LOG_LINK_UP 01:49:53: 6593.822 CMAC_LOG_STATE_CHANGE
ds_channel_scanning_state
01:49:53: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface cable-modem0, changed state to down 01:49:55: 6595.388 CMAC_LOG_UCD_MSG_RCVD
1
01:49:55: 6595.666 CMAC_LOG_DS_64QAM_LOCK_ACQUIRED
453000000
01:49:55: 6595.668 CMAC_LOG_DS_CHANNEL_SCAN_COMPLETED
01:49:55: 6595.670 CMAC_LOG_STATE_CHANGE
wait_ucd_state
01:49:57: 6597.404 CMAC_LOG_UCD_MSG_RCVD
1
01:49:59: 6599.418 CMAC_LOG_UCD_MSG_RCVD
1
01:49:59: 6599.420 CMAC_LOG_ALL_UCDS_FOUND 01:49:59: 6599.422 CMAC_LOG_STATE_CHANGE
wait_map_state
01:49:59: 6599.426 CMAC_LOG_UCD_NEW_US_FREQUENCY
12800000
01:49:59: 6599.428 CMAC_LOG_SLOT_SIZE_CHANGED
8
01:49:59: 6599.522 CMAC_LOG_FOUND_US_CHANNEL
1
ESTABLISH UPSTREAM
01:49:59: 6599.552 CMAC_LOG_MAP_MSG_RCVD 2904 1169_05_2000_c2
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Debug Cable Mac Log 01:49:59: 6599.554 CMAC_LOG_INITIAL_RANGING_MINISLOTS 01:49:59: 6599.558 CMAC_LOG_STATE_CHANGE
40
ranging_1_state
01:49:59: 6599.560 CMAC_LOG_RANGING_OFFSET_SET_TO 01:49:59: 6599.562 CMAC_LOG_POWER_LEVEL_IS
init(r1)
9610 37.0 dBmV (commanded)
01:49:59: 6599.566 CMAC_LOG_STARTING_RANGING 01:49:59: 6599.568 CMAC_LOG_RANGING_BACKOFF_SET 01:49:59: 6599.572 CMAC_LOG_RNG_REQ_QUEUED
0 0
01:49:59: 6599.612 CMAC_LOG_RNG_REQ_TRANSMITTED
RANGING 1 State
01:49:59: 6599.622 CMAC_LOG_RNG_RSP_MSG_RCVD 01:49:59: 6599.624 CMAC_LOG_RNG_RSP_SID_ASSIGNED
2
01:49:59: 6599.626 CMAC_LOG_ADJUST_RANGING_OFFSET
2853
01:49:59: 6599.628 CMAC_LOG_RANGING_OFFSET_SET_TO
12463
01:49:59: 6599.630 CMAC_LOG_ADJUST_TX_POWER
-5
01:49:59: 6599.634 CMAC_LOG_POWER_LEVEL_IS
36.0 dBmV (commanded)
01:49:59: 6599.636 CMAC_LOG_STATE_CHANGE
ranging_2_state
01:49:59: 6599.640 CMAC_LOG_RNG_REQ_QUEUED 01:50:00: 6600.636 CMAC_LOG_RNG_REQ_TRANSMITTED
2
init(r2) RANGING 2 State
01:50:00: 6600.640 CMAC_LOG_RNG_RSP_MSG_RCVD 01:50:00: 6600.642 CMAC_LOG_RANGING_SUCCESS 2904 1169_05_2000_c2
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67
Debug Cable Mac Log 01:50:00: 6600.644 CMAC_LOG_STATE_CHANGE
dhcp_state
01:50:01: 6601.156 CMAC_LOG_DHCP_ASSIGNED_IP_ADDRESS
init(d)
10.100.1.11
01:50:01: 6601.158 CMAC_LOG_DHCP_TFTP_SERVER_ADDRESS
208.220.88.242
01:50:01: 6601.160 CMAC_LOG_DHCP_TOD_SERVER_ADDRESS
208.220.88.242
01:50:01: 6601.164 CMAC_LOG_DHCP_ERROR_SETTING_GATEWAY_ADDR 01:50:01: 6601.166 CMAC_LOG_DHCP_TZ_OFFSET 01:50:01: 6601.168 CMAC_LOG_DHCP_CONFIG_FILE_NAME
DHCP State
14400 training1.cm
init(i)
01:50:01: 6601.170 CMAC_LOG_DHCP_ERROR_ACQUIRING_SEC_SVR_ADDR 01:50:01: 6601.174 CMAC_LOG_DHCP_COMPLETE 01:50:01: 6601.298 CMAC_LOG_STATE_CHANGE
establish_tod_state
TOD State
01:50:01: 6601.306 CMAC_LOG_TOD_REQUEST_SENT 01:50:01: 6601.342 CMAC_LOG_TOD_REPLY_RECEIVED
3139053960
init(t)
01:50:01: 6601.348 CMAC_LOG_TOD_COMPLETE 01:50:01: 6601.350 CMAC_LOG_STATE_CHANGE 01:50:01: 6601.352 CMAC_LOG_SECURITY_BYPASSED 01:50:01: 6601.354 CMAC_LOG_STATE_CHANGE 01:50:01: 6601.356 CMAC_LOG_LOADING_CONFIG_FILE
security_association_state
SECURITY State configuration_file_state training1.cm
01:50:02: 6602.406 CMAC_LOG_CONFIG_FILE_PROCESS_COMPLETE
2904 1169_05_2000_c2
init(o) TFTP State
135
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Docsis State Changes • reset_interface_state
• dhcp_state
• reset_hardware_state
• establish_tod_state
• wait_for_link_up_state
• security_association_state
• ds_channel_scanning_state
• configuration_file_state
• wait_ucd_state
• registration_state
• wait_map_state
• establish_privacy_state
• ranging_1_state
• maintenance_state
• ranging_2_state
2904 1169_05_2000_c2
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68
Troubleshooting Cable Access Networks Session 2904 Questions 2904 1169_05_2000_c2
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© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Please Complete Your Evaluation Form Session 2904
2904 2904 1169_05_2000_c2 1169_05_2000_c2
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69
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