Trait Emotional Intelligence K.V. Petrides

E-mail: [email protected] www.psychometriclab.com Google: trait EI

London Psychometric Laboratory University College London, UK

TEIQue •

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K.V. Petrides

The Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire (TEIQue) is a product of the worldrenowned London Psychometric Laboratory based at University College London (UCL), the birthplace of psychometrics. It is among a very small number of psychometric instruments still under the control of its original developer and linked to an active scientific research program. It is the most extensively validated EI measure in the scientific literature. Research has been reporting strong findings in many different fields (including medical applications) over a period of about 15 years. The TEIQue has outperformed all EI measures against which it has been compared in independent peer-reviewed studies, including one major metaanalysis by Martins et al. (2010). The TEIQue is available in over 20 languages worldwide. Currently about 2000 TEIQues are completed each month and the instrument is in the process of being rolled out globally through Thomas International.

Trait EI

K.V. Petrides

• Trait emotional intelligence is a constellation of emotional selfperceptions located at the lower levels of personality hierarchies (Petrides, Pita, & Kokkinaki, 2007). • Trait EI essentially concerns people’s perceptions of their emotional abilities. • Trait EI rejects the notion that emotions can be artificially objectified in order to be made amenable to veridical scoring, along IQ lines. • An alternative label for the construct is “trait emotional selfefficacy”.

The sampling domain of trait EI

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K.V. Petrides

Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire

(TEIQue , TEIQue-SF, TEIQue-ASF, TEIQue-CF,TEIQue 360o) • •

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K.V. Petrides

153 items, 15 facets, 4 factors, global trait EI score. TEIQue translations: – German – Greek • Theory-based – French – Spanish • Research-based – Chinese – Portuguese • Peer-reviewed – Dutch – Norwegian – Croatian – Serbian – Italian TEIQue-SF – 30 items, global trait EI score Adolescent TEIQue-ASF TEIQue 360o

Trait EI factor structure

Trait EI at work Inter- and intra-organizational variation

K.V. Petrides

Interpreting Correlations 0.0 - 0.2 low 0.2 - 0.3 medium 0.3 - 1.00 high

Petrides & Furnham, 2006; N = 167; JASP

K.V. Petrides

Trait EI and job performance – meta-analysis

K.V. Petrides

O’Boyle Jn. et al., 2011; OB; Job performance operationalized via supervisory ratings, customer ratings, sales performance

Interactions with job performance and leadership

K.V. Petrides

Walter & Bruch, 2007. REO

Butler & Chinowski, 2006; JMinE

Trait EI and leadership

K.V. Petrides

Butler & Chinowski, 2006; JMinE

Petrides et al., in prep.

Trait EI and counterproductive work behaviors

Jung & Yoon, 2012; IJHM; N = 319 employees in 5* hotel

K.V. Petrides

Dark side of trait EI and CWB

Petrides et al., 2011; TRHG K.V. Petrides

Counter-productive work behaviors

Machiavellian Non-Machiavellian

Trait EI

Gender differences in trait EI

Overall, small or non-existent gender differences in global trait EI scores. Petrides, Furnham, & Martin (2004); N = 224; JSP

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K.V. Petrides

TEIQue data; N = 351; p = ns

Modified EQ-i data; N = 166; p < .01

TEIQue-SF data; N = 668; p < .01

Schutte et al. scale data; N = 260; p = ns

Comparison of three trait EI measures

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Gardner & Qualter, 2010; AJP; N = 307

EI and mental health

Martins et al., 2010; PAID; 105 effect sizes, 20,000+ participants

K.V. Petrides

Incremental validity of trait EI

K.V. Petrides

Petrides, Pérez, & Furnham, 2007; C & E

N = 200

N = 212; Spain

Trait EI and the Diagnostic Pathway of Cancer

K.V. Petrides

Moderated Multiple Regressions with Psychological Impairment as the Criterion B Model 1 Trait EI Significant Others

-.248 .303

Trait EI x Significant Others .020

State Anxiety SE β

B

Worry – Appointment SE β

B

Worry – Results SE β

.068 .316

-.403*** .114

-.060 .087

.014 .065

-.469*** .157

-.065 .178

.014 .064

-.504*** .320**

.011

.196

.002

.002

.086

.002

.002

.082

Model 2 Trait EI Family Trait EI x Family

-.223 -.048 .009

.069 .374 .014

-.362** -.015 .074

-.057 .072 -.001

.014 .076 .003

-.445*** .109 -.041

-.055 .077 .000

.014 .077 .003

-.424*** .117 .008

Model 3 Trait EI Friends Trait EI x Friends

-.254 .121 .021

.067 .287 .014

-.409*** .046 .161

-.059 .045 .001

.014 .060 .003

-.452*** .082 .044

-.055 .050 .001

.014 .060 .003

-.427*** .090 .045

Model 4 Trait EI Social Support Trait EI x Social Support

-.252 .074 .008

.068 .119 .005

-.408*** .070 .191

-.061 .033 .000

.014 .025 .001

-.477*** .151 .053

-.061 .047 .001

.014 .025 .001

-.479*** .215 .063

Trait EI and communicative anxiety

L1; N = 425

K.V. Petrides

L2; N = 406

Dewaele, Petrides, & Furnham, 2008; Language Learning

Behavioral genetics of trait EI

Vernon, Petrides, Bratko, & Shermer, J. A. (2008); Emotion

K.V. Petrides

TEIQue interpretations

Points to remember in report interpretation

K.V. Petrides

K.V. Petrides

• Trait EI is about perceptions NOT about abilities, or competencies, or skills. • High scores are not necessarily adaptive (good) and low scores are not necessarily maladaptive (bad). Adaptive value depends on context and situational demands. • The same facet score may be considered as too high in a particular situation (over-supply) , but too low (under-supply) in another. • Trait EI self-perceptions are generally stable during adulthood. • TEIQue scores are highly reliable, but are affected by severe moods on the day of testing.

TEIQue interpretations •

K.V. Petrides

Detailed descriptions of the 15 facets and 4 factors of the TEIQue can be downloaded from www.psychometriclab.com

Percentages represent relative percentiles. For example, a score of 5% on emotion management, indicates the respondent has scored higher than 5% of the normative sample (or lower than 95% of the normative sample).

TEIQue interpretations II Download full sample report from: http://www.thomasinternational.net/ourassessments/TEIQue.aspx

K.V. Petrides

TEIQue interpretations III

K.V. Petrides

• Trait EI is NOT a cognitive ability, it is NOT a skill, and it is NOT a competency. • High scores on the TEIQue are not necessarily desirable and low scores are not necessarily undesirable. – Potential negative implications of high scores on the 15 TEIQue facets are mentioned in slides V – VII.

• In selection and recruitment (and, to some extent, in development too), the goal is to match specific TEIQue profiles to specific job roles.

TEIQue interpretations IV

K.V. Petrides

TEIQue interpretations V

K.V. Petrides

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Emotion regulation – May be perceived as aloof and unapproachable – May be perceived as too laid-back

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Empathy – Excessive preoccupation with other people’s viewpoints – Barrier to leadership

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Social awareness – May socialize at the expense of getting work done – May be perceived as overly gregarious or frivolous – May have difficulty completing tasks in relative isolation

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Low impulsivity – Analysis paralysis – Inability to handle emergencies

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Emotion perception – Excessive preoccupation with feelings and moods

TEIQue interpretations VI •

Stress management

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Emotion management

– Indifference and reduced drive – May be perceived as manipulative – May be perceived as intrusive

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Optimism – May be seen as unrealistic – May be caught unawares

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Relationships – May be overly reliant on loved ones – Relationships may take priority over work

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Adaptability – May dislike and under-perform in routine tasks – May unreasonably expect similar levels of flexibility from others

K.V. Petrides

TEIQue interpretations VII •

Assertiveness

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Happiness

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Motivation

K.V. Petrides

– May be perceived as too forthright or even aggressive – May be perceived as happy-go-lucky – Poor work-life balance – Teamwork inhibitor

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Emotion expression – May be perceived as overly emotional – Transparency issues

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Self-esteem – May be perceived as arrogant – May become defensive in the face of criticism – Difficulty accepting and acting on feedback

Faking?

K.V. Petrides

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Faking (dissimulation or impression management) has very limited effects on the predictive validity of scientific personality instruments (Ones et al., 1996, 2007; McGrath et al., 2010).

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The issue of faking with particular reference to the TEIQue is discussed in Petrides (2009) and Petrides (2012).

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Faking is impossible in scientifically correct applications of the TEIQue because the respondent would need to have prior knowledge of the required person specification and also be able to fake the corresponding profile.

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In addition, the TEIQue includes the following safeguards (see Petrides, 2009): – – – – –

Self-reported honesty index Central tendency index (identifies ‘guarded’ responding) Random responding index Veracity index (identifies impression management) Multi-rater forms (TEIQue 360° and 360°-S)

The trait intelligences research program Research divisions Psychometric Educational Industrial/Organizational Child/Human Development Behavioral Genetic Medical and health

Students PhD: E. Cole, Elif Gokcen BA, BSc, MA, MSc, MPhil

K.V. Petrides

International links UK, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Croatia, Cyprus, Greece, Hong Kong, Italy, The Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Spain. Current & past funding bodies ESRC Nuffield Foundation British Academy University of London

www.psychometriclab.com

Self- and other-ratings of trait EI

K.V. Petrides

Mavroveli, Petrides, Rieffe, & Bakker, 2007; BJDP

Petrides, Sangareau, Furnham, & Frederickson, 2006; 10.8 years; Soc Dev

Petrides et al., Psicothema, 2006 ; N = 35 ballet students

Trait EI and body image

K.V. Petrides Swami et al., 2009; PAID

K.V. Petrides

Correlates of the TEIQue •

K.V. Petrides

Correlates of the TEIQue – Positive  Conscientiousness, mental health, job satisfaction, organizational commitment, seniority, pro-social behaviour, popularity, sensitivity and susceptibility to affect, over-prediction of affective reactions in decisionmaking, narcissism, social desirability, hubris.

– Negative  Anxiety, introversion, psychopathology, turnover, maladaptive coping, truancy, job stress, rumination, humility.

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The TEIQue provides comprehensive emotionality profiles and can be recommended for the reliable assessment of emotion-related individual differences in a variety of contexts (occupational, educational, clinical, etc.).

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Well-being

Self-control

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Background & milestones

K.V. Petrides

• Thorndike’s (1920) ‘social intelligence’. • Gardner’s (1983) ‘multiple intelligences’. – Intrapersonal intelligence – Interpersonal intelligence

• ‘Emotional intelligence’ as a term appears in Greenspan (1989), Leuner (1966), Payne (1986). • Salovey & Mayer (1990) • Goleman (1995) • Petrides and colleagues (2000-)

– Trait EI versus Ability EI – Trait emotional intelligence research program

Trait EI vs ability EI

K.V. Petrides

• Ability EI (or ‘cognitive-emotional ability’) in theory encompasses emotion-related cognitive abilities and should be measured via maximum-performance tests (although this has not proved possible). • Trait EI (or ‘trait emotional self-efficacy’) encompasses emotional self-perceptions and should be measured via selfreport questionnaires.

Veridical scoring in IQ tests

Raven’s matrices

K.V. Petrides

Nonverbal analogies

• The existence of single, invariant, and objectively derived correct response is a defining characteristic of intelligence testing.

Problems with ability EI

K.V. Petrides

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Brody, N. (2004). What cognitive intelligence is and what emotional intelligence is not. Psychological Inquiry, 15, 234-238.

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Conte, J. M. (2005). A review and critique of emotional intelligence measures. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 26, 433-440.

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Fiori, M., & Antonakis, J. (2011). The ability model of emotional intelligence: Searching for valid measures. Personality and Individual Differences, 50, 329-334.

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Keele, S. M. & Bell, R. C. (2008). The factorial validity of emotional intelligence: An unresolved issue. Personality and individual differences, 44, 487-500.

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Ortony, A., Revelle, W., & Zinbarg, R. (2007). Why emotional intelligence needs a fluid component. In G. Matthews, M. Zeidner, & R. D. Roberts (Eds.), The science of emotional intelligence. Knowns and unknowns - Series in Affective Science (pp.288-304). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

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O’Sullivan, M., & Ekman, P. (2005). Facial expression recognition and emotional intelligence. In G. Geher, (Ed.). Measuring emotional intelligence: Common ground and controversy. Hauppauge, NY: Nova Science Publishing.

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Rossen, E., Kranzler, J. H., & Algina, J. (2008). Confirmatory factor analysis of the Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test V2.0 (MSCEIT). Personality and Individual Differences, 44, 1258-1269.

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Wilhelm, O. (2005). Measures of emotional intelligence: practice and standards. In R. Schulze, & R. D. Roberts (Eds.), International handbook of emotional intelligence (pp. 131-154). Seattle, WA: Hogrefe & Huber.

Trait EI: Experimental studies

Tension & Depression

Anger & Vigour

N = 30; Residualized Trait EI scores

K.V. Petrides

Confusion & Total POMS

Petrides & Furnham, 2003; EJP