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Conversions Pressures and Densities Pressure

Electricity

force area

=

1 ampere = 1 coulomb per second 1 volt = 1 joule per coulomb

1 column of water 1 foot deep = 62.4 pounds per square foot, or 0.433 pounds per square inch. 1 column of water 1 centimeter deep = 1 gram per square centimeter. Specific gravity (liquid) = number of times a substance is as heavy as an equal body of water, or specific gravity (liquid) = weight of liquid weight of equal volume of water Density

weight volume

=

Pressure = depth x density, or force per unit area. An increase in pressure is transmitted equally through the liquid. Specific gravity (solid) = weight of body weight of equal volume of water or specific gravity (solid) = weight of body loss of weight in water One cubic yard of air weighs about 2 pounds. Atmospheric pressure at sea level = about 15 pounds per square inch.

Velocities and Energies Velocity

distance time

=

32 feet per second seconds weight x acceleration of gravity

(velocity)2 radius

=

Ampere = electric current Volt = potential difference Ohm = electrical resistance One volt potential difference will drive 1 ampere through a resistance of 1 ohm. The resistance of conductor can be calculated by the formula: R = kl (Where l is length, d is diameter, and k is constant) d2 The combined resistance of conductors connected in parallel is 1 1 1 1 + + Rc = R1 R2 R3 1 watt is the power of a current on 1 ampere when the potential difference is 1 volt. To compute electric power: P (power in watts) = V (voltage in volts) x l (current in amperes), or P = V x I. To compute the heat (H), produced by a current (I), through a resistance (R), in a time (t), use the equation: H = I2 x R x t x 0.24 cal/watt-sec.

weight acceleration of gravity

Index of refraction =

velocity of light in air velocity of light in the substance

1 1 1 x = D0 D1 f image length image distance or object length object distance

Lens image equation:

Potential energy = weight of body x elevation 1 2

or amperes (I)

potential difference resistance volts or E E ohms R

1 foot-candle: the illumination of any point on a surface 1 foot from a standard candle. Illumination(ft-c) = intensity (candles) distance in feet2 Velocity of light = 186,000 miles per sec.

Acceleration of gravity =

Kinetic energy =

=

Light and Lenses

Acceleration = change of velocity time

Centripetal force =

Ohm’s Law: Current

x

(velocity)2ac

Magnification =

Momentum = mass of body x its velocity Mass

=

weight acceleration of gravity

L

√G

Period of pendulum: T = 2π Wave velocity = wave frequency x wave length, or v = nx1 Speed of sound: 1090 feet per second in air at 0 degrees Celsius. Velocity of sound increases 2 feet per second for each degree Celsius rise in temperature above zero degrees Celsius.

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Conversions Heat

Horsepower

To convert Fahrenheit to Celsius: subtract 32 from F, then multiply by 5 /9, written C = 5/9 (F-32). NOTE: Centigrade is now referred to as Celsius. (NOTE: 212°F = 100°C). To convert Celsius to Fahrenheit: multiply C by 9/5, then add 32, written F = (9/5 C) +32.

1 horsepower = 550 ft-lb sec

To convert Celsius to Absolute or Kelvin scale: add 273 to C.

Friction Constant =

force (lb) x distance (ft)

Horsepower =

550 ft-lb sec x time (sec) friction force weight

To convert Fahrenheit to Absolute or Kelvin scale: first convert F to C, then add 273.

Work = force x distance moved work

Boyle’s Law: p1 x V1 = p2 x V2 at constant temperature. Zero degrees Kelvin is the lowest possible temperature.

Power =

In Kelvin Absolute temperature scale: water boils at 373K, freezes at 273K.

1 watt = 10,200 gram-centimeters per sec.

Charles’ Law:

V

1

V2

T =

1

T2

at constant pressure

T1

=

1 kilowatt is 1000 watts 1 kilowatt is approximately 11/3 horsepower Dyne is absolute metric unit of force. Erg is its unit of work. 1 Erg = force of 1 dyne acting through 1 centimeter

Combination of Charles’ and Boyle’s Laws: V1p1

time

1 Joule = 10,000,000 ergs, or about 3/4 foot pounds

V2p2

The law of work when friction is neglected: effort force x effort distance = resistance force x resistance distance Mechanical advantage of a machine = resistance force

T2

When heated through one degree Celsius, any gas expands 1 273

effort force

of its volume at 0 degrees Celsius if the pressure remains constant. One BTU is the heat required to raise the temperature of 1 pound of water through 1 degree Fahrenheit.

When friction is zero, mechanical advantage of a machine: effort distance

One calorie: the heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water through 1 degree Celsius.

Mechanical advantage of a lever =

Specific Heat: heat required to raise the temperature of a unit mass of that substance through 1 degree. If H is total heat and M is mass, H = M x s x (t2-t1). Heat of melting or heat of fusion, L, is the quantity of heat needed to melt one unit weight of substance without changing its temperature, or H = M x L.

resistance distance effort arm resistance arm Moment of force = force x lever arm Frictionless mechanical advantage of an inclined plane plane =

length height

Frictionless mechanical advantage of a wheel and axle: circumference of wheel

0 calories of heat is required to melt 1 gram of ice without raising its temperature.

circumference of axle

Boiling point of liquid: that temperature at which the vapor pressure is equal to the pressure above the liquid. 0.427 kilogram-meter (kg-m) = 1 calorie Work mechanical equivalent of heat

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Conversion Tables Engineering Constants and Conversions Power Physical Quantity… British Thermal Units/Hour British Thermal Units/Hour British Thermal Units/Hour Horsepower Horsepower Horsepower Joules/Second Joules/Second Joules/Second Kilowatts Kilowatts Kilowatts Watts Watts Watts Watts

(BTU/hr) (BTU/hr) (BTU/hr) (Hp) (Hp) (Hp) (J/s) (J/s) (J/s) (KW) (KW) (KW) (W) (W) (W) (W)

Multiply By…

To Convert To…

0.393 x 10-3 0.2931 0.2931 0.746 2544.4 746.0 1.0 0.001341 3.412 1.341 1000.0 3412.0 0.001 0.001341 1.0 3.412

Horsepower Joules/Second Watts Kilowatts British Thermal Joules/Second Watts Horsepower British Thermal Horsepower Joules/Second British Thermal Kilowatts Horsepower Joules/Second British Thermal

Multiply By…

To Convert To…

Units/Hour

Units/Hour

Units/Hour

Units/Hour

(Hp) (J/s) (W) (KW) (BTU/hr) (J/s) (W) (Hp) (BTU/hr) (Hp) (J/s) (BTU/hr) (KW) (Hp) (J/s) (BTU/hr)

Area Physical Quantity… Square Square Square Square Square

Centimeters Feet Inches Meters Millimeters

(cm2) (ft2) (in2) (m2) (mm2)

0.155 0.0929 6.452 10.76 0.00155

Square Square Square Square Square

Inches Meters Centimeters Feet Inches

(in2) (m2) (cm2) (ft2) (in2)

Volume Physical Quantity… Cubic Centimeters Cubic Feet Cubic Feet Cubic Feet Cubic Inches Cubic Meters Cubic Meters Cubic Meters Cubic Millimeters Gallons Gallons Liters Liters Milliliters

Multiply By… (cm3) (ft3) (ft3) (ft3) (in3) (m3) (m3) (m3) (mm3) (gal) (gal) (l) (l) (ml)

0.061 0.02832 1728.0 7.481 16.387 1000.0 264.18 35.31 61 x 10-6 231.0 3.7854 0.2642 1000.0 0.061

To Convert To… Cubic Inches Cubic Meters Cubic Inches Cubic Gallons Cubic Centimeters Liters Gallons Cubic Feet Cubic Inches Cubic Inches Liters Gallons Milliliters Cubic Inches

(in3) (m3) (in3) (gal3) (cm3) (l) (gal) (ft3) (in3) (in3) (l) (gal) (ml) (in3)

Density Physical Quantity… Grams/Cubic Centimeter Grams/Cubic Centimeter Kilograms/Cubic Meter Kilograms/Cubic Meter Pounds/Cubic Foot Pounds/Cubic Inch Pounds/Cubic Inch

(g/cm3) (g/cm3) (kg/m3) (kg/m3) (lb/ft3) (lb/in3) (lb/in3)

CALL:

Multiply By…

To Convert To…

1000.0 0.03613 0.06243 0.001 16.018 0.5787 x 10-3 27.68

Kilograms/Cubic Meter Pounds/Cubic Inch Pounds/Cubic Foot Grams/Cubic Centimeter Kilograms/Cubic Centimeter Pounds/Cubic Foot Grams/Cubic Centimeter

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(kg/cm3) (lb/in3) (lb/ft3) (g/cm3) (kg/cm3) (lb/ft3) (g/cm3)

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Conversion Tables Engineering Constants and Conversions (Continued) Speed/Velocity Centimeters/Second Feet/Minute Feet/Second Meters/Second Miles/Hour Miles/Hour

Multiply By… (cm/s) (fpm) (fps) (m/s) (mph) (mph)

0.03281 0.011364 0.3048 3.281 1.609 88.0

To Convert To… Feet/Second Miles/Hour Meters/Second Feet/Second Kilometers/Hour Feet/Minute

(fps) (mph) (m/s) (fps) (km/hr) (fpm)

Volumetric Flow Rate Physical Quantity… Cubic Centimeters/Second Cubic Feet/Hour Cubic Meters/Minute Gallons/Minute Gallons/Minute

Multiply By… (cm3/s) (ft3/hr) (m3/min) (gpm) (gpm)

To Convert To…

60 x 10-6 0.12468 264.18 0.06308 .22713

Cubic Meters/Minute Gallons/Minute Gallons/Minute Liters/Second Cubic Meters/Hour

Multiply By…

To Convert To…

0.03527 2.205 1000.0 2205 28.35 0.4536 453.6 907.18

Ounces Pounds Kilograms Pounds Grams Kilograms Grams Kilograms

Multiply By…

To Convert To…

(m3/min) (gpm) (gpm) (l/s) (m3/hr)

Mass Physical Quantity… Gram Kilogram Metric Ton Metric Ton Ounces Pound Pound Ton

(g) (kg)

(oz) (lb) (lb)

(oz) (lb) (kg) (lb) (g) (kg) (g) (kg)

Pressure Physical Quantity… Atmospheres Atmospheres Atmospheres Atmospheres Atmospheres Atmospheres Atmospheres Atmospheres Bar Pounds/Square Inch Pounds/Square Inch

(atm) (atm) (atm) (atm) (atm) (atm) (atm) (atm) (psi) (psi)

1.01325 10,332.3 101,325.0 14.696 29.921 33.934 760.0 760.0 14.504 703.07 0.0703

Bar Kilograms/Square Meter Kilopascals Pounds/Square Inch Inches Mercury Feet of Water Millimeters Mercury Torr Pounds/Square Inch Kilograms/Square Meter Kilograms/Square Centimeter

(kg/m2) (KPa) (psi) (in Hg) (ft H2O) (mm Hg) (psi) (kg/m2) (kg/cm2)

Length Physical Quantity… Centimeters Feet Inches Kilometers Meters Miles Pounds/Cubic Inch

Multiply By… (cm) (ft) (in) (km) (m) (mi) (P/in3)

CALL:

0.3937 0.3048 2.54 0.6215 3.281 1.609 0.03937

800-828-1470

To Convert To… Inches Meters Centimeters Miles Feet Kilometers Inches

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(in) (m) (cm) (mi) (ft) (km) (in)

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Conversion Tables Units and Conversion Factors Linear Measure Symbol

Unit

Inches Per Unit

Feet Per Unit

Yards Per Unit

Miles Per Unit

Centimeters Per Unit

Meters Per Unit

Kilometers Per Unit

in ft yd mi

Linear inch Linear foot Linear yard Linear mile

1 12 36 63360

0.0833 1 3 5280

0.027778 0.3333 1 1760

— — — 1

2.54 30.480 91.44 —

0.0254 0.3048 0.9144 1609.34

— — — 1.609

cm m km

Centimeter Meter Kilometer

0.3937 39.37 39370

0.0328 3.2808 3280.8

0.010936 1.093613 1093.613

— — .6214

1 100 —

0.01 1 1000

— .001 1

Square Measure

Symbol

Square Inches Per Unit

Unit

in2 ft2 yd2 — cm2 m2 —

Square inch 1 Square foot 144 Square yard 1296 1 Acre — Sq. Centimeter .15500 Square meter 1550.0031 Hectares —

Square Feet Per Unit

Square Yards Per Unit

Acres Per Unit

Square Centimeters Per Unit

Square Meters Per Unit

0.006944 1 9 43560 0.0010764 10.76391 —

0.0007716 0.111111 1 4840 0.00011960 1.195990 11954.8

— — — 1 — — 2.47

6.4516 929.034 8361.274 — 1 10000 —

0.000645 0.0929 0.836127 4047 0.0001 1 1000

Hectares Per Unit

Symbol

Unit

cu in cu ft cu yard cu cm or cm3 cu m or m3

Cubic inch Cubic foot Cubic yard Cu Centimeter Cubic meter

1 1728 46656 0.0610237 61023.74

0.0001 1 e.g. 1 m3 = 1.307951cu yds, so 3 cubic meters would be (3 m3) (1.307942 cu yd/m3) = 3.923853 cu yd

Cubic Feet Per Unit

Cubic Yards Per Unit

Cubic Centimeters Per Unit

Cubic Meters Per Unit

.0005787 1 27 .0000353 35.31467

.00002143 .037037 1 .000001308 1.307951

16.387064 28316.847 764554.9 1 1,000,000

.000016387 .018317 .7646 .000001 1 e.g. 1 Liter = .26418 gallons, so 4 liters would be (4l) (.26418 gal/l) = 1.05672 gal

Liquid Measure

Symbol

Unit

Fluid Ounces Per Unit

fl oz — l.qt gal l

Fluid Ounces Pint Quart Gallons Liter

1 16 32 128 33.814

Pints Per Unit

Quarts Per Unit

Gallons Per Unit

Liters Per Unit

.0625 1 2 8 2.1134

.03125 .5 1 4 1.0567

.0078125 .125 .25 1 .26417

.02957 .4732 .9464 3.7854 1

Weights Symbol gr g oz. t. oz. av. lb. t. lb. av. kg — —

Grain Units

Troy Grams Ounces Per Unit Per Unit

Grain 1 .0648 Gram 15.4324 1 Ounce Troy 480 31.1035 Ounce Av. 437.5 28.3495 Pound Troy 5760 373.242 Pound Av. 7000 453.59 Kilograms — 1000 Ton Metric — — Ton Av. — —

Avoirdupois Troy Ounces Pounds Per Unit Per Unit .002083 .032151 1 .911458 12 14.5833 32.1507 32150.7 29166.7

CALL:

.002286 .035274 1.09715 1 13.1657 16 35.274 35274 32000

1) 640 Acres = 1 square mile e.g. 1 square meter = 1.195990 square yards so 30 square meters would be (30 m2) (1.195990 yd2/m 2) = 35.88 yd 2

— — — 0.4047

Cubic Measure Cubic Inches Per Unit

e.g. 1 meter = 3.2808 ft, so 300 meters would be (300 m) (3.2808 ft/m) = 984.24 ft

Avoirdupois Pounds Kilograms Per Unit Per Unit .0001736 .002679 .083333 .075955 1 1.215278 2.67923 2679.23 2430.56

.0001429 .002205 .068571 .0625 .822857 1 2.20462 2204.62 2000

800-828-1470

Metric Tons Per Unit — .001 .031103 .028350 .37324 .45359 1 1000 907.185

Avoirdupois Tons Per Unit Per Unit — — — — .000373 .000454 .001 1 .907185

e.g. 1 gram = .032151 troy ounces, so 40 grams would be (40 g) (.032151 oz.t./g) = 1.28604 oz.t.

— — — — .000411 .00050 .001102 1.10231 1

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Conversion Tables Decimals to Millimeters

Fraction Decimal

mm

Fraction Decimal

/64

0.0156

0.3969

33

/64

/32

0.0312

0.7938

17

/64

0.0469

1.1906

35

/16

0.0625

1.5875

9

/64

0.0781

1.9844

/32

0.0938

/64

mm

0.5156

13.0969

/32

0.5312

13.4938

/64

0.5469

13.8906

/16

0.5625

14.2875

37

/64

0.5781

14.6844

2.3812

19

/32

0.5938

15.0812

0.1094

2.7781

39

/64

0.6094

15.4781

1

/8

0.1250

3.1750

5

/8

0.6250

15.8750

/64

0.1406

3.5719

41

/64

0.6406

16.2719

/32

0.1562

3.9688

21

/32

0.6562

16.6688

/64

0.1719

4.3656

43

/64

0.6719

17.0656

/16

0.1875

4.7625

11

/16

0.6875

17.4625

1 1 3

1

5 3 7

9 5

11

3

/64

0.2031

5.1594

45

/64

0.7031

17.8594

/32

0.2188

5.5562

23

/32

0.7188

18.2562

/64

0.2344

5.9531

47

/64

0.7344

18.6531

/4

0.2500

6.3500

3

/4

0.7500

19.0500

/64

0.2656

6.7469

49

/64

0.7656

19.4469

/32

0.2812

7.1438

25

/32

0.7812

19.8438

/64

0.2969

7.5406

51

/64

0.7969

20.2406

/16

0.3125

7.9375

13

/16

0.8125

20.6375

21

/64

0.3281

8.3344

53

/64

0.8281

21.0344

11

/32

0.3438

8.7312

27

/32

0.8438

21.4312

23

/64

0.3594

9.1281

55

/64

0.8594

21.8281

/8

0.3750

9.5250

7

/8

0.8750

22.2250

25

/64

0.3906

9.9219

57

/64

0.8906

22.6219

13

/32

0.4062

10.3188

29

/32

0.9062

23.0188

27

/64

0.4219

10.7156

59

/64

0.9219

23.4156

/16

0.4375

11.1125

15

/16

0.9375

23.8125

29

/64

0.4531

11.5094

61

/64

0.9531

24.2094

15

/32

0.4688

11.9062

31

/32

0.9688

24.6062

31

/64

0.4844

12.3031

63

/64

0.9844

25.0031

/2

0.5000

12.7000

1

1.0000

25.4000

13 7

15

1

17 9

19

5

3

7

1

CALL:

800-828-1470

Decimal 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.007 0.008 0.009 0.010 0.020 0.030 0.040 0.050 0.060 0.070 0.080 0.090

mm 0.0254 0.0508 0.0762 0.1016 0.1270 0.1524 0.1778 0.2032 0.2286 0.2540 0.5080 0.7620 1.0160 1.2700 1.5240 1.7780 2.0320 2.2860

0.100 0.110 0.120 0.130 0.140 0.150 0.160 0.170 0.180 0.190

2.5400 2.7940 3.0480 3.3020 3.5560 3.8100 4.0640 4.3180 4.5720 4.8260

0.200 0.210 0.220 0.230 0.240 0.250 0.260 0.270 0.280 0.290

5.0800 5.3340 5.5880 5.8420 6.0960 6.3500 6.6040 6.8580 7.1120 7.3660

0.300 0.310 0.320 0.330 0.340 0.350 0.360 0.370 0.380 0.390 0.400 0.410 0.420 0.430 0.440 0.450 0.460 0.470 0.480 0.490

7.6200 7.8740 8.1280 8.3820 8.6360 8.8900 9.1440 9.3980 9.6520 9.9060 10.1600 10.4140 10.6680 10.9220 11.1760 11.4300 11.6840 11.9380 12.1920 12.4460

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Decimal 0.500 0.510 0.520 0.530 0.540 0.550 0.560 0.570 0.580 0.590

mm 12.700 12.9540 13.2080 13.4620 13.7160 13.9700 14.2240 14.4780 14.7320 14.9860

0.600 0.610 0.620 0.630 0.640 0.650 0.660 0.670 0.680 0.690

15.2400 15.4940 15.7480 16.0020 16.2560 16.5100 16.7640 17.0180 17.2720 17.5260

0.700 0.710 0.720 0.730 0.740 0.750 0.760 0.770 0.780 0.790

17.7800 18.0340 18.2880 18.5420 18.7960 19.0500 19.3040 19.5580 19.8120 20.0660

0.800 0.810 0.820 0.830 0.840 0.850 0.860 0.870 0.880 0.890

20.3200 20.5740 20.8280 21.0820 21.3360 21.5900 21.8440 22.0980 22.3520 22.6060

0.900 0.910 0.920 0.930 0.940 0.950 0.960 0.970 0.980 0.990 1.000

22.8600 23.1140 23.3680 23.6220 23.8760 23.1300 24.3840 24.6380 24.8920 25.1460 25.4000

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