THINK YOU KNOW YOUR VOCABULARY?

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THINK YOU KNOW YOUR VOCABULARY?

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THINK YOU KNOW YOUR VOCABULARY? Specialized Words Everyone Needs to Know

®

NEW

YORK

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Copyright © 2009 Learning Express, LLC. All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. Published in the United States by LearningExpress, LLC, New York. Library of Congress Control Number: 2009926366 A copy of this title is on file with the Library of Congress. ISBN: 978-1-57685-687-1 Printed in the United States of America 987654321 For more information or to place an order, contact LearningExpress at: 2 Rector Street 26th Floor New York, NY 10006 Or visit us at: www.learnatest.com

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CONTENTS

Introduction: The Top 20 Reasons Why You—Yes, You—Need a Better Vocabulary

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Pretest: How Much Do You Know?

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PART ONE Vocabulary Boot Camp: Just the Basics

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Day 1

Person, Place, or Thing? Commonly Used Nouns

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Day 2

It’s Alive! Vivid, Vibrant Verbs

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Day 3

Coming Close: Studying Synonyms

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Day 4

When Opposites Attract: Awesome Antonyms

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Day 5

What’s the Difference? Handling Homophones

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Day 6

Make It Real: Adding Adjectives

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Day 7

Make It Real—Again: Time for Adverbs

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CONTENTS

PART TWO In No Uncertain Terms: Specialized Vocabularies Everyone Needs to Know

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Day 8

How Are You Feeling Today? Emotional Terms

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Day 9

Just the Facts, Ma’am: Mathematical Terms

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Day 10 Name That Tune: Musical Terms

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Day 11 On the Hunt: Job Search Terms

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Day 12 Sign on the Dotted Line: Contract Terms

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Day 13 Politics on Parade: Political Terms

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Day 14 The Weather Report: Meteorological Terms

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Day 15 Where in the World? Geographical Terms

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Day 16 Pieces and Parts: Mechanical Terms

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Day 17 Patron of the Arts: Humanities Terms

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Day 18 In the Doctor’s Office: Medical Terms

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Day 19 The World Wide Web: Computer Terms

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Day 20 Does It Take Batteries? Electronic Terms

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Day 21 The Right Time and Place: Historical Terms

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Day 22 What’s Cookin’? Culinary Terms

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Day 23 If You Build It: Construction Terms

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Day 24 Order in the Court: Legal Terms

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Day 25 Between Your Ears: Psychological Terms

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Day 26 It’s a Science: Scientific Terms

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Day 27 People-Watching: Anthropological Terms

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Day 28 Play Ball! Sports Terms

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Day 29 You Design It: Interior Design Terms

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Day 30 School Days: Educational Terms

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Posttest: How Much Do You Know Now?

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Answers

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INTRODUCTION The Top 20 Reasons Why You—Yes, You— Need a Better Vocabulary

veryone needs a strong, extensive vocabulary.

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Why, you ask? Simply put, a good vocabulary is something that you’ll use every single day, in one way or another. You’ll meet people all the time who use specialized words, and if you don’t understand them, you may be the one to pay the price. Take a look at the following top 20 reasons for developing a strong vocabulary. You’ll probably find yourself in there somewhere. Having an extensive vocabulary will help you to: 1. do better in school, from taking tests to writing papers. Better grades mean better colleges, better resumes, and better job opportunities. In the end, that can mean a better income and ultimately, more money! 2. impress teachers, bosses, friends, parents, mentors, and other relevant people. 3. understand more quickly and easily any materials you’re given in school or on the job.

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INTRODUCTION

4. express your emotions and thoughts in a more articulate and accurate way. 5. be less likely to have people catch you off guard when they use words that are unfamiliar to you. 6. communicate easily with a wider variety of people. 7. most likely score higher on tests like the ACT or SAT; higher scores may mean more college opportunities. 8. ace magazine and newspaper quizzes and puzzles. 9. improve your overall self-confidence. 10. avoid feeling lost or confused when talking to experts in different fields. 11. watch PBS documentaries and History Channel shows without running for a dictionary. 12. fill up your conversations with more interesting words or phrases than like, you know, and whatever. 13. avoid being left out of conversations because you’re struggling to figure out what a certain word means. 14. better formulate your ideas, goals, and plans when speaking or writing about them. 15. improve the quality of your letters, memos, e-mails, and maybe even your text messages! 16. read faster because you won’t be slowed down by having to decipher, skip over, or look up unfamiliar words. 17. give stronger, more persuasive speeches whether going for a good grade, convincing your boss to give you a raise, or persuading your parents to let you have a new mp3 player. 18. understand the world better because you’ll have a stronger knowledge of what’s going on around you. 19. keep up with your favorite TV shows because you’ll finish your homework faster. 20. race through this book, laughing maniacally because you know every single word in it! A word about these words: The first thing to know is that almost all of the words are officially considered to be at the eleventh-grade level and up. Some of the words may have more actual definitions than are included here. You’ll mostly find the main definitions of words as they are used in normal conversation, but feel free to look up additional ones at your leisure.

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DO Try This at Home

Think your vocabulary is just fine? Try this simple experiment. For the next seven days, every time you read or hear a word you can’t easily define, write it down. This includes words you hear on television as well as in conversations at home, school, and work. Write down any word you find in your textbooks, newspapers, books, magazines, or on the Internet that you can’t easily define. When you’re finished, you may be surprised at how many words you come across on a daily basis that, if you had to define, you couldn’t!

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PRETEST: HOW MUCH DO YOU KNOW?

efore you begin reading and learning all the

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new words in this book, test the strength of your vocabulary as it stands right now. This pretest gives you examples of words you’ll find in each lesson. Good luck! Read each statement below and circle the correct answer. 1. The word faction refers to a a. body part. b. clique. c. political party. d. equation. 2. To add decoration or embellishments to something is to a. admonish it. b. chastise it. c. garnish it. d. redress it. 1

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3. A more descriptive word for pretty is a. accoutrement. b. belligerent. c. gregarious. d. winsome. 4. Someone who is laconic tends to be a. terse. b. wealthy. c. attractive. d. polite. 5. A person who is admired or worshipped is known as a. an idle. b. an idol. c. an idyll. d. idyllic. 6. A nebulous answer is one that is a. negative. b. gruesome. c. offensive. d. confusing. 7. To behave ignominiously is to act a. dishonorably. b. anxiously. c. logically. d. consistently. 8. A truly miserable person is a. credulous. b. bellicose. c. disconsolate. d. zealous.

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PRETEST: HOW MUCH DO YOU KNOW?

9. The distance around a circle is the a. circumference. b. diameter. c. denominator. d. equation. 10. A maestro is a a. teacher. b. author. c. conductor. d. officer. 11. Another word for C.V., or curriculum vitae, is a. reference. b. recommendation. c. resignation. d. resume. 12. The small statements at the bottom of a contract renouncing legal rights are called a. disclaimers. b. defaults. c. collateral. d. liabilities. 13. An anarchist believes that governments should be a. expanded. b. abolished. c. revered. d. followed. 14. When temperatures rise with increased elevation, it is an example of a. evaporation. b. precipitation. c. inversion. d. condensation.

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15. Half of the globe is called a. a biosphere. b. an isthmus. c. a hemisphere. d. a meridian. 16. A joule is a unit of a. electricity. b. inductance. c. temperature. d. energy. 17. A moment of insight is known as a. a hubris. b. an epiphany. c. a melodrama. d. an omniscience. 18. Keratin is found in a. fingernails. b. clothing. c. vegetables. d. medicine. 19. Spam® is the name of a meat product, but spam can also refer to a. snail mail. b. television commercials. c. unwanted e-mails. d. instant messaging. 20. Xenon is a type of a. gas. b. alien. c. planet. d. metal.

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PRETEST: HOW MUCH DO YOU KNOW?

21. Another word for armistice is a. peace. b. happiness. c. love. d. hope. 22. Bread that is unleavened doesn’t a. bake. b. taste good. c. rise. d. contain wheat. 23. Bonding two or more layers of materials together is known as a. merging. b. laminating. c. infiltrating. d. partitioning. 24. A writ is a. an attorney’s fee. b. a witness’s testimony. c. a jury’s verdict. d. a judge’s order. 25. Having a stigma is considered a. physically painful. b. temporarily frightening. c. socially unacceptable. d. emotionally amusing. 26. An antioxidant is a substance that might help people fight a. Alzheimer’s. b. cancer. c. Parkinson’s. d. acne.

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27. A matriarchy is a system that is run by a. priests. b. men. c. dictators. d. women. 28. A switch-hitter plays the game of a. baseball. b. football. c. soccer. d. basketball. 29. A certain style of couch is called a. a valance. b. an armoire. c. a patina. d. a settee. 30. Someone who is bilingual is a. able to speak in two different languages. b. allowed to have residency in two countries. c. born in one country but living in another. d. trained to speak English as a primary language.

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PART ONE

VOCABULARY BOOT CAMP: JUST THE BASICS

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DAY

1

PERSON, PLACE, OR THING? COMMONLY USED NOUNS

f you’ve ever played 20 Questions, you’ve heard

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people ask, “person, place, or thing?” or “animal, vegetable, or mineral?” While the answer to these questions changes throughout the game, they all have one thing in common: they are nouns. Think back to grammar class. You probably remember that a noun is, quite simply, a person, place, or thing. The dictionary further pins it down as “a word or group of words used as the name of a class of people, places, or things, or of a specific person, place, or thing.” Does that help? Need more of an explanation? Just remember that a noun is something or someone. It’s not an action (that’s a verb). It doesn’t describe anything (those are adjectives and adverbs). Many times, a noun is something you can touch, but not always. After all, affection is a noun and so are faith, courage, dreams, and other things you can’t touch. These qualify as generic “things” in the definition. Without nouns, our words and speech wouldn’t make much sense. For example, imagine leaving this note: “Going to his with. Returning. Doing quickly.” 9

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Is there a message there? No! The recipient of the note wouldn’t know where you were going or with whom, when you would return, or what you’re doing.

Just Be Glad

Be thankful this is a vocabulary book and not a grammar book. If it was, you’d see instructions on how nouns relate to appositives, articles, pronouns, compound-possessive forms, infinitives, objective complements, plural possessives, direct objects, and subordinate clauses. Whew. Don’t you feel lucky right now?

The definitions of 20 nouns follow; they are arbitrary selections (yes, look that one up!). A few have more than one definition because they’re typically used in several ways. Now and then, you’ll spot some with interesting or unusual comments added. That doesn’t mean the other words are any less interesting. It just means there’s only so much space in this book!

Pet Peeve

Don’t you just hate it when you look up a word in the dictionary and a form of the same word is in the definition? It can make you feel like your brain is going in circles. This book tries not to repeat the word or a version of it in definitions so that the meaning is as clear as possible.

DEFINITIONS alumnus a person who has attended or has graduated from a particular school [The plural of alumnus is alumni.] boycott the process of refusing to deal with a person, organization, or country, usually to express disapproval or to force acceptance of terms [This word can act as either a noun or a verb in a sentence.] charlatan a person who pretends to have more knowledge, skill, or ability than he or she actually possesses [The word comes from Italy and is based on people from the village of Cerreto, most of whom were deemed medical quacks.] condiment something used to make food tastier, such as mustard, ketchup, salt, pepper, or other seasonings 10

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dissertation a long, usually written, thesis or essay on a subject, normally part of the process for earning a college degree epoch (1) an event or time that begins a new period of development; (2) a memorable event, date, or period; (3) a division of geologic time less than a period and greater than an age facsimile (1) an exact copy; (2) a system of transmitting and reproducing printed matter or pictures by means of signals sent over telephone lines [This is where the word fax comes from, as in “I’m sending you a fax.” The word is also commonly used as a verb, as in “I’m faxing you a copy right now.”] faction a group or clique acting together within a larger body, party, government, or organization habitat the place or type of place where a plant or animal naturally or normally lives or grows; the natural environment of an organism heretic a person who believes or teaches something opposed to the current beliefs of the majority; a person who doesn’t conform to any established attitude, doctrine, or principle iconoclast a breaker or destroyer of images, especially religious ones; a person who attacks cherished beliefs or traditional institutions as being based on error or superstition [Most likely, a heretic and an iconoclast would be good friends—and a lot of trouble!] interloper a person who intrudes or interferes wrongly or without reason; a person who thrusts him- or herself uninvited into the affairs of others kindred a group of related individuals or a person’s relatives, family, tribe, or race [This is often shortened to “kin” or “kinfolk” in some communities.] labyrinth (1) a place full of passageways and blind alleys arranged to make it difficult to find one’s way around or find the exit; (2) something extremely complicated or twisting; (3) the bony and membranous part of the internal ear [In classical mythology, the Labyrinth was a huge maze built in Crete by Daedalus, under the command of King Minos. It was used to cage the Minotaur, a creature that was part man, part bull.] metropolis the chief or capital city of a country, state, or region; any large, busy city [In comics and films, this is the name of Superman’s favorite city.] 11

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nomenclature a system of terms used in a particular science, field of knowledge, or art, especially for the names of plants and animals in biology pacifist a person who opposes, or is against, war or violence as a means of settling disagreements or whose belief in nonviolence causes him or her to refuse to go into military service prodigy (1) an amazing event or action; (2) an unusually talented or gifted child restoration the act of returning something to its former, original, or normal condition symposium (1) a group meeting at which there are several speeches and often a group discussion; (2) a collection of opinions on a subject [These things have certainly changed a lot since Greek and Roman times when the word just meant a big party!]

Activity 1: HIDDEN WORDS All the vocabulary words from the lesson are hidden in this puzzle. Look across, down, diagonally, and backward to find them.

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PERSON, PLACE, OR THING? COMMONLY USED NOUNS

alumnus boycott charlatan condiment dissertation epoch facsimile

metropolis nomenclature pacifist prodigy restoration symposium

faction habitat heretic iconoclast interloper kindred labyrinth

Activity 2: WORD MATCH Match each vocabulary word on the left with a word on the right that means almost the same thing—also known as a synonym (remember that for a later section). 1. charlatan

_____ a. conference

2. facsimile

_____ b. genius

3. interloper

_____ c. city

4. kindred

_____ d. jargon

5. labyrinth

_____ e. peacekeeper

6. nomenclature

_____ f. intruder

7. symposium

_____ g. copy

8. metropolis

_____ h. family

9. pacifist

_____

i. maze

10. prodigy

_____

j. impostor

Activity 3: PICK-A-WORD Choose the best vocabulary word to complete each sentence. 1. If you and your high school buddies decided to get together after you graduated, you would host a(n) _______________ party. 2. If you refused to serve a certain kind of chip dip because you discovered that the company that made it didn’t pay their workers well, you started your own ______________. 3. Despite the lack of chip dip, you would make sure to serve more than one ______________ for the hot dogs and burgers.

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4. To get the party started, you might decide to stand up and read the fantastic _______________ you wrote as part of earning your honors status in your senior year. 5. Your teacher told you that it was so amazingly well written that a new ______________ has begun in student essays, although he was rolling his eyes when he said it. 6. Even though everyone at your party would be having fun, there would be the typical ______________ who would sit in the corner, only interacting among themselves. 7. You might be tempted to tell them to go back to their own ______________, but you’d just smile and keep playing the part of a perfect, polite host. 8. There could be a(n) ______________at the party, who doesn’t agree with anyone else’s attitudes or perspectives. 9. Hopefully, your neighbors wouldn’t call and accuse you of being a(n) _______________ because you play music that they are opposed to in principle. 10. After all, you’d be doing such a great job keeping the place from getting trashed that a(n) ______________ would not be required.

Activity 4: WORD MIX-UP Unscramble each vocabulary word and write it correctly.

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1. chope

__________________________

2. taanrachl

__________________________

3. sidnoitrates

__________________________

4. thataib

__________________________

5. pretinlero

__________________________

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Activity 5: TRUE OR FALSE? Read each statement. Write T if it’s true or F if it’s false. _____ 1. A condiment is something that is added to food to improve the flavor. _____ 2. The people who go to the same school as you do are known as kindred. _____ 3. An exact copy of a document or illustration is a facsimile. _____ 4. Your neighborhood can be referred to as a metropolis. _____ 5. A pacifist is unlikely to be interested in negotiation.

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Activity 6: CROSS-A-WORD Read each clue. Write the correct vocabulary word in the puzzle.

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Across 2 someone opposed to a set of beliefs 6 a person who breaks and destroys images 8 someone not willing to fight about things 10 the act of making something look like it did originally 11 a person who claims to be something he/she is not

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Down 1 where an animal lives 3 an important event or period in history 4 a system of terms for a field of knowledge 5 a clique 7 someone who is most unwelcome 9 relatives, such as aunts, uncles, and cousins

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DAY

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IT’S ALIVE! VIVID, VIBRANT VERBS

h, verbs. They may just seem like another

part of that gloomy world of grammar, but you would be lost without verbs. Well, actually, no, you wouldn’t. You couldn’t because lost, in one form, is a verb. Verbs are the life force of writing and speaking. They’re where the action is; they tell you what’s happening. Without verbs, you’d be unable to do anything—or at least, your communication about the things you were doing would be seriously lacking in substance. Being able to use a wide variety of verbs when you talk or write will make it far easier to explain what you mean. For example, you might write, “The wind blew.” That’s straightforward, but also rather simple. How about: “The wind roared.” “The wind whispered.”

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“The wind bellowed.” “The wind murmured.” Each of the verbs just listed creates an entirely different picture of what’s actually happening. By changing one word—the verb—the entire sentence communicates something new. That’s how powerful verbs can be. Just as you can’t communicate clearly without a noun, you can’t do so without a verb. For a sentence to be complete, you need both nouns and verbs; they work hand in hand. Remember that message you left for your parents? Well, if you wrote another one with nouns but no verbs, you’d end up with something like the following: John and I the mall. Dinner too. My job today. See? Still, there is no clear message. John and you what? What about dinner? What about your job? Without verbs, the message is a complete mystery! Okay, so you’ve got it—verbs are important. Using a variety of them is even more important. Learning a lot of verbs and understanding how each has its very own nuance (look it up!) and meaning can help you add spice, flavor, and personality to your spoken or written words. Knowing the different definitions of verbs can also help you better understand the words and meanings in other people’s communications. Some verbs are useful, but they’re very overused. One of the best examples is said. It’s used so often that it gets old quickly. What are some alternatives to said? Here are just a few. Beyond Said

whispered commented added exclaimed

shouted mumbled declared pronounced

uttered demanded cried answered

stated mentioned replied articulated

The following are some really fascinating verbs you can learn. As you read each definition, imagine using that word in a sentence to become more familiar with it.

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IT’S ALIVE! VIVID, VIBRANT VERBS

DEFINITIONS accrue (1) to increase in amount and value, especially over a period of time; (2) to come about as a natural growth or addition admonish (1) to rebuke or scold someone mildly but sincerely; (2) to give advice to someone to do or not do something atrophy (1) to waste away or shrink in size, especially a part of the body; (2) the lessening of an ability beguile (1) to draw notice or interest with charm; (2) to deceive by cunning capitulate

to surrender, usually on terms that have been agreed on in advance

chastise (1) to criticize harshly; (2) to punish severely delineate (1) to describe in sharp or vivid detail; (2) to indicate through lines or sketching disseminate (1) to distribute; (2) to spread around as if sowing seeds embody (1) to give definite form to or make something tangible; (2) to incorporate things into an organized whole garnish (1) to decorate; (2) to embellish or dress up [This is another word that can be used as either a noun or a verb. As a noun, it’s a spiffy little bit of food, like parsley, added to a plate of food to make it look pretty.] imbibe (1) to drink something; (2) to receive into the mind and retain inveigle (1) to win over or persuade through flattery or cleverness; (2) to trick or con modulate (1) to change sound to a certain key or pitch; (2) to alter or adjust something to the proper proportion [In the world of electronics, this means varying the quality of an electromagnetic wave for the transmission of information. Most likely, you won’t ever use it that way, but there it is. You are more likely to use it to ask someone to lower his or her voice or music.] officiate (1) to perform a ceremony; (2) to enforce or referee the rules of a game or sport

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ostracize (1) to force to leave or exclude, usually in society; (2) to ignore or snub [This is from the ancient Greek word ostrakon, meaning “a piece of pottery.” What does that have to do with anything, you ask? Good question. Pottery fragments were used in ancient Athens as a kind of ballot. Each year citizens would gather to decide if anyone needed to be banished for the “good of the city.” If your name was written on the most pieces, you were sent away—ostracized!] paraphrase (1) to give the same meaning in slightly different words; (2) to summarize plagiarize (1) to steal, copy, or pass off as one’s own work or idea; (2) to bootleg or use illegally propagate (1) to have offspring or reproduce; (2) to cause an idea or belief to spread out and affect a greater number of people or a wider area redress (1) to make up for something or set a wrong right again; (2) to even out or equalize vacillate (1) to hesitate between options or struggle to decide: (2) to swing back and forth

Activity 1: WORD MATCH Match each word on the left with its synonym on the right.

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1. entice

_____ a. accrue

2. punish

_____ b. admonish

3. reproduce

_____ c. atrophy

4. shrivel

_____ d. beguile

5. waver

_____ e. capitulate

6. decorate

_____ f. chastise

7. adapt

_____ g. delineate

8. surrender

_____ h. disseminate

9. banish

_____

i. embody

10. copy

_____

j. garnish

11. accumulate

_____ k. imbibe

12. restore

_____

13. distribute

_____ m. modulate

l. inveigle

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14. reword

_____ n. officiate

15. scold

_____ o. ostracize

16. deceive

_____ p. paraphrase

17. manage

_____ q. plagiarize

18. define

_____ r. propagate

19. partake

_____ s. redress

20. symbolize

_____ t. vacillate

Activity 2: YOU DECIDE Read each question below and circle the correct answer. 1. If you had a little bit of money, what would you hope it did as quickly as possible? a. accrue b. delineate c. inveigle d. officiate 2. If your muscles start to atrophy, it means you’ll get _________. a. stronger b. taller c. weaker d. older 3. If you were asked to officiate at your sister’s basketball game, it would mean that you were allowed to __________. a. play in the game b. throw the first ball c. sit in the stands d. make the rules 4. If your parents are upset with you, they’re most likely going to ___________ you. a. beguile b. admonish c. inveigle d. modulate

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5. If you are vacillating, it means you are __________. a. exhausted b. undecided c. educated d. delighted 6. Your teacher would probably be very upset to find out that you’d __________. a. plagiarized b. paraphrased c. restored d. redressed 7. When you redress a situation, you __________. a. ignore it b. correct it c. finish it d. report it 8. Which of the following words can be used as either a noun or a verb? a. atrophy b. garnish c. imbibe d. ostracize 9. Which of the following words has a specific meaning in electronics? a. accrue b. beguile c. modulate d. vacillate 10. If you bring separate things together into a whole, you ___________ them. a. admonish b. capitulate c. disseminate d. embody

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Activity 3: ANALOGIES In these analogies, each set of verbs are antonyms, or opposites. Look at the first set, then figure out which vocabulary word is missing from the second set. 1. accrue : dwindle :: ________ : decisive 2. atrophy : strengthen :: _________ : ignore 3. imbibe : refuse :: _________ : offend 4. ostracize : embrace :: _________ : original 5. admonish : praise :: _________ : strip

Activity 4: WORD MIX-UP Unscramble each vocabulary word and write it correctly. 1. hisdamno __________________________ 2. shinrag

__________________________

3. gelvinie

__________________________

4. sderser

__________________________

5. latcavile

__________________________

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Activity 5: PICK-A-WORD Choose the word from the box that best completes each sentence. capitulate chastise delineate disseminate

embody modulate officiate

paraphrase propagate redress

1. When the referee explained his reasons, I realized he was right and had no other choice but to ________________. 2. People in the back rows of the audience couldn’t hear the speaker so he had to ____________ his voice in order to reach them. 3. She is known for breaking into tears if you ____________ her. 4. The lawyer talked on and on for almost an hour, so in my essay I had to ____________ what he said. 5. Could her song possibly ___________ everything I had been feeling about myself for years? 6. My brother has been able to ___________ over my soccer games for as long as I can remember. 7. My parents tried to convince me that if I ___________ my mistake I will feel much better. 8. Mrs. Connors has been trying to _____________ her wildflowers for a decade now. 9. Does the course’s outline _____________ exactly what we have to do in order to earn an A in the class? 10. A rumor can _________ throughout the school by lunch hour.

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DAY

3

COMING CLOSE: STUDYING SYNONYMS

ynonyms are words that mean almost the

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same thing as another word. Each one might have a certain shade or nuance that the other word doesn’t, but often they can be used interchangeably. Knowing synonyms is important because it gives your writing and speaking more variety. Each synonym gives a slightly different meaning to the same action. So you can avoid what your teacher might label “vague and abstract terms,” like things or stuff. To give you an idea of how synonyms work, I’ve organized this section a little differently. Hopefully, it will give you a glimmer of how synonyms can improve your writing and speaking, and show you the many options the English language offers if you just take the time to go beyond the usual “stuff.”

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Thesaurus: No, It’s Not a Dinosaur!

You already know that a dictionary is for looking up what a word means. It may list a synonym of the word, but what if you want to know as many synonyms as possible to enrich your vocabulary? You’re in luck. A thesaurus does just that. Words may be in alphabetical order, as in a dictionary, or organized by categories. Either way, this resource can supply quite a few synonyms and often antonyms. Your computer probably has a thesaurus you can access at the click of a button. You can also find online thesauri—note the plural ending.

DEFINITIONS To replace vague words like things or stuff, try the following. accoutrement (noun) accessory items of personal clothing or equipment, usually used in the plural form appurtenance (noun) an important accessory, instrument, or piece of equipment paraphernalia (noun) equipment, apparatus or personal belongings; can be used as singular or plural Perhaps you would like to describe a pretty woman or handsome man. How about: beauteous (adjective) lovely to look at pulchritudinous (adjective) physically beautiful and appealing winsome (adjective) innocently lovely or engaging How about a grumpy, irritable person? You could use: belligerent (adjective) hostile, waging war, or eager to be part of a fight cantankerous (adjective) difficult or irritating to work or spend time with pugnacious (adjective) ready and willing to start or join a battle of any kind On the other hand, how about that really friendly person you enjoy running into? You could describe the person as: affable (adjective) at ease and pleasant, especially in conversation; polite, mannerly 26

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convivial (adjective) friendly, fond of feasting and going to parties gregarious (adjective) tending to associate with others, sociable [In the world of science, this means being part of a flock of animals or plants growing in clusters.] How about simple words like small and big? Do they have replacements that could spice up your descriptions? Of course! colossal (adjective) extraordinarily great in size, extent, or degree; gigantic [In the world of architecture, it pertains to a classic style in which columns span two or more stories of a building.] diminutive (adjective) of small or tiny size, often with the quality of being lovable or pitiful [This can also be used as a noun to indicate a small person or thing.] gargantuan (adjective) enormous or very large [The word first appeared in the late 1600s in books by Rabelais about a large-mouthed giant named Gargantua. The base word in Spanish means “gullet,” and both gargantuan and gargle come from the same root. Imagine a gargantuan giant gargling!] infinitesimal (adjective) exceedingly small, almost immeasurably so [In the world of math, this means “capable of having values approaching zero as a limit.”] minuscule (adjective) very small Verbs can be replaced also. Remember all the choices you read earlier for said? How about some alternatives to replace a word like walk? amble (verb) to maintain a slow, easy pace, such as a stroll [This can also be used as a noun for a horse whose same-side legs move together. The word ambulance comes from the same base but, hopefully, if someone’s being transported in one, it’s not moving at a slow, easy pace.] saunter (verb) to take a leisurely walk traipse (verb) to walk or wander about aimlessly or without reaching one’s goal

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Activity 1: THE SEARCH IS ON! All the vocabulary words from the previous pages are hidden in this puzzle. Look across, down, diagonally, and backward.

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accoutrement affable amble appurtenance beauteous belligerent cantankerous

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colossal convivial diminutive gargantuan gregarious infinitesimal minuscule

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paraphernalia pugnacious pulchritudinous saunter traipse winsome

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Activity 2: WHAT AM I? Read each question, then choose an appropriate answer from this lesson’s vocabulary words. 1. I replace the generic word things and can be used as both singular and plural. What am I? __________________________________________________________ 2. I mean “beautiful,” but in a most innocent and charming way. What am I? __________________________________________________________ 3. I’m someone who no one seems to want to spend any time around because I’m grumpy. What am I? __________________________________________________________ 4. I describe someone you definitely would want to invite to your next party. What am I? __________________________________________________________ 5. I mean “huge” but am so special that I have a double meaning in classical architecture. What am I? __________________________________________________________

Activity 3: GET CREATIVE On the lines below, write a story using at least five of the vocabulary words in this lesson. _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ 29

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Activity 4: CHOOSE-A-WORD Read each question and circle the correct answer. 1. When you look in the mirror, you hope this word comes to mind. a. winsome b. appurtenance c. gargantuan d. traipse 2. This is the kind of trouble you want to have in your life. a. belligerent b. minuscule c. saunter d. beauteous 3. If you’re ever stuck in an elevator, you should hope it’s filled with people who exhibit this characteristic. a. pugnacious b. amble c. affable d. colossal 4. This could describe how you walk when you have no particular destination. a. accoutrement b. pulchritudinous c. infinitesimal d. traipse 5. If you have to fight any battles, you might want to take along someone who is known for being a. beauteous. b. convivial. c. diminutive. d. pugnacious.

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Activity 5: TRUE OR FALSE? Read each statement. Write T if it’s true or F if it’s false. _____ 1. Belligerent people and convivial people behave the same way. _____ 2. Gregarious is a term sometimes used about plants. _____ 3. Minuscule and gargantuan are synonyms for each other. _____ 4. An attractive person could add pulchritudinous to his or her list of attributes. _____ 5. Amble and ambulance have the same base word.

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Activity 6: CROSS-A-WORD Read each clue. Write the correct vocabulary word in the puzzle.

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Across Down 1 accessories, usually used in the plural 1 an important piece of equipment 5 apparatus, can be used singular or plural 2 has a busy social calendar 7 ready to fight it out with anyone 3 think tiny puppies 11 ready and willing for battle 4 extraordinarily huge 13 horses’ legs come to mind 6 physically beautiful 14 innocently engaging 8 invite to your next party 15 used for columns in architecture 9 really, really tiny 16 a real vision 10 a pleasure to chat with 17 not much fun to hang out with 12 an aimless walk without a 18 time to take a stroll destination

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DAY

4

WHEN OPPOSITES ATTRACT: AWESOME ANTONYMS

ow that we’ve explored synonyms, or words

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that mean about the same thing, let’s take a look at antonyms—words that have opposite meanings. They’re helpful to know because you don’t want to use one when you mean the other—that can cause terrible confusion, even chaos. Just think about the simple antonyms yes and no. There’s a huge difference between them and what they mean. If someone asks if you want to spend your summer vacation with your Aunt Ethel and Uncle Morris cleaning out their attic, your answer will most likely be “No!” If you’re asked if you’d rather spend your vacation backpacking through Europe with your best friends, your answer’s probably going to be “Yes!” Just imagine what would ensue if you got those two reversed! If you want to be truly picky and precise, antonyms come in three forms: gradable, complementary, and converse. Gradable antonyms are those that can be measured, like hot/cold or dry/wet. Complementary ones describe a matter of being, like male/female or alive/dead. Converse antonyms depend on one another, like buy/sell or borrow/lend. You have to have the one word in order to have its antonym. The words in this day’s lesson are great antonyms to know, so enjoy! 33

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DEFINITIONS anomaly

an irregularity or difference, not following the general rule

benign kind, compassionate, or gentle [In the medical world, this is a happy word—it means harmless, the kind of note you want to see on your medical records.] cursory quick or superficial decorum calm

dignity or good manners/behavior, etiquette; the condition of being

effusive unrestrained in expressing feelings or emotions incarcerate

to imprison or confine

jocund merry or jolly laconic terse, to the point, using few words malevolent harmful, evil, wanting to cause harm [Remember the mean sorceress in Sleeping Beauty? Her name was Maleficent. Coincidence? Methinks not.] maudlin ostensible

weak and overly sentimental shown outwardly, genuine on the surface but open for doubt

placate to calm the anger of bitterness of; to make someone less angry plethora

a lot of, many, an excessive amount of something

recalcitrant stubbornly refusing to give in to authority; hard to do or handle reprehensible sporadic

worthy of or deserving blame, extremely guilty or at fault

occurring now and then; random or intermittent

succinct short and concise, without wasted words, brief and to the point truculent ready and willing to fight; aggressively defiant veracity in agreement with truth; truthfulness vitriolic expressing bitter hatred toward something or someone [In the world of chemistry, this means to resemble a glassy metallic sulfate; that’s a tough one to work into your average conversation.]

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Activity 1: WORD MATCH Match each word on the left with its antonym(s) on the right. 1. anomaly

_____ a. expressing love and affection

2. benign

_____ b. enrage

3. cursory

_____ c. strong and unemotional

4. decorum

_____ d. the norm

5. effusive

_____ e. verbose, wordy

6. incarcerate

_____ f. profound and deep

7. jocund

_____ g. very few

8. laconic

_____ h. well-behaved or compliant

9. malevolent

_____

i. completely innocent

10. maudlin

_____

j. regular or repeated

11. ostensible

_____ k. rambling or long-winded

12. placate

_____

13. plethora

_____ m. set free

14. recalcitrant

_____ n. falsity, lies

15. reprehensible

_____ o. ill-mannered, impolite

16. sporadic

_____ p. reserved, constrained

17. succinct

_____ q. dangerous, harmful

18. truculent

_____ r. good, helpful, kind

19. veracity

_____ s. complacent, easy going

20. vitriolic

_____ t. authentic, genuine

l. sad, full of sorrow

Activity 2: PICK-A-WORD Read each sentence below. Select the best vocabulary word to fill each blank so that the sentence makes sense. 1. Sometimes it seems like a movie that has both excellent special effects and a good story line, plus quality actors, is a(n) _______________ in Hollywood. 2. If great amounts of money are spent on the effects, the plot usually gets little more than a(n) _____________ glance.

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3. Dialogue is ____________ when it should be descriptive and wordy and ___________ when it should be concise. 4. I’m always disappointed when the ______________ villain gets overly __________ and confesses. 5. Most movies have a(n) ____________ of actors but a dearth of ones that really make you believe them. 6. Of course, not all movies are completely _______________; some are actually pretty entertaining. 7. They’re ______________, popping up now and then when you least expect it. 8. That _____________ me for awhile; I act with enough ______________ to make my parents proud. 9. In all _____________, I know that I can be a rather critical movie reviewer. 10. I guess it’s a good thing I’m not mouthy and _____________ about it, huh?

Activity 3: WHAT AM I? Read the question, then choose the appropriate answer from this lesson’s vocabulary words. 1. I’m a term you want to hear or see after you’ve had a medical test. What am I? __________________________________________________________ 2. I’m who you want at your side if you’re heading into a fight! What am I? __________________________________________________________ 3. I appear completely sincere at first, but you’ve got your doubts. What am I? __________________________________________________________

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4. I’m pretty quiet, only talking when I have to and then in very few words. What am I? __________________________________________________________ 5. I’m a huge hit at your friends’ houses because of my excellent behavior. What am I? __________________________________________________________

Activity 4: WORD MIX-UP Unscramble each vocabulary word and write it correctly. 1. nocjud

__________________________

2. alteacp

__________________________

3. yitrevac

__________________________

4. tinracerace

__________________________

5. mderouc

__________________________

Activity 5: ANALOGIES In these analogies, each set of words are synonyms, or mean about the same. Look at the first set, then figure out which vocabulary word is missing in the second set. 1. anomaly : irregularity :: _________ : hatred 2. malevolent : evil :: __________ : random 3. truculent : defiant :: __________ : merry 4. incarcerate : imprison :: __________ : concise 5. placate : calm :: __________ : superficial

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DAY

5

WHAT’S THE DIFFERENCE? HANDLING HOMOPHONES

kay, let’s start with clearing up some under-

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standable confusion. There are homonyms and there are homophones. Are they the same thing? No. Are they similar? Yes. Simply put: Homonyms are words that have the same spelling but different meanings. For example bear and mean. Bear can refer to “a big, furry animal” or the verb “to carry.” Mean can be a “nasty attitude” or “average” in math terms. Homophones are words that sound the same but have different spellings and meanings. (Those letters at the end, -phone, mean “sound,” as in telephone and microphone.) In this lesson, we’ll take a closer look at homophones. You’ll most likely notice that these words are simpler than those we’ve been working with so far. For the most part, homophones are simpler, but since they often get confusing, it is important to get a handle on them. 39

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If you enjoy this lesson and cannot wait to do even more work with homophones, check out the Internet. You’ll find websites that have quizzes, games, and many more resources about homophones. Have fun!

DEFINITIONS allowed/aloud allowed (verb) (1) permitted or let have; (2) took into consideration aloud

(adverb) to vocalize or say for others to hear band/banned

band (noun) a company of persons joined together, a group of musicians; (verb) to unite together banned (noun) prohibited by law; (verb) prohibited or barred billed/build billed (adjective) having a bill or beak; (noun) an itemized statement of fees or charges build (verb) to construct by assembling parts or materials, to establish, increase, or strengthen; (noun) the physical structure of a person browse/brows browse (verb) to eat or graze, to look through or glance at casually brows (noun) the facial hair above the eyes cymbal/symbol cymbal (noun) a plate of brass or bronze that produces a sharp, ringing sound when struck; an instrument that is often part of a drum set symbol (noun) something used for or regarded as representing something else such as a letter, figure, word, phrase, or image

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discreet/discrete discreet (adjective) judicious or careful in one’s conduct and speech, especially in regard to privacy or silence about a secret discrete (adjective) apart or detached from others, separate or distinct discussed/disgust discussed disgust

(verb) talked over or wrote about (verb) a strong disapproval or revulsion; (noun) nausea, repugnance gorilla/guerilla

gorilla (noun) the largest of the anthropoid apes guerilla (noun) a member of an irregular military or paramilitary group horse/hoarse horse (noun) a large, solid-hoofed quadruped used for carrying people and loads hoarse (adjective) having a husky, harsh voice, sometimes due to temporary illness idle/idol/idyll idle (adjective) not working or active, not in use or operation, frivolous or meaningless, having no basis or reason, groundless or futile; (verb) to pass time doing nothing idol (noun) an image or other object representing a deity that is worshipped, a person regarded with blind admiration, a figment of the mind or fantasy idyll

(noun) a poem or prose, an episode of charm incite/insight

incite

(verb) to stir, urge on, or prompt to action

insight (noun) a sudden understanding of the true nature of something, an intuitive understanding often used in psychology

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lessen/lesson lessen

(verb) to reduce or make smaller

lesson (noun) something to be learned or studied, a section of a course of study or part of a book or exercise morning/mourning morning (noun) the first part of the day, usually from dawn until noon; (adjective) pertaining to or occurring in the hours before noon mourning (noun) the act of someone grieving or sorrowing, the outward symbols of sorrow; (adjective) describing the act of grieving pair/pear/pare pair (noun) this word has more than twenty definitions in some resources but for now, let’s stick with just two: two identical or similar things that are matched for use together; two individuals who are associated in some way, a couple pear

(noun) a kind of fruit, comes in multiple varieties

pare (verb) to cut off the outer layer, remove by cutting stationary/stationery stationary (adjective) standing still and not moving, a fixed position stationery

(noun) writing paper, writing materials tracked/tract

tracked (verb) followed the trail of, observed the progress of, followed; carried on one’s shoes tract (noun) an expanse of land or other region; a brief publication of spiritual sayings verses/versus verses (noun) stanzas or sections of poetry or music versus (preposition) against or in contrast to 42

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weather/whether weather (noun) the state of the atmosphere (wind, temperature, precipitation, pressure, etc.) in a given place at a given time; (verb) to expose to the weather; to bear up against something and survive it whether (conjunction) used to introduce the first of two or more alternatives whirled/world whirled

(verb) revolved rapidly, rotated, or spun quickly

[Take a moment and picture the bumper sticker “Imagine whirled peas.” Chuckle softly. Okay, back to work.] world

(noun) the earth and all the people, places, and things inhabiting it

[Now picture that bumper sticker as saying “Imagine world peace.” What a difference a homophone makes!] whine/wine whine (verb) to utter a cry or sound of unhappiness, irritation, or complaint; (noun) a peevish or cranky complaint wine (noun) a drink made from the juice of fermented grapes

Activity 1: THIS ONE OR THAT? Read each sentence below. Write the best homonym(s) to make the sentence make sense. 1. My parents recently told me that I was _____________ (allowed/aloud) to join a _____________ (band/banned). 2. With a grin, my dad said that as long as he wasn’t ____________ (billed/build) for the supply of earplugs the family had to buy, he was happy. 3. I just raised my ______________ (browse/brows) at him and shook my head. 4. When I practice late at night, I try to be ______________ (discreet/ discrete) when I hit the ____________ (cymbals/symbols) so I don’t wake anyone up. 43

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5. My mom had already _____________ (discussed/disgust) that problem with me until she was almost _______________ (horse/hoarse). 6. Since I have better manners than the average ________________ (gorilla/ guerilla), I tried to follow her rules. 7. One day, when I appear on American ____________ (Idol/Idle/Idyll), I can buy my own recording studio and loud music will not _____________ (incite/insight) a family riot. 8. Keeping my parents happy is an important ____________ (lessen/lesson) I’ve learned because if I don’t, _____________ (morning/mourning) is sure to follow! 9. In the garage, I put one ____________ (pair/pear/pare) of speakers next to my Dad’s ______________ (stationary/stationery) bike. 10. Under one speaker, I found a _____________ (tracked/tract) of old spiritual ______________ (verses/versus). 11. I didn’t know ____________ (weather/whether) to keep it. 12. When I ______________ (whirled/world) around, I saw a spot on a shelf and hid it underneath a bottle of _____________ (whine/wine).

Activity 2: RIGHT HOMOPHONE? Read each statement. Write T if the underlined word is used correctly. Write F if it isn’t. _____ 1. My teacher asked me to read the Shakespeare sonnet aloud. _____ 2. I just found out that his writing was once band from some schools. _____ 3. Apparently there were some questions and controversy about the symbols he used. _____ 4. A few were less than discrete in their double meanings. _____ 5. This was a brand new incite into his writing for me. 44

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_____ 6. It was a lessen I could actually be interested in, I thought. _____ 7. I spent the morning poring over Shakespeare’s words. _____ 8. I must have spent two hours just on his versus. _____ 9. I don’t know whether I missed the double meanings or if they just weren’t there. _____ 10. “It was disappointing not to find something controversial,” I wined to my mother.

Activity 3: WORD MIX-UP Unscramble each vocabulary word and write it correctly. 1. ldalewo

__________________________

2. nndabe

__________________________

3. eorwbs

__________________________

4. aymcbl

__________________________

5. derscite

__________________________

6. distgsu

__________________________

7. iarolgl

__________________________

8. shoear

__________________________

9. dlyli

__________________________

10. nisthgi

__________________________

11. roniumgn

__________________________

12. aarotnsyit

__________________________

13. wtaheer

__________________________

14. eidhwlr

__________________________

15. nwieh

__________________________ 45

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Activity 4: GET CREATIVE! On the lines below, write a story using at least five of the vocabulary words from this lesson. Make sure you use the correct homophone. _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________

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Activity 5: HIDDEN HOMOPHONES All these homophones are hidden in this puzzle. Look across, down, diagonally, and backward to find them. V

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DAY

6

MAKE IT REAL: ADDING ADJECTIVES

emember that lesson you did on nouns?

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Adjectives, as you may recall, are words that modify or describe nouns. In other words, when you write about a book, movie, person, or house, you use adjectives to give details about them: it was an abysmal book, an enlightening movie, an engaging person, or a monstrous house. Get the picture? Adjectives exist to help you, well, paint a picture. They allow writers to be artists and use words to create images. Think about your favorite authors and books you enjoy reading the most. As you read, you see images in your head of the places, the characters, and the actions. Most likely, you create those images thanks to all of the adjectives the author used. (Adverbs also help create images, but we won’t cover them until Day 7, so be patient.) Knowing a wide variety of adjectives will make it easier for you to use that proverbial paintbrush and create images with your spoken and written words. You’ll be able to better express yourself, whether you’re trying to write the world’s best book report or trying to explain over the phone to tech support what your DVD megachanger is doing wrong! 49

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Here are some great adjectives. See how many you can work into your conversations this week. You never know who might be listening! Just to Confuse You

Many adjectives turn into adverbs just because an -ly ending is added. Isn’t that weird?

DEFINITIONS affluent

having an abundance of wealth or material goods; rich, wealthy

agrarian of, relating to, or concerned with farmers or farming interests; agricultural cadaverous resembling a corpse, ghastly caustic likely to offend or hurt someone’s feelings [In the world of chemistry, this means capable of eating away by chemical reaction. See the similarity?] decadent despicable

of moral/ethical or cultural decay or decline deserving of contempt

dogmatic asserting opinions in an arrogant manner, opinionated ethereal

light, airy, extremely delicate or refined

flippant

frivolously disrespectful, shallow, or lacking in seriousness

haggard having a gaunt, wasted, or exhausted appearance, usually due to suffering or anxiety homogeneous all of the same, or similar in, nature [In the world of biology, this is used to indicate a structure that has a common origin.] intrinsic belonging to a thing by its very nature, inherent lucrative producing a profit, moneymaking macabre gruesome, ghastly, or horrifying mundane of or pertaining to the real world; common or ordinary

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nebulous hazy, indistinct, cloudy, confused [In the astronomical world, a nebula is typically an interstellar cloud of gas or dust.] pathological caused by or involving disease repugnant distasteful or offensive; opposed or contrary salient prominent or conspicuous; projecting or pointing outward utilitarian of useful function, pertaining to utility

Activity 1: WHAT AM I? Read each question, then answer it with the appropriate word from this lesson’s vocabulary words. 1. I’m what allows people to buy whatever they want. What am I? __________________________________________________________ 2. I’m not much fun to be around because I hurt everyone’s feelings. What am I? __________________________________________________________ 3. I don’t take anything seriously, which often comes across as rather disrespectful. What am I? __________________________________________________________ 4. I’m one of the most desired bottom line goals in any business. What am I? __________________________________________________________ 5. I’m the kind of answer that no one quite understands because I’m just too vague. What am I? __________________________________________________________

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Activity 2: CHOOSE-A-WORD Read each statement. Circle the correct answer. 1. You might want to use this adjective if you’re writing about a ghost. a. agrarian b. ethereal c. homogeneous d. pathological 2. Some people say that a truly good piece of chocolate qualifies as this adjective. a. cadaverous b. decadent c. flippant d. intrinsic 3. There are some kids who love their vegetables—but others think veggies are __________. a. caustic b. dogmatic c. mundane d. repugnant 4. When you walk into a large department store and see endless rows of the same shirt, you can safely say that the clothing is __________. a. affluent b. despicable c. homogeneous d. nebulous 5. Brushing your teeth, checking your e-mail, and eating lunch are all examples of what type of activity? a. mundane b. pathological c. repugnant d. salient

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Activity 3: GET CREATIVE Using the nouns in the box, write sentences using adjectives from this lesson. How many can you use with each noun? How does that change the image you’re creating? house shirt meal

dog class visitor

woman shoes music

man movie hair

instrument school present

book desk family

_______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________

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Activity 4: ANALOGIES Look at the relationship between the first set of words, and then figure out which vocabulary word is missing from the second set. 1. affluent : poor :: pleasant : __________________________ 2. dogmatic : neutral :: respectful : __________________________ 3. ethereal : solid :: rested : __________________________ 4. mundane : extraordinary :: healthy : __________________________ 5. salient : subtle :: useless : __________________________

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Activity 5: CROSS-A-WORD Read each clue. Write the correct vocabulary word in the puzzle.

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Across 1 This is a money-making business. 5 Eww! 6 I’m absolutely exhausted. 7 That is simply contemptible. 10 It is quite functional. 11 Aren’t you refined? 15 Having a great deal of money. 17 He looks like a corpse today. 18 I’m still vague on that situation. 19 That’s YOUR opinion.

Down 2 It’s an inherent part of life. 3 You look absolutely horrible. 4 Just part of the daily routine. 8 How could you possibly miss that? 9 It’s all about the land. 12 That wasn’t the most respectful answer. 13 It’s a sign of moral decline. 14 Are those exactly the same? 16 Ouch, that hurts my feelings. 55

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DAY

7

MAKE IT REAL—AGAIN: TIME FOR ADVERBS

ust as promised in yesterday’s lesson, this one

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is about adverbs. Just as adjectives give details about nouns, adverbs serve the same function for verbs. They help paint a picture by giving details and descriptions about the verb or action. Instead of focusing on describing people, places, and things, adverbs describe reading, running, writing, shopping, and thousands of other verbs. Notice that all the adverbs in today’s lesson end in -ly. While the vast majority of adverbs do end this way, not all do. But the most common ones are about manner, or how something is done. These end in -ly. Other types of adverbs tell about place (“I’ve lived on this block all my life”), frequency (“She often stops by the library”), time (“He’s supposed to return before dark”), and purpose (“We talk online to find out what happened at school”). Let’s concentrate on the adverbs of manner in this lesson. (Notice how often the word manner appears in the definitions!)

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Yeah for Me!

Once again, you can be thankful that this isn’t a grammar book. If it were, it would have to include lessons about adverbial phrases, infinitive phrases, adverbs that modify adjectives, emphasizers, amplifiers, and lots of other things you don’t have to deal with in a vocabulary book.

DEFINITIONS adamantly firmly fixed or strongly against something, unyielding balefully deadly or harmful in influence, threatening harm or evil coherently logically connected, consistently, sticking together decidedly certain, unquestionable or unmistakable, free from hesitation ignominiously

in a dishonorable manner or to a dishonorable degree

incorrigibly

in a manner beyond correction or reform, willful or unruly

inexplicably

in a manner impossible to explain or account for

inimitably

in an irreproducible manner or incapable of being copied

insatiably

to a degree or manner of not being satisfied or appeased

languidly in a lethargic manner, lacking energy or weak magnanimously

in a generous or forgiving manner, noble

meticulously in an extremely careful and precise manner opulently in a sumptuous and luxurious manner prolifically

in an abundant or productive manner, fruitfully

pungently

in a distressed, emotional manner

quiescently

in a restful, quiet, or inactive manner

resiliently

in a rebounding, springing back manner

sardonically

in a manner characterized by bitter or scornful derision, cynically

solicitously in an anxious or overly concerned manner, eagerly tenaciously

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in a persistent, stubborn, or highly retentive manner; obstinately

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Activity 1: WORD MATCH Match each vocabulary word on the left with a word on the right that means almost the same thing. 1. adamantly

_____ a. generously

2. balefully

_____ b. stubbornly

3. coherently

_____ c. robustly

4. decidedly

_____ d. luxuriously

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8. inimitably

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12. meticulously

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_____ m. mysteriously

14. prolifically

_____ n. hopelessly

15. pungently

_____ o. exclusively

16. quiescently

_____ p. lazily

17. resiliently

_____ q. scrupulously

18. sardonically

_____ r. cuttingly

19. solicitously

_____ s. voraciously

20. tenaciously

_____ t. quietly

l. cynically

Activity 2: TRUE OR FALSE? Read each statement. Write T if the underlined adverb is used correctly and F if it is used incorrectly. _____ 1. Your teachers have just coherently told you what to expect on your final, so you’re relieved because you understood it perfectly. _____ 2. Your children have spent the afternoon acting incorrigibly and you’re completely exhausted from it.

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_____ 3. When you accidentally get a dent in your parents’ car, you’re scared that they’ll respond magnanimously. _____ 4. Your house is decorated opulently so you’re quite proud to show it off to others. _____ 5. Your best friend is speaking inexplicably about what happened to your sweater she borrowed, and you’re satisfied with her excuse.

Activity 3: GET CREATIVE This one should sound familiar by now. Just as you did in previous lessons, use at least five vocabulary-word adverbs with the verbs in this box to make sentences. read write hear

talk learn eat

work behave act

listen give paint

watch rest offer

_______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________

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Activity 4: WORD MIX-UP Unscramble each vocabulary word and write it correctly. 1. alyadmtna

__________________________

2. tocnrhyeel

__________________________

3. yosmngliiou

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4. nbgirioyiclr

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5. lsatnyiaib

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6. nyosmaamniulg

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7. tulylpone

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8. uilscnetqye

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9. snetllyirie

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10. oosciyuitsll

__________________________

Activity 5: PICK-A-WORD Circle the best adverb to complete each sentence. 1. My teacher (adamantly/quiescently) refused to let me retake the test. 2. I tried to (coherently/prolifically) explain why I had missed class that day. 3. The night before I had (meticulously/resiliently) set my new alarm clock. 4. I somehow (decidedly/inexplicably) forgot to push down the button. 5. The next morning I (insatiably/languidly) remained in bed when I was supposed to be in class. Oops!

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PART TWO

IN NO UNCERTAIN TERMS: SPECIALIZED VOCABULARIES EVERYONE NEEDS TO KNOW his section is all about specialized vocabular-

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ies—words that tend to be used in certain places and situations and by certain groups of people. Even if you’re not part of such a group, you’ll probably encounter these words somewhere in your life. You might hear them from a carpenter or contractor hired to build your family’s new deck, the doctor who suggested you start exercising, or a teacher who’s discussing your school records. If you have a strong working knowledge of what these words mean, you won’t get lost, confused, or overwhelmed when communicating with others in different fields.

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DAY

8

HOW ARE YOU FEELING TODAY? EMOTIONAL TERMS

he words in this lesson are used when talking

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or writing about people’s emotions, or feelings. You may use them when having a close, personal conversation with someone you care about. They may come up when you’re talking to a doctor or having a discussion with your school counselor. You might use them in a letter to a special friend or even in a report about how you responded to something you read or saw. It’s extremely helpful to have a wide variety of words to choose from when you’re trying to explain how you feel about something or attempting to understand how someone else feels. They provide clarity and detail that might otherwise be lost or misunderstood. Emotions are hard enough to understand without using vague terms like okay, so-so, all right, or whatever when someone asks how you are. Study these words and use them when you can. They’ll make your communication more effective. Note: These words are primarily adjectives, but remember, by adding an -ly ending to some, they become adverbs. Presto chango!

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DEFINITIONS abashed ashamed or embarrassed acquiescent willing to carry out the demands, orders, or wishes of others without protest or complaint angst a feeling of dread, anxiety, or anguish apathetic bellicose

having or showing little to no emotion; uninterested or indifferent eager to fight; hostile

candid outspoken, honest, sincere, free from subterfuge or lies contrite sincerely remorseful, filled with a sense of guilt and the need to be forgiven credulous willing to believe or trust too easily, gullible disconsolate totally unhappy, without any solace or comfort possible; gloomy ebullient

overwhelmed with enthusiasm, bubbling up with high spirits

effervescent

lively, sparkling, vivacious

enamored inspired or captivated by love; unreasonably fond facetious not meant to be taken seriously or literally; amusing impotent lacking in power or ability; utterly unable to do something effectively; sterile jaded worn out or wearied through overwork; dulled or dissipated lewd obscene or indecent; usually characterized by lust petulant showing sudden, impatient annoyance or irritation, typically over something minor taciturn dour

inclined to silence, reluctant to join conversations or social situations;

vociferous crying out noisily; clamorous zealous devoted, characterized by passionate action or diligence

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HOW ARE YOU FEELING TODAY? EMOT IONAL TERMS

Activity 1: CROSS-A-WORD Read each clue. Write the correct vocabulary word in the puzzle.

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Down 1 compliant 2 dread 3 miserable 5 obscene 6 dour 7 remorseful 8 amusing 13 diligent

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Activity 2: WHICH ONE DOES NOT BELONG? Look at each group of words. Circle the one that doesn’t fit. 1. angst, disconsolate, ebullient 2. effervescent, enamored, taciturn 3. jaded, vociferous, apathetic 4. acquiescent, petulant, bellicose 5. contrite, candid, abashed

Activity 3: PICK-A-WORD Choose the best vocabulary word to complete each sentence. 1. When you feel like you’re willing to do anything people ask you to do, you’re being __________. 2. If it feels like you believe every single word that people tell you, you’re being __________. 3. When you simply can’t take anything anyone tells you seriously, you’re being __________. 4. If you feel completely helpless and powerless, you’re being __________. 5. If you feel passionately enthusiastic about a cause, then you’re being __________.

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Activity 4: HIDDEN WORDS All the vocabulary words from the lesson are hidden here. Look across, down, diagonally, and backward to find them.

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credulous disconsolate ebullient effervescent enamored facetious impotent

jaded lewd petulant taciturn vociferous zealous

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Activity 5: WORD MIX-UP Unscramble each vocabulary word and write it correctly. 1. haesabd

__________________________

2. rsuleuocd

__________________________

3. lblnteiue

__________________________

4. eftensecefvr

__________________________

5. dwle

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6. sucioftae

__________________________

7. tutlanpe

__________________________

8. ticuantr

__________________________

9. ourvfsioec

__________________________

10. azesolu

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9

JUST THE FACTS, MA’AM: MATHEMATICAL TERMS

hat? There’s a lesson on math in the middle

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of a vocabulary book? Yes, it’s true. Believe it or not, math and words are not mutually exclusive. Some of the most common mathematical terms you’ll run into during your life are included here. It may be in math class, while trying to balance your checking or savings account, helping someone with his or her math homework, or refinancing a house. Knowing these terms will help you better understand what you read or hear about math concepts and numbers. Some you probably already know, so take a moment and review; then when someone starts spouting equations and formulas, you’ll be ready to respond intelligently.

DEFINITIONS aggregate sum total; a whole made up of different parts; total or gross amount algebra mathematics that utilizes letters as symbols; math that deals with general statements of relations 71

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algorithm a set of rules for solving a problem in a finite number of steps; a problem-solving procedure annuity money paid at regular intervals for a fixed period; investment paying an annual sum calculus a method of calculation that uses symbols or symbolic logic; computation circumference the distance around a circle or another object; the outer boundary of a circular area; perimeter commodity

a traded item or useful thing; an article of trade or commerce

deficit the amount by which a sum of money falls short of the required amount; shortfall; a lack or shortage denominator the number below the line in a fraction indicating the number of parts making up the whole [In the nonmath world, this word often means a common characteristic between people or things.] diameter a line running from one side of a circle to another; the width of a circular object equation the act of equating or making equal; an expression or a proposition asserting the equality of two quantities fiscal of or pertaining to the public treasury or revenues, or financial matters in general geometry mathematics of shapes; the branch of mathematics that deals with the deduction of the properties, measurement, and relationships of points, lines, angles, and figures in space inflation higher prices; a persistent, substantial rise in the general level of prices integer a member of the set of positive whole numbers; the whole number, unit, or entity median middle point; the middle in a set of ordered values; noting or pertaining to a plane dividing something into two equal parts; the middle number in a sequence of numbers, taken as the average of the two middle numbers; midpoint perpendicular at right angles; vertical; straight up and down; meeting at a given line or surface at right angles 72

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promissory usually used in insurance, indicating contract provisions; generally means containing a promise recession a decline in economic activity; a period of economic contraction scarcity an insufficiency or shortness of supply; rarity

Activity 1: PICK-A-WORD Circle the best vocabulary word to complete each sentence. 1. Money that’s sent to you on a regular basis for a set amount of time is known as a(n) a. aggregate. b. annuity. c. deficit. d. fiscal. 2. When you measure the distance around a tree, that figure is known as a(n) a. algorithm. b. inflation. c. diameter. d. circumference. 3. Finding the median is the same thing as finding the a. middle point. b. starting point. c. ending point. d. average point. 4. In business, a company may trade or purchase a(n) a. promissory. b. denominator. c. commodity. d. fiscal. 5. The type of math that primarily deals with shapes is a. algebra. b. calculus. c. geometry. d. perpendicular. 73

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6. When the prices of everything consumers want to buy keep rising, that’s known as a. deficit. b. inflation. c. recession. d. scarcity. 7. Lines that are drawn at right angles are a. geometry. b. algorithm. c. median. d. perpendicular. 8. When you realize you are completely out of soda and chips on a Saturday night, you realize you have a serious a. scarcity. b. recession. c. equation. d. integers. 9. When your paycheck is less than the amount of bills you owe, you are experiencing a(n) a. inflation. b. deficit. c. promissory. d. recession. 10. When your best friend swears on paper that he will pay you back as soon as he gets paid next Friday, this is referred to as a _________________ note. a. integers b. commodity c. deficit d. promissory

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Activity 2: WHICH ONE DOES NOT BELONG? Read the words in each group below. Circle the one that doesn’t fit. 1. algebra, calculus, annuity 2. deficit, commodity, scarcity 3. equation, recession, inflation 4. aggregate, integers, denominator 5. circumference, fiscal, diameter

Activity 3: WHAT AM I? Read each question, then write the appropriate answer from this lesson’s vocabulary words. 1. I use letters as symbols when talking about mathematical relationships. What am I? __________________________________________________________ 2. I’m the bottom number you see when you’re figuring out a recipe. What am I? __________________________________________________________ 3. I’m what happens when the economy begins to slow way down. What am I? __________________________________________________________ 4. I’m two of the lines you make when you write an uppercase “H.” What am I? __________________________________________________________ 5. I’m the gross amount that goes on the bottom line. What am I? __________________________________________________________

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Activity 4: TRUE OR FALSE? Read each statement. Write T if it’s true or F if it’s false. _____ 1. Algorithms are used to help solve mathematical problems. _____ 2. The word denominator is used outside of math to indicate people who are quite diverse. _____ 3. 541 and 312 are examples of integers. _____ 4. Circumference and perimeter are similar in meaning. _____ 5. Geometry is math that centers on relationships of points, lines, and angles.

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10 T

NAME THAT TUNE: MUSICAL TERMS

his lesson is all about musical terms. These

are the fancy terms you may see in a symphony program or concert announcement. You might even find them in CD liner notes or a biography about your favorite musician. You’ll understand music on a deeper, more comprehensive level by taking the time to learn these terms. Some might even lead you to research new information about music. What does a nocturne sound like? How does a contralto sing? Who’s considered the most talented maestro in history? How about the most important virtuoso? If you discover a fascinating new type of music or performer, all the better.

DEFINITIONS allegro

brisk or rapid in tempo; lively

atonal without key; musical notes that are not related by any mode or key

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baroque a style of seventeenth-century (1600–1750) music written by composers such as Bach, Handel, and Vivaldi [This can also be a style of architecture and art created during the same era. All were characterized by very ornate and irregular forms.] contralto the lowest female vocal range, between alto and tenor—conversely, the highest male vocal range dissonance an unstable combination of musical notes or a discordant sound [Think of an orchestra tuning their instruments. Individual notes sound fine but simultaneously, this can be pretty harsh. Outside of the music world, this word means inconsistency or disagreement.] elegy a sad or mournful musical composition or lament, usually for someone who has died [This word also applies to sad poems and may remind you of “eulogy,” which is a speech that is commonly given at a person’s funeral.] falsetto a high singing method used by male singers; an artificially highpitched voice fugue a composition or musical form that states a theme and then repeats it in various forms throughout the song [In the world of psychiatry, this means a period of memory loss, as when a person later recovers but doesn’t remember what happened during the fugue.] interlude an instrumental piece of music played between parts of a song, between acts in a drama, or another break in the performance [Think halftime show during a football game. This is what happens during intermission. This can also refer to a period of time in which a person takes a break from something.] maestro a master conductor of music; an expert in composing, teaching, or conducting music [The Yoda of the music world.] monotone an unchanging tone, a series of identical sounds; a single tone without harmony or variation in pitch

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nocturne dreamy music; a composition of dreamy character, especially one for the piano orchestra a group of musicians gathered to play musical compositions, often including string, woodwind, brass, and percussion players, and a conductor in front to lead the music overture a musical composition that introduces an opera, play, ballet, or other performance [Note that outside of music, this word can mean an opening or initiating move toward negotiations or a new relationship.] recital a musical performance by one person or a small group [This works for music, as well as dance and even speeches.] reprise a repetition of a musical passage or return to an earlier theme [The musical version of TV reruns.] serenade a performance of vocal or instrumental music, especially in the open air at night tempo

the speed at which music is performed, the pace

unison notes at the same pitch; the performance of two or more parts at the same pitch; all voices singing together in perfect agreement or harmony virtuoso an extremely talented person who excels in musical technique and/or execution [Note that this word is often used to indicate an exceptional performer of any kind, whether musically inclined or not.]

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Activity 1: WORD MATCH Match each description on the left with the vocabulary word on the right. 1. the speed at which music is played

_____ a. allegro

2. a very skilled person

_____ b. elegy

3. a musical introduction to a performance

_____ c. fugue

4. a single sound without any change

_____ d. monotone

5. played or sung all together as one

_____ e. nocturne

6. a musical piece played often when someone dies

_____ f. overture

7. the musical version of a television repeat

_____ g. reprise

8. dreamy music usually for the piano

_____ h. tempo

9. music with a repeating theme

_____

i. unison

_____

j. virtuoso

10. a lively, quick pace

Activity 2: GET CREATIVE! On the lines below, write a story about attending a concert. Use at least five of the vocabulary words from this lesson. Make sure you use the correct form of the word. _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________

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Activity 3: ANALOGIES Look at the relationship of the first two words, then figure out which vocabulary word belongs in the second set. 1. rapid : allegro :: discordant : __________ 2. master : maestro :: unchanging : __________ 3. introduction : overture :: break : ___________ 4. group : orchestra :: solo : ____________ 5. repetition : reprise :: unanimous : __________

Activity 4: HIDDEN WORDS All the vocabulary words from the lesson are hidden here. Look across, down, diagonally, and backward for them. R

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allegro atonal baroque contralto dissonance elegy falsetto

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fugue interlude maestro monotone nocturne orchestra overture

recital reprise serenade tempo unison virtuoso

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Activity 5: TRUE OR FALSE? Read each statement. Write T for true or F for false. ______ 1. An overture in a concert is like an intermission during a play. ______ 2. A maestro and a virtuoso are quite similar. ______ 3. A nocturne is energetic and the perfect wake-up-in-the-morning music. ______ 4. The tempo of music is the pace at which it’s played. ______ 5. A recital is always performed by one person only; it is a solo performance.

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11

ON THE HUNT: JOB SEARCH TERMS

ne of the most important times in your life

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to make a good impression is when you’re job hunting. As you fill out an application form, it’s imperative that you answer all the questions as fully and effectively as possible. It’s equally important that you turn in a strong resume. Both of these forms will be enhanced by a strong, wide vocabulary. You don’t want to get halfway through filling out the application and run into a word you don’t know. You also don’t want to write a resume that either uses inappropriate vocabulary or uses words incorrectly. Furthermore, when you go for a job interview, you want to be able to completely understand the questions you’re asked and be able to use essential vocabulary in your responses. Not knowing the meaning of a word can confuse you just enough to get you off the track and into rambling. That can give the prospective employer the wrong impression about you, and cost you the job. The terms that follow might be used on an application, your resume, or in an interview, depending on the kind of job you’re pursuing. Become familiar with all of them and you’ll be one step closer to getting hired. Who can resist a job applicant with a fabulous vocabulary? 83

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DEFINITIONS accomplishment refers to the achievement of something—a feat, skill, or talent [This word indicates something you’ve done well or admirably, and could include everything from having a high GPA to winning the science fair to earning a promotion in your current job to having the biggest collection of baseball cards in your class. Plan to include only the pertinent ones on your resume or in your interview. Leave the rest for impressing classmates and favorite relatives.] application a formal request for something; a form filled out by an applicant [This word has other definitions, but in employment terms, it means the actual form you fill out when you apply for a job. This makes you the applicant.] assessment an evaluation of judgment; an appraisal [This typically refers to either assessments you have already had (job performance reviews, school tests, etc.) or to ones you’ll be asked to take in the application process.] compensation money in payment for services rendered; something given as an equivalent for work [In other words, this is your paycheck. Asking a prospective employer what the expected compensation is for the position sounds much better than, “Whatcha gonna pay me?”] diversity the state of being unlike or having variety [Employers look for “diversity,” meaning they look for employees from a wide variety of backgrounds.] freelance working for a variety of companies; an independent employee [In recent years, more and more companies have hired freelancers. These employees, often referred to as independent contractors or consultants, tend to work from home or off-site because they may work for more than one company at a time.] mentor a teacher or professional role model [Employers like to ask who your mentors are. Everyone has one—even if it’s just someone you admire from afar. A parent, neighbor, coworker, teacher, author, or even a celebrity may be yours. Just know a few and be prepared to say how they influenced you because, almost certainly, if you name one, the employer will ask.]

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negotiation a resolution of disagreements; a mutual discussion and arrangement of terms of a transaction or agreement [This is what you do when the terms of the job don’t meet your needs, whether it’s the hours, salary, or other relevant detail. Negotiation involves discussion and agreement, not arguing and stubbornness.] networking the practice of gathering contacts; a supportive system of sharing information and services between people who have a common interest [This means connecting with other people who might be able to help in your job or job search by sharing contacts or other information. By sharing, you help each other.] occupational pertaining to a trade or career [It’s a fancy word meaning “dealing with your work.” An occupational hazard, for example, is a risk you might encounter while on the job.] overqualified having more skill or education than a job actually requires [When you have a master’s degree from college and you’re applying to your local grocery store for a nighttime stocking job, chances are you’re overqualified. However, you aren’t alone because many people find themselves doing just this—especially when there are no jobs in their chosen field or there are many layoffs.] portfolio a collection of your creative work, usually carried in a flat, portable case also known as a portfolio [This is your resume, letters of recommendation, school transcripts, and other documents that represent your accomplishments. What’s in your portfolio is supposed to create an image of you that prospective employers can look over while deciding whether to hire you or not.] promotion an advancement in position or rank [In other words, the company’s giving you more money/office space/power/ responsibility.] recommendation personal reference and/or endorsement [When it comes to job searching, you’ll most likely need to have several recommendations, usually in the form of reference letters. These are typically from friends, teachers, and past employers saying how fantastic you are and how foolish it would be for the new employer not to hire you.]

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recruiter a person who enrolls or takes on people as workers [While this term is often associated with the military, it means anyone who connects people with available jobs. In business, they may also be headhunters or executive research firms.] resignation the official notification of leaving a job [When you decide it’s time to move on, for whatever reason, you resign. It’s usually done in writing and gives employers several weeks notice so they can find a replacement for you.] resume a collection or summary of your experience, education, and accomplishments within a given field [Sometimes called the curriculum vitae (C.V.), this is a listing of the reasons why an employer should hire you, from raving recommendations to amazing accomplishments.] telecommute to work from home or a remote location, usually using a computer connection [This can be wonderful—no neckties, uniforms, or businesslike clothes to wear. But it has its disadvantages, too. See if this is an option and if you’re even interested in it.] underqualified lacking the skills or other requirements of the job [If this is the case, you’re not likely to get the job unless the employer is a fan of on-the-job training.] workaholic a person who becomes addicted to his or her work and puts it above family and other responsibilities.

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Activity 1: PICK-A-WORD Read each statement, then circle the correct answer. 1. The things I should highlight on my latest resume are a. accomplishments. b. mentors. c. negotiations. d. portfolios. 2. When I ask about compensation, I’m asking a. how many hours I will have to work. b. what skills this job requires. c. what my work environment will be. d. how much I will be paid. 3. One element that many employers want in the workplace today is a. an application. b. diversity. c. negotiation. d. a resume. 4. If you would rather work from home on your own schedule than on-site on someone else’s schedule, consider becoming a a. mentor. b. workaholic. c. freelancer. d. recruiter. 5. Networking is the same as a. sharing information. b. working together. c. negotiating terms. d. getting a job. 6. A mentor is primarily a a. critic. b. stranger. c. teacher d. celebrity. 87

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7. A collection of your work is known as a a. resume. b. promotion. c. recommendation. d. portfolio. 8. When you ask your favorite teacher to write a letter about your best traits, you’re asking for a(n) a. promotion. b. recommendation. c. assessment. d. compensation. 9. A workaholic would most likely a. insist on more money. b. ask for part-time hours. c. want to telecommute. d. work a lot of overtime. 10. When you resign, you a. leave a job. b. ask for a raise. c. increase your hours. d. hope for a promotion.

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Activity 2: WHAT AM I? Read each question, then choose the appropriate answer from this lesson’s vocabulary words. 1. I have more skills and experience than the job requires. What am I? __________________________________________________________ 2. My job is to match the right people with the right jobs. What am I? __________________________________________________________ 3. I am a generic term that is associated with various professions. What am I? __________________________________________________________ 4. I am the form you fill out when you go in for a job. What am I? __________________________________________________________ 5. I am what tells you if you’re doing well—or not so well. What am I? __________________________________________________________

Activity 3: GET CREATIVE On the lines below, write a story about the job application process, using at least ten of the vocabulary words in this lesson. Make sure you use the correct form of the word. _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ 89

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Activity 4: CROSS-A-WORD Read each clue. Write the correct vocabulary word in the puzzle.

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Across 1 achievement 6 collection of work 7 evaluation 9 moving up 10 role model 11 quitting time 12 C.V. 13 independent contractor 14 support system

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Down 1 form 2 payment 3 resolution 4 variety 5 job addiction 8 headhunter

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DAY

12

SIGN ON THE DOTTED LINE: CONTRACT TERMS

ontracts are legally binding agreements.

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Legally speaking, a contract is formed by a meeting of the minds of at least two parties—a mutual consent resulting from an offer by one party and an acceptance of that offer by the other. Your parents are most likely very familiar with contracts as they’ve signed a few in their adult lives. You have a few years before you can enter a legally binding contract (most require you to be at least 18 years old), but learning the terms now will make it much easier to know whether to pick up a pen and sign something in the future. Contracts are a part of life, regardless of what career path you eventually follow. They are part of hiring others to do work. Contracts are typically written in a language that makes them hard to read. They use terminology and legalese jargon that many people can’t easily understand without some explanation. So this lesson is about those types of terms. It’ll make it easier for you to either create a contract or sign one with confidence down the road.

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DEFINITIONS addendum an addition or appendix, something added or a supplement arbitration a process for resolving a dispute; the settling of differences between parties by a person or persons chosen by the involved parties beneficiary a person or group that receives benefits, profits, or advantages; the legal recipient of money collateral property as security against a loan; security pledged for the payment of a loan compliance conformity; cooperation default the failure to perform an act or obligation legally required such as appearing in court or paying back a loan devaluation making or becoming less valuable; a reduction in value disclaimer

a statement renouncing legal right

equity a fair claim; the modification of a common law extension the act or process of increasing the range or application of something; an additional period of time insolvency the condition of being bankrupt leverage borrowing money to purchase a company; proportion of capital as debt; the use of a small investment, credit, or loan to gain a high return or reduce one’s liability liability liquidate

obligation under the law; debt pay a debt; shut down a business; convert assets into cash

notarization the legal certification of a document by affixing a notary public’s stamp and signature overhead

ongoing business costs; the general expense of running a business

refinance

to satisfy a debt by making another loan on new terms

revenue income from a person or business; the amount of money regularly coming in

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subcontract a secondary contract in which the person or company originally hired, in turn hires somebody else to do all or part of the work variable inconsistent; having no fixed numerical value (usually used as in variable interest or variable rates)

Activity 1: WHAT AM I? Read each question, then choose the appropriate answer from this lesson’s vocabulary words. 1. I’m something you add to the contract after you’ve read it but before you sign it. What am I? __________________________________________________________ 2. I’m the valuable material goods that you put up as security against a loan. What am I? __________________________________________________________ 3. I’m going down in worth even as you look at me. What am I? __________________________________________________________ 4. I’m what’s given if you just need a little bit more time. What am I? __________________________________________________________ 5. I’m what you do when you sell everything and use the cash to pay off a debt. What am I? __________________________________________________________

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Activity 2: YOU DECIDE Read each sentence. Select the best vocabulary word to fill in the blank. 1. If you need to hire someone to help you settle an argument with your business partner, your business is obviously in need of __________________. 2. Beware of any mortgage offer that says it includes a ______________ rate, as it will be hard to predict what it may do in years to come. 3. The ______________________ is the only one who will profit from this insurance. 4. Bankers appreciate your cooperation and _______________ when you apply for one of their loans. 5. Having to hire another company to finish the work you were contracted to do is known as _______________________. 6. When I failed to show up for the appointment, they told me that I was now in _____________ of the loan. 7. Always read the tiny ___________________ at the bottom of the contract so you know your legal rights. 8. Many people __________________ so that they can use the money and pay off their first loan. 9. Balancing profit with ________________ is a tricky process for many small businesses. 10. Being bankrupt or declaring ______________ is not an easy thing to do for some people.

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Activity 3: WORD MIX-UP Unscramble each vocabulary word and write it correctly. 1. euitqy

__________________________

2. erlgeaev

__________________________

3. tibiyaill

__________________________

4. naizotoitnra

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5. enrvuee

__________________________

Activity 4: TRUE OR FALSE? Read each statement. Write T for true or F for false. _____ 1. The point of arbitration is to settle a difference of opinions. _____ 2. A variable figure is one that won’t change for a set period of time. _____ 3. The money coming in is frequently referred to as overhead. _____ 4. Monthly expenses within a company are known as revenue. _____ 5. An extension is given to someone who needs more time to pay. _____ 6. The person who profits from a will is the beneficiary. _____ 7. Not performing an act that you promised to do is legally called devaluation. _____ 8. The money you owe is referred to as a liability. _____ 9. Notarization is a method of legally certifying a document. _____ 10. An appropriate synonym for collateral is debt.

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DAY

13

POLITICS ON PARADE: POLITICAL TERMS

uring an election year, some words tend to

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be used every ten minutes or so as television news stations give yet another update from the campaign trail. Even if people aren’t vying for office, however, these terms are often found in the media. So even if you’re NOT a politically inclined person, having a good basic knowledge of political jargon can be helpful. It helps you better follow classroom discussions, personal conversations, and news reports. Although politics, on the surface, may seem dull, it’s the foundation of how a country runs. What people talk about on the news today might just result in a change in the way your school is funded, what type of pension plans your company offers, and how much of your paycheck you’ll take home each week (or not). Keeping up with the issues is important so you know what to expect and, if you’re eligible to vote, so you can make informed decisions. Get to know these words and it will be easier.

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DEFINITIONS amendment an alteration of or addition to a motion, bill, or the Constitution; an official change to a legal document [One topic you’ll cover in history class is when women got the right to vote. It’s important to know that the right was spelled out in the nineteenth amendment to the U.S. Constitution.] anarchist someone who believes governments should be abolished because they’re unnecessary; a person who seeks to overturn government institutions, often through violence bipartisan representing or involving two political parties; including members from two factions bureaucracy a government or administrative system made up of special departments or bureaus, administrators, and officials delegate

a person designated to act as a representative for others

filibuster a political delaying act used by a member of the legislative assembly to prevent the passage of legislation, often by performing a long and irrelevant speech gerrymandering dividing a geographic area into voting districts that provide an unfair advantage to one party in elections [Historical note: This word was first spotted in a newspaper in 1813. It’s a combination of salamander, a small lizardlike creature, and the name of Elbridge Gerry, the former governor of Massachusetts. Apparently, Gerry’s party members created an election district that looked like a salamander and it caught the eye of painter Gilbert Stuart. When he noticed it, the term was born.] globalization the act of being adopted on an international scale; to extend to the entire world impeachment the presentation of formal charges against a public official; casting somebody out of public office libertarian a person who advocates liberty or the doctrine of free will, as well as individual responsibility and freedom; a member of the Libertarian political party nationalism a desire for political independence; national spirit or patriotism privatize to take something out of state control; to transfer from public or government control or ownership to private enterprise 98

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propaganda publicity, often misleading, to promote something; ideas or rumors deliberately circulated to help or harm a person, group, or institution quota the number, percentage, or proportional share of people permitted to enroll in a college, join a club, immigrate to the country; maximum permitted amount ratification formal approval of something; the act of confirming or sanctioning socialism a political system in which the means of production and distribution are controlled by the people rather than market principles; communal ownership sovereign a monarch (king, queen) or other supreme ruler; royal subsidy an amount of money paid by one government to another to secure a service; a grant, or contribution of money from that government to a private company, organization, or charity. [Think bailout!] tyranny the cruel use of power and injustice by an absolute sovereign or dictator over others; an oppressive government veto the right or power in one branch of the government to reject or postpone legislation or measures of another branch

Activity 1: WORD MATCH Match each vocabulary word on the left with its definition on the right. 1. amendment

______ a. irrelevant speech

2. delegate

______ b. free will

3. filibuster

______ c. king or queen

4. globalization

______ d. misleading publicity

5. libertarian

______ e. reject

6. propaganda

______ f. cruel control

7. sovereign

______ g. representative

8. veto

______ h. rebel

9. tyranny

______ i. worldwide

10. anarchist

______ j. change added to the Constitution

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Activity 2: ANALOGIES Note the relationship of the first set of words, then figure out which vocabulary word best fits in the second set. 1. bipartisan : two :: __________ : administration 2. gerrymandering : cheating :: ___________ : fired 3. nationalism : patriotism :: ____________ : individual enterprise 4. quota : percentage :: ______________ : sanction 5. socialism : communal :: ____________ : grant

Activity 3: WORD SEARCH All the words in this puzzle are from this lesson. Look up, down, diagonally, and backward to find them.

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amendment anarchist bipartisan bureaucracy delegate filibuster gerrymandering

globalization impeachment libertarian nationalism privatize propaganda quota

ratification socialism sovereign subsidy tyranny veto

Activity 4: TRUE OR FALSE? Read each statement and mark it T if it’s true or F if it’s false. If it is false, change it so that it becomes true. _____ 1. Socialism is loyalty to one’s country or a patriotic spirit. ________________________________________________________ _____ 2. A bipartisan is a person who works hard to get rid of government within society. ________________________________________________________ _____ 3. Gerrymandering is a term named for both a person and a lizard. ________________________________________________________ _____ 4. The ability to veto is part of the checks and balances in American government because it allows one branch to monitor the other. ________________________________________________________ _____ 5. A quota is the amount of money a government might give to a private company or organization. ________________________________________________________

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DAY

14

THE WEATHER REPORT: METEOROLOGICAL TERMS

eather terms come in handy when you’re

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tuning in to the local forecast. It’ll be much easier to understand what the meteorologist says once you’ve learned the jargon. How the forecasts are made will be less mysterious as well, since you will have some inside knowledge of the equipment used by weather forecasters. Some of these words, as in other lessons, have specific meanings to the field, as well as more generic ones people use in everyday conversation. These will be pointed out as we check into the weather report.

DEFINITIONS advection the horizontal flow of air anemometer an instrument that measures wind force/speed and direction atmosphere the air or climate in any given place [Clearly this one occurs outside of meteorology. It can also indicate the mood or tone of a place, such as “The home had a friendly atmosphere, making everyone feel welcome.”] 103

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barometer

an instrument that measures air pressure

Celsius the metric temperature scale with freezing at 0 and boiling at 100 degrees; named after the Swedish astronomer who developed it climatology

the study of the typical weather in a region, over a period of time

condensation water droplets; the process by which water vapor in the air liquefies to create fog, clouds, and rain, or solidifies into snow, sleet, or hail [In the non-weather world, this word indicates making something shorter or more compact, like versions of books or cans of orange juice or soup.] conduction the transfer or transmission of energy, such as heat or electricity, through a conductor divergence the movement of air currents [Outside of meteorology, the word also means a difference or disparity between two or more things or a failure to conform.] doldrums stagnation; a part of the ocean near the equator subject to squalls, light variable winds, and calm [This is also considered a gloomy or depressed mood, as in “I’m in the doldrums today.”] evaporation a process through which something is changed from a liquid to a gas or vapor without its temperature reaching the boiling point Fahrenheit the nonmetric temperature scale on which water freezes at 32 degrees and boils at 212 degrees global warming an increase in the world’s temperature that causes changes in climates and may be a result of the greenhouse effect, among other factors inversion when the temperature rises with increased elevation instead of falling isotherm a line drawn on a weather map that shows or connects places that have the same temperature macroburst

a large downdraft of air, often accompanied by damaging winds

ozone pure air; a form of oxygen permafrost

permanently frozen land, primarily in polar regions

precipitation rain, snow, sleet, or hail formed by condensation of moisture in the air; often expressed as the amount of precipitation that falls at a given place within a given period trough an area of low pressure or sunken area 104

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Activity 1: CROSS-A-WORD Read each clue. Write the correct vocabulary word in the puzzle.

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Down 1 measures wind speed 2 metric temperature scale 4 measures pressure 5 water to fog 7 higher means hotter 8 nonmetric temperature scale 10 still and quiet 11 huge down drafts 12 form of oxygen 14 map lines

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Activity 2: PICK-A-WORD Find a word in the box that best completes each sentence. advection atmosphere climatology condensation

conduction divergence evaporation

inversion isotherm permafrost

1. Air currents move in all directions due to a process known as ___________________. 2. ____________________ is the subsoil of frozen regions where it’s never able to thaw. 3. When liquids disappear without being boiled away, this is known as ___________________. 4. Weather, or ___________________, is a specific branch of science. 5. When heat is transferred through atmospheric layers, it’s called ___________________. 6. Air is able to move in multiple directions and, if horizontal, is referred to as ___________________. 7. When the temperature keeps going up as you go to higher altitudes, that’s an example of ___________________. 8. Water droplets on the surface of a cold drink are formed through ___________________. 9. The entire Earth is surrounded by ___________________. 10. One way to keep track of temperatures is to draw ___________________ lines on a map.

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Activity 3: WHAT AM I? Read each question, then write the word from this lesson’s vocabulary. 1. I’m the term used when air is blowing vertically. What am I? __________________________________________________________ 2. I’m the term for those water droplets that form on the outside of your glass of soda. What am I? __________________________________________________________ 3. I’m the word that means an area without any breeze—or just a really rotten mood. What am I? __________________________________________________________ 4. I’m the word that explains how a puddle of water slowly disappears over time. What am I? __________________________________________________________ 5. I’m what happens in storms and can even play a part in a tornado. What am I? __________________________________________________________

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Activity 4: GET CREATIVE Using the words in the box below, create your own sentences or story about the weather. anemometer barometer Celsius doldrums

Fahrenheit global warming macroburst

ozone precipitation trough

_______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________

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15

WHERE IN THE WORLD? GEOGRAPHICAL TERMS

he world is a constantly expanding, changing

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place. As news reports come in from all over the world 24/7, it’s vital to understand what reporters are describing. Today’s words can help you do just that. In addition, knowing how to look at a map and understand the information it provides is an essential skill. Words from this lesson are likely to be heard in tomorrow’s headlines, not just in a geography class. By learning them, you’ll know more about the world you live in and the changes it goes through on a daily basis.

DEFINITIONS aquifer a geological formation that contains or conducts groundwater; a layer of rock, gravel, or earth through which groundwater flows archipelago islands

a large group or chain of islands; an area of sea with multiple

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arroyo

a dry gulch, usually in a desert area, only wet after heavy rains

biosphere the living planet; the portion of the earth in which life can exist demographics relating to human populations; statistical data about a population such as age, income, and education epicenter the focal point or focus of an earthquake; the point directly above the center of a disturbance from which shock waves radiate equinox time of equal hours of day and night; occurring around March 21 and September 22 each year erosion the wearing away of rock or soil; the process of wearing away the earth through water, glaciers, wind, waves, and sand floodplain

a flat, low-lying area near a river or stream that is prone to flooding

hemisphere half of the earth isthmus a narrow strip of land that is bordered on both sides by water and joins two larger bodies of land karst an area of limestone, usually characterized by caves, ravines, and underground streams latitude the imaginary line around the earth that joins points equidistant north or south of the equator longitude the imaginary line around the earth that joins points equidistant east and west of the prime meridian meridian an imaginary circle of the earth passing through the poles and any given point on the planet’s surface; a line of longitude perihelion the point in the orbit of a planet or other astronomical body at which it is closest to the sun reservoir a natural or artificial place where water is collected and stored for use; a lake or tank for storing water as a backup supply topography the shape or configuration of the earth’s surface; the mapping of the planet’s surface features such as mountains, rivers, and highways watershed zenith 110

the area in which a river and its tributaries drain

the point in the sky directly above an observer

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Activity 1: WHICH ONE DOES NOT BELONG? Look at each set of words and circle the one that doesn’t fit the category. On the line underneath, write why it doesn’t fit. 1. aquifer, isthmus, reservoir __________________________________________________________ 2. epicenter, perihelion, zenith __________________________________________________________ 3. latitude, longitude, arroyo __________________________________________________________ 4. watershed, biosphere, floodplain __________________________________________________________ 5. equinox, archipelago, meridian __________________________________________________________

Activity 2: PICK-A-WORD Read each question, then circle the correct answer. 1. If you travel to the Florida Keys and go from one island to another, you are visiting a(n) a. archipelago. b. epicenter. c. reservoir. d. watershed. 2. An arroyo is filled with water a. never. b. whenever it sprinkles. c. following heavy rains. d. constantly.

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3. If you gather statistics about the people in your neighborhood to determine the age ranges, you’re working with a. topography. b. demographics. c. erosion. d. biosphere. 4. To locate a remote place on the globe, it helps most to know its a. longitude. b. demographics. c. zenith. d. perihelion. 5. If you’re in an area with karst, most likely you’ll find a(n) a. desert. b. mountain. c. island. d. cave.

Activity 3: ANALOGIES Look at the relationship between the first two words, then figure out which vocabulary word best fits in the second set. 1. archipelago : islands :: _____________ : planet 2. demographics : statistics :: ____________ : shock waves 3. karst : limestone :: ______________ : tributaries 4. reservoir : arroyo :: _____________ : equator 5. perihelion : furthest point :: ____________ : building up

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Activity 4: WORD MIX-UP Unscramble each word and write it correctly. 1. eaiufrq

__________________________

2. vsrrereoi

__________________________

3. dinreami

__________________________

4. hsrepbeoi

__________________________

5. etdliatu

__________________________

6. tareewdhs

__________________________

7. rsoonie

__________________________

8. shehrimpee

__________________________

9. atksr

__________________________

10. rroyoa

__________________________

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16

PIECES AND PARTS: MECHANICAL TERMS

hen a vehicle, an appliance, or anything

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complicated breaks down or needs repairs, it’s never fun. And if you’ve ever accompanied a family member or friend who has had to take something in for repairs—or if you’ve done it yourself—you know how frustrating it can be to have a repair person rattle off a diagnosis and the solution when you don’t understand a fifth of what’s being said. Well, in today’s lesson you’ll learn some words that can help prevent that feeling of confusion and irritation. In fact, if you learn enough, you may find that not only can you carry on a conversation with repair people, but you can also learn to make a few suggestions and ask all of the right questions. Being savvy in this area might even save you a few bucks; you can figure out how to do your own repairs or know when you’re being scammed and take your business elsewhere. Please note that some of these words are technical and complicated terms, so just the most basic definition is given. Feel free to learn more about them on your own.

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DEFINITIONS alignment the proper adjustment of components for coordinated functioning; positioning something for proper performance [You’ll most likely hear this term in regard to your vehicle’s tires, although your chiropractor might mention it as well. In both cases, it means the same thing.] alloy a mixture of metals, often a less costly metal mixed with a more valuable one through fusion calipers an instrument for measuring the internal or external dimensions of objects; in vehicles, it is part of the disc brake assembly that straddles the disc and presses the brake pads against it. [Fun fact: this tool can also be used to measure body fat!] camshaft an engine shaft that has one or more integral cams attached, especially one that operates the valves in a vehicle’s internal combustion engine [And what’s a cam? Glad you asked. It’s a disk or cylinder designed so that when it’s in motion, its parts create a rocking motion.] coulomb a unit of electrical charge differential in the automotive world, this refers to a drivetrain gear that connects two shafts or axles and allows one to move faster than the other farad a unit of electrical capacity henry a unit of inductance hertz a unit of frequency ignition the means of starting an engine; a spark that ignites the fuel-air mixture in an internal combustion engine joule a unit of energy Kelvin a unit of absolute temperature, named for an English physicist and mathematician ohm a unit of electrical resistance pascal

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a unit of pressure

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pinion a gear with a small number of teeth that typically engages with a rack, as in a vehicle’s steering system spoiler a device or airfoil used for controlling lift and drag, such as an aircraft wing; in automotive lingo, a device for changing the airflow across a moving vehicle, such as a fin or blade mounted on the front or rear strut a long, rigid plank or board used to support a building [Yes, it also means a pompous, arrogant way of walking.] tachometer a device for measuring rotation speed (revolutions per minute), often of a vehicle’s crankshaft [It’s important to say it right too. It’s not tack-o-meter. It’s tack-OM-eter.] tesla a unit of magnetic flux density torque a rotating force, often referred to as the force generated by an internal combustion engine to turn a vehicle’s driveshaft

Activity 1: WORD MATCH Match the vocabulary word on the left with the type of unit it measures on the right. 1. coulomb

______ a. magnetic flux destiny

2. farad

______ b. frequency

3. henry

______ c. pressure

4. hertz

______ d. electrical resistance

5. joule

______ e. electrical charge

6. Kelvin

______ f. inductance

7. ohm

______ g. energy

8. pascal

______ h. absolute temperature

9. tesla

______ i. electrical capacity

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Activity 2: HIDDEN WORDS All the words in this puzzle are from the lesson. Look across, down, diagonally, and backward to find them.

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alignment alloy calipers camshaft coulomb differential farad

henry hertz ignition joule Kelvin ohm pascal

pinion spoiler strut tachometer tesla torque

Activity 3: TRUE OR FALSE? Read each statement and mark it T if it’s true or F if it’s false. If it is false, change it so that it becomes true. _____ 1. If your tires are out of alignment, they won’t function properly. ______________________________________________________ _____ 2. An alloy is a type of expensive metal. ______________________________________________________ 118

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_____ 3. A henry is a unit of frequency. ______________________________________________________ _____ 4. The ignition is an integral element in starting an engine. ______________________________________________________ _____ 5. The ohm was named after an English physicist and mathematician. ______________________________________________________ _____ 6. The pinion works with a rack. ______________________________________________________ _____ 7. The strut is used for measuring rotation speed in revolutions per minute. ______________________________________________________ _____ 8. A spoiler is added to vehicles to help change the airflow pattern. ______________________________________________________ _____ 9. The pascal is a rotating force generated by an internal combustion engine. ______________________________________________________ _____ 10. Calipers are used to measure the dimension of an object. ______________________________________________________

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Activity 4: GET CREATIVE On the lines below, write a sentence using each one of the words in the box. alignment alloy calipers camshaft

differential ignition pinion spoiler

strut tachometer torque

_______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________

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DAY

17

PATRON OF THE ARTS: HUMANITIES TERMS

ut on your shiny shoes, your best dress, or

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your top hat, because it’s time to become a patron of the arts. In this lesson, you’ll learn some words you might hear in the theater, the opera, the ballet, a poetry reading, an art gallery, a museum, a symphony, or any other classy place you go. Just think how impressive you’ll sound when you can use these terms with ease—and know what they mean. It’s sure to earn you a few extra brownie points with friends, parents, relatives, or anyone else who attended the event. Enjoy your trip into the humanities.

DEFINITIONS abstract (visual art) of or pertaining to the formal aspect of art, with an emphasis on lines, colors, and forms, sometimes specifically applied to the nonrepresentational (not trying to depict any clear or solid object) art styles of the twentieth century

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aesthetics (visual art) the outward appearance or the way something looks; also known as the study of the rules and principles of art allegory (literature, theater) a symbolic work in which the characters and events are supposed to be understood as representing other things with a deeper or more profound meaning; a symbolic narrative archetype (literature, theater) an image or symbol that is used repeatedly; a prototype [Examples include familiar characters like the bad girl with a heart of gold, the amusing sidekick, and the knight in shining armor.] caricature (visual art) comic exaggeration or the art of creating one; a picture that greatly exaggerates the peculiarities or oddness of a person [You usually see caricaturists at fairs, festivals, and other outdoor settings. They can draw quickly and have a knack for highlighting a person’s most obvious qualities.] catharsis (literature, theater) an emotional release or psychological purging of emotional tensions [Also, a common term used in psychotherapy as a type of breakthrough.] denouement (literature, theater) the final revelation in a drama, in which everything becomes clear [It’s when the detective turns to all of the other characters, points dramatically at the killer, and says, “Here’s what happened.”] epiphany (literature, theater) a sudden realization, intuitive perception, or insight into the reality or meaning of something hubris (literature, theater) pride or excessive ambition; overconfidence lithography (visual art, literature) the process for making prints with a plate matte (visual art) having a dull or lusterless surface; often used on metals, paint, paper, or glass melodrama (theater, music) a sensationalized dramatic work characterized by using stereotyped characters with exaggerated emotions, language, and conflict; also, a drama interspersed with music or spoken words with musical accompaniment monochromatic (visual art) painted or created with only one color

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mosaic (visual art) a picture or decoration made with small colored pieces of stone, glass, and/or other materials omniscience

(literature) the quality of having infinite knowledge

parody (music, literature, theater) a piece of writing or music that is a spoof or satirical imitation of a serious literary work or composition protagonist (literature, theater) the leading character or hero of a literary work; in Greek drama, the lead actor, who plays not only the main role but many other minor ones soliloquy (theater) a monologue used in plays to allow the character’s thoughts and ideas to be heard by the audience symmetry (visual art, dance) beauty based on or characterized by excellence of balanced proportions tragicomedy (literature, theater) a play or other literary work that combines both tragedy and comedy [On television, this is sometimes referred to as dramedy.]

Activity 1: PICK-A-WORD Read each sentence and choose the best vocabulary word to fill in each blank. 1. I don’t like reading books with a(n) __________________ point of view because I don’t want to know everything that’s going through the characters’ minds. 2. Every mystery novel has a(n) ________________ when the clues start to come together and make sense. 3. Have you noticed that characters tend to have a(n) _____________ when they are in the most danger? Apparently, fear brings insight. 4. The ________________ of the story often gets so much attention that he or she is full of ______________. 5. From what I understand, the _____________ process is a tedious one involving plates and ink.

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6. Personally, I think that a(n) _____________ artist would produce some pretty boring and simple art, no matter what color was chosen. 7. Shakespeare’s Hamlet is well known for the ______________, in which Hamlet asks himself (out loud, of course) if he’s doing the right thing or not. 8. ______________ appeals to most people because it offers funny and sad moments. 9. Whenever I read a story with a(n) _______________ in it, I tend to miss the double meaning. 10. The _______________ finish on that piece of art just makes it look like it’s dirty, in my opinion.

Activity 2: WHICH ONE DOES NOT BELONG? Read each group of words and circle the one that doesn’t fit. 1. catharsis, epiphany, monochromatic 2. parody, protagonist, caricature 3. matte, omniscience, abstract 4. archetype, symmetry, melodrama 5. mosaic, allegory, denouement

Activity 3: WHAT AM I? Read each question, then choose the appropriate answer from this lesson’s vocabulary words. 1. Whether in a book or on the stage, all eyes are on me. What am I? __________________________________________________________ 2. Everything about me is balanced in exactly the right proportions. What am I? __________________________________________________________ 124

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3. I’m all about appearance and looks. What am I? __________________________________________________________ 4. I have the most over-the-top nasty villains, charming heroes, and distressed damsels. What am I? __________________________________________________________ 5. If you have a big nose, funny-shaped ears, crooked teeth, or crazy hair, you can bet I’ll notice it right away. What am I? __________________________________________________________

Activity 4: WORD MIX-UP Unscramble each vocabulary word and write it correctly. 1. tbrctasa

__________________________

2. uhirsb

__________________________

3. rytcpahee

__________________________

4. sihescteat

__________________________

5. nsniiccoeem

__________________________

6. csmaio

__________________________

7. lyoalgre

__________________________

8. cocromhnotami __________________________ 9. lemormdaa

__________________________

10. citrraaeuc

__________________________

11. ntedeenoum

__________________________

12. phtayhlogri

__________________________

13. poadyr

__________________________

14. ooulilsyq

__________________________

15. acdoygmiert

__________________________

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DAY

18

IN THE DOCTOR’S OFFICE: MEDICAL TERMS

f there’s one place you want to make sure you

I

understand every single word clearly, it’s in the doctor’s office. When it comes to comprehending, this has to be one of the most important places. After all, there’s a huge difference between benign and malignant, painless or painful, trivial or life-threatening! In this lesson you’ll find generic medical words that you might hear when going for a checkup or a report from a medical test. Knowing the meanings of the words can help you better decide what treatment to pursue, if any, as well as whether your reaction should be “Whew, what a relief!” or “Uh-oh. That doesn’t sound too good.”

DEFINITIONS abdominal having to do with the abdomen—the section of the body containing the stomach, intestines, and other organs aerobic requiring the presence of oxygen or air, as in a type of exercise that requires extra air to accomplish [In other words, panting.] 127

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allergen any substance such as pollen, grass, or dust that causes an allergy [If it makes you sneeze, it probably qualifies.] astigmatism a defect in the lens of the eye such that rays of light from an external source don’t converge on a single focal point on the retina; often a cause of blurred vision that requires glasses or contact lenses cartilage

strong elastic tissue in the body

contraindicated against the advisability of a certain remedy or treatment; something that is inadvisable [Too little sleep and too much socializing is contraindicated during finals week.] contusion an injury in which the subsurface tissue is injured but the skin is not broken; a bruise dyslexia an impaired ability to understand written language, usually marked by spelling, reading, and writing problems edema excess fluid built up within the tissue cells [Got swollen ankles? That’s edema.] epidermis

the outer layer of the skin

frenulum the small membrane that connects the bottom of your tongue to the bottom of your mouth [You knew it had to have a name, right?] ganglion a cluster of nerve cells or masses of gray matter in the brain, or a swelling on a joint or tendon [No, not a big, rowdy group of mean-looking lions.] hematoma a mass of blood in the tissues, caused by a break in a blood vessel keratin a fibrous protein that is the main component of hair and nails [If you were an animal in the wild, it would make your feathers, hooves, claws, and bills, too.] malocclusion an undesirable positioning of teeth; irregular contact of opposing teeth in the upper and lower jaws [It can also be defined as thousands of dollars spent on wires in the mouth, i.e., braces.] medial situated in the middle of the body 128

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prosthesis

an artificial body part that replaces a missing or defective part

scoliosis the sideways curvature of the spine synapses the gaps between nerve endings used to transmit signals from one to another uvula the V-shaped extension that hangs above the tongue at the entrance to the throat

Activity 1: ANALOGIES Look at the relationship of the first two words, then figure out which vocabulary word fits best in the second set. 1. eye : astigmatism :: spine : ______________ 2. throat : uvula :: tongue : _____________ 3. brain : synapses :: teeth : ______________ 4. water : edema :: blood : _______________ 5. air : aerobic :: artificial : ______________

Activity 2: PICK-A-WORD Read each question and circle the correct answer. 1. If you’re retaining water and your fingers are swollen, the doctor will most likely diagnose a. edema. b. malocclusion. c. dyslexia. d. astigmatism. 2. If you fall down and hit your knee and it turns black and blue, you have a(n) a. allergen. b. contusion. c. epidermis. d. prosthesis. 129

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3. If you’re taking more than one medication at a time, your doctor may tell you it’s a. abdominal. b. cartilage. c. contraindicated. d. medial. 4. Your gag reflex is often associated with your a. frenulum. b. keratin. c. synapses. d. uvula. 5. You might have back pain if you have a. aerobic. b. ganglion. c. hematoma. d. scoliosis.

Activity 3: GET CREATIVE On the lines below, write a story about visiting your doctor using at least ten of the vocabulary words in this lesson. Make sure you use the correct form of the word. _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ 130

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Activity 4: CROSS-A-WORD Read each clue and figure out which vocabulary word goes into each space in the puzzle.

1

2 4 3 5 6 7 8 10

9 11

13

12

15 16

14

17

18

19

20

Across 4 Take a deep breath! 5 Ah-choo! 7 A spinal curve 12 Sending out signals 15 Too much water 16 Inside the tissues 19 Right in the middle 20 Where are my glasses?

Down 1 Time for braces 2 Tongue holder 3 Best taken separately 6 A nasty bruise 8 A replacement 9 In the gray matter 10 Reading trouble 11 Look at those fingernails 13 Broken blood vessel 14 Your stomach 17 Gimme some skin 18 It’s shaped like a “V” 131

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abdominal aerobic allergen astigmatism cartilage contraindicated contusion

132

dyslexia edema epidermis frenulum ganglion hematoma keratin

malocclusion medial prosthesis scoliosis synapses uvula

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19

THE WORLD WIDE WEB: COMPUTER TERMS

kay, it’s time to admit it. Even though most

O

of us can run our fingers across a keyboard at lightning speed, create instant messages and e-mail in our sleep, surf the net like pros, and write research papers on white, empty screens, the truth is that a lot of us have no idea how we’re able to do this. Our computers are a mystery to us (evidenced by how quickly we go into a meltdown when they don’t work right). We may use them every single day and find it difficult to imagine life without them, but most of us haven’t a clue as to how they really work. Where is cyberspace anyway? When you hit the send button, where do your words go—and how do they know how to get there? This lesson will at least give you a working knowledge of some of the most basic computer terms. Maybe they’ll help you figure out what to do the next time your computer freezes or the Internet goes down. Maybe they’ll just make it easier to explain to that person at tech support just what kind of technical problem you’re having. Either way, good luck.

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DEFINITIONS bandwidth how much data you can send through a network or modem connection, usually measured in bits per second binary a two-digit numerical system used by computers to store data and perform functions browser the program people use to access the web [Not a window shopper. . . .] cursor an arrow on the screen that indicates either where your mouse pointer is or where the next character typed will be entered in a line of text defragment to use a simple process that cleans up all of the fragmented pieces of files left scattered on your computer’s hard drive; doing this will help your computer work faster and smoother domain a group of computers that can be accessed and administered with a common set of rules emoticons text-based faces and objects that represent the writer’s emotions, commonly used in e-mails and online chatting firewall limits the data that can get through and protects your computer from damage by unauthorized users; can be hardware- or software-based firmware a semipermanent software program or set of instructions programmed on a hardware device font a style and size of computer type, including elements such as bold or italics gigabyte a unit of data storage that equals 2 to the 30th power; a common measurement used with data storage hypertext text that links to other information, such as a URL on a site that takes you to another location malware an abbreviated term for malicious software, including viruses, worms, Trojan horses, and spyware, designed to damage a computer system modem a shortened version of modulator/demodulator; an internal or external communications device that allows one computer to connect with another and send data over telephone lines

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netiquette good manners used on the Internet, such as respecting other people’s privacy server stores and shares information with all the computers that connect to it; can be used to access programs, files, and other information spam named after a famous meat-ish product, it refers to junk or unsolicited e-mail or other meaningless postings template

a file that acts as a starting point for a new document; preformatted

tutorial an interactive software program used as a learning tool to learn new skills in a step-by-step process webmaster the person in charge of maintaining a website

Activity 1: TRUE OR FALSE? Read each statement. Write T if it’s true or F if it’s false. _____ 1. A font is a typeface that can change size and style. _____ 2. Firmware and malware are both types of software that should be avoided. _____ 3. Emoticons are ways of expressing emotion in casual computer communications. _____ 4. A template is a type of spam that many computer users delete. _____ 5. The webmaster is the person in charge of maintaining a cursor. _____ 6. The two-digit numerical system used by computers is referred to as gigabyte. _____ 7. To defragment is to clean the computer. _____ 8. Hypertext is information that leads you from one site to another one. _____ 9. Computers are protected from damage from other users through the use of a tutorial. _____ 10. Netiquette is good manners for computer users. 135

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Activity 2: WORD MATCH Match each vocabulary word on the left with its definition on the right. 1. bandwidth 2. browser

_____ a. internal or external communications device

3. domain

_____ b. protective software

4. firewall

_____ c. data in bits per second

5. modem

_____ d. program for accessing the Web _____ e. group of computers

Activity 3: WHAT AM I? Read each question and choose an appropriate answer from this lesson’s vocabulary words. 1. I can be bold and use a variety of styles. What am I? __________________________________________________________ 2. I’m not nasty and I maintain privacy. What am I? __________________________________________________________ 3. I’m in charge of this website! What am I? __________________________________________________________ 4. I’m what you need to access programs, files, and other important data. What am I? __________________________________________________________ 5. No one wants me and I just end up in the deleted file every time. What am I? __________________________________________________________

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Activity 4: HIDDEN WORDS All the vocabulary words are hidden in this puzzle. Look across, down, diagonally, or backward to find them. R

N

L

M M

E

D

O

M

O

G

S

I

E

F

A

Q R

E

T

S

A

M

B

E

W

I

I

I

W W N

N

D

L

C

P

M

W

N

R

R

B

O

T

E

B

W

U

N

O

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R

E

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F

I

R

M

W

A

R

E

T

B

E

W

T

L

Q N

G

T

R

S

T

I

U

S

A

U

I

E

O

A

N

E

O

A

C

W

W

L

T

I

Q

Y

R

R

I

R

L

O

E

O

L

G

S

T

U

F

S

Y

A

P

N

A

R

T

X

E

T

R

E

P

Y

H

M

O

D

B

A

N

D W

I

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T

H

O

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G

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G

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B

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F

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A

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S

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V

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C

E

bandwidth binary browser cursor defragment domain emoticon

firmware firewall font gigabyte hypertext malware modem

netiquette server spam template tutorial webmaster

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DAY

20

DOES IT TAKE BATTERIES? ELECTRONIC TERMS

lectronics seem to be everywhere you look.

E

It may seem like your family spends as much on double-A batteries as it does on groceries. Everything either needs batteries or an electrical outlet these days. Even books are being put on handheld machines that require button batteries to run. Here are some vocabulary terms used with various electronics. They may seem very familiar to many of you—probably those who usually demand the most batteries. To others, these will all be new, so get ready to learn (which doesn’t take any batteries or electricity)!

DEFINITIONS ampere the basic unit of current flow amplitude the loudness of sound waves and electrical signals, measured in either decibels or volts

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attenuation the decrease of a signal’s amplitude over any distance during transmission, measured in decibels capacitor a pair of parallel plates that are separated by an insulator; stores an electrical charge, does not pass direct current, and acts as an insulator decibel the smallest variation of volume detectable by ear; measured on a logarithmic scale distortion any modification of the phase relationship between two or more signals that causes the observed waveform to differ from the original filtering a process used to remove or accentuate specific frequency ranges of a signal frequency the rate at which an alternating current changes in a cyclic manner from positive to negative and back again in a cycle, measured in hertz insulator

a material that prevents the passage of electricity, heat, or sound

laser acronym for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation, made with semiconductors oscilloscope an electronic measurement tool that makes it possible to see a waveform quasi to some degree or manner, similar but not exact quiescent being still or at rest; inactive, as in a current that is not amplifying a signal but is still supplied with power resistor an electrical device that impedes current flow regardless of frequency; measures in ohms resonance the natural frequency at which a physical body will oscillate velocity speed of motion, rapidity volt the basic unit of electromotive force watt the basic unit of power wavelength

the length of one cycle of an AC signal

xenon a gas commonly used in flash tubes and high-density automotive headlamps

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Activity 1: WORD MATCH Match each word on the left with its description on the right. 1. ampere

_____ a. unit of power

2. velocity

_____ b. unit of current flow

3. volt

_____ c. unit of volume

4. decibel

_____ d. unit of speed

5. watt

_____ e. unit of force

Activity 2: TRUE OR FALSE? Read each statement and mark it T if it’s true or F if it’s false. If it is false, change it so that it becomes true. _____ 1. A quiescent current is amplifying a signal but isn’t supplied with any power. ________________________________________________________ _____ 2. The word laser is actually an acronym. ________________________________________________________ _____ 3. An insulator is material that helps to protect against elements such as heat or electricity. ________________________________________________________ _____ 4. Attenuation is typically measured in wavelengths. ________________________________________________________ _____ 5. A decibel is an electronic measurement tool for viewing a waveform. ________________________________________________________

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Activity 3: GET CREATIVE On the lines below, write sentences using at least five of the vocabulary words in this lesson. Make sure you use the correct form of the word. _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________

Activity 4: WORD MIX-UP Unscramble each word and write it correctly.

142

1. mreepa

__________________________

2. uditeaplm

__________________________

3. ntutaeoitan

__________________________

4. rcitopcaa

__________________________

5. ieecdlb

__________________________

6. tdnitoisro

__________________________

7. liegitnrf

__________________________

8. rueyeqcfn

__________________________

9. ilaorsntu

__________________________

10. rslea

__________________________

11. solceosiopcl

__________________________

12. aqius

__________________________

13. tuieqnecs

__________________________

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14. osrirset

__________________________

15. nceesroan

__________________________

16. cletyiov

__________________________

17. tlov

__________________________

18. twta

__________________________

19. gvwalntehe

__________________________

20. oxenn

__________________________

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DAY

21

THE RIGHT TIME AND PLACE: HISTORICAL TERMS

istory tells us how the world got to where it

H

is today so we can figure out where it’s going. Sometimes it seems like history is just full of boring dates and tedious details, but history is actually stories of what’s gone before us. It’s full of joys and sorrows, victories and losses, life and death, and a lot of interesting people. In this lesson, you’ll find some of the most common historical terms from past eras. Knowing what they mean won’t just help you understand your history textbooks better, it may also help you better understand newspaper articles, participate in current events conversations, and perhaps even appreciate those talkradio shows.

DEFINITIONS abolitionist a person who advocated or supported the end of slavery in the United States, typically prior to the Civil War anarchy a society without government or law; political and social disorder 145

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antebellum

before or existing before the American Civil War

appeasement the act of yielding or conceding to the demands of a nation in an effort for peace, sometimes at the expense of justice archives public documents or records relating to the lives of a nation or its people armistice a temporary suspension of hostilities by agreement of the warring parties; a truce bourgeoisie the class that, according to Marxist theory, is mainly concerned with property values and contrasted against the working class caucus a meeting of party leaders to select candidates; a group organized to further a special interest chivalry the rules and customs of medieval knighthood; customs such as honor, valor, and courtesy doctrine a particular principle, position, or policy taught by a religion or government extradition the surrender of an alleged fugitive from justice by a state, nation, or other authority feudalism a political and economic system in Europe from the ninth to the fifteenth century, based on the belief that all land was held by lords and tenants were servants industrialization the introduction of industry into an area on a massive scale mercantilism an economic system prevalent in eighteenth-century Europe that focused on commercialism nullification the failure or refusal of a state to aid in enforcement of federal laws oligarchy a form of government in which all power is held by a few people; government by the few protectorate a time period in English history during the mid-seventeenth century secession the withdrawal from the Union of 11 southern states in the period 1860–1861, which brought on the Civil War suffrage the right to vote in a political election, especially associated with the women’s right-to-vote movement tariff an official list or table showing the duties or customs imposed by a government on imports and exports 146

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Activity 1: PICK-A-WORD Use a word from the box to complete each sentence. abolitionists archives chivalry

feudalism industrialization nullification

oligarchy secession

suffrage tariff

1. The people who agreed with President Lincoln’s opinions on slavery were often referred to as ____________. 2. A(n) ____________ is a government controlled by only a handful of people. 3. The historian searched the ____________ to find the newspaper articles that described what had happened here 25 years ago. 4. ____________ is one of the reasons our country is dotted with landscapes of factories today. 5. Perhaps one of the biggest periods in history of class distinction was during the age of ____________. 6. When a gentleman opens a door for a lady, it is an act of ____________. 7. Putting a(n) ______________ on imported goods played havoc with the price structure. 8. A pivotal time in America’s history was when the South insisted on ____________. 9. Women were (and still are) rightfully proud and pleased with the outcome of their gender’s ____________ movement. 10. The concept of ____________, or canceling a law in a state, often comes as a surprise to many people.

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Activity 2: WHICH ONE DOES NOT BELONG? Read each group of words and circle the one that doesn’t fit. 1. abolitionist, industrialization, antebellum 2. appeasement, armistice, protectorate 3. feudalism, bourgeoisie, extradition 4. caucus, mercantilism, tariff 5. chivalry, suffrage, anarchy

Activity 3: YOU DECIDE Read each statement and circle the correct answer. 1. If you found a diary that dated back to the antebellum days, that means it was written a. less than 15 years ago. b. less than 50 years ago. c. less than 100 years ago. d. less than 175 years ago. 2. If the librarian has to find your requested resource in the archives, that most likely indicates that she will a. get it off the best-seller shelf. b. find it with the new releases. c. locate it shelved in storage. d. preorder a copy. 3. When a government or religion declares a new policy, it’s referred to as a a. caucus. b. doctrine. c. protectorate. d. tariff. 4. Another word for chivalry would be a. manners. b. knighthood. c. sexism. d. ordinances. 148

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5. A fugitive is focused on avoiding a. appeasement. b. extradition. c. secession. d. suffrage. 6. A dictator would probably be happiest in a(n) a. anarchy. b. doctrine. c. suffrage. d. oligarchy. 7. One of the historical events that created a great number of jobs within the country was a. armistice. b. industrialization. c. suffrage. d. nullification. 8. The primary goal of the suffrage movement was to a. end slavery across the nation. b. make men and women equal. c. change national elections. d. give women the right to vote. 9. One of the earlier forms of corporate business was a. doctrine. b. protectorate. c. mercantilism. d. anarchy. 10. Rebels throughout history have advocated a. anarchy. b. suffrage. c. oligarchy. d. bourgeoisie.

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Activity 4: CROSS-A-WORD Read each clue and place the correct vocabulary word in each space in the puzzle. 1

2

3

4

5

6

7 8 9

10

11 12 13 14

15

16

17

18

19

Across 1 I fight to put an end to slavery 3 I’d prefer government would disappear 5 I add costs to imports and exports 9 I’m known as a policy 11 I much prefer separation over unity 14 I gather together to pick out a candidate 15 I tell you of people and lives long ago 17 I must surrender after all 18 I refuse on Constitutional grounds 19 I opened up countless numbers of jobs 150

Down 2 I said everyone should be able to vote 4 I believe in compromises and truces 6 I’m rich or poor—and nothing in between 7 I govern with as few people as possible 8 I’m from seventeenth-century England 10 I’m amazingly polite at all times 12 I’m all about money and high class 13 I focused on opening small stores 14 I just want to keep the peace 16 I started before the Civil War began

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DAY

22 A

WHAT’S COOKIN’? CULINARY TERMS

re you a whiz in the kitchen? Does everyone

want to come to your house for dinner? Do you create your own gourmet meals? If so, you may already be quite familiar with all the terms in this lesson. But if you’re confused and frustrated when you pick up a cookbook and the recipes ask you to do things you’ve never heard of, then this lesson should be quite helpful. It presents some of the most common cooking terms and methods; the next time you pick up a cookbook, you’ll have a better idea of what you’re attempting to do.

DEFINITIONS baste to spoon or brush food as it cooks with some form of fat (butter, meat drippings, oils) or stock; usually done in order to keep meat from drying out blanch to plunge food into boiling water briefly and then into cold water to stop further cooking; usually done to loosen skins (fruits and vegetables), heighten color, or concentrate flavor 151

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braise to briefly cook meat or vegetables in fat, then cook in a covered pot with a small amount of liquid at low heat for a lengthy period of time; usually done to tenderize food and develop flavors cruciferous a group of vegetables that contain antioxidants and are high in fiber, vitamins, and minerals, such as broccoli, cabbage, kale, cauliflower, and turnips cuisine a French term that means “a specific style of cooking,” such as French cuisine or Spanish cuisine; also used in haute cuisine, which means gourmet food dilute water

to reduce a mixture’s strength by adding liquid such as stock, juice, or

dredge to lightly coat food before it’s fried, usually with flour, cornmeal, or bread crumbs flambé French term that means flamed; to sprinkle foods with liquor and ignite it right before serving julienne to cut foods into very thin strips, often used with vegetables to create an attractive garnish marinate to soak food (usually meat or vegetables) in a seasoned liquid mixture to absorb the flavors and spices; also used to tenderize meats parboil to partially cook food by boiling it briefly in water, usually done with very hard foods like carrots, which take longer to cook than others poach to cook food gently in liquid just below the boiling point but hot enough so the water’s surface begins to move; commonly stock, salted water, and syrup are used, depending on the type of food reconstitute to return a dehydrated food to its original consistency or texture by adding a liquid, typically water roux a mixture of flour and fat cooked slowly over low heat, then used to thicken soups and sauces; typically the roux is white or brown, depending on the type of fat used score to make shallow cuts on the surface of food for decoration, flavor absorption, tenderizing, or to allow fat to drain

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sear to brown meat quickly over very high heat in a skillet or under a broiler; usually done to seal in the meat’s juices semifreddo desserts

an Italian term for half cold, it refers to chilled or partially frozen

skewer as a noun, it means a long, thin, pointed stick, usually made of metal or wood and used to hold meat and vegetables in place while grilling; as a verb, to use one of these sticks unleavened baked goods that contain no agents that cause dough to rise, such as baking powder, baking soda, or yeast. zest the outermost skin layer of citrus fruits like oranges, lemons, and limes, scraped off with a vegetable peeler or zester; used to flavor dishes or as a garnish

Activity 1: ANALOGIES Look at the relationship of the first two words, then figure out which vocabulary word fits best in the second set. 1. baste : brush :: soak : _____________ 2. semifreddo : chilled :: ____________ : rehydrate 3. julienne : slice :: ____________ : coat 4. flambé : liquor :: knife : ___________ 5. zest : skin :: stick : ____________

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Activity 2: WHAT AM I? Read each question and write the appropriate answer from this lesson’s vocabulary words. 1. You can’t get a rise out of me. What am I? __________________________________________________________ 2. You need to use a broiler or high heat with me. What am I? __________________________________________________________ 3. I do double duty as a noun and a verb. What am I? __________________________________________________________ 4. I’m a very healthy food for you to eat because some studies say I can fight off cancer. What am I? __________________________________________________________ 5. Watch my temperature—I need to be almost boiling, but not quite. What am I? __________________________________________________________

Activity 3: WORD MIX-UP Unscramble each word and write it correctly.

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1. isrbae

__________________________

2. aflmeb

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3. rbolaip

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4. orxu

__________________________

5. zste

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6. seatb

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7. cinuies

__________________________

8. cnetusteroit

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9. ocres

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10. edfdseirom

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11. atanerim

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12. aesr

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13. lednuevean

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14. chnlba

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15. edergd

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16. esewkr

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17. enuilnej

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18. eutldi

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19. pohca

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20. suirrcofceu

__________________________

Activity 4: WHICH ONE DOES NOT BELONG? Read each set of words below and circle the one that doesn’t fit. On the line underneath, write why it doesn’t fit. 1. parboil, roux, blanch __________________________________________________________ 2. dilute, reconstitute, dredge __________________________________________________________ 3. zest, braise, sear __________________________________________________________ 4. roux, dredge, julienne __________________________________________________________ 5. flambé, zest, julienne __________________________________________________________ 155

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Activity 5: GET CREATIVE On the lines below, write a story using at least five of the vocabulary words in this lesson. Make sure you use the correct form of the word. _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________

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23 A

IF YOU BUILD IT: CONSTRUCTION TERMS

t some point in your life, you may find that

you’re either asked to help build something or you have to hire someone to do it for you. It may be new kitchen cabinets, an entertainment center, a doghouse for your new pet, or one of a million other things. If you have a good idea about basic construction terms, it’ll help you to better understand blueprints and plans, whether you’re working from them yourself or designers show them to you for approval. Have fun with these terms. They may even inspire you to try your hand at a little construction and remodeling just to see how things turn out. Good luck!

DEFINITIONS aggregate a mixture of sand and stone often used in concrete amortization a payment plan by which a loan is reduced through monthly payments of principal and interest (similar to a mortgage payment on a house)

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appraisal

an expert’s valuation of a property

balustrade the rail, posts, and vertical supports along the edge of a stairway or elevated walkway bedrock a subsurface layer of the earth’s soil that is suitable to support a structure cantilever

an overhang that usually doesn’t extend more than two feet

easement a formal contract that allows a party to use another party’s property for a specific purpose egress a means of exiting the house or building; egress windows are required in every bedroom and basement and should measure at least 4 × 4 escrow the handling of funds or documents by a third party on behalf of the buyer and/or seller infiltration the passage of air from indoors to outdoors and vice versa; tends to be associated with unwanted drafts or leaks from cracks, seams, or holes laminating bonding together of two or more layers of material oakum loose hemp or jute fiber that’s impregnated with tar or pitch and used to caulk large seams or pack plumbing pipe joints partition

a wall that subdivides spaces within a building or room

rebar reinforcing bar; ribbed steel bars installed in a foundation’s concrete walls to strengthen the concrete; often comes in different thicknesses and strength refrigerant a substance that remains a gas at low temperatures and pressure and can be used to transfer heat, such as the Freon in air conditioners shim a small piece of scrap lumber or shingle, often wedge shaped; used to help force other pieces into position soffit the area below eaves and overhangs turnkey when the subcontractor provides all materials and labor for a job underlayment a quarter-inch material placed over the subfloor plywood sheeting and under finish coverings veneer extremely thin sheets of wood or a thin slice of wood, brick, or stone covering a framed wall 158

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Activity 1: WORD MATCH Match each word on the left with its definition on the right. 1. amortization

_____ a. valuation

2. infiltration

_____ b. overhang

3. cantilever

_____ c. leaks

4. aggregate

_____ d. sand and stone

5. appraisal

_____ e. payment plan

Activity 2: TRUE OR FALSE? Read each statement. Write T if it’s true or F if it’s false. _____ 1. A balustrade makes it safer to walk down a flight of stairs. _____ 2. The process of laminating refers to using wedge-shaped shims. _____ 3. Amortization requires regular payments of principal and interest. _____ 4. A turnkey project is one in which one person provides all of the materials and a second person provides all of the labor. _____ 5. An easement requires the cooperation of two separate parties to be successful.

Activity 3: PICK-A-WORD Choose the best vocabulary word to fill each blank. 1. The ______________ on the house came out a lot higher than anyone had expected. 2. I’m hoping they’ll put a _____________ between your office and mine so I can get some privacy. 3. Our air conditioner isn’t working very well because it’s too low on ______________.

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4. Grab a piece of ____________ and stick it in here to hold that frame in position, would you? 5. The bank has set up our _________________ account for us so that we don’t have to worry about handling the money. 6. The rush of air coming from under the door proves that we have a real _____________ problem. 7. The architect has put in a new order for thicker and stronger ________________. 8. I made sure the blueprints had three methods of _______________ built into the basement. 9. My mother always hangs on to the _________________ when she comes down the stairs at night. 10. This entire __________ project is being done by John Chapman; he does the work and brings all his own equipment and supplies.

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Activity 4: HIDDEN WORDS All the vocabulary words are hidden in this puzzle. Look up, down, diagonally, and backward to find them.

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aggregate amortization appraisal balustrade bedrock cantilever easement

egress escrow infiltration laminating oakum partition rebar

refrigerant shim soffit turnkey underlayment veneer

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DAY

24

ORDER IN THE COURT: LEGAL TERMS

ince it’s almost impossible to turn on your

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television today without running into a Law and Order rerun or similar type of show, it’s helpful to have an idea of what all of those legal terms being thrown around really mean. Who knows? It might even inspire you to pursue a career in criminal justice. Following are some of the most basic legal terms used in today’s courtrooms.

DEFINITIONS alimony an allowance made by one spouse to the other for support during and/or after a legal separation or divorce arraignment the hearing in which a person charged with a crime goes before a judge to plead either guilty or innocent

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bankruptcy a federal system of statutes and courts that permits people and businesses that are in debt or face potential ruin, to place their financial affairs under the control of the bankruptcy court continuance the postponement of the court proceedings in a case to a future day conviction the result of a criminal trial in which the defendant has been found guilty of a crime custody holding property under one’s control; law enforcement officials’ act of holding an accused or convicted person, beginning with the arrest; also applies to a court’s determination of which parent, relative, or other adult should have control of and responsibility for a minor child (under 18) delinquent (juvenile) a minor (usually under 18) who’s found guilty of a crime and may not be sentenced as an adult deposition the taking and reading of testimony by a witness under oath before a court reporter in a place other than the courtroom before a trial felony a crime sufficiently serious to be punishable by a term in prison or death garnishment the process of petitioning for and getting a court order directing a person to hold funds owed to an individual who’s allegedly in debt to someone else, often after a legal judgment has been rendered jurisdiction the authority given to a court to try cases and rule on legal matters within a particular geographic area and/or over certain types of legal cases mediation the attempt to settle a legal dispute through active participation of a third party mediator who works to find points of agreement and make those in conflict agree on a fair result misdemeanor a lesser crime punishable by a fine and/or county jail time for up to one year perjury the crime of intentionally lying while duly sworn to tell the truth by a notary public, court clerk, or other official probation a chance to remain free instead of going to jail or prison, given to a person convicted of a crime provided the person can behave well restitution returning to the rightful owner property or money lost, sometimes made part of a judgment in negligence and/or contracts cases 164

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subpoena a court order for a witness to appear at a particular time and place to testify and/or produce documents in his or her control testimony oral evidence given under oath in answer to questions posed by attorneys at trial or at a deposition unconstitutional referring to a statute, governmental conduct, court decision, or private contract that violates one or more provisions of the U.S. Constitution writ a written order of a judge requiring specific action by the person to whom the writ is directed

Activity 1: WHICH ONE DOES NOT BELONG? Read each group of words and circle the one that doesn’t fit. 1. alimony, custody, felony 2. perjury, jurisdiction, testimony 3. conviction, bankruptcy, garnishment 4. arraignment, continuance, delinquent 5. felony, testimony, misdemeanor

Activity 2: YOU DECIDE Read each statement and circle the best answer. 1. Deciding the amount of alimony is part of the process of a. going bankrupt. b. getting divorced. c. taking a deposition. d. committing a felony. 2. Asking for a continuance is the same thing as asking for a a. postponement. b. better attorney. c. lesser charge. d. conviction.

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3. A jurisdiction is a a. type of attorney. b. degree of crime. c. strict garnishment. d. geographical area. 4. Probation allows a person convicted of a crime to a. go to the county jail. b. ask for a lesser sentence. c. go free with good behavior. d. ask for a new trial. 5. Oral evidence in a trial is referred to as a. a writ. b. testimony. c. mediation. d. unconstitutional.

Activity 3: GET CREATIVE On the lines below, write a story about a courtroom experience using at least five of the vocabulary words in this lesson. Make sure you use the correct form of the word. _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________

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Activity 4: CROSS-A-WORD Read each clue and figure out which vocabulary word fits in the puzzle.

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Lying under oath Time in the county jail Money for your ex-spouse A judge puts it in writing First time before a judge May we put this off for a while? Legal authority in this specific area 18 Violating the Constitution 19 Oral evidence under oath

Down 1 3 4 5 6 7 8 10 12 14 15

Testimony under oath Guilty! Finding a fair result Paying it back Behave yourself or else Punishable by time in federal prison As in juvenile Completely out of money Holding funds to pay a debt A call to court Who gets the kids? 167

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DAY

25

BETWEEN YOUR EARS: PSYCHOLOGICAL TERMS

ven though the brain is not all that large and

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we only use a small portion of it, it manages to achieve great things. It holds all our knowledge, dreams, imaginings, and personalities. Unfortunately, our brains—or rather, our minds—can also give us some problems now and then, and that’s what this lesson is all about. It provides some of the most common psychological terms you might run into with your own behavior, the behavior of those you know, or something you’ve read or will read in your textbooks. Understanding what each term means may help you figure out your own quirks as well as those of your friends and family.

DEFINITIONS addiction a condition in which the body requires a certain thing in order to function without physical and psychological reactions to its absence; often the result of tolerance and dependence

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biofeedback a self-regulating technique through which an individual gets voluntary control over nonconscious biological processes bipolar describes a disorder characterized by alternating periods of depression and mania/euphoria catatonic characterized by marked motor abnormalities such as immobility/ stupor cognition processes of knowing, including remembering and reasoning; also the content of the processes, such as concepts and memories [Known in less formal circles as thinking.] consciousness a state of awareness of internal events and of the external environment delusion false or irrational beliefs maintained despite clear evidence to the contrary fixation a state in which a person remains attached to objects or activities more appropriate for an earlier stage of development hallucination false perception that occurs in the absence of objective stimulation imprinting a primitive form of learning in which some infant animals physically follow and form an attachment to the first moving object they see and/or hear [Think of baby ducks following whatever moves first after they hatch.] meditation an altered state of consciousness designed to enhance self-knowledge and well-being through reduced self-awareness neurotransmitters chemical messengers released from neurons that cross the synapse from one neuron to another obsessive-compulsive disorder a mental disorder (often referred to as OCD) characterized by obsessions (repeating thoughts, images, or impulses that persist despite efforts to suppress them) and compulsions (repetitive, purposeful acts performed according to certain personal, internal rules) [Think of the person who has to have all the books lined up on a shelf by height and all the clothes in the closet hung up in categories—always!]

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paranoid having unreasonable and unfounded thoughts of being persecuted or harmed by others [It’s a persistent “they’re out to get me” feeling.] phobia a fear of a specific object, activity, or situation that’s excessive and unreasonable, given the reality of the perceived threat [Often there’s a prefix added to this word to indicate what the fear is of— for example, arachnophobia is fear of spiders and agoraphobia is the fear of leaving your house.] repression the basic defense mechanism by which painful or guilt-producing thoughts, feelings, or memories are excluded from conscious awareness schizophrenia a severe form of psychopathology characterized by the breakdown of personality functioning, withdrawal from reality, emotional distortions, and disturbed thought processes stigma the negative reaction people have to an individual or others because of some assumed inferiority or difference transference the process by which a person in psychoanalysis attaches feelings to a therapist formerly felt toward a significant person who played a part in a past emotional conflict unconscious the part of the psyche that stores repressed urges and primitive impulses

Activity 1: WHICH ONE DOES NOT BELONG? Read each group of words and circle the one that doesn’t fit. 1. delusion, biofeedback, hallucination 2. phobia, paranoid, addiction 3. bipolar, imprinting, obsessive-compulsive disorder 4. cognition, stigma, consciousness 5. transference, fixation, neurotransmitters

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Activity 2: TRUE OR FALSE? Read each statement and mark it T for true or F for false. _____ 1. When a person isn’t even aware of painful feelings, it’s an example of repression. _____ 2. Paranoid is when a person has to keep touching or moving things repeatedly in fear that something terrible will happen if he or she doesn’t. _____ 3. Extreme mood swings from excessive happiness to deep depression is often diagnosed as a phobia. _____ 4. Meditation could easily be recommended for a person who’s trying to learn more about him- or herself. _____ 5. A catatonic person is often dealing with an overabundance of energy.

Activity 3: WHAT AM I? Read each question, then write the appropriate word from this lesson’s vocabulary. 1. I’m important messengers in your brain. What am I? __________________________________________________________ 2. I’m a fear that’s completely irrational but persistent. What am I? __________________________________________________________ 3. I’m a condition that results from a physical dependence on a drug. What am I? __________________________________________________________ 4. I make it impossible for you to move. What am I? __________________________________________________________ 5. I follow the first thing I see after I’m born. What am I? __________________________________________________________ 172

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6. I’m the state of awareness you have whenever you’re awake. What am I? __________________________________________________________ 7. I can’t think of anything other than this one thing. What am I? __________________________________________________________ 8. I convince you to keep looking over your shoulder just in case we’re being followed. What am I? __________________________________________________________ 9. I’m something you try to hide because it embarrasses you. What am I? __________________________________________________________ 10. I’m what happens when you put your feelings for someone else onto your therapist. What am I? __________________________________________________________

Activity 4: WORD MIX-UP Unscramble each word and write it correctly. 1. andoictdi

__________________________

2. iodebaeckbf

__________________________

3. tniiualclaonh

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4. farctnneeser

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5. siachzehinpro

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6. nrotaiusesmnetrtr

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7. ginoctnio

__________________________

8. ctainctoa

__________________________

9. rngipimnti

__________________________

10. laorbpi

__________________________

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26

IT’S A SCIENCE: SCIENTIFIC TERMS

t may be hard to believe, as you sit in yet another

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science class, that you’ll actually need the information you’re learning, but it’s true. You’ll find that you need to call on it at the oddest moments of your life—while you’re cooking something new in the kitchen or working on your car in the garage. It might be when you’re looking up at the stars one night or trying to figure out how to make your garden soil richer. Suddenly, that fact you learned in your biology, chemistry, physics, astronomy, anatomy, or other science class will be needed. If you can recall and use it, you’ll impress others—and probably even yourself. The words in this lesson are a quick overview of some common scientific terms. Clearly, each branch of science has its own entire vocabulary and to cover them all here would be impossible. Enjoy today’s science lesson.

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DEFINITIONS antioxidant any substance that inhibits oxidation, including vitamin E, vitamin C, or beta carotene, and is thought to protect the body from the damaging effects of oxidation bacteria one-celled organisms that are involved in fermentation, putrefaction, and infectious diseases biodegradable capable of decaying or decomposing through the action of living organisms, such as bacteria chromosome a threadlike strand of DNA that contains the hereditary information necessary for cell life enzyme any one of the complex proteins that are produced by cells and act as catalysts in specific biochemical reactions equilibrium a state of rest or balance; referred to in chemistry as the state of a chemical reaction that has equal forward and reverse actions, such that the product doesn’t essentially change friction

the resistance that occurs when two objects rub together

genome

a full set of chromosomes; all the inheritable traits of an organism

homeostasis the tendency for the conditions inside the body of an animal to not change or alter even when outside environmental conditions change hypotheses things not proven but assumed to be true for purposes of argument or further study or investigation inertia a property of matter such that it remains at rest or motionless unless acted on by an external force; a tendency not to move or change meiosis cells

the process that reduces the number of chromosomes in reproductive

metabolism the processes by which a particular substance is handled by the body metamorphosis the series of change in shape and function that certain animals go through as they develop from egg to adult

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molecule the smallest particle of a substance having all the characteristics of the substance nucleus the central part of an atom that includes nearly all of the atomic mass and consists of protons and usually neutrons osmosis the passage of material though a membrane that won’t allow all kinds of molecules to pass through photosynthesis the process by which plants make food recessive exhibited by the body only when the determining gene is homozygous (which means having at least one gene pair that contains identical genes) replication

an act or process of copying or duplication

Activity 1: WORD MATCH Match each word on the left with its description on the right. 1. equilibrium

_____ a. change

2. metamorphosis

_____ b. resistance

3. nucleus

_____ c. duplication

4. biodegradable

_____ d. balance

5. friction

_____ e. center

6. replication

_____ f. decomposable

7. hypotheses

_____ g. nondominant

8. recessive

_____ h. DNA strand

9. enzyme

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j. complex protein

10. chromosome

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Activity 2: PICK-A-WORD Choose the vocabulary word from the box that best completes each sentence. antioxidant bacteria biodegradable

friction hypotheses inertia

metabolism photosynthesis

recessive replication

1. I take vitamins C and E every day for their __________ properties. 2. Right now there are two ________________, but eventually we’ll prove one to be fact. 3. I have a very fast _______________ and it processes everything I eat quickly. 4. My family tries to buy only ________________ products so as not to fill up the landfills. 5. Plants depend completely on __________________ in order to grow. 6. Blue eyes is apparently a ____________ gene in our family 7. Almost all of today’s colds and flu come from some kind of ______________. 8. Rubbing my sock-covered feet across the carpeting created a lot of _____________. 9. I tried to move, but _______________ kept me from going forward. 10. I wish _________________ was possible so that I could make a few more of myself and then I could be in at least two places at one time!

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Activity 3: GET CREATIVE On the lines below, write a story using at least five of the vocabulary words from this lesson. Make sure you use the correct form of the word. _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________

Activity 4: HIDDEN WORDS All the vocabulary words are hidden in this puzzle. Look across, down, diagonally, and backward to find them. L

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antioxidant bacteria biodegradable chromosome enzyme equilibrium friction

genome homeostasis hypotheses inertia meiosis metabolism metamorphosis

molecule nucleus osmosis photosynthesis recessive replication 179

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27

PEOPLE-WATCHING: ANTHROPOLOGICAL TERMS

ave you ever just sat and watched people—

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in a casually interested way, not in a stalker, worrisome kind of way? It can be fascinating to observe hairstyles, clothing choices, and behavioral differences. (The bigger the city, the more bizarre this experience can be.) Anthropologists are people who study other people as a career. Most of them study cultures of the distant past, but there are some who keep an eye on the most modern of us, too. Here are some terms anthropologists use in their field. They’re words you should learn so when you’re people-watching, you’ll know the words that apply to what you’re seeing. This will also make you appear a little more professional and a little less like a stalker—just in case someone else is people-watching you!

DEFINITIONS acculturation affinal

culture change due to contact between cultures

members of one’s relatives who are related through marriage 181

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anthropocentric the idea that humans are the most important beings in the universe anthropology the study of humanity, often divided up into physical anthropology, archaeology, ethnology, and anthropological linguistics assimilation when one ethnic group absorbs another, so that the cultural traits of the assimilated group become indistinguishable deviance not following the norms of society diffusion the spread of a cultural pattern from one culture to another where no directed change agent is apparent domestication mals

human interference in the breeding patterns of plants and ani-

ethnography description of a culture, usually based on the reports and research of someone who participates and observes the lifestyle genealogy

a family tree of relationships traced through parents and children

gentrification the rehabilitation of a deteriorated neighborhood by new residents, with an overall increase in value horticulture the science and art of growing flowers, fruits, vegetables, or ornamental plants kinesics body, facial, hand, and arm movements that are used to communicate matriarchy culture in which a mother figure and the women have authority multiculturalism stressing the importance of different cultures, races, and ethnicities paralanguage the use of accent, cadence, pitch, and tone to convey meaning socialization

the process by which culture is learned, also called enculturation

stereotype an idea that many people have about a thing or group, which may be untrue or only partially true subsistence the way by which a culture obtains its food urbanization cities

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the process by which more and more people come to live in

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Activity 1: PICK-A-WORD Circle the vocabulary word that best completes the sentence. 1. When one culture affects the attitudes and behavior of another one, it’s called a. acculturation. b. domestication. c. assimilation. d. multiculturalism. 2. Domestication is when humans interfere with the a. class system of a culture. b. reproduction of animals. c. design of communities. d. division of properties. 3. Another word for socialization is a. deviance. b. subsistence. c. enculturation. d. urbanization. 4. The study of humanity is known as a. matriarchy. b. genealogy. c. diffusion. d. anthropology. 5. The migration of people into the city is called a. anthropocentric. b. urbanization. c. kinesics. d. gentrification.

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Activity 2: TRUE OR FALSE? Read each statement and mark it T if it’s true or F if it’s false. If it is false, change it so that it becomes true. _____ 1. People who enjoy exploring their family heritage often go into ethnography. _______________________________________________________ _____ 2. Those interested in gentrification often purchase the worst house and make drastic improvements. _______________________________________________________ _____ 3. Women have a great deal of power in a matriarchy. _______________________________________________________ _____ 4. Choosing not to follow your society’s general rules of behavior is commonly referred to as kinesics. _______________________________________________________ _____ 5. Stereotypes are commonly based on completely accurate beliefs about a type of person or group. _______________________________________________________

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Activity 3: WHAT AM I? Read the question and then write the appropriate answer from this lesson’s vocabulary words. 1. I’m the way people have learned to grow and find food. What am I? __________________________________________________________ 2. I’m related to you but only through a marriage. What am I? __________________________________________________________ 3. I’m positive that humans are the most important living creatures in the universe. What am I? __________________________________________________________ 4. I’m all the different ways to lend meaning to words, including the accent and tone of voice. What am I? __________________________________________________________ 5. I study the way a culture lives by becoming part of it and watching closely. What am I? __________________________________________________________

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Activity 4: CROSS-A-WORD Read each clue, then write the correct vocabulary word in the puzzle. 1

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moving into the city hunting for food sprucing up the neighborhood how culture is learned quit interfering one absorbs the other focusing on the differences becoming a part of the culture to learn 15 ways to convey meaning 18 using hand tools 19 researching the family tree

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one culture changing another false perceptions when cultures spread let’s communicate the study of humans humans are number one the women are in charge phooey on society’s norms related through marriage

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DAY

28 S

PLAY BALL! SPORTS TERMS

ports are mighty popular in this country.

Whether you’re sitting on the couch watching them with the remote in hand, waiting on the sidelines cheering on your favorite player, or playing on the field as one of the team, it’s important to know the different terms used. Otherwise, you can’t know what the player’s done wrong—or right—or why the crowd is cheering—or booing! Following are some terms from the nation’s favorite sports.

DEFINITIONS FOOTBALL audible verbal commands shouted to teammates by the quarterback at the line of scrimmage to change a play on short notice encroachment when a player (besides the center) is in the neutral zone and contact occurs prior to the snap; a foul punishable by a five-yard penalty 187

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fumble when a ball carrier loses possession of the ball by dropping it or having it knocked away before the play ends; the first player to regain possession of the loose ball is said to make the recovery interception a pass caught in the air by a defender whose team immediately gains possession of the ball and becomes the offense punt occurs when a player ten yards behind the center catches a snap, drops it, and kicks it before it hits the ground BASEBALL bunt a short hit executed by letting the ball hit the bat (not swinging at it); used to surprise fielders or advance a runner doubleheader two games played back-to-back on the same day by the same teams homer a batted ball that flies in fair territory and allows a runner to round the bases and score a run slider a pitch that looks to a batter like a fastball, but breaks sharply when it reaches the plate switch-hitter a player who can bat left- or right-handed BASKETBALL dribble repeatedly bounce the ball with one hand; used to advance the ball or keep control of it free throw an unguarded shot from the foul line by a player who has been fouled by an opposing player; worth one point layup a shot taken by leaping up under the basket and using one hand to bounce the ball off the backboard into the basket. pivot a movement in which one foot must remain on the floor at all times while moving the other to pass or shoot the ball rebound when a player grabs a ball coming off the rim or backboard after a shot

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SOCCER breakaway when an attacker with the ball approaches the goal undefended, pitting the attacker against the goalkeeper in a one-to-one showdown flick header a player’s use of his or her head to deflect the ball hat trick three or more goals scored in a game by a single player juggling keeping the ball in the air with any part of the body other than the hands or arms; typically used for practice to develop coordination shielding a technique used by a ball carrier to protect the ball from a defender; the ball carrier keeps his or her body between the ball and the defender

Activity 1: WHICH ONE DOES NOT BELONG? Read each set of words and circle the one that doesn’t fit. 1. audible, bunt, fumble 2. dribble, pivot, punt 3. doubleheader, juggling, breakaway 4. homer, interception, slider 5. layup, rebound, hat trick

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Activity 2: WHAT AM I? Read each question and write the best answer from this lesson’s vocabulary words. 1. If you had the ball but dropped it before the play ended, I’m what you did. What am I? __________________________________________________________ 2. If you want to fool the fielders, I’m the best hit to use. What am I? __________________________________________________________ 3. I’m a one-point shot that’s allowed when one player is fouled by another. What am I? __________________________________________________________ 4. I’m a move that uses the head to hit the ball into another direction. What am I? __________________________________________________________ 5. I’m a skillful player because I’m ambidextrous when it comes to batting. What am I? __________________________________________________________

Activity 3: GET CREATIVE On the lines below, write a story using at least five of the vocabulary words in this lesson. Make sure you use the correct form of each word. _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________

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Activity 4: WORD MIX-UP Unscramble each word and write it correctly. 1. eeehrduoldab

__________________________

2. citthi-ehwtsr

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3. wrakabeay

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4. cemtnecoranh

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5. eficelrk dha

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7. adbeilu

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8. fow erhret

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9. sdieinlhg

__________________________

10. ietenicropnt

__________________________

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DAY

29

YOU DESIGN IT: INTERIOR DESIGN TERMS

s it time to update your kitchen? Want your

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bedroom to have an entirely different theme? It might be time to consult an interior designer, or at least get a few books on the subject for do-it-yourself projects. The terms in today’s lesson are all about the world of interior design. You may have heard them thrown around on television, in discussions between your parents, or even from a friend who’s learning to create blueprints. By learning the terms, you can follow the conversations and, in the process, maybe even come up with a few ideas for what you’d like to do with your own room!

DEFINITIONS alcove

a recessed area in a room

ambient typically used in reference to lighting, it means light that provides general illumination in a room rather than to specific areas

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armoire a large, tall French cabinet that typically has one or two doors and adjustable shelves instead of drawers, usually used as a wardrobe for storing clothing or linens, as well as computers or entertainment equipment bolster a cylindrical stuffed pillow chifferobe a combination of a wardrobe and a bureau cornice a decorative box attached directly to the wall or molding above a window opening to conceal the curtain fixtures damask a heavy fabric of linen, cotton, silk, or rayon duvet a French term for a blanket; in this country, usually a removable cover for a down-filled comforter ergonomics the science of designing and arranging things so that people interact safely and efficiently with them étagère a piece of furniture with a set of open shelves used for displaying knickknacks or small breakables; sometimes includes lighting and/or a mirror facade the face or front exterior of a building given special architectural treatment feng shui translated as wind-water, an ancient Chinese technique of designing interiors to maximize comfort, harmony, and balance in order to achieve health and prosperity finial decorative hardware, wood, or metal ornament on the end of drapery rods, newel posts, furnishings, and woodwork lacquer a hard, protective high-sheen varnish often applied as a top coat to furniture niche a display shelf, seating area, or other small area recessed into the wall patina a luster or sheen that develops on an object’s surface with use, wear, or oxidation over time settee a long seat or bench with a back and arms that can seat at least two people tapestry a highly decorative fabric with a woven design, often used as upholstery torchiere a type of standing floor lamp with a reflector shade that throws indirect light upward toward the ceiling 194

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valance a shallow, ornamental drapery treatment hung at the heading of a window or canopy to conceal the hardware behind it wainscoting an application of wood paneling up to the middle or lower half of a wall

Activity 1: WORD MATCH Match each vocabulary word on the left with its definition on the right. 1. damask

_____ a. pillow

2. duvet

_____ b. fabric

3. feng shui

_____ c. ornament

4. armoire

_____ d. bench

5. bolster

_____ e. Chinese

6. finial

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_____ g. linen

8. tapestry

_____ h. cabinet

9. settee

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j. lamp

10. torchiere

Activity 2: PICK-A-WORD Choose the best vocabulary word from the box to fit in each blank. alcove

cornice

étagère

patina

wainscoting

1. That Americana shelf will look terrific in the ______________ in the kitchen. 2. I’m planning to put my entire blown glass collection in my new ______________. 3. My grandmother’s bureau is so old it’s developed a deep, shiny ______________. 4. Putting ______________ all around the room gave it a truly colonial look. 5. The ______________ on the bathroom wall matches the décor perfectly.

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Activity 3: YOU DECIDE Read each statement and circle the correct answer. 1. Ambient lighting illuminates a. the entire room. b. a small area. c. the outdoors. d. a gallery. 2. A settee is a piece of a. fabric. b. furniture. c. hardware. d. shelving. 3. A heavy fabric made of linen or cotton is a. nylon. b. tapestry. c. damask. d. silk. 4. A multipurpose French cabinet is a(n) a. étagère. b. torchiere. c. valance. d. armoire. 5. A duvet is the same thing as a a. pillow. b. blanket. c. bureau. d. lamp.

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6. The purpose of a torchiere is to a. light up a room. b. hold towels. c. hide hardware. d. fill up a corner. 7. To re-cover a chair, you might use a. lacquer. b. bolster. c. tapestry. d. patina. 8. Ergonomic design was created to make a home a. quieter. b. larger. c. warmer. d. safer. 9. The style of decorating that hopes to create harmony and balance is a. ergonomic. b. feng shui. c. facade. d. wainscoting. 10. A valance is usually found a. over a window. b. hanging on the wall. c. in a closet. d. sitting on a shelf.

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Activity 4: HIDDEN WORDS All the vocabulary words are hidden in this puzzle. Look across, down, diagonally, and backward to find them.

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alcove ambient armoire bolster chifferobe cornice damask

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duvet ergonomics étagère facade feng shui finial lacquer

niche patina settee tapestry torchiere valance wainscoting

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DAY

30

SCHOOL DAYS: EDUCATIONAL TERMS

ou’d think that after years in school, with the

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potential of even more spent in college, you’d already know all the educational terms out there, but some words in today’s lesson may surprise you. After all, you know education from a student’s point of view, and many of these words are ones that teachers use. Some terms are the kind that professional testing companies use when developing state and national tests for you to take. Since you’re the one who has to pass these tests, it can be quite helpful to at least understand the terminology that’s used in developing them. So, whether you’re in school or out, this lesson will help you look at education from the opposite side of the classroom. Enjoy.

DEFINITIONS accommodations changes in the way tests are designed or administered to respond to the special needs of students with disabilities and English-language learners 199

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accountability the idea that students, teachers, schools, or state departments of education should be held responsible for improving student achievement and should be rewarded for their success or penalized for the lack of it alignment the degree to which assessments (exams/tests), curriculum, instruction, textbooks, and other instructional materials; teacher preparation and professional development; and systems of accountability all reflect and reinforce the educational program’s objectives and standards assessment process of identifying strengths and needs to assist in educational planning, including observation, record review, interviews, and tests benchmarks a detailed description of a specific level of student achievement expected at a given age, grade level, or developmental age; academic goals set for each grade level bilingual having the ability to speak two languages fluently; in education, it describes a program for students whose first language is not English curriculum the courses of study offered by a school or district discrepancy the difference between two tests, such as between measures of a child’s intellectual ability and academic achievement enrichment

additional course outside those required for graduation

immersion in the education world, a program that teaches children to speak, read, and write in a second language by surrounding them with conversation and instruction in that language inclusion the practice of placing students with disabilities in regular classrooms, also referred to as mainstreaming intervention programs for students who aren’t learning at grade level to help them move up; may be taught during the regular class time or in before- or after-school programs manipulative describes three-dimensional teaching aids that teachers use to help students with math concepts, such as counting beads, blocks, shapes, and rulers modification changes in the delivery, content, or instructional level of a subject or test to create a different standard for students with disabilities or Englishlanguage learners proficiency 200

the mastery or ability to do something at grade level

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retention

the practice of having a student repeat a grade level in school

rubric a grading or scoring system that describes levels of quality for each criteria tenure a system of due process and employment guarantee for teachers tracking a common instructional practice of organizing students in groups based on their academic skills transition process of preparing kids to function in future environments and emphasizing movement from one educational program to another

Activity 1: PICK-A-WORD Choose a word from the box that best fits in each blank. assessment bilingual curriculum

discrepancy enrichment manipulatives

proficiency rubric

tenure tracking

1. Many classrooms offer _____________ education because of the large influx of students from other countries in recent years. 2. Many students demonstrate their _______________ by acing their exams. 3. Learning math, especially fractions, is much easier for some students if they’re able to use ______________. 4. When my teacher checked my test scores, she found that there was a ______________ in the score. 5. A number of extended essay questions are graded through a _____________ that assigns points depending on how complete the answer is. 6. _____________ classes are often offered for students who want to expand their college portfolios. 7. Teachers are eager to get ____________ because it means job security. 8. The teachers have written an entirely new __________ this year and we can’t wait to see the new textbooks. 201

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9. For some students, timed examinations aren’t fair __________________ tools, as they don’t do well in this type of situation. 10. _____________ helps students at the same skill levels work together as teams.

Activity 2: TRUE OF FALSE? Read each statement. Write T if it’s true or F if it’s false. _____ 1. Immersion helps children learn how to speak a second language by surrounding them with people who speak, read, and write that language. _____ 2. The programs that schools have for kids who are behind is called inclusion. _____ 3. When a student repeats the same grade, it is referred to as retention. _____ 4. Another word for mainstreaming is alignment. _____ 5. Moving students from school to a career or college is known as transition.

Activity 3: GET CREATIVE On the lines below, write a story using at least five of the vocabulary words in this lesson. Make sure you use the correct form of each word. _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________

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Activity 4: WHAT AM I? 1. I’m the changes in the way examinations are designed to meet students’ special needs. What am I? __________________________________________________________ 2. I’m the exact levels that students are supposed to meet at each grade level. What am I? __________________________________________________________ 3. I’m the mastery of a grade level. What am I? __________________________________________________________ 4. I’m what students study each year in school. What am I? __________________________________________________________ 5. I’m the difference between two separate measurements. What am I? __________________________________________________________

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POSTTEST: HOW MUCH D0 YOU KNOW NOW?

ead each question below and choose the best

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answer. As in the pretest, the test contains a word from each lesson. This is where you prove how great this book has been for you, how it’s enriched and improved your academic life as well as your financial and social life. So ace this test and you’ll be a superstar. Go ahead—make yourself proud! 1. If you decide to boycott something, it means you’ll a. buy more of it. b. stop using it. c. start selling it. d. purchase stocks in it. 2. If you’re vacillating, you’re being a. belligerent. b. feisty. c. indecisive. d. winsome. 205

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3. If you saunter to class, you’re moving a. slowly. b. angrily. c. quickly. d. calmly. 4. Someone who’s extremely grateful and keeps thanking you is being a. laconic. b. benign. c. cursory. d. effusive. 5. If you’d like to have two of something, you want a a. pair. b. pear. c. pare. d. payer. 6. A caustic comment is one that would most likely a. make a person laugh. b. confuse the listener. c. hurt someone’s feelings. d. clarify a question. 7. An author who publishes several books each year writes a. pungently. b. prolifically. c. sardonically. d. languidly. 8. Abashed means the same thing as a. frightened. b. exhausted. c. bored. d. ashamed.

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9. Money that’s paid to a person at regular intervals over a period of time is a(n) a. algorithm. b. annuity. c. commodity. d. deficit. 10. The sound an orchestra makes while tuning up describes a. dissonance. b. contralto. c. allegro. d. baroque. 11. It’s important to know that when someone assesses you, you’re being a. reprimanded. b. appreciated. c. evaluated. d. overlooked. 12. If you fail to pay on your loan when you’re supposed to, this is known as a. compliance. b. extension. c. liability. d. default. 13. In politics, a long speech to delay things is referred to as a. gerrymandering. b. filibuster. c. impeachment. d. ratification. 14. An anemometer measures a. wind. b. temperature. c. barometric pressure. d. precipitation.

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15. Statistics about human populations are called a. biospheres. b. topography. c. demographics. d. reservoirs. 16. An alloy is a mixture of a. liquids. b. woods. c. wires. d. metals. 17. A character that shows up in many different pieces of literature is called a(n) a. archetype. b. allegory. c. caricature. d. soliloquy. 18. To transfer signals from one nerve to another you need a. frenulum. b. synapses. c. keratin. d. cartilage. 19. The program that people use to access the Web is known as the a. domain. b. cursor. c. browser. d. firewall. 20. The level of noise is usually measured in a. decibels. b. volts. c. watts. d. wavelengths.

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21. When a state impedes the enforcment of a federal law, this is known as a. industrialization. b. mercantilism. c. nullification. d. secession. 22. To blanch something means to a. loosen its skin. b. tenderize it. c. cover it with oil. d. brown it. 23. Money that’s handled by a third party for a buyer or seller is called a. oakum. b. escrow. c. shim. d. egress. 24. The money paid to an ex-spouse following a divorce is referred to as a. bankruptcy. b. arraignment. c. custody. d. alimony. 25. A person who’s totally unresponsive is a. bipolar. b. obsessive. c. catatonic. d. compulsive. 26. Another word for overall balance is a. axon. b. metabolism. c. equilibrium. d. fractal.

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27. The movement of people from one area to another is called a. anthropology. b. migration. c. socialization. d. biodiversity. 28. Bouncing the ball up and down with one hand is known as a. fielding. b. juggling. c. dribbling. d. shielding. 29. A type of bureau is known as a(n) a. armoire. b. alcove. c. duvet. d. patina. 30. Learning tools that can be picked up and handled are referred to as a. rubrics. b. enrichments. c. manipulatives. d. vouchers.

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ANSWERS

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PRETEST: HOW MUCH DO YOU KNOW?

1. b. Day 1: Faction means a group or clique. None of the other words are similar in meaning. 2. c. Day 2: A garnish is a decoration; admonish and chastise mean to scold; and redress means to reconsider. 3. d. Day 3: Winsome means attractive or pretty. The other three terms do not have similar meanings. 4. a. Day 4: A laconic person is terse. The other three terms have no relationship to the word. 5. b. Day 5: Although all of these words are pronounced the same because they are homophones, the only correct spelling of the word for this definition is idol. 6. d. Day 6: Nebulous means vague or unclear; therefore, it is confusing. 7. a. Day 7: The definition of the word is dishonorably. The other three choices do not define the word correctly. 8. c. Day 8: The word is defined by choice c, disconsolate. Choices a, b, and d are not necessarily qualities of a miserable person. 9. a. Day 9: Circumference is the correct definition. Choice b is the distance across a circle and choices c and d are irrelevant. 10. c. Day 10: A maestro is defined as the conductor; choices a, b, and d are not necessarily elements of a maestro. 11. d. Day 11: A C.V. is shown as a synonym for a resume. Choices a, b, and c do not fit the definition.

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12. c. Day 12: Disclaimers is the correct definition. Choices b, c, and d have different meanings. 13. b. Day 13: An anarchist is shown as someone who wishes there was no such thing as government, so he or she would not want to see it expanded, revered, or followed, but rather, abolished. 14. c. Day 14: Only inversion fits the definition correctly. The other three terms are weather processes that have different meanings. 15. c. Day 15: Hemisphere is correct and is clued by the prefix hemi-. The other terms have different meanings. 16. d. Day 16: A joule is a measurement of energy. Other terms are used to define units of inductance, temperature, and electricity. 17. b. Day 17: Only epiphany fits the definition. Hubris is pride, melodrama is extremely emotional drama, and omniscience is all-knowing. 18. a. Day 18: Keratin in only found in fingernails. It is not an element in choices b, c, or d. 19. c. Day 19: Spam refers to unwanted e-mails. The other terms have nothing to do with this definition.

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20. a. Day 20: Xenon is the name of a gas only. It is not an alien, planet, or type of metal. 21. a. Day 21: A synonym for armistice is peace. Although the other choices may accompany armistice, they are not synonyms for the term. 22. c. Day 22: The definition of unleavened is bread that does not rise. The other three choices are not part of the correct definition. 23. b. Day 23: The only choice that is defined as bonding layers together is laminating. The other three have different meanings. 24. d. Day 24: The definition of a writ is a judge’s order. A fee, testimony, or verdict do not fall under this definition. 25. c. Day 25: A stigma is defined as something that is socially unacceptable. The other choices do not correctly define the word. 26. b. Day 26: The definition of antioxidant is that it might help fight off health problems, specifically cancer. The others are not mentioned within the definition. 27. d. Day 27: A matriarchy is defined as a system run by women. A clue can be found in the prefix matri-.

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28. a. Day 28: The term switch-hitter is only found in the sport of baseball. The other choices are all incorrect. 29. d. Day 29: Only a settee is a type of couch. Choices a and b are different types of furniture and choice c is a type of finish.

30. a. Day 30: A bilingual person is able to speak in two different languages. The prefix bi- clues the number two and lingual refers to language.

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DAY 1: PERSON, PLACE, OR THING? COMMONLY USED NOUNS

Activity 2: WORD MATCH 1. j 2. g 3. f 4. h 5. i 6. d 7. a 8. c 9. e 10. b

Activity 3: PICK-A-WORD

Activity 4: WORD MIX-UP 1. epoch 2. charlatan 3. dissertation 4. habitat 5. interloper

Activity 5: TRUE OR FALSE? 1. True 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. False

1. alumnus 2. boycott 3. condiment 4. dissertation 5. epoch 6. faction 7. habitat 8. heretic 9. iconoclast 10. restoration

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Activity 6: CROSS-A-WORD 3

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DAY 2: IT’S ALIVE! VIVID, VIBRANT VERBS

Activity 1: WORD MATCH 1. d 2. f 3. r 4. c 5. t 6. j 7. m 8. e 9. o 10. q 11. a 12. s 13. h 14. p 15. b 16. l 17. n 18. g 19. k 20. i

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Activity 2: YOU DECIDE 1. a 2. c 3. d 4. b 5. b 6. a 7. b 8. b 9. c 10. d

Activity 3: ANALOGIES 1. accrue : dwindle :: vacillate : decisive 2. atrophy : strengthen :: beguile : ignore 3. imbibe : refuse :: inveigle : offend 4. ostracize : embrace :: plagiarize : original 5. admonish : praise :: garnish : strip

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Activity 4: WORD MIX-UP 1. admonish 2. garnish 3. inveigle 4. redress 5. vacillate

Activity 5: PICK-A-WORD 1. capitulate 2. modulate 3. chastise 4. paraphrase 5. embody 6. officiate 7. redress 8. propagate 9. delineate 10. disseminate

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DAY 3: COMING CLOSE: STUDYING SYNONYMS

Activity 1: THE SEARCH IS ON! I

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Activity 2: WHAT AM I?

Activity 4: CHOOSE-A-WORD

1. paraphernalia 2. winsome 3. cantankerous 4. convivial 5. colossal

1. a 2. b 3. c 4. d 5. d

Activity 3: GET CREATIVE

Activity 5: TRUE OR FALSE? 1. False 2. True 3. False 4. True 5. True

There are no right or wrong answers for this activity. However, you may wish to have a family member, friend, or teacher review your response and give feedback.

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DAY 4: WHEN OPPOSITES ATTRACT: AWESOME ANTONYMS Activity 1: WORD MATCH 1. d 2. q 3. f 4. o 5. p 6. m 7. l 8. e 9. r 10. c 11. t 12. b 13. g 14. h 15. i 16. j 17. k 18. s 19. n 20. a

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Activity 2: PICK-A-WORD 1. anomaly 2. cursory 3. laconic; effusive 4. malevolent; maudlin 5. plethora 6. reprehensible 7. sporadic 8. placates; decorum 9. veracity 10. vitriolic

Activity 3: WHAT AM I? 1. benign 2. truculent 3. ostensible 4. laconic 5. decorum

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Activity 4: WORD MIX-UP 1. jocund 2. placate 3. veracity 4. incarcerate 5. decorum

Activity 5: ANALOGIES 1. vitriolic 2. sporadic 3. jocund 4. succinct 5. cursory

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DAY 5: WHAT’S THE DIFFERENCE? HANDLING HOMOPHONES Activity 1: THIS ONE OR THAT? 1. allowed; band 2. billed 3. brows 4. discreet; cymbals 5. discussed; hoarse 6. either one 7. Idol; incite 8. lesson; mourning 9. pair; stationary 10. tract; verses 11. whether 12. whirled; wine

Activity 2: TRUE OR FALSE? 1. True 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. False 6. False 7. True 8. False 9. True 10. False

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11. mourning 12. stationary 13. weather 14. whirled 15. whine

Activity 3: WORD MIX-UP 1. allowed 2. banned 3. browse 4. cymbal 5. discreet/discrete 6. disgust 7. gorilla 8. hoarse 9. idyll 10. insight

Activity 4: GET CREATIVE There are no right or wrong answers for this activity. However, you may wish to have a family member, friend, or teacher review your response and give feedback.

Activity 5: HIDDEN HOMOPHONES

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DAY 6: MAKE IT REAL: ADDING ADJECTIVES

Activity 1: WHAT AM I? 1. affluent 2. caustic 3. flippant 4. lucrative 5. nebulous

Activity 2: CHOOSE-A-WORD 1. b 2. b 3. d 4. c 5. a

Activity 3: GET CREATIVE There are no right or wrong answers for this activity. However, you may wish to have a family member, friend, or teacher review your response and give feedback.

Activity 4: ANALOGIES 1. caustic 2. flippant 3. haggard 4. pathological 5. utilitarian

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Activity 5: CROSS-A-WORD 1

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DAY 7: MAKE IT REAL—AGAIN: TIME FOR ADVERBS Activity 1: WORD MATCH 1. b 2. e 3. g 4. h 5. i 6. n 7. m 8. o 9. s 10. p 11. a 12. q 13. d 14. f 15. r 16. t 17. c 18. l 19. k 20. j

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Activity 2: TRUE OR FALSE? 1. True 2. True 3. False 4. True 5. False

Activity 3: GET CREATIVE There are no right or wrong answers for this activity. However, you may wish to have a family member, friend, or teacher review your response and give feedback.

Activity 4: WORD MIX-UP 1. adamantly 2. coherently 3. ignomiously 4. incorrigibly 5. insatiably 6. magnanimously 7. opulently 8. quiescently 9. resiliently 10. solicitously

Activity 5: PICK-A-WORD 1. adamantly 2. coherently 3. meticulously 4. inexplicably 5. languidly

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DAY 8: HOW ARE YOU FEELING TODAY? EMOTIONAL TERMS Activity 1: CROSS-A-WORD 1

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Activity 2: WHICH ONE DOES NOT BELONG?

Activity 3: PICK-A-WORD 1. acquiescent 2. credulous 3. facetious 4. impotent 5. zealous

1. ebullient 2. taciturn 3. vociferous 4. acquiescent 5. candid

Activity 4: HIDDEN WORDS S

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6. facetious 7. petulant 8. taciturn 9. vociferous 10. zealous

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DAY 9: JUST THE FACTS, MA’AM: MATHEMATICAL TERMS Activity 1: PICK-A-WORD 1. b 2. c 3. a 4. c 5. c 6. b 7. d 8. a 9. b 10. d

Activity 2: WHICH ONE DOES NOT BELONG? 1. annuity 2. commodity 3. equation 4. denominator 5. fiscal

Activity 3: WHAT AM I? 1. algebra 2. denominator 3. recession 4. perpendicular 5. aggregate

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Activity 4: TRUE OR FALSE? 1. True 2. False 3. False 4. True 5. True

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DAY 10: NAME THAT TUNE: MUSICAL TERMS

Activity 1: WORD MATCH 1. h 2. j 3. f 4. d 5. i 6. b 7. g 8. e 9. c 10. a

Activity 2: GET CREATIVE There are no right or wrong answers for this activity. However, you may wish to have a family member, friend, or teacher review your response and give feedback.

Activity 3: ANALOGIES 1. dissonant 2. monotone 3. interlude 4. recital 5. unison

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Activity 4: HIDDEN WORDS R

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Activity 5: TRUE OR FALSE? 1. False 2. True 3. False 4. True 5. False

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DAY 11: ON THE HUNT: JOB SEARCH TERMS

Activity 1: PICK-A-WORD 1. a 2. d 3. b 4. c 5. a 6. c 7. d 8. b 9. d 10. a

Activity 2: WHAT AM I? 1. overqualified 2. recruiter 3. occupational 4. application 5. assessment

Activity 3: GET CREATIVE There are no right or wrong answers for this activity. However, you may wish to have a family member, friend, or teacher review your response and give feedback.

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Activity 4: CROSS-A-WORD 1

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DAY 12: SIGN ON THE DOTTED LINE: CONTRACT TERMS Activity 1: WHAT AM I? 1. addendum 2. collateral 3. devaluation 4. extension 5. liquidate

Activity 2: YOU DECIDE 1. arbitration 2. variable 3. beneficiary 4. compliance 5. subcontracting 6. default 7. disclaimers 8. refinance 9. overhead 10. insolvency

Activity 3: WORD MIX-UP 1. equity 2. leverage 3. liability 4. notarization 5. revenue

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Activity 4: TRUE OR FALSE? 1. True 2. False 3. False 4. False 5. True 6. True 7. False 8. True 9. True 10. False

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DAY 13: POLITICS ON PARADE: POLITICAL TERMS Activity 1: WORD MATCH 1. j 2. g 3. a 4. i 5. b 6. d 7. c 8. e 9. f 10. h

Activity 2: ANALOGIES 1. bureaucracy 2. impeachment 3. privatize 4. ratification 5. subsidy

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Activity 3: WORD SEARCH F

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Activity 4: TRUE OR FALSE? 1. False, nationalism 2. False, anarchist 3. True 4. True 5. False, subsidy

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DAY 14: THE WEATHER REPORT: METEOROLOGICAL TERMS Activity 1: CROSS-A-WORD 1

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Activity 2: PICK-A-WORD 1. divergence 2. Permafrost 3. evaporation 4. climatology 5. conduction 6. advection 7. inversion 8. condensation 9. atmosphere 10. isotherm

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Activity 3: WHAT AM I? 1. advection 2. condensation 3. doldrums 4. evaporation 5. macroburst

Activity 4: GET CREATIVE There are no right or wrong answers for this activity. However, you may wish to have a family member, friend, or teacher review your response and give feedback.

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DAY 15: WHERE IN THE WORLD? GEOGRAPHICAL TERMS Activity 1: WHICH ONE DOES NOT BELONG? 1. isthmus—the first and last words are about storing water; an isthmus is a piece of land connecting other lands together. 2. perihelion—an epicenter and a zenith are focal points; a perihelion is a spot closest to the sun. 3. arroyo—the first two are imaginary lines on the globe; the arroyo is a dry ditch. 4. biosphere—the other two terms refer to areas that hold and deal with water; the biosphere is the planet as a whole. 5. archipelago—the equinox is equal parts night and day and the meridian is equal parts of the earth; the archipelago is a chain of islands.

Activity 2: PICK-A-WORD 1. a 2. c 3. b 4. a 5. d

Activity 3: ANALOGIES 1. biosphere 2. epicenter 3. watershed 4. meridian 5. erosion

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Activity 4: WORD MIX-UP 1. aquifer 2. reservoir 3. meridian 4. biosphere 5. latitude 6. watershed 7. erosion 8. hemisphere 9. karst 10. arroyo

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DAY 16: PIECES AND PARTS: MECHANICAL TERMS Activity 1: WORD MATCH 1. e 2. i 3. f 4. b 5. g 6. h 7. d 8. c 9. a

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Activity 2: HIDDEN WORDS H

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Activity 4: GET CREATIVE There are no right or wrong answers for this activity. However, you may wish to have a family member, friend, or teacher review your response and give feedback.

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DAY 17: PATRON OF THE ARTS: HUMANITIES TERMS

Activity 1: PICK-A-WORD 1. omniscient 2. denouement 3. epiphany 4. protagonist, hubris 5. lithography 6. monochromatic 7. soliloquy 8. Tragicomedy 9. allegory 10. matte

Activity 2: WHICH ONE DOES NOT BELONG? 1. monochromatic 2. protagonist 3. omniscience 4. symmetry 5. mosaic

Activity 3: WHAT AM I? 1. protagonist 2. symmetry 3. aesthetics 4. melodrama 5. caricature

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Activity 4: WORD MIX-UP 1. abstract 2. hubris 3. archetype 4. aesthetics 5. omniscience 6. mosaic 7. allegory 8. monochromatic 9. melodrama 10. caricature 11. denouement 12. lithography 13. parody 14. soliloquy 15. tragicomedy

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DAY 18: IN THE DOCTOR’S OFFICE: MEDICAL TERMS

Activity 1: ANALOGIES 1. scoliosis 2. frenulum 3. malocclusion 4. hematoma 5. prosthesis

Activity 2: PICK-A-WORD 1. a 2. b 3. c 4. d 5. d

Activity 3: GET CREATIVE There are no right or wrong answers for this activity. However, you may wish to have a family member, friend, or teacher review your response and give feedback.

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Activity 4: CROSS-A-WORD 1

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DAY 19: THE WORLD WIDE WEB: COMPUTER TERMS

Activity 1: TRUE OR FALSE? 1. True 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. False 6. False 7. True 8. True 9. False 10. True

Activity 2: WORD MATCH 1. c 2. d 3. e 4. b 5. a

Activity 3: WHAT AM I? 1. font 2. netiquette 3. webmaster 4. server 5. spam

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Activity 4: HIDDEN WORDS R

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DAY 20: DOES IT TAKE BATTERIES? ELECTRONIC TERMS Activity 1: WORD MATCH 1. b 2. d 3. e 4. c 5. a

Activity 2: TRUE OR FALSE? 1. False, not amplified and is supplied 2. True 3. True 4. False, decibels 5. False, an oscilloscope

Activity 3: GET CREATIVE There are no right or wrong answers for this activity. However, you may wish to have a family member, friend, or teacher review your response and give feedback.

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Activity 4: WORD MIX-UP 1. ampere 2. amplitude 3. attenuation 4. capacitor 5. decibel 6. distortion 7. filtering 8. frequency 9. insulator 10. laser 11. oscilloscope 12. quasi 13. quiescent 14. resistor 15. resonance 16. velocity 17. volt 18. watt 19. wavelength 20. xenon

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DAY 21: THE RIGHT TIME AND PLACE: HISTORICAL TERMS Activity 1: PICK-A-WORD 1. abolitionists 2. oligarchy 3. archives 4. Industrialization 5. feudalism 6. chivalry 7. tariff 8. secession 9. suffrage 10. nullification

Activity 2: WHICH ONE DOES NOT BELONG? 1. industrialization 2. protectorate 3. extradition 4. caucus 5. anarchy

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Activity 3: YOU DECIDE 1. d 2. c 3. b 4. a 5. b 6. d 7. b 8. d 9. c 10. a

Activity 4: CROSS-A-WORD 1

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DAY 22: WHAT’S COOKIN’? CULINARY TERMS

Activity 1: ANALOGIES 1. marinade 2. reconstitute 3. dredge 4. score 5. skewer

Activity 2: WHAT AM I? 1. unleavened 2. sear 3. skewer 4. cruciferous 5. parboil

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Activity 3: WORD MIX-UP 1. braise 2. flambé 3. parboil 4. roux 5. zest 6. baste 7. cuisine 8. reconstitute 9. score 10. semifreddo 11. marinate 12. sear 13. unleavened 14. blanch 15. dredge 16. skewer 17. julienne 18. dilute 19. poach 20. cruciferous

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Activity 4: WHICH ONE DOES NOT BELONG? 1. roux; the other two are about putting food into boiling water 2. dredge; the other two are about adding water to a substance 3. zest; the other two are about using high heat for cooking 4. julienne; the other two use flour 5. flambé; the other two are prepared as garnishes

Activity 5: GET CREATIVE There are no right or wrong answers for this activity. However, you may wish to have a family member, friend, or teacher review your response and give feedback.

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DAY 23: IF YOU BUILD IT: CONSTRUCTION TERMS

Activity 1: WORD MATCH 1. e 2. c 3. b 4. d 5. a

Activity 2: TRUE OR FALSE? 1. True 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. True

Activity 3: PICK-A-WORD 1. appraisal 2. partition 3. refrigerant 4. shim 5. escrow 6. infiltration 7. rebar 8. egress 9. balustrade 10. turnkey

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DAY 24: ORDER IN THE COURT: LEGAL TERMS

Activity 1: WHICH ONE DOES NOT BELONG? 1. felony 2. jurisdiction 3. conviction 4. delinquent 5. testimony

Activity 2: YOU DECIDE 1. b 2. a 3. d 4. c 5. b

Activity 3: GET CREATIVE There are no right or wrong answers for this activity. However, you may wish to have a family member, friend, or teacher review your response and give feedback.

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Activity 4: CROSS-A-WORD 1 2

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DAY 25: BETWEEN YOUR EARS: PSYCHOLOGICAL TERMS Activity 1: WHICH ONE DOES NOT BELONG? 1. biofeedback 2. addiction 3. imprinting 4. stigma 5. neurotransmitters

Activity 2: TRUE OR FALSE? 1. True 2. False 3. False 4. True 5. False

Activity 3: WHAT AM I? 1. neurotransmitters 2. phobia 3. addiction 4. catatonic 5. imprinting 6. cognition 7. fixation 8. paranoid 9. stigma 10. transference

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Activity 4: WORD MIX-UP 1. addiction 2. biofeedback 3. hallucination 4. transference 5. schizophrenia 6. neurotransmitters 7. cognition 8. catatonic 9. imprinting 10. bipolar

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DAY 26: IT’S A SCIENCE: SCIENTIFIC TERMS

Activity 1: WORD MATCH 1. d 2. a 3. e 4. f 5. b 6. c 7. i 8. g 9. j 10. h

Activity 2: PICK-A-WORD 1. antioxidant 2. hypotheses 3. metabolism 4. biodegradable 5. photosynthesis 6. recessive 7. bacteria 8. friction 9. inertia 10. replication

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Activity 3: GET CREATIVE There are no right or wrong answers for this activity. However, you may wish to have a family member, friend, or teacher review your response and give feedback.

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DAY 27: PEOPLE-WATCHING: ANTHROPOLOGICAL TERMS Activity 1: PICK-A-WORD 1. a 2. b 3. c 4. d 5. b

Activity 2: TRUE OR FALSE? 1. False; genealogy, not ethnography 2. True 3. True 4. False; deviance, not kinesics 5. False; inaccurate, not accurate

Activity 3: WHAT AM I? 1. subsistence 2. affinal 3. anthropocentric 4. kinesics 5. ethnography

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Activity 4: CROSS-A-WORD 1 3

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DAY 28: PLAY BALL! SPORTS TERMS

Activity 1: WHICH ONE DOES NOT BELONG? 1. bunt 2. punt 3. doubleheader 4. interception 5. hat trick

Activity 2: WHAT AM I? 1. fumble 2. bunt 3. free throw 4. flick header 5. switch-hitter

Activity 3: GET CREATIVE There are no right or wrong answers for this activity. However, you may wish to have a family member, friend, or teacher review your response and give feedback.

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Activity 4: WORD MIX-UP 1. doubleheader 2. switch-hitter 3. breakaway 4. encroachment 5. flick header 6. rebound 7. audible 8. free throw 9. shielding 10. interception

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DAY 29: YOU DESIGN IT: INTERIOR DESIGN TERMS

Activity 1: WORD MATCH 1. g 2. i 3. e 4. h 5. a 6. c 7. f 8. b 9. d 10. j

Activity 2: PICK-A-WORD 1. alcove 2. étagère 3. patina 4. wainscoting 5. cornice

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Activity 3: YOU DECIDE 1. a 2. b 3. c 4. d 5. b 6. a 7. c 8. d 9. b 10. a

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DAY 30: SCHOOL DAYS: EDUCATIONAL TERMS

Activity 1: PICK-A-WORD 1. bilingual 2. proficiency 3. manipulatives 4. discrepancy 5. rubric 6. Enrichment 7. tenure 8. curriculum 9. assessment 10. Tracking

Activity 2: TRUE OR FALSE? 1. True 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. True

Activity 3: GET CREATIVE There are no right or wrong answers for this activity. However, you may wish to have a family member, friend, or teacher review your response and give feedback.

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Activity 4: WHAT AM I? 1. accommodations 2. benchmarks 3. proficiency 4. curriculum 5. discrepancy

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POSTTEST: HOW MUCH DID YOU LEARN?

1. b. Day 1: To boycott something is to stop using it. 2. c. Day 2: Vacillating means to go back and forth between two or more options because you are indecisive. 3. a. Day 3: The definition of saunter is found only in choice a. 4. d. Day 4: To be effusive is to be extremely or repeatedly grateful. 5. a. Day 5: Only choice a is spelled correctly for the definition provided. 6. c. Day 6: Caustic means hurtful or abrasive, as in choice c. 7. b. Day 7: The only option that fits the definition is choice b, prolifically. 8. d. Day 8: The word abashed means embarrassed or ashamed. 9. b. Day 9: The correct answer is annuity. 10. a. Day 10: Choices b and c refer to a voice, not instruments. Choice d is a style of music. Only choice a, dissonance, is correct. 11. c. Day 11: Assessed refers to evaluated. It does not necessarily include reprimanding or appreciation, although it is possible. Overlooked is almost an antonym. 12. d. Day 12: Only default means failure to pay. 13. b. Day 13: Only a filibuster is a delaying speech. 14. a. Day 14: The only element an anemometer measures is wind. 15. c. Day 15: The correct option is choice c and is clued by the suffix -graphics, which often refers to statistics. 16. d. Day 16: An alloy is defined as a mix of metals. 17. a. Day 17: Choices b and d have nothing to do with a character. Choice c is an exaggeration of a character. The only option that fits the description is choice a, archetype.

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18. b. Day 18: Choice b, synapses, is the correct answer. Choice a is a body part, choice c is only found in fingernails, and choice d is a type of tissue. 19. c. Day 19: Choice a is not a user program, choice b is a pointer on the screen, and choice d is virus protection. They do not fit the description. 20. a. Day 20: Only decibels is correct as choices b, c, and d measure elements that do not include sound. 21. c. Day 21: Only nullification fits the description. The other three choices have nothing to do with federal laws. 22. a. Day 22: To blanch means to loosen its skin. 23. b. Day 23: Only escrow has anything to do with money. 24. d. Day 24: Choices a and b have nothing to do with divorce. Choice c has to do with child custody. Alimony is correct.

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25. c. Day 25: The only word that defines unresponsive is catatonic. 26. c. Day 26: The only word that is synonymous with balance is equilibrium. 27. b. Day 27: Only migration fits the description. Choice a is the study of people, choice c is the interaction of people, and choice d describes differences in people’s environments. 28. c. Day 28: The only word that describes this action is dribbling. The other options refer to sports other than basketball. 29. a. Day 29: Armoire fits the description. 30. c. Day 30: Only choice c, manipulatives, are tangible objects that can be picked up.

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