Tolerance of Flowers Grown for Seed to Herbicides

Tolerance of Flowers Grown for Seed to Herbicides Laurel Moulton and Ed Peachey Horticulture Department, Oregon State University Methods Fertilizer (...
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Tolerance of Flowers Grown for Seed to Herbicides Laurel Moulton and Ed Peachey Horticulture Department, Oregon State University

Methods Fertilizer (12-29-10, 400 lbs/A) was broadcast and incorporated with the last tillage operation. Flower seeds of nineteen species (see table below) were planted on the OSU Vegetable Research Farm on June 20 and 21, 2011 into a moderately fine seedbed. Each species was represented by one row in each plot, and each plot was replicated three times. Herbicide treatments were applied in strips perpendicular to the seed row across each entire replication in a strip-plot arrangement. Plot width in the first replication was 20 ft to make viewing easier during the field day; plot width in replications 2 and 3 was 9 ft. Post plant surface (PPS) herbicides were applied on June 14 with a 5 nozzle boom powered by CO2 at 20 GPA. POST herbicides were applied on July 15. Crop emergence, visual injury, and weed control were evaluated periodically through August 26.

Table 1. Species represented in trial. Botanical family

Common name

Genus/species

Annual/ perennial

Asteraceae Asteraceae Asteraceae Asteraceae Asteraceae Asteraceae

Bachelor button Black eyed Susan Calendula Cosmos Prairie coneflower Purple cone flower

Centaurea cyanus Rudbeckia hirta Calendula officinalis Cosmos spp. Ratibida columnifera Echinacea purpurea

annual perennial annual annual perennial perennial

Boraginaceae Boraginaceae

Forget-me-not Phacelia

Myosotis spp Phacelia

annual annual

Caryophyllaceae

Baby’s breath

Gypsophila muralis

annual

Fabaceae

Lupine

Lupinus spp

perennial

Lamiaceae

Self-heal

Prunella vulgaris

perennial

Lythraceae

Cuphea

Cuphea spp.

annual

Onagraceae Onagraceae

Evening primrose Spike primrose

Oenothera biennis Epilobium densiflorum

biennial annual in Oregon

Papaveraceae

Shirley poppy

Papaver rhoeas

annual

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Results ⊕ Weed control followed expected patterns. Rimsulfuron and halosulfuron did not control nightshade; dithiopyr missed pigweed; oryzalin did not control nightshade, and clopyralid was weak on most species present. Mesotrione, saflufenacil, oxyfluorfen, indaziflam, flumioxazin, and dimethenamid-p gave the best overall weed control (Table 2). ⊕ Spike primrose and selfheal seeds emerged very slowly and produced very few plants. In the case of spike primrose, the late planting date may have affected germination. ⊕ Selectivity among herbicides differed significantly among crops. A ratio was calculated that compared weed control to crop injury estimates (Table 5). ⊕ Phacelia was extremely tolerant of mesotrione whether applied PPS or POST ⊕ Forget-me-not was very tolerant to clopyralid POST, and moderately tolerant to saflufenacil. Phacelia, the other entry of the Boraginaceae family, was completely controlled by saflufenacil. ⊕ Baby’s breath was tolerant to oxyfluorfen. ⊕ Evening primrose was tolerant to a number of herbicides, most strongly tolerant to oxyfluorfen. ⊕ Bachelor button appeared to be very tolerant of pyroxasulfone, but not s-metolachlor, chemistries with the same mode of action and that often perform similarly. None of the other entries of the Asteraceae family tolerated pyroxasulfone. Bachelor button was the only entry that appeared to have some tolerance to indaziflam. ⊕ Lupine tolerated s-metolachlor and pyroxasulfone. ⊕ Cuphea had some tolerance to mesotrione PPS, but less tolerance to mesotrione applied POST. ⊕ Cosmos was tolerant to dithiopyr, dimethenamid-p, pendimethalin, oryzalin, and smetolachlor. Weeds of the Asteraceae family are often tolerant to moderately tolerant to these herbicides. Other species of this family did not follow this pattern. ⊕ A number of entries in this experiment were sufficiently tolerant to one or more herbicides to consider registration. The rates used in this trial were maximum use rates in many cases. Where crop tolerance was marginal or on the borderline of acceptability, lower rates may still give acceptable weed control and provide the crop safety needed to make these products useful.

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Table 2. Weed control in flowers grown for seed on July 26, 2011 before plots were cultivated (n=3). Herbicide

Product

Timing

Rate

Weed Control Black nightshade

lbs ai/A

Pigweed

Common purslane

Composite rating

--------------------- % ---------------------

1

Dithiopyr

Dimension

PPS

0.18

95

33

100

77

2

Dimethenamid-P

Outlook

PPS

0.63

96

99

97

95

3

Ethalfluralin + clomazone

Strategy

PPS

1.05

98

99

100

96

4

Flumioxazin

Chateau

PPS

0.191

99

99

100

99

5

Halosulfuron

Sandea

PPS

0.035

0

100

100

72

6

Indaziflam

Alion

PPS

0.026

98

100

97

97

7

Isoxaben

Gallery

PPS

0.66

98

98

100

93

8

Mesotrione

Callisto

PPS

0.094

99

100

92

94

9

Oryzalin

Surflan

PPS

1

66

83

100

88

10

Oxyfluorfen

Goal 2 XL

PPS

0.25

100

100

100

98

11

Pendimethalin

Prowl

PPS

0.75

95

100

90

92

12

Prodiamine

Barricade

PPS

0.5

93

100

99

95

13

Pyroxasulfone

Zidua

PPS

0.067

90

97

100

90

14

Saflufenacil

Treevix

PPS

0.044

100

100

100

99

15

S-metolachlor

Dual Magnum

PPS

0.95

92

98

100

92

16

Rimsulfuron

Matrix

POST

0.031

33

100

87

70

17

Clopyralid

Stinger

POST

0.125

50

10

17

33

18

Halosulfuron

Sandea

POST

0.035

0

82

33

50

19

Mesotrione

Callisto

POST

0.094

100

100

20

96

21

26

36

23

FPLSD (0.05)

44

lbs ai/A 1

Dithiopyr

2

Dimethenamid-P

3 4

Ethalfluralin+clomazon e Flumioxazin

5

Prairie cone flower

Black eyed Susan

Cosmos

Cuphea

Selfheal

Lupine

Bachelor button

Eve primrose

Baby’s breath

Obs

Forget me not

Rate

Calendula

Timing

Spike primrose

Product

Poppy

Herbicide

Phacelia

Level

Purple cone flower

Table 3. Herbicide effects on seedling emergence, July 18, 2011, approximately 1 month after planting.

---------------------------------------------- no/m of row----------------------------------------

Dimensio n Outlook

PPS

0.18

3

6.0

1.3

1.0

0

6.0

2.7

0.3

6.0

6.0

4.3

0

5.0

6.0

6.0

6.0

PPS

0.63

3

0

0

0

0

6.0

6.0

5.0

0

6.0

6.0

0

0

6.0

0

0

Strategy

PPS

1.05

3

0.3

0

0

0

6.0

3.3

2.0

6.0

6.0

1.7

0

2.3

6.0

0

0.3

Chateau

PPS

0.191

3

0

0

0

0

0

2.0

0

0

2.7

0

0

0

1.7

0

0

Halosulfuron

Sandea

PPS

0.035

3

0

0

0

0

2.0

2.0

0.3

4.0

4.7

6.0

0

0

4.0

0

0

6

Indaziflam

Alion

PPS

026

3

2.7

0

0

0

0

4.0

2.0

0

6.0

6.0

0

1.0

6.0

1.0

0

7

Isoxaben

Gallery

PPS

0.66

3

1.7

0

0

0

4.0

4.3

2.3

6.0

6.0

3.0

0

1.7

5.7

0

0

8

Mesotrione

Callisto

PPS

0.094

3

6.0

0

6.0

0

6.0

2.0

2.0

0

0

0

0

6.0

3.3

0

0

9

Oryzalin

Surflan

PPS

1

3

2.3

2.0

0

0

6.0

0

0

5.0

6.0

5.3

0

3.0

6.0

6.0

3.7

10

Oxyfluorfen

Goal 2 XL

PPS

0.25

3

0

0

0

0

3.3

4.0

6.0

2.3

5.3

5.0

0

0.7

6.0

0

0

11

Pendimethalin

Prowl

PPS

0.75

3

1.3

4.0

0

0

6.0

2.0

0

6.0

6.0

6.0

0

1.7

6.0

6.0

4.0

12

Prodiamine

Barricade

PPS

0.5

3

4.0

0

0.3

0

6.0

0.7

2.0

6.0

6.0

5.7

0

3.3

4.3

3.3

0.3

13

Pyroxasulfone

Zidua

PPS

0.067

3

4.3

1.0

0

0

6.0

4.0

2.0

0.3

6.0

6.0

0

2.7

5.7

0

0

14

Saflufenacil

Treevix

PPS

0.044

3

0

0

0

0

2.3

5.0

3.7

0

5.3

1.3

0

0.7

1.0

0

0

15

S-metolachlor

PPS

0.95

3

4.0

0.3

0

0

5.3

5.3

4.0

4.0

6.0

6.0

0

0

6.0

0

0.3

16

Rimsulfuron

Dual Magnum Matrix

POST

0.031

3

2.0

1.3

2.3

0

3.3

4.0

6.0

6.0

6.0

2.3

0

0

4.0

4.0

4.0

17

Clopyralid

Stinger

POST

0.125

3

6.0

1.0

2.7

0

0.7

4.0

4.0

6.0

0

4.3

0

3.7

6.0

2.0

2.0

18

Halosulfuron

Sandea

POST

0.035

3

2.0

0.7

4.3

0

1.3

6.0

2.3

6.0

2.0

2.3

0

0.7

4.0

1.7

0.7

19

Mesotrione

Callisto

POST

0.094

3

6.0

0

5.3

0

6.0

2.0

0.3

0

4.7

0

0

4.7

6.0

0

0

20

Check

-

-

3

6.0

2.0

3.0

0

6.0

4.0

4.0

6.0

4.3

6.0

0

4.3

6.0

4.3

3.0

3.1

2.3

2.3

0

2.3

4.7

4.0

2.0

2.2

2.4

0

2.9

2.3

2.5

2.6

FPLSD (05)

-

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Table 4. Percent growth reduction in flowers grown for seed on August 26, 2011.

lbs ai/A

Prairie cone

Black eyed Susan

Cosmos

Cuphea

Selfheal

Lupine

Bachelor button

Eve primrose

Baby’s breath

Forget me not

Calendula

Spike primrose

Rate

Poppy

Timing

Purple cone

Product

Phacelia

Herbicide

------------------------------------------------ % stunting ------------------------------------------------

1

Dithiopyr

Dimension

PPS

0.18

43

90

100

87

27

100

99

7

7

47

100

27

0

23

40

2

Dimethenamid-P

Outlook

PPS

0.63

100

100

100

100

37

80

50

100

23

23

67

100

10

100

100

3

Ethalfluralin+ clomazone

Strategy

PPS

1.05

100

100

100

100

67

97

97

7

83

100

100

73

20

100

100

4

Flumioxazin

Chateau

PPS

0.191

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

88

100

100

100

83

100

100

5

Halosulfuron

Sandea

PPS

0.035

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

92

50

100

100

85

100

100

6

Indaziflam

Alion

PPS

0.026

80

100

100

100

100

73

93

100

7

23

100

87

13

83

100

7

Isoxaben

Gallery

PPS

0.66

73

100

100

93

57

85

73

7

57

50

100

70

40

83

100

8

Mesotrione

Callisto

PPS

0.094

0

100

30

100

37

100

100

100

100

100

100

10

95

100

100

9

Oryzalin

Surflan

PPS

1

77

67

100

83

40

100

100

70

7

17

100

63

0

20

30

10

Oxyfluorfen

Goal 2 XL

PPS

0.25

100

100

100

83

87

63

0

83

53

53

100

90

23

100

100

11

Pendimethalin

Prowl

PPS

0.75

98

33

100

67

17

93

100

33

40

17

100

87

7

7

33

12

Prodiamine

Barricade

PPS

0.5

90

100

100

100

10

100

67

0

10

20

100

97

33

80

50

13

Pyroxasulfone

Zidua

PPS

0.067

37

93

100

100

33

83

53

100

0

0

100

52

40

100

100

14

Saflufenacil

Treevix

PPS

0.044

100

100

100

100

90

17

60

100

70

92

100

90

87

100

100

15

S-metolachlor

Dual Magnum

PPS

0.95

63

93

100

100

23

50

0

50

23

0

100

100

0

100

73

16

Rimsulfuron

Matrix

POST

0.031

97

93

97

100

100

93

93

40

53

97

100

100

97

83

43

17

Clopyralid

Stinger

POST

0.125

0

100

80

83

100

0

13

40

97

70

100

47

93

100

100

18

Halosulfuron

Sandea

POST

0.035

80

100

80

100

100

90

70

73

97

100

100

93

90

100

67

19

Mesotrione

Callisto

POST

0.094

17

100

37

67

23

97

98

100

85

100

100

30

77

100

100

FPLSD (05)

46

Table 5. Relative selectivity of flower crop tolerance to post plant surface and postemergence herbicides. Value in each cell is the ratio of crop injury sustained by the herbicide divided by the weed control provided. Shaded cells indicate treatments that provided acceptable weed control without damaging the crops. Prairie cone flower

Black eyed Susan

Cosmos

Cuphea

Selfheal

Lupine

Bachelor button

Evening primrose

Baby’s reath

Forget me not

Calendula

Spike primrose

Timing

Poppy

Product

Purple cone flower

Herbicide

Phacelia

Level

----------------------------------------------------- ratio of % herbicide injury to weed control-------------------------------1

Dithiopyr

Dimension

PPS

0.6

1.3

1.4

1.3

0.5

1.4

1.4

0.1

0.1

0.7

1.4

0.2

0

0.3

0.1

2

Dimethenamid-P

Outlook

PPS

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

0.4

0.8

0.5

1.1

0.2

0.3

1.1

1.1

0.1

1.1

1.1

3

Strategy

PPS

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

0.7

1.0

1.0

0.1

0.9

1.0

1.0

0.8

0.2

1.0

1.0

4

Ethalfluralin+ clomazone Flumioxazin

Chateau

PPS

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

0.9

1.0

1.0

1.0

0.8

1.0

1.0

5

Halosulfuron

Sandea

PPS

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.4

0.5

1.5

1.5

1.2

1.5

1.5

6

Indaziflam

Alion

PPS

0.8

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

0.6

1.0

1.0

0.1

0.24

1.0

0.9

0.1

0.9

1.0

7

Isoxaben

Gallery

PPS

0.8

1.1

1.1

1.0

0.6

0.9

1.1

0.1

0.6

0.5

1.1

0.8

0.6

0.9

1.1

8

Mesotrione

Callisto

PPS

0

1.1

0.3

1.1

0.4

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

0.1

1.0

1.1

1.1

9

Oryzalin

Surflan

PPS

0.9

0.8

1.2

1.0

0.2

1.2

1.2

0.8

0.1

0.2

1.2

0.7

0

0.3

0.3

10

Oxyfluorfen

Goal 2 XL

PPS

1.0

1.0

1.0

0.8

0.9

0.6

0

0.8

0.5

0.5

1.0

0.9

0.2

1.0

1.0

11

Pendimethalin

Prowl

PPS

1.1

0.4

1.1

0.7

0.2

1.0

1.1

0.3

0.4

0.2

1.1

0.9

0.1

0.1

0.4

12

Prodiamine

Barricade

PPS

0.9

1.1

1.1

1.1

0.1

1.1

1.1

0

0.1

0.2

1.1

1.0

0.4

0.8

0.5

13

Pyroxasulfone

Zidua

PPS

0.4

1.0

1.1

1.1

0.4

0.9

0.6

1.1

0

0

1.1

0.4

0.4

1.1

1.1

14

Saflufenacil

Treevix

PPS

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

0.9

0.2

0.6

1.0

0.7

0.9

1.0

0.9

0.9

1.0

1.0

15

S-metolachlor

PPS

0.7

1.0

1.1

1.1

0.3

0.6

0

0.7

0.3

0

1.1

1.1

0

1.1

1.1

16

Rimsulfuron

Dual Magnum Matrix

POST

1.5

1.4

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.4

1.4

0.6

0.8

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.3

0.9

17

Clopyralid

Stinger

POST

0

2.0

1.7

2.0

2.0

0

0.4

0.8

1.9

1.7

2.0

1.4

1.8

2.0

2.0

18

Halosulfuron

Sandea

POST

1.7

2.3

1.6

2.3

2.3

1.9

1.4

1.7

2.2

2.3

2.3

2.2

2.1

2.3

1.7

19

Mesotrione

Callisto

POST

0.2

1.0

0.4

0.7

0.2

1.0

1.0

1.0

0.9

1.0

1.0

0.3

0.8

1.0

1.0

47

Table 6. Herbicide application data. Planted June 21-22 herbicide application date Crop stage Weeds and growth stage Application timing Start/end time Air temp/soil temp (2")/surface Rel humidity Wind direction/velocity Cloud cover Soil moisture Plant moisture Sprayer/PSI Mix size Gallons H20/acre Nozzle no. and type Nozzle spacing and height Soil inc. method/implement Other

Thursday, February 24, 2011 some cotyledons present (stale seedbed) PPS 5:30-9 AM 63/68/70 55% 0 at start and finish, up to 3 mph for trts 10-13 100 Dry BP30PSI 7000 mls 20 5-XR8002 20/20 Irrigation after 4 hours

48

Friday, July 15, 2011 3 WAP some 4 in or bigger EPOST 6-8AM 61 75% SW 0- 0.2 0 Damp Heay dew BP25PSI 8000 mls 20 4-XR8003 20/20 Irrigate on Monday Cultivated wheel tracks

Figure 1. Research farm plot showing effect of treatment on different flower species, Sept 2, 2011.

49