Warning As of: April 20, 2013 7:34 AM EDT

Trans-Lux Radio City Corp. v. Service Parking Corp. District of Columbia Court of Appeals July 9, 1947 No. 506 Reporter: 54 A.2d 144; 1947 D.C. App. LEXIS 151 appealed. On appeal, the court held that the tender was insufficient to satisfy the judgment of TRANS-LUX RADIO CITY CORPORATION possession because it failed to include interest on unpaid rent. The court directed the trial court v. SERVICE PARKING CORPORATION to afford defendant an opportunity to make a sufficient tender and to permanently stay execuSubsequent History: [**1] Rehearing Detion of the judgment of possession if such a tennied July 24, 1947. der was made. Core Terms

rent, tenant, landlord, trial court, nonpayment of rent, forfeiture, default, lease, instalments, accrued, rent amount Case Summary

Procedural Posture Appellant landlord sought review of an order of the Landlord and Tenant Branch of the Municipal Court (District of Columbia) in which the trial court accepted appellee tenant’s tender of past due rent and found a previous judgment for possession satisfied by the tender. Overview The landlord filed a complaint for possession of real estate used as a parking lot on the grounds that the tenant had failed to pay rent. The trial court awarded the landlord judgment for possession. The tenant appealed and the court affirmed the judgment. Thereafter, the tenant tendered the past due rent, which the landlord refused. The tenant then tendered the past due rent to the trial court, which entered an order accepting the tender and finding that the judgment of possession was satisfied. The landlord

Outcome The court reversed the trial court’s order accepting the tenant’s tender of past due rent and finding a previous judgment of possession satisfied by the tender. The court directed the trial court to permanently stay execution of the judgment of possession if a sufficient tender was made. LexisNexis® Headnotes Civil Procedure > ... > Entry of Judgments > Stays of Judgments > General Overview Contracts Law > Types of Contracts > Lease Agreements > General Overview Real Property Law > ... > Landlord’s Remedies & Rights > Eviction Actions > General Overview Real Property Law > ... > Lease Agreements > Commercial Leases > General Overview

HN1 In the District of Columbia, a court of law or equity may relieve a tenant from forfeiture of his lease for nonpayment of rent by permitting him before or after judgment, so long as he is in possession, i. e., before execution is executed, to pay the rent due, with interest and costs. Upon this being done, a final stay of proceedings is ordered.

Marc Borbely

Page 2 of 6 54 A.2d 144, *144; 1947 D.C. App. LEXIS 151, **1 Civil Procedure > ... > Entry of Judgments > Stays of Judgments > General Overview Real Property Law > ... > Landlord’s Remedies & Rights > Eviction Actions > General Overview Real Property Law > ... > Lease Agreements > Commercial Leases > General Overview

HN2 In actions for possession for nonpayment of rent, when no money judgment for rent is sought, it is nevertheless proper practice for the trial court to specifically find the amount of rent in arrears. Determination of the amount in default is necessary in order that the tenant may know what amount he is required to pay, and the landlord what amount he is entitled to receive, in order to stay enforcement of the judgment for possession. Real Property Law > ... > Landlord’s Remedies & Rights > Eviction Actions > General Overview Real Property Law > ... > Lease Agreements > Commercial Leases > General Overview

HN3 The right of distress in the District of Columbia is no longer viable. Real Property Law > ... > Landlord’s Remedies & Rights > Eviction Actions > General Overview Real Property Law > ... > Lease Agreements > Commercial Leases > General Overview

HN4 To avoid a forfeiture, the rent due, with interest and costs, must be paid; all arrears of rent, interest and costs must be paid or tendered; and when the principal and interest are paid the compensation is complete. Civil Procedure > ... > Entry of Judgments > Stays of Judgments > General Overview Contracts Law > Types of Contracts > Lease Agreements > General Overview Real Property Law > ... > Landlord’s Remedies & Rights > Eviction Actions > General Overview Real Property Law > ... > Lease Agreements > Commercial Leases > General Overview Real Property Law > Landlord & Tenant > Lease Agreements > Lease Provisions Real Property Law > Landlord & Tenant > Tenant’s Remedies & Rights > General Overview

nonpayment of rent is in substance merely security for payment of rent, and upon payment of the arrears, interest and costs, the landlord has complete compensation and has no need to resort to his security. Real Property Law > ... > Landlord’s Remedies & Rights > Eviction Actions > General Overview Real Property Law > ... > Lease Agreements > Commercial Leases > General Overview

HN6 The interest required to make a sufficient tender is not interest only from the time of judicial determination of default. The landlord is entitled to complete compensation, and since he is entitled to interest on the installments from their due dates, a tender that does not include that interest does not give him complete compensation. Tender may be made before judgment and the requirement of arrears, interest and costs applies equally to such tender and to one made after judgment. Civil Procedure > Judgments > General Overview Civil Procedure > Judgments > Entry of Judgments > General Overview Civil Procedure > Judgments > Enforcement & Execution > General Overview Civil Procedure > Judgments > Relief From Judgments > General Overview Civil Procedure > Judgments > Relief From Judgments > Independent Actions Contracts Law > Types of Contracts > Lease Agreements > General Overview Real Property Law > ... > Landlord’s Remedies & Rights > Eviction Actions > General Overview Real Property Law > ... > Lease Agreements > Commercial Leases > General Overview

HN7 All arrears of rent, interest and costs must be tendered. All arrears must necessarily refer to the time of tender, whether the tender is made before judgment, at time of judgment or after judgment. Relief to the tenant is given on equitable grounds and if he seeks equity he must do equity. The landlord is as much entitled to rent accruing after judgment as to that accrued before judgment and on which judgHN5 A stay of judgment for possession for non- ment is based. The tender is not made to satisfy the judgment, because the judgment is for payment of rent is conditioned on payment or tender by the tenant of the rent due, together with possession. Tender is made as a basis for staying enforcement of the judgment and if the teninterest and costs. The provision of the lease ant is either unwilling or unable to pay all giving the landlord the right to repossess for Marc Borbely

Page 3 of 6 54 A.2d 144, *144; 1947 D.C. App. LEXIS 151, **1

that is justly due the landlord at the time of tender there is no basis, legal or equitable, for restraining the landlord from enforcing his judgment. In other words, a tenant seeking relief from forfeiture of his lease must be prepared to square his account with his landlord.

affirmed the judgment. Service Parking Corporation v. Trans-Lux Radio City Corporation, D. C. Mun.App., 47 A.2d 400, 405.

In our decision, considering the tenant’s complaint [**2] that the trial court failed to make special finding as to the exact amount of Civil Procedure > Judgments > Enforcement & Execu- rent due, we said that from the court’s findtion > Writs of Execution ings ’simple arithmetic showed that as of the Civil Procedure > ... > Entry of Judgments > Stays of date of the filing of the amended bill of particuJudgments > General Overview lars (August 21, 1945) $ 70,291.34 was due Real Property Law > ... > Landlord’s Remedies & Rights > Eviction Actions > General Overview on account of rent.’ Our decision concluded with Real Property Law > ... > Lease Agreements > Comthe following paragraph: ’In the interest of clarmercial Leases > General Overview ity and in order to avoid confusion as to the amount necessary to satisfy the judgment for HN8 When a valid tender is made the proper procedure is to stay execution of the judg- possession, we think the judge’s finding as to the amount of rent due should be shown in the minment. ute entry of judgment. Accordingly, we order that the judgment below be modified to show Counsel: Louis M. Denit, of Washington, D. C. (Coleman L. Diamond, of Washington, D. C., that the judgment for possession was entered for nonpayment of rent in the sum of $ on the brief), for appellant. 70,291.34, which sum was due for rent through Godfrey L. Munter, of Washington, D. C., (Wil- August 1945. As so modified the judgment will be affirmed.’ liam H. Collins, of Washington, D. C., on the brief), for appellee. The tenant petitioned the United States Court of Appeals for allowance of an appeal from our Judges: Before CAYTON, Chief Judge, and decision and that court denied [*146] the peHOOD and CLAGETT, Associate Judges. tition on December 16, 1946. Promptly thereafter the tenant tendered to the landlord certiOpinion by: HOOD fied checks aggregating $ 75,779.74, representing $ 70,291.34 for rent due through Opinion August 1945, interest on that sum from that time to date, [**3] and court costs, with a state[*145] HOOD, Associate Judge. On June 5, 1944, Mrs. Evalyn Walsh McLean filed in the ment that the tenant was prepared to pay the rent accrued since August 1945. The landlord reLandlord and Tenant Branch of the Municifused to accept the tender and the tenant then pal Court a complaint for possession of unimproved real estate used as a parking lot on the filed a motion in the trial court reciting refusal of the tender and asking to be allowed to deposit ground of nonpayment of rent by Service Parking Corporation, hereinafter referred to as the the money in court, that execution of the judgment be stayed and that the judgment be entenant. Thereafter Trans-Lux Radio City Corporation, successor to the interests of Mrs. tered satisfied of record. At hearing on the motion the tenant again tendered the certified McLean, and hereinafter referred to as the landlord, was added as party plaintiff and pros- checks aggregating $ 75,779.74 and another certified check for $ 38,958.22, representing rent ecuted the action. The case was twice tried from September 1, 1945, to January 31, 1947. and on December 8, 1945, the landlord was Again the landlord refused the tender and the awarded judgment for possession. An appeal was taken to this court and on May 22, 1946, we court, holding the original tender sufficient, permitted the tenant to pay into the registry of the court the sum of $ 75,779.74 and ordered Marc Borbely

Page 4 of 6 54 A.2d 144, *146; 1947 D.C. App. LEXIS 151, **3

the judgment for possession entered satisfied of record. The landlord has appealed and urges two main grounds for reversal: (1) The tenant was precluded from avoiding a forfeiture; and (2) even if not so precluded, the tender was insufficient. At least since Sheets v. Selden, 7 Wall., U.S., 416, 19 L.Ed. 166, it has been the rule in this jurisdiction that HN1 a court of law or equity may relieve a tenant from forfeiture [**4] of his lease for nonpayment of rent by permitting him before or after judgment, so long as he is in possession, i. e., before ’execution is executed,’ to pay the rent due, with interest and costs. Upon this being done, a final stay of proceedings is ordered. See also Kann v. King, 204 U.S. 43, 27 S.Ct. 213, 51 L.Ed. 360; Saks v. B. H. Stinemetz & Son Co., 54 App.D.C. 38, 293 F. 1005; Sechrist v. Bryant, 52 App.D.C. 286, 286 F. 456; Davis v. Taylor, 51 App.D.C. 97, 276 F. 619. The landlord, acknowledging this rule, argues that relief from forfeiture ought not and will not be given a tenant whose default in payment of rent is willful, calculated and persistent. 1 Assuming the correctness of this contention, we do not think the tenant comes within such description. The tenant’s contention, as disclosed by our former opinion, was that there had been a modification of the rent fixed by the written lease. While the tenant has been persistent in that contention, it was neither fanciful nor arbitrary, and we do not feel such persistence constitutes willful default in view of the tenant’s consistent position that it was ready and willing to pay such rent as was ultimately determined by [**5] the court to be proper.

required to pay interest from any date previous to the trial court’s determination of the amount in default. The tenant relies heavily on the concluding paragraph of our former opinion hereinbefore quoted, and says that therein we specifically held that forfeiture could have been avoided by payment on entry [**6] of judgment of the sum of $ 70,291.34, the amount of rent then in default, and that inasmuch as we made no reference to interest, in effect we held that no interest for any period prior to the judgment was required. Such construction of our former opinion is erroneous. In that opinion we pointed out that HN2 in actions for possession for nonpayment of rent, when no money judgment for rent is sought, it is nevertheless proper practice for the trial court to specifically find the amount of rent in arrears. The reason for this is that while any default in rent may support a judgment for possession, determination of the amount in default is necessary in order that the tenant may know what amount he is required to pay, and the landlord what amount he is entitled to receive, in order to stay enforcement [*147] of the judgment for possession. For that reason we held it would have been proper for the trial court to have made express finding as to the amount of arrears; and because of its failure so to do we calculated from the trial court’s findings the amount of rent due at time of trial and in affirming the judgment modified it to show such amount. However, in the former appeal the [**7] question of interest on rent in arrears was not raised by either party, was not presented by any issue, was not considered by us, and was not decided by us. The question is now before us for the first time.

The sufficiency of the tender is challenged on the ground that it did not include interest on the various instalments of rent from the respective dates they were due and payable. The ten- The lease called for payment of specified sums of rent at specified dates and the rule is that inant’s position is that having tendered interest from date of trial to date of tender on the total terest is allowed on contracts to pay money from amount found due at time of trial, it was not 1

Cf. United States v. Forness, 2 Cir., 125 F.2d 928, certiorari denied City of Salamanca v. United States, 316 U.S. 694, 62 S.Ct. 1293, 86 L.Ed. 1764; Bonfils v. Ledoux, 8 Cir., 266 F. 507, 16 A.L.R. 430; Darvirris v. Boston Safe Deposit & Trust Co., 235 Mass. 76, 126 N.E. 382, 16 A.L.R. 429; Crawford v. Texas Improvement Co., Tex.Civ.App., 196 S.W. 195.

Marc Borbely

Page 5 of 6 54 A.2d 144, *147; 1947 D.C. App. LEXIS 151, **7

the date the debt becomes due. 2 When an instalment of rent is due it becomes a legally collectible debt and the general rule is that interest is payable on instalments of rent from the time they become due. 3 The tenant says, even if this be the rule and interest be collectible on past-due rent in an action for a money judgment, the tenant is not required to include interest in his tender to avoid forfeiture. Cases are cited to the effect that distress will not lie for interest on rent, but we are not dealing with distress and those cases are inapplicable. Moreover, HN3 the right of distress in this jurisdiction was long ago abolished. 4

titled to complete compensation, and since he is entitled to interest on the instalments from their due dates, a tender which does not include that interest does not give him complete compensation. Further illustrating that interest must be calculated from the due dates of the instalments, and not from the judgment, is the fact that tender may be made before judgment and the requirement of arrears, interest and costs applies equally to such tender and to one made after judgment.

The tenant makes the point that interest was not claimed in the bill of particulars. The action sought possession, not judgment for rent, and failure to claim interest is immaterial. In Sheets v. Selden, supra, it is stated that HN4 to avoid the forfeiture, ’The rent due, with The point also is made that the lease made no provision for interest. This point has already interest and costs, must be paid’; that ’All arrears of rent, interest and costs must be paid or been answered. It is also claimed that because of a pending action in the District Court tendered’; and that ’when the principal and interest are paid the compensation is complete.’ for rent and interest, interest ought not to be required in the tender. [**10] This argument, Similar expressions are used in Kann v. King, supra, Saks v. B. H. Stinemetz & Son Co., su- if good, would eliminate both rent and interest from the tender. It needs no answer. Fipra, Sechrist v. Bryant, supra, and Davis v. Taylor, supra. See also Escher v. Harrison Secu- nally, it is claimed that the landlord waived interest but we find nothing in the record rities Co., 9 Cir., 79 F.2d 777, and Wylie v. Kirby, 115 Md. 282, 80 A. 962, Ann.Cas.1913A, justifying this claim. 825. These cases establish beyond question that HN5 a stay of judgment for possession for Our conclusion is that the tender was insufficient for failure to include interest [*148] on innonpayment of rent is conditioned on paystalments of rent from their due dates, and ment or tender by the tenant of the rent due, tothe trial court was in error in holding the tengether with interest and costs. The ground for granting relief to the tenant is that the provi- der sufficient. sion of the lease giving the landlord the right to repossess for nonpayment of rent is in sub- Furthermore, we think the trial court was in error in holding that the tenant was not restance merely security for payment of rent, quired to tender, with accrued interest, rent and that upon payment of the arrears, interest [**9] and costs, the landlord has complete com- which had become due after the date of judgment. The rule laid down by the Supreme Court pensation and has no need to resort to his seis that HN7 ’all arrears of rent, interest and curity. costs’ must be tendered. All arrears must necesHN6 We find nothing in the cases indicating sarily refer to the time of tender, whether the that the interest required to make a sufficient ten- tender be made before judgment, at time of judgder is interest only from the time of judicial de- ment or after judgment. Relief to the tenant is termination of default. The landlord is engiven on equitable grounds and if he seeks eq2

Hightstown Rug Co. v. National Savings & Trust Co., App.D.C., 162 F.2d 10.

3

Britton v. Western Iowa Co., 8 Cir., 9 F.2d 488, 45 A.L.R. 711; In re Central of Georgia R. Co., D.C., S.D.Ga., 47 F.Supp. 786; Dennison v. Lee, 6 Gill. & J., Md., 383. 4

Webb v. Sharp, 13 Wall., U.S., 14, 20 L.Ed. 478; Fowler v. Rapley, 15 Wall., U.S., 328, 21 L.Ed. 35.

Marc Borbely

Page 6 of 6 54 A.2d 144, *148; 1947 D.C. App. LEXIS 151, **10

uity he must do equity. The landlord is as much entitled to rent accruing after judgment as to that accrued before judgment and on which judgment is based. The tender is not made to satisfy the judgment, because the judgment is for possession. Tender is made as a basis [**11] for staying enforcement of the judgment and if the tenant is either unwilling or unable to pay all that is justly due the landlord at the time of tender there is no basis, legal or equitable, for restraining the landlord from enforcing his judgment. In other words, a tenant seeking relief from forfeiture of his lease must be prepared to square his account with his landlord. Even had the tender been good, the trial court should not have ordered the judgment for possession satisfied of record. HN8 When a

valid tender is made the proper procedure is to stay execution of the judgment. The order of the trial court must be reversed, but in view of the tenant’s expressed desire and avowed willingness on argument here to make a proper tender if this court should hold the previous tender insufficient, the trial court is directed to afford the tenant an opportunity to tender all accrued rent to date of tender, interest on all accruals from date of accrual to date of tender, and all costs. If such a tender is made, a permanent stay of execution shall be entered. If the parties cannot agree on the amount of arrears, interest and costs, the trial court shall determine the amount. Reversed with [**12] instructions.

Marc Borbely