Towards Sustainability in (protected) horticultural food production. Sustainability: the capacity to endure. Outline. Introduction

8/13/2010 Outline Towards Sustainability in (protected) horticultural food production     [email protected] www.glastuinbouw.wur.nl  Intr...
Author: Erick Byrd
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8/13/2010

Outline

Towards Sustainability in (protected) horticultural food production

   

[email protected] www.glastuinbouw.wur.nl



Introduction

Introduction Sustainable Agro production chains/ systems Consumers and Sustainability Sustainable Agro production systems Major topics in sustainable protected cultivation

Opzet Sustainability: the capacity to endure Ecology: how biological systems remain diverse and productive over time.

Sustainability: 36 million google hits Duromac.nl

Planet, people, profit Cradle to cradle Biodiversity Ecological footprint

Meeting the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs (Bruntland 1987)

Feeding the world within the carrying capacity of planet Earth (Martin Kropff, Wageningen UR)

calvinscl.wordpress.com Pictue: nasa

Price Waterhouse Coopers

Sustainable (plant/food) agro production chain (SPC) Breeding

Primairy production

Processing

Retail

SPC: breeding

Breeding

consumer

“Fresh” product

“soil”

2

processed product

3

1

1. 2. 3. 4.

Sustainable (healthy) food chain Basic components and residues in food Processing/packaging Consumers choice

“mouth”

health

4

    

Productivity Disease resistance/ less susceptible Input efficiency (food, water, nutriënts) Basic components/ taste ….

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SPC: “soil”

SPC: Production Primairy Production

“soil”

    



Fertility Marginal soils, salt aera’s Substrates (“artificial soils”) Aquaculture ….

   

SPC: packaging / processing

Open field Protected Intensive/ extensive Crop protection: chemical – biological …

SPC: logistics Retail/ trade/ logistics

Packaging Processing

100 druppels.nl

10

idahosbounty.org

    

Protective atmosphere Biodegradable packaging Product quality Extended shelf life Additional components

agf.nl



28 % of road transport in Europe: Agro related



CO2 emission per ton.km for plane/truck/vessel

2

SPC: the consumer

Consumers: Lifestyles of Health and Sustainability (LOHAS) The consumers choice

Dedicated to personal and planetary health, buy green products, active stewards of the environment.

Source: 2009 LOHAS Consumer Trends Database

Focus on natural/ organic goods, strong health focus related to food. Not committed to environmental movement

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Consumers: diet and water use

Consumer trends Consumer willing to pay 10% more for sustainable products

 Vegetarian diet  

Robert Gielissen: How consumers make a difference. An Inquiry into the nature and causes of buying socially responsible products (2010)

1G1.5 kg grain eq. per person/day 1000G2000 L water per person/day

In 2050: majority of consumers wants sustainable produced consumer goods ING bank, 2010

 MeatGrich diet  

4G4.5 kg grain eq. per person/day 5000G6000 L water per person/day

Tavalon.com

Challenges for Sustainable Agro production:   

Twice as much with half the ecological footprint Let others convince the consumer Economic feasible

Sustainable agro production systems Optimizing existing production and exploring novel concepts: open field

Aarhus University, Denmark

Precision agriculture

deere.com

Sustainable agro production systems Novel concepts, from open field to substrates: recirculation, reduced emissions (shrubs, strawberry)

Sustainable agro production systems Optimizing existing production and exploring novel concepts: protected horticulture

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Major topics sustainable protected cultivation

Major topics sustainable protected cultivation

• Energy

• Energy

• Water, minerals

• Water, minerals

• Crop protection (planet)

• Crop protection (planet)

• Economic feasibility (profit)

• Economic feasibility (profit)

Energy use European greenhouse horticulture

Reduction of fossil energy use (i.e. CO2 emission) Four steps:

1900

MJmG2

High cost factor: Italy: 20%, 1500 MJmG2 France: 12G22%, Netherlands: 20G25% 500 MJmG2

of production costs

2. Reduction of energy use: Insulation

1. Maximum use of solar energy Minimal construction parts and optimal transmission of the materials  

1. Maximum use of solar energy 2. Reduction of energy use 3. Efficient use: unit product per unit energy 4. Replace fossil fuel by other renewable energy sources

Anti reflex coating: +6% Shape of the material 

Effects of covers at equal control settings for temperature and humidity in greenhouses Greenhouse cover

(fossil) energy use m3 natural gas/m2

V structure, Principle:

Single glass

53 (100 %)

multiple reflection increases light transmission

Single glass with screen

40 (75 %)

Double cover

40 (75 %)

Double with screen

33 (62 %)

Double with low emission

28 (53 %)

Three layer with low emission

26 (49 %)

Source: the Solar greenhouse, G.P.A. Bot et al.

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3. Efficient energy use: control strategies • Aim: Optimize crop response (growth, production) with minimal energy input

4. Replace fossil fuel by sustainable sources 

Options:   

The key: combine greenhouse physics and physiological information

Major topics sustainable protected cultivation



Biomass Geothermal Wind SolarGenergy

Geothermal:  High sustainability  Application at greenhouse area’s >10 ha  Economic feasible at gasprice > €0.25 per m3 (=$ 0.012/MJ)

Water Use Efficiency (WUE)

• Energy • Water, minerals • Crop protection (planet)

• Economic feasibility (profit)

From soil to substrate & from open to covered

Efficient irrigation/ fertilization strategies As with energy: combine physics and physiological information

m3.m-3

Soil water content (M3 m-3) 0.400 0.350 0.300 0.250 0.200 0.150 0.100 0.050 0.000 29-Jul-08 00:00:00

31-Jul-08 00:00:00

2-Aug-08 00:00:00

4-Aug-08 00:00:00

6-Aug-08 00:00:00

8-Aug-08 10-Aug-08 12-Aug-08 00:00:00 00:00:00 00:00:00

WUE: irrigation based on soil water content measurements Crop

Water Use (mm)

Drainage (mm)

Ratio Fresh to Total Water (%)

Marketable WUE (kg/m3)

Water Saving Index (%)

Ornamentals (Italy)

413 (540)

119 (237)

66

G

24

Cucumber (Turkey)

545 (717)

10 (92)

100

44 (35)

19

Tomato (Jordan)

275 (425)

G

0

8 (6)

25

Egg plant (Lebanon)

71 (95)

G

100

54 (36)

35

Lettuce (Netherlands)

66 (186)

G

58

73 (22)

69

(***) values obtained in commercial practices Balendonck et al., FlowAid

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Sustainable (rain) water use

WUE: protected cultivation kg fresh product per m3 water

70 60

tomato sweet pepper

> 3 4 times

50 40

> 2 times

30

Rainwater storage  500 m3/ha  1500  3000

rainwater 43% 63 97

additional water 57 37 3

(Example with roses on substrates)

20 10 0

growing system Israel & Spain, field

Spain, unheated plastic (1990)

Israel, unheated glass

increasing control of

Spain, improved unheated plastic (2000)

Holland, Holland, as climateat left, with controlled re-use of glass with drain water carbon production factors enrichment

Major topics sustainable protected cultivation

Techologies to reduce chemical control

• Energy • Water, minerals • Crop protection (planet)

   

• Economic feasibility (profit)

   

Growing in substrates New pesticides (less persistent, less toxic, more selective) Better climate control (fungal diseases) Resistant varieties / rootstocks (soilGborne diseases) Innovative spraying technologies Supervised pest control (crop scouting: damage/action thresholds) Biological pest control (replacement of chemicals, selective pesticides) Integrated Pest Management

Orius insidiosus preying on adult of Western Flower Thrips

Innovative spraying technology

Integrated Pest Management (IPM)

Dose depending on crop growth stage/biomass: Canopy Density Spraying   

Saving chemicals 20 G 35 % 25 % drift reduction Biological efficency good



Control of pest and diseases     

Integrated pest and disease control Biological pest control – beneficials Hygiene, scouting Insect netting Spraying technology

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IPM in protected cultivation Amblyseius swirkii feeding on whitefly eggs

Area IPM Sweet pepper (ha), NL 1400 1200

chemicals only

1000

integrated control

800 600

1. 2. 3.

cucumber (oldest) tomato (largest) sweet pepper (most successful)

400 200 0 1975

IPM: reduced chemicals

1985

1995

2005

Sustainability and profit Comparison of different protected cropping systems

% samples with residu > legal levels (vegetables, fruit and mushrooms)

Example for tomato growing in Turkey, Hemming ea, 2010

Latest developments (Semi) closed/ completely controlled greenhouses:     

Independent control environmental conditions Water recovery Less chemical crop protection Higher CO2 concentration and related production increase (up to 10G20%) Energy saving (+30%)

Latest developments 

Combination of greenhouses and other (agro) activities (e.g. livestock farming, urban enviroment) 

ReGuse of CO2, heat, minerals, waste

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Latest developments 

Latest developments

Energy producing greenhouses: NIR reflecting greenhouse cover:  

Better summer conditions Possibilities for electricity generation if combined with photo voltaic cells (Electricity production: 16 kWh/m2 per year and ) thermal 54 kWh/m2 )

PV

NIR

Advanced sensor technology: Multiple Imaging Plant Stress: MIPS  Multiple chlorofyl fluorescence, colour, Infra red  Imaging time samples  Plant leaf, plant, crop  Stress biotic en aGbiotic

PAR chlorofyl fluorescence

Integrated crop protection

Latest developments: robotics   

Prototype harvesting robot cucumber Harvesting robot cut roses Sorting/grading with vision

Complete control environmental conditions

Intelligent water and nutrient saving irrigation

The elements in tomorrows sustainable protected cultivation:

Sustainable energy sources

Crop response based environmental control

Acknowledgements





Yes, in 2050: majority of consumers wants sustainable produced goods/foods

IR

New cropping systems

Advanced sensing techniques

Conclusion

colour

  

Colleagues: Silke Hemming, Anja Dieleman, Erik van Os, Ellen Beerling, Anton van der Linden, Pierre Ramakers, Joost Snels, Janjo de Haan Organisations: Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality Product Board of Horticlture Greenhouse as Energy Source

Sustainability: no hype, but the only way to the future

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