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Outline
Towards Sustainability in (protected) horticultural food production
[email protected] www.glastuinbouw.wur.nl
Introduction
Introduction Sustainable Agro production chains/ systems Consumers and Sustainability Sustainable Agro production systems Major topics in sustainable protected cultivation
Opzet Sustainability: the capacity to endure Ecology: how biological systems remain diverse and productive over time.
Sustainability: 36 million google hits Duromac.nl
Planet, people, profit Cradle to cradle Biodiversity Ecological footprint
Meeting the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs (Bruntland 1987)
Feeding the world within the carrying capacity of planet Earth (Martin Kropff, Wageningen UR)
calvinscl.wordpress.com Pictue: nasa
Price Waterhouse Coopers
Sustainable (plant/food) agro production chain (SPC) Breeding
Primairy production
Processing
Retail
SPC: breeding
Breeding
consumer
“Fresh” product
“soil”
2
processed product
3
1
1. 2. 3. 4.
Sustainable (healthy) food chain Basic components and residues in food Processing/packaging Consumers choice
“mouth”
health
4
Productivity Disease resistance/ less susceptible Input efficiency (food, water, nutriënts) Basic components/ taste ….
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SPC: “soil”
SPC: Production Primairy Production
“soil”
Fertility Marginal soils, salt aera’s Substrates (“artificial soils”) Aquaculture ….
SPC: packaging / processing
Open field Protected Intensive/ extensive Crop protection: chemical – biological …
SPC: logistics Retail/ trade/ logistics
Packaging Processing
100 druppels.nl
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idahosbounty.org
Protective atmosphere Biodegradable packaging Product quality Extended shelf life Additional components
agf.nl
28 % of road transport in Europe: Agro related
CO2 emission per ton.km for plane/truck/vessel
2
SPC: the consumer
Consumers: Lifestyles of Health and Sustainability (LOHAS) The consumers choice
Dedicated to personal and planetary health, buy green products, active stewards of the environment.
Source: 2009 LOHAS Consumer Trends Database
Focus on natural/ organic goods, strong health focus related to food. Not committed to environmental movement
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Consumers: diet and water use
Consumer trends Consumer willing to pay 10% more for sustainable products
Vegetarian diet
Robert Gielissen: How consumers make a difference. An Inquiry into the nature and causes of buying socially responsible products (2010)
1G1.5 kg grain eq. per person/day 1000G2000 L water per person/day
In 2050: majority of consumers wants sustainable produced consumer goods ING bank, 2010
MeatGrich diet
4G4.5 kg grain eq. per person/day 5000G6000 L water per person/day
Tavalon.com
Challenges for Sustainable Agro production:
Twice as much with half the ecological footprint Let others convince the consumer Economic feasible
Sustainable agro production systems Optimizing existing production and exploring novel concepts: open field
Aarhus University, Denmark
Precision agriculture
deere.com
Sustainable agro production systems Novel concepts, from open field to substrates: recirculation, reduced emissions (shrubs, strawberry)
Sustainable agro production systems Optimizing existing production and exploring novel concepts: protected horticulture
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Major topics sustainable protected cultivation
Major topics sustainable protected cultivation
• Energy
• Energy
• Water, minerals
• Water, minerals
• Crop protection (planet)
• Crop protection (planet)
• Economic feasibility (profit)
• Economic feasibility (profit)
Energy use European greenhouse horticulture
Reduction of fossil energy use (i.e. CO2 emission) Four steps:
1900
MJmG2
High cost factor: Italy: 20%, 1500 MJmG2 France: 12G22%, Netherlands: 20G25% 500 MJmG2
of production costs
2. Reduction of energy use: Insulation
1. Maximum use of solar energy Minimal construction parts and optimal transmission of the materials
1. Maximum use of solar energy 2. Reduction of energy use 3. Efficient use: unit product per unit energy 4. Replace fossil fuel by other renewable energy sources
Anti reflex coating: +6% Shape of the material
Effects of covers at equal control settings for temperature and humidity in greenhouses Greenhouse cover
(fossil) energy use m3 natural gas/m2
V structure, Principle:
Single glass
53 (100 %)
multiple reflection increases light transmission
Single glass with screen
40 (75 %)
Double cover
40 (75 %)
Double with screen
33 (62 %)
Double with low emission
28 (53 %)
Three layer with low emission
26 (49 %)
Source: the Solar greenhouse, G.P.A. Bot et al.
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3. Efficient energy use: control strategies • Aim: Optimize crop response (growth, production) with minimal energy input
4. Replace fossil fuel by sustainable sources
Options:
The key: combine greenhouse physics and physiological information
Major topics sustainable protected cultivation
Biomass Geothermal Wind SolarGenergy
Geothermal: High sustainability Application at greenhouse area’s >10 ha Economic feasible at gasprice > €0.25 per m3 (=$ 0.012/MJ)
Water Use Efficiency (WUE)
• Energy • Water, minerals • Crop protection (planet)
• Economic feasibility (profit)
From soil to substrate & from open to covered
Efficient irrigation/ fertilization strategies As with energy: combine physics and physiological information
m3.m-3
Soil water content (M3 m-3) 0.400 0.350 0.300 0.250 0.200 0.150 0.100 0.050 0.000 29-Jul-08 00:00:00
31-Jul-08 00:00:00
2-Aug-08 00:00:00
4-Aug-08 00:00:00
6-Aug-08 00:00:00
8-Aug-08 10-Aug-08 12-Aug-08 00:00:00 00:00:00 00:00:00
WUE: irrigation based on soil water content measurements Crop
Water Use (mm)
Drainage (mm)
Ratio Fresh to Total Water (%)
Marketable WUE (kg/m3)
Water Saving Index (%)
Ornamentals (Italy)
413 (540)
119 (237)
66
G
24
Cucumber (Turkey)
545 (717)
10 (92)
100
44 (35)
19
Tomato (Jordan)
275 (425)
G
0
8 (6)
25
Egg plant (Lebanon)
71 (95)
G
100
54 (36)
35
Lettuce (Netherlands)
66 (186)
G
58
73 (22)
69
(***) values obtained in commercial practices Balendonck et al., FlowAid
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Sustainable (rain) water use
WUE: protected cultivation kg fresh product per m3 water
70 60
tomato sweet pepper
> 3 4 times
50 40
> 2 times
30
Rainwater storage 500 m3/ha 1500 3000
rainwater 43% 63 97
additional water 57 37 3
(Example with roses on substrates)
20 10 0
growing system Israel & Spain, field
Spain, unheated plastic (1990)
Israel, unheated glass
increasing control of
Spain, improved unheated plastic (2000)
Holland, Holland, as climateat left, with controlled re-use of glass with drain water carbon production factors enrichment
Major topics sustainable protected cultivation
Techologies to reduce chemical control
• Energy • Water, minerals • Crop protection (planet)
• Economic feasibility (profit)
Growing in substrates New pesticides (less persistent, less toxic, more selective) Better climate control (fungal diseases) Resistant varieties / rootstocks (soilGborne diseases) Innovative spraying technologies Supervised pest control (crop scouting: damage/action thresholds) Biological pest control (replacement of chemicals, selective pesticides) Integrated Pest Management
Orius insidiosus preying on adult of Western Flower Thrips
Innovative spraying technology
Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
Dose depending on crop growth stage/biomass: Canopy Density Spraying
Saving chemicals 20 G 35 % 25 % drift reduction Biological efficency good
Control of pest and diseases
Integrated pest and disease control Biological pest control – beneficials Hygiene, scouting Insect netting Spraying technology
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IPM in protected cultivation Amblyseius swirkii feeding on whitefly eggs
Area IPM Sweet pepper (ha), NL 1400 1200
chemicals only
1000
integrated control
800 600
1. 2. 3.
cucumber (oldest) tomato (largest) sweet pepper (most successful)
400 200 0 1975
IPM: reduced chemicals
1985
1995
2005
Sustainability and profit Comparison of different protected cropping systems
% samples with residu > legal levels (vegetables, fruit and mushrooms)
Example for tomato growing in Turkey, Hemming ea, 2010
Latest developments (Semi) closed/ completely controlled greenhouses:
Independent control environmental conditions Water recovery Less chemical crop protection Higher CO2 concentration and related production increase (up to 10G20%) Energy saving (+30%)
Latest developments
Combination of greenhouses and other (agro) activities (e.g. livestock farming, urban enviroment)
ReGuse of CO2, heat, minerals, waste
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Latest developments
Latest developments
Energy producing greenhouses: NIR reflecting greenhouse cover:
Better summer conditions Possibilities for electricity generation if combined with photo voltaic cells (Electricity production: 16 kWh/m2 per year and ) thermal 54 kWh/m2 )
PV
NIR
Advanced sensor technology: Multiple Imaging Plant Stress: MIPS Multiple chlorofyl fluorescence, colour, Infra red Imaging time samples Plant leaf, plant, crop Stress biotic en aGbiotic
PAR chlorofyl fluorescence
Integrated crop protection
Latest developments: robotics
Prototype harvesting robot cucumber Harvesting robot cut roses Sorting/grading with vision
Complete control environmental conditions
Intelligent water and nutrient saving irrigation
The elements in tomorrows sustainable protected cultivation:
Sustainable energy sources
Crop response based environmental control
Acknowledgements
Yes, in 2050: majority of consumers wants sustainable produced goods/foods
IR
New cropping systems
Advanced sensing techniques
Conclusion
colour
Colleagues: Silke Hemming, Anja Dieleman, Erik van Os, Ellen Beerling, Anton van der Linden, Pierre Ramakers, Joost Snels, Janjo de Haan Organisations: Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality Product Board of Horticlture Greenhouse as Energy Source
Sustainability: no hype, but the only way to the future
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