Transnationalism and Globalism
What is the difference between and globalism and transnationalism? ► Globalism:
the removal of barriers to free trade and closer integration of national economies (Stiglitz) ► Transnationalism: human activities and social institutions that extend across national boundaries (Østergaard-Nielsen) ► These terms are closely related. Mutually influencing. Often used interchangeably.
Recent Stages of Economic Globalization ► Export
of raw materials and slaves to developed nations ► Transnational corporations establishing manufacturing facilities in developing nations, particularly in central and Latin America and Asia. Outsourcing labor. ► Importing labor such as domestic help, seasonal workers, sex workers, etc…
Transnational Entities ► Transnational
Corporations (Cowie): bananas to cars ► Transnational Advocacy Networks (Keck and Sikkick) ► Diasporic Communities: assimilation, integration, remittances, identity ► Media and Technology: Fox Network, CNN; Internet (digital divide); transportation
Supranational Organizations ► World
Bank (rebuilding Europe after WWII), IMF (After depression, monitor economic stability of nations), WTO (Enforce agreements like NAFTA, GATT) ► European Union ► United Nations, NATO, League of Arab Nations, Asian Development, African National Congress, etc…
Globalization Theories ► ►
►
►
World Systems Theory (Wallerstein 1974) Core-Periphery Critique of World Systems-gives no agency to peripheral nations and homogenizes both core and periphery nations, glosses the complexity of relationships between nations (Wolf 1982) 1990s scholars argued the decline of the nation state due increasing transnational and supranational organizations based in global cities (Sassen), expansion of media and migration (Appadurai), renders invisible emerging forms of membership and relationships to nation states (Soysal 1994) Keohane and Nye (2000), Harvey and others argue that the nation-state is not obsolete. However there are more players to consider such as NGOs, private sector actors and supranational organizations. Transparency and accountability emphasized.
Sovereignty, Nationalism and Citizenship ► To
what extent do countries have sovereignty? What impinges on a nation’s sovereignty? (Krasner) ► Nationalism: Imagined Communities (Anderson), Who’s Imagined Community? (Chatterjee), Nationalisms (Hutchinson, Calhoun) ► Citizenship: substantive verses formal citizenship; Flexible Citizenship (Ong), Limits of Citizenship (Soysal), Citizenship and Nationshood in France and Germany (Brubaker)
Positive and Negative Aspects of Globalization ► Positive:
Reduced cost of transportation and communication; increased flow of information, people, goods, services, and capital; Transnational Organizations: Human rights (Amnesty), health improvement (WHO, Red Cross), debt reduction programs (Jubilee), working conditions (ILO) ► Negative: Increasing economic inequality both within and between countries; Structural Adjustment Programs, sanctions go in one direction making it difficult to impose on 1st world nations.
Additional Areas of Globalization to Consider ► ►
► ► ► ► ►
Migration: patterns, reasons, barriers, work, residency, citizenship, family Labor: outsourcing, labor importation; Capital Moves (Cowie); Servants of Globalization (Parrenas); Threads (Collins); Doing the Dirty Work (Anderson) Gender Issues: human rights, gender mainstreaming Medical Issues: drug patents, trafficking in organs Ethnicity and Race: religion, discrimination Culture, Art: McDonaldization of…, Starbucks, Target’s international campaign, Pier One, etc… Regulations: chemicals, illegal substances, GMO, environment
How do transnationalism and globalism affect TVE? ► ► ► ► ► ► ► ► ►
Cultural issues such as religion, polygamy in France or ethnicity in Germany Changing immigration policies within the EU and EU expansion Schengen agreements allowing free movement between EU states Citizenship Labor migration and remittances Gender relationships Reunification Identity And many more….
