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Conversions Pressures and Densities Pressure
Electricity
force area
=
1 ampere = 1 coulomb per second 1 volt = 1 joule per coulomb
1 column of water 1 foot deep = 62.4 pounds per square foot, or 0.433 pounds per square inch. 1 column of water 1 centimeter deep = 1 gram per square centimeter. Specific gravity (liquid) = number of times a substance is as heavy as an equal body of water, or specific gravity (liquid) = weight of liquid weight of equal volume of water Density
weight volume
=
Pressure = depth x density, or force per unit area. An increase in pressure is transmitted equally through the liquid. Specific gravity (solid) = weight of body weight of equal volume of water or specific gravity (solid) = weight of body loss of weight in water One cubic yard of air weighs about 2 pounds. Atmospheric pressure at sea level = about 15 pounds per square inch.
Velocities and Energies Velocity
distance time
=
32 feet per second seconds weight x acceleration of gravity
(velocity)2 radius
=
Ampere = electric current Volt = potential difference Ohm = electrical resistance One volt potential difference will drive 1 ampere through a resistance of 1 ohm. The resistance of conductor can be calculated by the formula: R = kl (Where l is length, d is diameter, and k is constant) d2 The combined resistance of conductors connected in parallel is 1 1 1 1 + + Rc = R1 R2 R3 1 watt is the power of a current on 1 ampere when the potential difference is 1 volt. To compute electric power: P (power in watts) = V (voltage in volts) x l (current in amperes), or P = V x I. To compute the heat (H), produced by a current (I), through a resistance (R), in a time (t), use the equation: H = I2 x R x t x 0.24 cal/watt-sec.
weight acceleration of gravity
Index of refraction =
velocity of light in air velocity of light in the substance
1 1 1 x = D0 D1 f image length image distance or object length object distance
Lens image equation:
Potential energy = weight of body x elevation 1 2
or amperes (I)
potential difference resistance volts or E E ohms R
1 foot-candle: the illumination of any point on a surface 1 foot from a standard candle. Illumination(ft-c) = intensity (candles) distance in feet2 Velocity of light = 186,000 miles per sec.
Acceleration of gravity =
Kinetic energy =
=
Light and Lenses
Acceleration = change of velocity time
Centripetal force =
Ohm’s Law: Current
x
(velocity)2ac
Magnification =
Momentum = mass of body x its velocity Mass
=
weight acceleration of gravity
L
√G
Period of pendulum: T = 2π Wave velocity = wave frequency x wave length, or v = nx1 Speed of sound: 1090 feet per second in air at 0 degrees Celsius. Velocity of sound increases 2 feet per second for each degree Celsius rise in temperature above zero degrees Celsius.
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Conversions Heat
Horsepower
To convert Fahrenheit to Celsius: subtract 32 from F, then multiply by 5 /9, written C = 5/9 (F-32). NOTE: Centigrade is now referred to as Celsius. (NOTE: 212°F = 100°C). To convert Celsius to Fahrenheit: multiply C by 9/5, then add 32, written F = (9/5 C) +32.
1 horsepower = 550 ft-lb sec
To convert Celsius to Absolute or Kelvin scale: add 273 to C.
Friction Constant =
force (lb) x distance (ft)
Horsepower =
550 ft-lb sec x time (sec) friction force weight
To convert Fahrenheit to Absolute or Kelvin scale: first convert F to C, then add 273.
Work = force x distance moved work
Boyle’s Law: p1 x V1 = p2 x V2 at constant temperature. Zero degrees Kelvin is the lowest possible temperature.
Power =
In Kelvin Absolute temperature scale: water boils at 373K, freezes at 273K.
1 watt = 10,200 gram-centimeters per sec.
Charles’ Law:
V
1
V2
T =
1
T2
at constant pressure
T1
=
1 kilowatt is 1000 watts 1 kilowatt is approximately 11/3 horsepower Dyne is absolute metric unit of force. Erg is its unit of work. 1 Erg = force of 1 dyne acting through 1 centimeter
Combination of Charles’ and Boyle’s Laws: V1p1
time
1 Joule = 10,000,000 ergs, or about 3/4 foot pounds
V2p2
The law of work when friction is neglected: effort force x effort distance = resistance force x resistance distance Mechanical advantage of a machine = resistance force
T2
When heated through one degree Celsius, any gas expands 1 273
effort force
of its volume at 0 degrees Celsius if the pressure remains constant. One BTU is the heat required to raise the temperature of 1 pound of water through 1 degree Fahrenheit.
When friction is zero, mechanical advantage of a machine: effort distance
One calorie: the heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water through 1 degree Celsius.
Mechanical advantage of a lever =
Specific Heat: heat required to raise the temperature of a unit mass of that substance through 1 degree. If H is total heat and M is mass, H = M x s x (t2-t1). Heat of melting or heat of fusion, L, is the quantity of heat needed to melt one unit weight of substance without changing its temperature, or H = M x L.
resistance distance effort arm resistance arm Moment of force = force x lever arm Frictionless mechanical advantage of an inclined plane plane =
length height
Frictionless mechanical advantage of a wheel and axle: circumference of wheel
0 calories of heat is required to melt 1 gram of ice without raising its temperature.
circumference of axle
Boiling point of liquid: that temperature at which the vapor pressure is equal to the pressure above the liquid. 0.427 kilogram-meter (kg-m) = 1 calorie Work mechanical equivalent of heat
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Conversion Tables Engineering Constants and Conversions Power Physical Quantity… British Thermal Units/Hour British Thermal Units/Hour British Thermal Units/Hour Horsepower Horsepower Horsepower Joules/Second Joules/Second Joules/Second Kilowatts Kilowatts Kilowatts Watts Watts Watts Watts
(BTU/hr) (BTU/hr) (BTU/hr) (Hp) (Hp) (Hp) (J/s) (J/s) (J/s) (KW) (KW) (KW) (W) (W) (W) (W)
Multiply By…
To Convert To…
0.393 x 10-3 0.2931 0.2931 0.746 2544.4 746.0 1.0 0.001341 3.412 1.341 1000.0 3412.0 0.001 0.001341 1.0 3.412
Horsepower Joules/Second Watts Kilowatts British Thermal Joules/Second Watts Horsepower British Thermal Horsepower Joules/Second British Thermal Kilowatts Horsepower Joules/Second British Thermal
Multiply By…
To Convert To…
Units/Hour
Units/Hour
Units/Hour
Units/Hour
(Hp) (J/s) (W) (KW) (BTU/hr) (J/s) (W) (Hp) (BTU/hr) (Hp) (J/s) (BTU/hr) (KW) (Hp) (J/s) (BTU/hr)
Area Physical Quantity… Square Square Square Square Square
Centimeters Feet Inches Meters Millimeters
(cm2) (ft2) (in2) (m2) (mm2)
0.155 0.0929 6.452 10.76 0.00155
Square Square Square Square Square
Inches Meters Centimeters Feet Inches
(in2) (m2) (cm2) (ft2) (in2)
Volume Physical Quantity… Cubic Centimeters Cubic Feet Cubic Feet Cubic Feet Cubic Inches Cubic Meters Cubic Meters Cubic Meters Cubic Millimeters Gallons Gallons Liters Liters Milliliters
Multiply By… (cm3) (ft3) (ft3) (ft3) (in3) (m3) (m3) (m3) (mm3) (gal) (gal) (l) (l) (ml)
0.061 0.02832 1728.0 7.481 16.387 1000.0 264.18 35.31 61 x 10-6 231.0 3.7854 0.2642 1000.0 0.061
To Convert To… Cubic Inches Cubic Meters Cubic Inches Cubic Gallons Cubic Centimeters Liters Gallons Cubic Feet Cubic Inches Cubic Inches Liters Gallons Milliliters Cubic Inches
(in3) (m3) (in3) (gal3) (cm3) (l) (gal) (ft3) (in3) (in3) (l) (gal) (ml) (in3)
Density Physical Quantity… Grams/Cubic Centimeter Grams/Cubic Centimeter Kilograms/Cubic Meter Kilograms/Cubic Meter Pounds/Cubic Foot Pounds/Cubic Inch Pounds/Cubic Inch
(g/cm3) (g/cm3) (kg/m3) (kg/m3) (lb/ft3) (lb/in3) (lb/in3)
CALL:
Multiply By…
To Convert To…
1000.0 0.03613 0.06243 0.001 16.018 0.5787 x 10-3 27.68
Kilograms/Cubic Meter Pounds/Cubic Inch Pounds/Cubic Foot Grams/Cubic Centimeter Kilograms/Cubic Centimeter Pounds/Cubic Foot Grams/Cubic Centimeter
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(kg/cm3) (lb/in3) (lb/ft3) (g/cm3) (kg/cm3) (lb/ft3) (g/cm3)
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Conversion Tables Engineering Constants and Conversions (Continued) Speed/Velocity Centimeters/Second Feet/Minute Feet/Second Meters/Second Miles/Hour Miles/Hour
Multiply By… (cm/s) (fpm) (fps) (m/s) (mph) (mph)
0.03281 0.011364 0.3048 3.281 1.609 88.0
To Convert To… Feet/Second Miles/Hour Meters/Second Feet/Second Kilometers/Hour Feet/Minute
(fps) (mph) (m/s) (fps) (km/hr) (fpm)
Volumetric Flow Rate Physical Quantity… Cubic Centimeters/Second Cubic Feet/Hour Cubic Meters/Minute Gallons/Minute Gallons/Minute
Multiply By… (cm3/s) (ft3/hr) (m3/min) (gpm) (gpm)
To Convert To…
60 x 10-6 0.12468 264.18 0.06308 .22713
Cubic Meters/Minute Gallons/Minute Gallons/Minute Liters/Second Cubic Meters/Hour
Multiply By…
To Convert To…
0.03527 2.205 1000.0 2205 28.35 0.4536 453.6 907.18
Ounces Pounds Kilograms Pounds Grams Kilograms Grams Kilograms
Multiply By…
To Convert To…
(m3/min) (gpm) (gpm) (l/s) (m3/hr)
Mass Physical Quantity… Gram Kilogram Metric Ton Metric Ton Ounces Pound Pound Ton
(g) (kg)
(oz) (lb) (lb)
(oz) (lb) (kg) (lb) (g) (kg) (g) (kg)
Pressure Physical Quantity… Atmospheres Atmospheres Atmospheres Atmospheres Atmospheres Atmospheres Atmospheres Atmospheres Bar Pounds/Square Inch Pounds/Square Inch
(atm) (atm) (atm) (atm) (atm) (atm) (atm) (atm) (psi) (psi)
1.01325 10,332.3 101,325.0 14.696 29.921 33.934 760.0 760.0 14.504 703.07 0.0703
Bar Kilograms/Square Meter Kilopascals Pounds/Square Inch Inches Mercury Feet of Water Millimeters Mercury Torr Pounds/Square Inch Kilograms/Square Meter Kilograms/Square Centimeter
(kg/m2) (KPa) (psi) (in Hg) (ft H2O) (mm Hg) (psi) (kg/m2) (kg/cm2)
Length Physical Quantity… Centimeters Feet Inches Kilometers Meters Miles Pounds/Cubic Inch
Multiply By… (cm) (ft) (in) (km) (m) (mi) (P/in3)
CALL:
0.3937 0.3048 2.54 0.6215 3.281 1.609 0.03937
800-828-1470
To Convert To… Inches Meters Centimeters Miles Feet Kilometers Inches
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(in) (m) (cm) (mi) (ft) (km) (in)
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Conversion Tables Units and Conversion Factors Linear Measure Symbol
Unit
Inches Per Unit
Feet Per Unit
Yards Per Unit
Miles Per Unit
Centimeters Per Unit
Meters Per Unit
Kilometers Per Unit
in ft yd mi
Linear inch Linear foot Linear yard Linear mile
1 12 36 63360
0.0833 1 3 5280
0.027778 0.3333 1 1760
— — — 1
2.54 30.480 91.44 —
0.0254 0.3048 0.9144 1609.34
— — — 1.609
cm m km
Centimeter Meter Kilometer
0.3937 39.37 39370
0.0328 3.2808 3280.8
0.010936 1.093613 1093.613
— — .6214
1 100 —
0.01 1 1000
— .001 1
Square Measure
Symbol
Square Inches Per Unit
Unit
in2 ft2 yd2 — cm2 m2 —
Square inch 1 Square foot 144 Square yard 1296 1 Acre — Sq. Centimeter .15500 Square meter 1550.0031 Hectares —
Square Feet Per Unit
Square Yards Per Unit
Acres Per Unit
Square Centimeters Per Unit
Square Meters Per Unit
0.006944 1 9 43560 0.0010764 10.76391 —
0.0007716 0.111111 1 4840 0.00011960 1.195990 11954.8
— — — 1 — — 2.47
6.4516 929.034 8361.274 — 1 10000 —
0.000645 0.0929 0.836127 4047 0.0001 1 1000
Hectares Per Unit
Symbol
Unit
cu in cu ft cu yard cu cm or cm3 cu m or m3
Cubic inch Cubic foot Cubic yard Cu Centimeter Cubic meter
1 1728 46656 0.0610237 61023.74
0.0001 1 e.g. 1 m3 = 1.307951cu yds, so 3 cubic meters would be (3 m3) (1.307942 cu yd/m3) = 3.923853 cu yd
Cubic Feet Per Unit
Cubic Yards Per Unit
Cubic Centimeters Per Unit
Cubic Meters Per Unit
.0005787 1 27 .0000353 35.31467
.00002143 .037037 1 .000001308 1.307951
16.387064 28316.847 764554.9 1 1,000,000
.000016387 .018317 .7646 .000001 1 e.g. 1 Liter = .26418 gallons, so 4 liters would be (4l) (.26418 gal/l) = 1.05672 gal
Liquid Measure
Symbol
Unit
Fluid Ounces Per Unit
fl oz — l.qt gal l
Fluid Ounces Pint Quart Gallons Liter
1 16 32 128 33.814
Pints Per Unit
Quarts Per Unit
Gallons Per Unit
Liters Per Unit
.0625 1 2 8 2.1134
.03125 .5 1 4 1.0567
.0078125 .125 .25 1 .26417
.02957 .4732 .9464 3.7854 1
Weights Symbol gr g oz. t. oz. av. lb. t. lb. av. kg — —
Grain Units
Troy Grams Ounces Per Unit Per Unit
Grain 1 .0648 Gram 15.4324 1 Ounce Troy 480 31.1035 Ounce Av. 437.5 28.3495 Pound Troy 5760 373.242 Pound Av. 7000 453.59 Kilograms — 1000 Ton Metric — — Ton Av. — —
Avoirdupois Troy Ounces Pounds Per Unit Per Unit .002083 .032151 1 .911458 12 14.5833 32.1507 32150.7 29166.7
CALL:
.002286 .035274 1.09715 1 13.1657 16 35.274 35274 32000
1) 640 Acres = 1 square mile e.g. 1 square meter = 1.195990 square yards so 30 square meters would be (30 m2) (1.195990 yd2/m 2) = 35.88 yd 2
— — — 0.4047
Cubic Measure Cubic Inches Per Unit
e.g. 1 meter = 3.2808 ft, so 300 meters would be (300 m) (3.2808 ft/m) = 984.24 ft
Avoirdupois Pounds Kilograms Per Unit Per Unit .0001736 .002679 .083333 .075955 1 1.215278 2.67923 2679.23 2430.56
.0001429 .002205 .068571 .0625 .822857 1 2.20462 2204.62 2000
800-828-1470
Metric Tons Per Unit — .001 .031103 .028350 .37324 .45359 1 1000 907.185
Avoirdupois Tons Per Unit Per Unit — — — — .000373 .000454 .001 1 .907185
e.g. 1 gram = .032151 troy ounces, so 40 grams would be (40 g) (.032151 oz.t./g) = 1.28604 oz.t.
— — — — .000411 .00050 .001102 1.10231 1
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Conversion Tables Decimals to Millimeters
Fraction Decimal
mm
Fraction Decimal
/64
0.0156
0.3969
33
/64
/32
0.0312
0.7938
17
/64
0.0469
1.1906
35
/16
0.0625
1.5875
9
/64
0.0781
1.9844
/32
0.0938
/64
mm
0.5156
13.0969
/32
0.5312
13.4938
/64
0.5469
13.8906
/16
0.5625
14.2875
37
/64
0.5781
14.6844
2.3812
19
/32
0.5938
15.0812
0.1094
2.7781
39
/64
0.6094
15.4781
1
/8
0.1250
3.1750
5
/8
0.6250
15.8750
/64
0.1406
3.5719
41
/64
0.6406
16.2719
/32
0.1562
3.9688
21
/32
0.6562
16.6688
/64
0.1719
4.3656
43
/64
0.6719
17.0656
/16
0.1875
4.7625
11
/16
0.6875
17.4625
1 1 3
1
5 3 7
9 5
11
3
/64
0.2031
5.1594
45
/64
0.7031
17.8594
/32
0.2188
5.5562
23
/32
0.7188
18.2562
/64
0.2344
5.9531
47
/64
0.7344
18.6531
/4
0.2500
6.3500
3
/4
0.7500
19.0500
/64
0.2656
6.7469
49
/64
0.7656
19.4469
/32
0.2812
7.1438
25
/32
0.7812
19.8438
/64
0.2969
7.5406
51
/64
0.7969
20.2406
/16
0.3125
7.9375
13
/16
0.8125
20.6375
21
/64
0.3281
8.3344
53
/64
0.8281
21.0344
11
/32
0.3438
8.7312
27
/32
0.8438
21.4312
23
/64
0.3594
9.1281
55
/64
0.8594
21.8281
/8
0.3750
9.5250
7
/8
0.8750
22.2250
25
/64
0.3906
9.9219
57
/64
0.8906
22.6219
13
/32
0.4062
10.3188
29
/32
0.9062
23.0188
27
/64
0.4219
10.7156
59
/64
0.9219
23.4156
/16
0.4375
11.1125
15
/16
0.9375
23.8125
29
/64
0.4531
11.5094
61
/64
0.9531
24.2094
15
/32
0.4688
11.9062
31
/32
0.9688
24.6062
31
/64
0.4844
12.3031
63
/64
0.9844
25.0031
/2
0.5000
12.7000
1
1.0000
25.4000
13 7
15
1
17 9
19
5
3
7
1
CALL:
800-828-1470
Decimal 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.007 0.008 0.009 0.010 0.020 0.030 0.040 0.050 0.060 0.070 0.080 0.090
mm 0.0254 0.0508 0.0762 0.1016 0.1270 0.1524 0.1778 0.2032 0.2286 0.2540 0.5080 0.7620 1.0160 1.2700 1.5240 1.7780 2.0320 2.2860
0.100 0.110 0.120 0.130 0.140 0.150 0.160 0.170 0.180 0.190
2.5400 2.7940 3.0480 3.3020 3.5560 3.8100 4.0640 4.3180 4.5720 4.8260
0.200 0.210 0.220 0.230 0.240 0.250 0.260 0.270 0.280 0.290
5.0800 5.3340 5.5880 5.8420 6.0960 6.3500 6.6040 6.8580 7.1120 7.3660
0.300 0.310 0.320 0.330 0.340 0.350 0.360 0.370 0.380 0.390 0.400 0.410 0.420 0.430 0.440 0.450 0.460 0.470 0.480 0.490
7.6200 7.8740 8.1280 8.3820 8.6360 8.8900 9.1440 9.3980 9.6520 9.9060 10.1600 10.4140 10.6680 10.9220 11.1760 11.4300 11.6840 11.9380 12.1920 12.4460
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Decimal 0.500 0.510 0.520 0.530 0.540 0.550 0.560 0.570 0.580 0.590
mm 12.700 12.9540 13.2080 13.4620 13.7160 13.9700 14.2240 14.4780 14.7320 14.9860
0.600 0.610 0.620 0.630 0.640 0.650 0.660 0.670 0.680 0.690
15.2400 15.4940 15.7480 16.0020 16.2560 16.5100 16.7640 17.0180 17.2720 17.5260
0.700 0.710 0.720 0.730 0.740 0.750 0.760 0.770 0.780 0.790
17.7800 18.0340 18.2880 18.5420 18.7960 19.0500 19.3040 19.5580 19.8120 20.0660
0.800 0.810 0.820 0.830 0.840 0.850 0.860 0.870 0.880 0.890
20.3200 20.5740 20.8280 21.0820 21.3360 21.5900 21.8440 22.0980 22.3520 22.6060
0.900 0.910 0.920 0.930 0.940 0.950 0.960 0.970 0.980 0.990 1.000
22.8600 23.1140 23.3680 23.6220 23.8760 23.1300 24.3840 24.6380 24.8920 25.1460 25.4000
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