THESIS

TRANSLATION OF ENGLISH IMPERATIVE SENTENCES IN PROCEDURAL TEXTS INTO INDONESIAN

IFONI LUDJI

MAGISTER PROGRAM LINGUISTICS PROGRAM IN TRANSLATION STUDY POSTGRADUATE PROGRAM UDAYANA UNIVERSITY DENPASAR 2014 1

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THESIS

TRANSLATION OF ENGLISH IMPERATIVE SENTENCES IN PROCEDURAL TEXTS INTO INDONESIAN Thesis for Obtaining Magister Degree at Magister Program, Linguistics Program Study- Translation Program Magister Program of Udayana University

IFONI LUDJI NIM 1290161055

MAGISTER PROGRAM LINGUISTICS PROGRAM IN TRANSLATION STUDIES POSTGRADUATE PROGRAM UDAYANA UNIVERSITY DENPASAR 2014 ii

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APPROVAL SHEET This thesis has been examined on July 01st,2014 by

Supervisor I,

Supervisor II,

Prof. Dr. I Wayan Pastika, M.S. NIP 19591231 198511 1 001

Prof. Dr. I Nengah Sudipa, M.A NIP 19540731 197911 1 001

Approved by

Head of Master Program in Linguistic Department Postgraduate Program Udayana University

Director of Postgraduate Program Udayana University

Prof. Dr. I Nyoman Suparwa, M.Hum NIP. 19620310 198503 1 005

Prof. Dr. dr. A.A Raka Sudewi, Sp.S(K). NIP. 19590215 198510 2 001

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This thesis has been examined by the board of examiners on July 01st, 2014 based on the Decree of Rector of Udayana University No. 2053/UN/14.4/HK/2014.

The board of Examiners: Chairman

: Prof. Dr. I Wayan Pastika, M. S Prof. Dr. I Nengah Sudipa, M.A

Members

: 1. Prof. Dr. NL Sutjiati Beratha, M.A 2. Dr. NL Ketut Mas Indrawati, M.A 3. Dr. Ni Wayan Sukarini, M.Hum

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SURAT PERNYATAAN BEBAS PLAGIAT

Saya yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini:

Nama

: Ifoni Ludji

NIM

: 1290161055

Program Studi

: Magister (S2) Linguistik, Konsentrasi Penerjemahan, Program Pascasarjana, Universitas Udayana

Judul Tesis

: Translation of English Imperative Sentences in Procedural Texts into Indonesian

Dengan ini menyatakan bahwa karya ilmiah saya Tesis ini bebas plagiat. Apabila dikemudian hari terbukti terdapat plagiat dalam karya ilmiah ini, maka saya bersedia menerima sanksi sesuai peraturan Mendiknas Republik Indonesia No.17 tahun 2010 dan perundangan yang berlaku.

Denpasar, ………2014

Ifoni Ludji

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

First of all, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to the Almighty God, in the name of Jesus Christ for His blessing, thus this thesis could be completed and the Master’s Degree in Applied Linguistics, particularly in translation studies could be obtained. In this good opportunity, I would like to express my deep greatest thanks to Prof. Dr. I Wayan Pastika, M.S. as my first supervisor, who gave me lots of suggestions, directions, and support to complete my thesis. My thankfulness also goes to my second supervisor, Prof. Dr. I Nengah Sudipa, M.A for his suggestions, corrections, and assistance in guiding me to finish my thesis. In addition, my deep gratitude also goes to the Rector of Udayana University (Prof. Dr. dr. Ketut Suastika, Sp. PD-KEMD.), the Director of Postgraduate Program Udayana University (Prof. Dr. dr. A.A. Raka Sudewi, Sp.S(K).), the Head of Master Program in Linguistic (Prof. Dr. I Nyoman Suparwa, M.Hum.), Secretary of Master Program in Linguistic (Dr. Made Sri Satyawati, S.S., M.Hum), and staff of Master Program in Linguistic (I Gusti Agung Ayu Supadmini, I Ketut Ebuh, I Nyoman Sadra, Ida Bagus Suanda, Nyoman Adi Triani, Ni Nyoman Sumerti, and Ni Nyoman Sukartini) for the time, recommendations, facilities, and opportunities during my study in this institution. Moreover, I would also like to express my special gratitude to the board of examiners for their valuable support and input such as Prof. Dr. NL Sutjiati

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Beratha, M.A., Dr. NL Ketut Mas Indrawati, M. A. and Dr. Ni Wayan Sukarini, M.Hum. Finally, I would also like to express my special gratitude to my beloved husband (Edward Rollys Menno) for supporting my study financially and morally and always praying for me. For my parents. (Marthinus Ludji, and Bendelina Djami), my brothers, sisters, sister in law and nephews: ( Lius Ludji, Titof Ludji, Yesli Ludji, Erny Ludji, Marlin Ludji, and Christiany Supiaty, Echa & Alena) who gave me valuable supports, praying, and inputs. For my foster father, DR. Philip Passmore who had supported my study financially and morally, and always pray and give me motivation. For my best friends, I Gusti Mahatma Agung, Dominikus Tauk, Dian Purnama, M.Hum, Rina Pamantung, M.Hum, Sandra Nanlohi, Maya Sopha, Vallentina Lawalata, Aty Ratu Djawa, Bertha Kitu Homa, K Bayu, K ery lots of thanks for their help and support. And for La Denpasar Language course, the director of La Denpasar (Pak Nanang & K Ine), and all the staffs and all of the Indonesian and Foreigner students, thank you very much for their motivation and support. The last would be given to my dear cousin Polce Aryanto Bessie, M.Hum, lots of thanks for his support, help, motivation and inspiration. I hope that God will always bless those who are conducted in completing this thesis.

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TRANSLATION OF ENGLISH IMPERATIVE SENTENCES IN PROCEDURAL TEXTS INTO INDONESIAN Abstract In order to achieve satisfactory communication among people who speak different languages, translation is essential. This study deals with translation of English imperative sentences in procedural texts translated into Indonesian. This study showed the goal such as to identify the types of English imperative sentences in procedural texts and their translation equivalents, and to describe the reason why translation procedures were applied in translating English imperative sentences into Indonesian imperative sentences of the procedural text. The data focus on the types of English imperatives taken from bilingual psychological books. The data source was collected through qualitative observation method and note taking by reading those books and choosing the imperative sentence; the data were analyzed using the theories applied. To answer the problem of this study, the theories applied in the research were imperative, translation processes in a translated text, descriptive syntax, grammaticality, grammar translation, and translation procedures. The result indicates that there are three types of imperative found in this study. They are: negative commands, requests, and positive commands. The negative commands were translated into eight variation forms; requests were translated into four variation forms, and positive commands were translated into nine variation forms. There were four kinds of translation procedures used in this study; they are borrowing, modulation, transposition, and literal. Finally, the reasons why translation procedures were applied in this study were that the existence of translation procedures is influenced by three factors including: semantic factor, syntactic factor and culture factor. The example of culture factor can be seen in borrowing procedure, the culture of using butter in Indonesian is borrowed from western culture. Indonesian has no staple food such as butter. Therefore, in translating a text, a translator must pay attention to those reasons since it is essential to determine the real message of a text and to have good translation. Keywords: procedural text, imperative, translation procedure.

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TERJEMAHAN KALIMAT PERINTAH BAHASA INGGRIS DALAM TEKS PROSEDURAL KE DALAM BAHASA INDONESIA Abstrak Untuk mencapai komunikasi yang baik di antara penutur bahasa yang berbeda, terjemahan sangat diperlukan. Penelitian ini berkaitan dengan terjemahan kalimat perintah bahasa Inggris dalam teks-teks prosedural yang diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa Indonesia. Tujuan dari penelitian ini ialah mengidentifikasi jenisjenis kalimat perintah bahasa Inggris ke dalam teks prosedural dan terjemahannya, dan mendeskripsikan alasan mengapa prosedur penerjemahan tersebut diterapkan dalam menerjemahkan kalimat perintah bahasa Inggris dalam kalimat perintah bahasa Indonesia pada teks prosedural. Sumber data dari penelitian ini adalah buku psikologi bahasa Inggris yg diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa Indonesia. Data dikumpulkan melalui metode observasi kualitatif. Proses pencatatan dilakukan setelah membaca dan mengelompokkan jenis kalimat perintah tersendiri. Data dianalisis dengan menggunakan teori yang diterapkan. Untuk menjawab permasalahan dari studi ini, teori-teori yang digunakan dalam studi ini adalah imperative, translation process in a translated text, descriptive syntax, grammaticality, grammar translation, dan translation procedures. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ada tiga tipe kalimat perintah yang ditemukan yaitu: kalimat perintah negatif, kalimat permintaan, dan kalimat perintah positif. Kalimat perintah negatif dijabarkan dalam delapan bentuk variasi, kalimat permintaan dijabarkan dalam empat bentuk variasi, dan kalimat perintah positif diterjemahkan dalam sembilan bentuk variasi. Selain itu, Terdapat juga empat macam prosedur penerjemahan yang digunakan yaitu prosedur peminjaman, modulasi, transposisi, dan literal. Pada akhirnya alasan mengapa prosedur penerjemahan diterapkan dalam penelitian ini adalah oleh karena keberadaan prosedur penerjemahan yang dipengaruhi oleh tiga faktor yaitu : faktor semantik, sintaksis, dan faktor budaya. Contoh faktor budaya yang dapat dilihat dalam prosedur peminjaman yaitu budaya menggunakan mentega di Indonesia dipinjam dari budaya barat. Indonesia tidak memiliki makanan pokok seperti mentega. Utuk itu dalam menerjemahkan sebuah teks, seorang penerjemah harus memperhatikan ketiga faktor tersebut untuk menghasilkan produk terjemahan yang baik. Keywords: Teks prosedural, kalimat perintah, prosedur penerjemahan

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TABLE OF CONTENT

COVER ................................................................................................................ i PREREQUISITE TITLE...................................................................................... ii APPROVAL SHEET .......................................................................................... iii THE BOARD OF EXAMINER .......................................................................... iv SURAT PERNYATAAN BEBAS PLAGIAT ...................................................... v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................. vi ABSTRAK ...................................................................................................... viii ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................... ix TABLE OF CONTENT ....................................................................................... x ABBREVIATION AND SYMBOLS ................................................................ xiii CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION .......................................................................... 1 1.1 Background .................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Research Problem ......................................................................................... 6 1.3 Aims of Study............................................................................................... 6 1.4 Significance of the Study .............................................................................. 7 1.4.1 Theoretical significance ............................................................................ 7 1.4.2 Practical Significance ................................................................................ 7 1.5 Scope and Limitation of Study ...................................................................... 8 CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE, CONCEPT THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK AND RESEARCH MODEL ......................... 9 2.1 Review of Related Literature ........................................................................ 9 2.2 Concept ...................................................................................................... 15 2.2.1 Imperative sentence ................................................................................. 15 2.2.2 Procedural text ......................................................................................... 16 x

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2.2.3 Translation............................................................................................... 17 2.3 Theoretical Framework ............................................................................... 18 2.3.1 Descriptive syntax ................................................................................... 19 2.3.2 Translation process in a translated text .................................................... 19 2.3.3 Imperative in English ............................................................................... 20 2.3.4 Indonesian Imperative.............................................................................. 27 2.3.5 Grammaticality........................................................................................ 37 2.3.6 Grammar Translation .............................................................................. 37 2.3.7 Translation Procedure.............................................................................. 38 2.4 Research Model .......................................................................................... 42 CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD ............................................................ 44 3.1 Research Approach ..................................................................................... 44 3.2 Data Source ................................................................................................ 44 3.3 Research Instruments .................................................................................. 45 3.4 Method and Technique of Collecting Data ................................................. 45 3.5 Method and Technique of Analyzing Data .................................................. 47 3.6 Method and Technique of Presenting Data .................................................. 49 CHAPTER IV THE ANALYSIS OF TRANSLATION OF ENGLISH IMPERATIVE SENTENCES IN PROCEDURAL TEXTS TRANSLATED INTO INDONESIAN ....................................................................................... 50 4.1 The Types of Imperative Sentence in English Procedural Texts and Their Indonesian translation ...................................................................................... 51 4.1.1 Negative Commands Types of Imperative sentence ................................. 51 4.1.1.1

English imperative with do not + base verb (Negative commands)

corresponds to jangan + prefix meng- + base veb+ suffix -kan and their Indonesian Equivalents ..................................................................................... 52 xi

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4.1.1.2 English imperative with do not + base verb (Negative commands) corresponds to jangan + prefix meng- + base verb and their Indonesian Equivalents....................................................................................................... 56 4.1.1.3 English imperative with do not + base verb (Negative commands) corresponds to jangan + prefix ber+ base verb and their Indonesian Equivalents ...................................................................................................... 58 4.1.1.4 English imperative with do not + base verb (Negative commands) corresponds to jangan + base verb + -kan and their Indonesian Equivalents .... 61 4.1.1.5 English imperative with never + base verb (Negative commands) corresponds to jangan pernah + base verb +prefix meng-+ kan and their Indonesian Equivalents ..................................................................................... 64 4.1.2 Requesting type of English Imperatives with Base Verb are Translated into TL Base Verb+ Particle -lah .......................................................................... 66 4.1.3 Positive Commands Types of English Imperatives with Base Form of Verb which are Translated into Base Verb+ Suffix-kan and Their Indonesian Equivalents ...................................................................................................... 70 4.1.3.1 Positive Commands Types of English Imperatives with Base Verb and the Translation of Base Verb .................................................................................. 75 4.2 Reasons of Applying such Translation Procedures in English Imperative Sentences Translated Into Indonesian ............................................................... 77 4.2.1 Semantic Factor ...................................................................................... 80 4.2.2 Syntactic Factor ...................................................................................... 82 4.2.3 Culture Factor ......................................................................................... 84 CHAPTER V CONCLUSION .......................................................................... 87 5.1 Conclusion ................................................................................................. 87 5.2 Suggestion .................................................................................................. 88 Bibliography .................................................................................................... 89 Appendix ......................................................................................................... 91 xii

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ABBREVIATION AND SYMBOL

ABBREVIATION e.g

: Example Given

SL

: Source Language

TL

: Target Language

TT

: Target Text

Pc

: Personal Computer

SYMBOL :

To show the language system in source language is translated into target language

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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study Through language, people share information, express their ideas and interact with others. Moreover, to achieve satisfactory communication among people who speak different languages, translation is essential. Translation is a process or a result of converting information from one language into another, or is a process of transferring meaning. The most common translation in Indonesia is the translation of books from English into Indonesian. Recently, there are a lot of translated books sold in Indonesia. Thus, the translation problems which often occur are the problems with lexicon, communication situation, and also cultural context of the source language text (English). The most common problem faced by the translator is the construction of the source language grammar, thus it is difficult to translate certain sentences into the target language. Some sentence constructions are poorly understood, in the sense that it is not clear how they should be represented, or what rules should be used to describe them. It is because each language has its own rules. The concept of translation proposed by Nida (1969: 12) stated that: “Translation consists of reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalence of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style”. It means that, the implied meaning in a source text should be the same as the implied meaning in a target text. The implied meaning which is meant here can be the speaker(s)’ intention in conveying what he means. The style of

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translation proposed by Nida refers to the way of expressing the speaker(s)’ intention. Therefore, the style in the source text should be the same as the style in the target text without avoiding the naturalness of the languages. In short, the styles should be kept, while the implied message in the sentences (English and Indonesian) provides the same idea. Based on the definition stated above, there are three conditions to be fulfilled in order to produce a good translation namely: accuracy, clarity and naturalness. Dealing with accuracy, procedural text as one of the texts which consists of a series of instructions designed accurately in order to mean to an end (e.g. to encourage a person, to help her to revise her opinion, and enrich the goals and purposes by outlining certain action). One example related to this situation is the translation of English imperative sentence translated into Indonesian in procedural texts. Procedural texts tell us about the process of making or doing something. By following the instructions, people can make and get the information about doing something. A procedural text is a text that is designed to describe how something is done through a sequence of actions or steps. It explains the way people perform various processes in a sequence of steps. This text uses simple present tense, often in imperative sentences. It also uses temporal conjunction such as “first”, “second”, “then”, “next”, and ”finally”. Procedural text is important for people as a guidance to follow the instructions in order to reach the goal. Thus, in translating a procedural text the translator should understand the

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characteristic of the procedural text in order to adapt the style when the translator translates it into Indonesian. The purpose of procedural discourse is to prescribe and to give the steps to do something. What is being talked about is usually a process or an action. The agent is usually unspecified; the proposition often contains an instrument or a manner concept (Larson, 1998: 404). As a part of the use of procedural terminologies, it is important to consider what is meant by imperative sentences in the procedural texts. Imperative sentence is a sentence that gives advice or instructions or that expresses a requests or command. It typically begins with the base form of a verb, as in Go now! The implied subject you is said to be “understood” (or elliptical): (you) go now! Actually, when talking about texts, directly we automatically talk about sentences. According to Frank (1972:220), “sentence is the unit of grammatical organization with which part of speech (e.g. nouns, verbs, adverbs) and grammatical classes (e.g. word, phrase, and clause) are said to function. Sentence based on its function in discourse can be divided into four, namely declarative sentence, interrogative sentence, imperative sentence, and exclamatory sentence. Declarative sentences are used to convey information or to make statements (e.g Tika plays the guitar). Interrogative sentences are used to ask questions (e.g Is this your book?). Imperative sentences are used to issue orders or directives (e.g Don’t shut the door!). Exclamatory sentences are used to make exclamations ( e.g What a stupid man he is!). Based on the above explanation, this current study will focus

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on the discussion about imperative sentences as one of the sentence function in English. Imperative sentences are usually used to give command and prohibition to other people. Imperative sentence is usually ended with an exclamation mark (!). It is usually used in the procedural text. In imperative sentences, the same subject can be found. That is “You”. Hall says (1981: 59), “imperative sentence – commands and request use the simple form of the verb without any stated subjects”. According to Hornby (1976: 193), imperatives can be expressed in various ways; the verbs command, invite, request, suggest, and give advice to the addressee. In addition, the imperative is frequently used in everyday speech. Formally, it is a sentence which occurs only in the main clause, normally has no grammatical subjects and contains the verb in its most basic form. Thomson, (1986) divided the imperative into five types namely, commands, requests, invitation, advice, and suggestion. Moreover, beside the English imperative notion stated above, Indonesian imperative gives the similar notion about the imperative. According to Sneddon (1996: 324), imperative moods are all addressed to someone to have something to be done. They range from strong commands to requests, appeals and suggestions. Basic imperatives are usually written with a final exclamation mark, although this convention is not always observed, especially if the order is a mild one. The main purpose of this research is to analyze the translation of English imperatives into Indonesian found in the procedural text of a psychology book’. For example, the English imperative “Make each day your masterpiece” is

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translated into “buatlah setiap hari menjadi mahakaryamu”. The word make is translated into buatlah in Indonesian. From the process of imperative constructions of the source text (ST), it can obviously be stated that it is formed through syntactical process, that is, SL+ infinitive (base verb), whereas in target text (TT) it is formed through morphological process, that is, by attaching base verb + particle- lah. The particle-lah in Indonesian writing and speech is optionally added to the verb in the imperative constructions. This can also occur in informal styles but is much less frequent. Its occurrence here is to mark the predicate, which is out of its normal position, occurring at the beginning of the clause as an example: Jadilah, senyumlah. It is also frequently stated that –lah makes an imperative polite. Some writers even translate it into ’please’. In addition, the English imperative sentence construction has very simple types while Indonesian imperative sentence is quite complicated. English is in syntactic operation level, meanwhile the Indonesian imperative sentences are complex especially in morphological operation. Related to the phenomena above, this study becomes an interesting topic to discuss. This study was conducted to analyze the translation of English imperative into Indonesian. The analysis of this study relies on the product of translation. The product itself refers to the result of the English imperatives sentence translation into Indonesian. Not all messages or elements in the SL can be translated in the same way.

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1.2 Research Problem Dealing with the translation of English imperatives in procedural text found in a psychology book entitled “What I wish I knew at Eighteen” which was translated into Indonesian as stated in the background above, thus there are two interesting problems to be discussed: 1. What are the types of imperative sentences in English procedural texts “What I wish I knew at eighteen” and their Indonesian? 2. Why the translation procedures are applied in translating English imperative sentences into Indonesian in “What I wish I knew at eighteen”?

1.3 Aims of the Study The general aim of this study is to shed further insights and more scientific evidences concerning effective and efficient translation either from English into Indonesian or vice versa. Specifically, this study’s aims are based on the two problems stated in the research problem, thus the aims of this study are: 1. To identify the types of imperative sentence found in English procedural texts and their Indonesian translation which are used in a psychology book entitled “What I wish I knew at eighteen”. 2. To describe the reason why such translation procedures are applied in translating English imperative sentence into Indonesian imperative sentences of the procedural texts in the book entitled “What I wish I knew at eighteen”.

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1.4 Significance of the Study This study is expected to give two significant aspects. They are theoretical aspect and practical aspect.

1.4.1 Theoretical Significance Theoretically, it is hoped that the result of this study will improve the knowledge based on translation results regarding the imperative sentence patterns in procedural text and give contribution to linguistic studies especially translation studies. Furthermore, translating English imperative into Indonesian bring implication to translation subject in terms of the way of rendering messages from a wider grammatical sentence pattern and the way of identifying translation techniques in a translation product can be done by students theoretically for example denoting the imperative meaning of the sentences which are going to be translated. Specifically, this study will be a reference for those who use imperative sentences in procedural text.

1.4.2 Practical Significance Practically, the result of this study contributes a new comprehension for the students of translation class in translating imperative sentences from English into Indonesian. The findings of the present study are expected to be valuable and practical significant to the language learners, especially those who are interested in and concerned with translation work, either translating from English into Indonesian or vice versa. It is also wished to be a reference for the other researchers to analyze procedural text. Furthermore, it can inspire and add their

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knowledge of the imperative sentences in English and Indonesian, the translation procedures, and techniques that may be useful especially in translating a text in the same domain or genre as in the text (data) of this study.

1.5 Scope of the Study The scope of the study is intended to give the limitation of the discussion based on the characteristic of the data. This study is concerned with a descriptive qualitative analysis of imperative sentences, especially their types, and the translation procedures applied in translating the sentences from English into Indonesian. Eventually, this study explores the reason why such translations procedures were applied. Specifically, this study is focusing on the unit of translation in the level of sentence of a text. In this case, English imperative theories proposed by Thomson (1986), Swan (1998), and Indonesian imperative theories proposed by Sneddon (1996) and all seven translation procedures proposed by Vinay and Dalbernet in Venuti (2000) were used as references to assess the result of the translation.

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CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW, CONCEPT, THEORETICAL FRAME WORK, AND RESEARCH MODEL

2.1 Literature Review In conducting this research, some previous studies which still have relevance to the objective of this study were reviewed. Below are some theses and articles reviewed to support this present study. Wirawan (2012) in his thesis discussed about “The Translation of English Passive Into Indonesian : A Case Study of Labor Agreement Translated into Indonesian”. The study is aimed at presenting the first result of the form of passive construction of SL after being transferred into TL. The result of the analysis shows that there are some differences between English and Indonesian passive voice. Certainly English has more ways of forming passive sentences than Indonesian because in English passive voice should be used in agreement with the tenses and are also distinguished into regular and irregular verbs. This analysis indicates that the translation of English passive construction into Indonesian is also influenced by the use of passive construction in the agreement. The above study contributes significantly to this study, the study is not directly related to this study about the imperative sentences in procedural text, her study did not explain the English passive construction while this research did it. But the way of his analysis, especially in relation to the ways of identifying and translating imperative sentences of English into Indonesian, is similar. Kemala Putri (2010) in her thesis entitled ‘The translation of English imperatives into Indonesian by Google translate’ discusses the result of translation 9

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of English imperatives into Indonesian by Google translate. Her study is similar to this study in terms of the topic that is the translation of English imperative analysis. However, this study is specifically focused on the types of English imperative sentences and their Indonesian translation. Based on the result of her study, it can be seen that her study and this study are different. Her study did not explain the English imperative construction and the translation procedure used in translating the English imperative sentence into Indonesian. She only explained the result of the Google’s translation. On the other hand, this study explained the English imperative sentence construction and the Indonesian imperative construction, especially the types of the imperative construction and the translation procedures used. A study about procedural text entitled Analyzing the Explanation Structure of Procedural Texts: Dealing with Advice and Warnings conducted by Fontan and Dizier (2006) also deals with the imperative structures. The main goal of their project is to analyze the structure of procedural texts in order to efficiently and accurately respond to How-to-do-X questions. This means identification of titles (which convey the main goals of the procedure), sequences of the instructions serving these goals, and a number of additional structures such as prerequisites, warnings, advice, illustrations, and so forth. In terms of the goal above, it can be argued that the result of Fontan and Dizier’s study which is indicating the structure of procedural text is almost true. Unfortunately, there is still lack investigation regarding the concept of that structure order to answer the How-to-do-X questions. If a researcher wanted to

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know the implied response to such a question, it is better that he/she breaks down the concept of that structure. After knowing the structure of a sentence in a particular procedural text, there is still a question for us about what the structure means? Is the structure used only to compose the procedural text? If yes, thus what is the real notion implied in the sentence structure of the procedural text structure? Actually, in conducting

such a study, the researchers must not only

determine the structure of the procedural text but also identify the implied meaning of each instruction in each step or section of the procedural text. That makes Fontan and Dizier’s article different from this study. Their article focuses on the analysis of the structure of procedural texts in order to respond to How-todo-X efficiently and accurately. However, this study does not focus on the procedural text but on the use of imperative sentences in a procedural text. Thus, this study focuses on the types of English imperative sentences in procedural texts. On the other hand, their study supports this study in terms of the structure analysis in procedural texts which can be used as a guideline to analyze the structures of the English imperative and Indonesian imperative. Another relevant study to this research was conducted by Estelle Delpech and Dizier (2007) entitled “Investigating the Structure of Procedural Texts for Answering How-to Questions”. Their paper presents ongoing work in parsing the textual structure of procedural texts. They proposed a model for the instructional structure and criteria to identify its main components: titles, instructions, warnings and prerequisites. The main aim of that project, apart from giving a contribution to

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text processing, is to answer procedural questions (How-to-do X questions), in which the answer is a well-formed portion of a text, not a small set of words as for factoid questions. The approach of the study was based on (1) a conceptual and linguistic analysis of the notion of procedure and (2) a mainly manual corpusbased analysis, whose aim is to validate and enrich the former. In that short paper, they summarized their results, focusing (1) on the conceptual notion of instructional compounds, which does capture the complexity just advocated, and (2) on the recognition of titles, instructions and instructional compounds. The results of the study are: (1) The justification and explanation structure, which has wider scope over the remainder of the compound, indicates motivations for doing actions that follow in the compound (e.g. in your bedroom, you must clean regularly the curtains..., which here motivates actions to undertake). (2) The instruction kernel structure, which contains the main instructions. These can be organized temporally or just be sets of actions. Actions are identified most frequently through the presence of action verbs (in relation to the domain) in the imperative form, or in the infinitive form introduced by a modal. A number of forms of subordinated instructions were also observed. These are in general organized within the compound by means of rhetorical relations. (3) The deontic and illocutionary force structures: consist of marks that operate over instructions, outlining different parameters: deontic: obligatory, optional, forbidden or impossible, alternates (or), illocutionary and related aspects: stresses on actions: necessary, advised, recommended, to be avoided, etc.

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(4) The conditional structure: introduces conditions over instructions within the compound or even over the whole instructional compound. (5) The rhetorical structure whose goal is to enrich the kernel structure by means of a number of subordinated aspects (realized as propositions, possibly instructions) among which, most notably: causality, enablement, motivation, argument for, circumstance, elaboration, instrument, precaution, manner. The rhetorical structure is in general composed of instructions (satellites) related to the instructions in the kernel. Furthermore, they stated that Verbs used in procedural text must be action verbs. The statement is acceptable but it should be supported by strong argument of why it should be considered action verb. In addition, we should consider that action verbs are not always used in procedural text because sometimes few statements do not have action verbs but those statements belong to procedural text, for example, the Indonesian verb biarkan. The verb is not an action verb but it is a stative verb. The existence of the verb needs a notion that the subject you just do nothing and let something happen. It can be proved in a sentence Biarkan airnya mendidih selama satu jam. Their study is actually relevant to this study as it also talks about the English imperative sentence in procedural text found in psychological book. However, there is a difference between this study and the previous one. This study focuses on the way to compose imperative sentence in procedural text and the implied meaning of those English imperative sentences translated into Indonesian in a procedural text and their types of imperative sentences.

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Another study was conducted by Isaraj (2010) entitled ‘A Comparative Study of Imperative Sentences in English and Albanian Language’. That study focused on the syntax and structure of imperative sentences in English and Albanian language. The result of the study indicates that there are similarities and differences between English and Albanian. The similarities between the two languages are viewed in spite of the distinctions they have. Similarities in the semantic field: the imperative modality was noticed. The difference is noticed in the morphology of sentences, as Albanian language is rich in morphology and has inflections marking the category of tense, person or number, while English language has an impoverished morphology. Also there are differences in the syntactic structure. English has a fixed word order and the use of subject is optional while in Albanian it may not be used at all as it is marked by the inflectional endings. The rich inflectional system influences the lack of subject in the imperative sentences. The result of the study shows that the study is different from the current study. In his study he did not explain the form of the imperative sentences in English and Albanian and also their types of imperative sentences. But this study explained the form of both English imperative sentences and Indonesian and their types. On the other hand, his study supports this study in terms the imperative sentence especially in syntax and structure.

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2.2 Concept This research relies on three main concepts. The concepts are closely related to the foundation of this research. The concepts are imperative sentence, procedural texts and translation. The imperative sentence is explained based on its characteristics in particular English imperative sentence because English is the source language in this study, thus it enables the researcher to find the data easily. However, the most important thing in this case is the general concept of the imperative sentence itself. Furthermore, the concept of the procedural text and translation is also explained in this section. For the detail they are explained in the following sub-sections.

2.2.1 Imperative Sentence Imperative is a type of sentence that gives advice or instructions or that expresses a request or command. According to Hornby (1976: 193), imperatives can be expressed in various ways, the verbs command, invite, request, suggest, and give advice to the addressee. Commonly, in imperatives it is unnecessary to indicate the subject because the second person of the address is directly understood. Swan (1996: 268) stated that Imperatives are used, for example, to tell or ask people what to do, to make suggestions, to give advice or instructions, to encourage and offer, and to express wishes for people’s welfare. Therefore, this concept supports the negative form of imperative sentence such as “don’t go anywhere “in discourse context, there is no subject and object explicitly but it is understood that the speaker is the person who gives the instruction to the person

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whom has been addressed. The last is imperative proposed by Thomson (1986) as the main theory of imperative of this study in which it is stated that the imperatives are expressed into commands, requests, invitations, advice and suggestions. Moreover, in Indonesian, according to Sneddon (1996: 324), imperative moods are all addressed to someone with an intention that something to be done. They range from strong commands to requests, appeals and suggestions. Basic imperatives are usually written with a final exclamation mark, although this convention is not always observed, especially if the order is a mild one.

2.2.2 Procedural Text Procedural texts explain how to realize a certain goal by means of actions which may be temporally organized. The purpose of a procedural discourse is to prescribe, to give the steps in how to do something. Each procedure is a unit and the discourse consists of a sequentially related series of steps within each procedure. Very often the event being talked about will be a process, or an action which is a PROCESS ACTION. The AGENT is not usually specified, and it is the characteristic of procedural discourse that most of the ACTIONS will have an AFFECTED. The propositions often contain an INSTRUMENT or MANNER concept the groupings in the semantic structure will parallel the steps and the procedures. (Larson, 1984:404)

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2.2.3 Translation There are some definitions of translation already put forward by different linguists. According to Munday (2001: 4), the term translation itself has several meanings; it can refer to the general subject field, the product (the text that has been translated) or the process (the act of producing the translation, otherwise known as translating). The process of translation between two different written languages involves the change of an original written text (the source text or ST), in the original verbal language (the source language or SL) into a written text (the target text or TT) in a different verbal language (the target language or TL). In line with Munday, Catford (1965:20) defines translation as the replacement of textual material in one language by equivalents textual material in another language. The use of textual material underlies the fact that in normal condition it is not the entirety of a SL which is translated that is replaced by TL equivalents because at one more levels of language there may be simple replacement by non equivalent form. Bell (1991:5) also gives definition of translation. He states that translation is the expression in another language (or TL) of what has been expressed in another, SL, preserving semantic and stylistic equivalences. He also states that the goal of translation as the transformation of a text originally in one language into an equivalent text in a different language retaining, as far as is possible, the content of the message and the formal features and functional roles of the original text (Bell, 1991: xv).

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Baker (1998:118) defines translation as a process of intercultural communication, whose end product is a text which is capable of functioning appropriately in specific contexts and situation of use. Due to the different perspectives of translation above, there are two main focuses as the definition of translation. First, it focuses on the process of translation itself, which indicates how the translator transfers the SL into TL equivalency. The second, it focuses on the product of translation produced by the translator.

2.3 Theoretical Framework In doing this research, the present work is an attempt to provide a description of imperative sentence in English and Indonesian. The analysis of imperatives conducted here focuses on presenting an explanation of the types of imperative sentences found in the procedural text of the study, their translation, and the reason why such translation procedures were applied. The theoretical foundations of this study are drawn from the theories of English imperative as the main theory such as English imperative (Thomson,1986), Indonesian Imperative (Sneddon, 1996), translation procedure proposed by Vinay and Dalbernet’s (2000), and the supporting theories of translation processes in a translated text proposed by Bell (1991), descriptive syntax proposed by Brinton (2000), grammaticality proposed by Fromkin at al(2007: 114-116). Those theories are considered the appropriate ones because they are representing the good foundation for comprehending the data and also they enable the researcher to be sure in exploring the data dealing with the objectives of the

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study. Those theories were used as the supporting theories and were used as a reference to assess the result of the translation because they are related to the translation of the smaller units of a language and they were used to examine the translation procedures applied by translator. They are explained in the subsections below.

2.3.1 Descriptive syntax According to Brinton (2000:11), syntax is the study of the order and arrangement of words into larger units, as well as the relationship, holding between elements in these hierarchical units. It studies the structure and types of sentences (such as question or commands), of clause (such as relative or adverbial clauses), and of phrases (such as prepositional or verbal phrase). Syntax is an extensive and complex area of language.

2.3.2 Translation process in a translated text According to Bell’s theory (1991), there are three possible categories depending on the focus of investigation in translation. The theories are translation as a process, as a product, and as both process and product. A theory of translation as process (e.g a theory of translating) would require a study of information processing and, within that, such topics such as perception, memory, and the encoding and decoding of messages, would draw heavily on psychology and on psycholinguistics. A theory of translation as a product (e.g the theory of translated texts) would require a study of texts not merely by means of the traditional levels of linguistic analysis (syntax and semantics) but also making use of stylistic and

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recent advances in text-linguistics and discourse analysis, and theory of translation as both process and product (e.g the theory of translating and translation) would require the integrated study of both and such a general theory is, presumably, the long-term goal for translation studies (Bell, 1991 : 26).

2.3.3 Imperative in English Imperative sentence is subsection of clause types in grammar. According to Thomson(1986: 245), commands, requests, invitations, advice, and suggestions are expressed by the imperative. “As the imperatives are used, for example, to tell or ask people what to do, to make suggestions, to give advice or instructions, to encourage and offer, and to express wishes for people’s welfare.”It is divided into five types. They are as below. 1) Commands expressed by the imperative A command is an imperative, but it might not be a complete sentence (e.g., 'Left turn!'). Furthermore, the word “command” implies that there is a way of enforcing the imperative. It is certainly arguable, and the consensus would seem to indicate that “left turn” is an imperative sentence. More words need to be implied than, for example, the implied “You” in the imperative sentence “stop” in the “left turn” example, it is less clear what words should be implied. The meaning of “You left turn” is not precise, not entirely clear. Furthermore, the sentence structure is awkward. It is also arguable that “You left turn” does not even express a complete thought, and is not a sentence for that reason as well. For some unknown reason, “fragments” seem to be considerable in the English

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language, or at least in English grammar, and yet most of what are called imperative. (1) The second person imperative This has the same form as the bare infinitive: e.g Hurry! Wait! Stop! For the negative, we put do not (don’t) before the verb: e.g Don’t hurry!

(2) The person addressed is very often not mentioned, but can be expressed by a noun placed at the end of the phrase: e.g Eat your dinner, boys. Be quiet, Tom These nouns can be placed before the verb, but this is much less usual. The pronoun you is rarely used unless the speaker wishes to be rude, or wishes to make a distinction, as in: e.g You go on; I’ll wait.

(3) Do can be placed before the affirmative imperative: Do hurry.

Do be quiet.

This do could be persuasive, but could also express irritation.

(4) The first person imperative Form Let us (let’s) + bare infinitive e.g Let us stand together in this emergency.

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For the negative we normally put not before the infinitive: e.g Let us not be alarmed by rumours. But it is possible in colloquial English to put don’t before let’s: e.g Don’t let’s be alarmed by rumors. By let us (let’s) the speaker can urge his hearers to act in a certain way, or express a decision which they are expected to accept, or express a suggestion

(5)The third person imperative Form e.g Let him/her/ it/them + bare infinitive e.g Let them go by train. This is not a very common construction in modern English. It would be more usual to say: e.g They are to go by train. Eg. They are must go by train The negative imperative, let him/her/them +bare infinitive, is not used in modern English. Instead, would you must not or is/are not to: e.g They must not to go by air. E.g they are not to go by air Others ways of expressing commands: 1. Subject +shall for third person commands (in written English) Shall can be used in very formal written regulations which will normally remain in force for some time. These are very often in

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passive: a record shall be kept of the number of students attending each class. (college regulations) 2. Subject +will, mainly for the third person commands: When the alarm rings passengers and crew will assemble at their boat stations (notice on board ship) This is a formal, impersonal, peremptory type of command, implying that the person giving the order is quite certain that he will be obeyed. If we move the will and place it before the subject, we turn the command into a request. It is possible to use you will for spoken commands: e.g You will not mention this meeting to anyone. But it is more usual and more polite to use must: e.g You must not mention this meeting to anyone. 3. Commands are often expressed as obligations by must: e.g You must not smoke in the petrol store. e.g Dogs must be kept on leads in this area. 4. Instructions or orders can be conveyed by the be + infinitive construction: e.g You are to report for duty immediately. e.g The switchboard is to be manned at all times. 5. Prohibitions may be expressed in written instructions by may not: e.g Candidates may not bring textbooks into the examination room.

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2) Request with can/could/may/might I /we (1) can/could/may/might I/ we +have +noun/pronoun, can is the most informal: e.g ‘Can I have a sweet?’ said the little boy. Could I/ we is the most generally useful form: e.g Could I have a cup of tea?

Could I have a cup of tea, please?

May and might are more formal than could, but possible in both spoken and written in English: e.g May/ might I have a copy of the letter? (2) can/could/may/might I /we + verb e.g May/could I see Mr Jones? (3) Requests with could/will/would you etc e.g Could you possibly lend me money? e.g Could you is very useful request form. Couldn’t expresses the speaker’s hopes for a more favorable answer than has just been indicated: e.g Couldn’t you wait five minutes? 1) Will/would you* (please) e.g Will/would you please count your change? e.g Would you (please) has the same meaning as could you. e.g Will you is more authoritative and, therefore, less polite. e.g Will/would you can be placed at the end of the phrase: e.g shut the door, will you?

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This form can only be used in very friendly relaxed situations. Used otherwise, it would sound very rude. 2) You’ll ….. won’t you? Is a persuasive type of requests used mainly among friends. ‘You will write to me, won’t you?’ 3) Would you mind + gerund e.g Would you mind moving your car? 4) Perhaps you would imply confidence that the other person will perform this service. It would not be used at the beginning of a conversation or letter, but would be possible later on: e.g Perhaps you would let me know when your new stocks arrives. 5) Would you like to…..? is also a possible request form: e.g Would you like to take a seat?= please take a seat.

3) Invitations 1) Will you have/ would you like + noun: Will you have a drink? Or would you like a coffee?

4) Advice forms (1). Must, ought to, and should can be used for advice: e.g You must read this book. e.g You should grow your own vegetable. e.g You ought to plan some trees. (2). You had better + bare infinitive e.g You had better take off your wet shoes

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(3). I advise/would advise you + infinitive e.g I (would) advise you to apply at once or I advise/ would advise + gerund: I (‘d) advise applying at once (4). It is time you + past tense: e.g It is time you bought a new car

5). Suggestions First person suggestions with let’s (1). Let’s + infinitive: Let’s paint it ourselves First and second person suggestions (2). Why don’t we/ you + infinitive or why not + infinitive/expression of time or place: Why don’t we meet and discuss it? Why not meet and discuss it? Why not at the hotel? (3). What / how about + gerund / noun Where shall we sleep?- what about renting a caravan? What about a bed and breakfast place? (4). Suppose I / we/ you + present or past tense: Suppose you offer / offered to pay him? (5). Suggestion with suggest or propose (+ possessive adjective) + gerund, or suggest that + subject + present tense/ should.

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Propose is used in exactly the same way but it is slightly more formal than suggest + a present or past tense. I suggest (your) selling it We suggest that you should sell it. I propose that the secretary send in/ should send in a report. I propose that a report (should)be sent it. (6). Suggestions in indirect speech Suggestion can be reported by: Suggest/suggested + possessive adjective + gerund, or Suggest that + subject present tense /should, or Suggested that + subject + past tense / should, or Suggest (any tense) + noun/ pronoun: e.g Tom suggests / suggested (our) having a meeting e.g Ann suggests that he sells/ should sell his house e.g Ann suggested that he sold/ should sell it.

2.3.4 Imperatives in Indonesian According to Sneddon (1996: 324), imperative moods are all addressed to someone with the intention that something is done. They range from strong commands to requests, appeals and suggestions. Basic imperatives are usually written with a final exclamation mark, although this convention is not always observed, especially if the order is a mild one. Below are some types of imperatives in Indonesian:

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(1) Intransitive verbs in imperatives Intransitive verbs undergo no change in imperatives: Example: Datang ke sini! Come here! Berangkat sekarang! Leave now!

(2) Transitive verb in imperatives Transitive verbs drop the prefix meng- if they prefer the action performed on a specific object: Example: Lihat foto ini! Look at this photo! Tutup pintu! Shut the door! A transitive verb in an imperative construction does not lose its prefix if it occurs without an object, that is, if acting pseudo-intransitively. Example: Membaca sekarang! Read now! Menulis baik-baik! Write properly! Prefix meng-is also retained if an object occurs but does not refer to something specific: Example: Menabung uang untuk hari tuamu! Save money for you old age!

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(3) Negative imperatives Negative commands are formed with jangan’ don’t’: Example: Jangan merokok di sini! Don’t smoke here! Jangan tidur! Don’t go to sleep! In the presence of jangan, prefix meng- on transitive verbs is regarded by most people as optional, even if there is a specific object: Example: Jangan (mem) baca buku itu sekarang! Don’t read that book now! The use of meng- in such cases reduces the force of the command, resulting in a milder imperative. Prefix meng- is retained with pseudo –intransitives, as the case in positive imperatives.

(4) Passive imperatives An imperative with a transitive verb can be expressed in the passive with prefix di -, as such a verb cannot occur in a statement with a second person agent. This construction contains a suggestion of being directed not at the addressee but at a third person. It is thus more indirect and, consequently, less forceful than an imperative with an active verb, containing a sense of ‘it is to be done’ rather than ‘you do it’ although this is not always reflected in the translation of the following examples: Barang itu ditaruh di sini saja! Just put those things here!

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Diangkat, jangan diseret! Lift it, don’t drag it! In a negative construction the subject can either precede jangan or follow the predicate: Jendela ini jangan dibuka! Jangan dibuka jendela ini! The window is not to be opened! Prohibitions are expressed as passives, for instance, dilarang ‘(it is) forbidden’. These are structurally statements but their intention is imperative: Dilarang masuk! No entry Dilarang menyalakan api! Lighting fire is prohibited!

(5) Addressee in imperatives Although the addressee is not usually mentioned in imperatives, it can be. In Classical Malay it was expressed in an agent phrase, olehmu ‘by you’: Tangkaplah olehmu sang Tomo, hai Bima! Seize Tomo, o Bima! With jangan the addressee can be expressed by a pronoun placed before the verb: Jangan kamu (mem)baca surat ini! Don’t you read this letter!

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(6) Pronoun objects Bound pronouns cannot occur as objects of verbs in imperative constructions; instead, full pronouns must occur: Jangan mengganguku Jangan menggangu nya Don’t disturb me/him! While –nya can occur as object in a statement, corresponding to unstressed ‘it’ in English, as in the first sentence below, it cannot occur in an imperative. Instead the object is not mentioned if it is clear from context, or, if necessary, it is mentioned fully. Ini suratnya, baca! This is her letter, read it!

(7) Particle –lah in imperatives In writing and formal speech –lah is optionally added to the verb in imperative constructions. The function of –lah is to emphasize the action exhibited by the verb. This can also occur in informal styles but is much less frequent. Its occurrence here is to mark the predicate, which is out of its normal position, occurring at the beginning of the clause: Bukalah pintu itu! Open that door! Berangkatlah sekarang! Depart now!

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(8) Softeners in imperatives. A number of words can be used in imperatives to make them softer or to produce polite requests. Those are: Tag ya It is noted that as a sentence tag in informal statements ya allows the speaker to avoid the impression of making a firm assertion. By drawing the listener into agreement, it avoids the impression of a firm order. Jendela ditutup, ya, sebelum tidur Shut the window, won’t you, before you go to bed.

(9) Silahkan ‘please’ Silahkan (or silahkan), which is into translated ‘please’, invites the addressee to do something for his or her own benefit. Prefix meng- drops with transitive verbs: Silahkan masuk. Please come in. Silahkan ambil kue Please take some cake.

(10) Tolong, coba, harap in imperatives The word tolong which is translated into ‘please’ tolong requests the addressee to do something for the speaker’s benefit (ex. menolong ‘help’). It is frequently used by one with less authority to one with more authority or seniority, or to someone of the same status who is not well known to the speaker: Tolong ambilkan saya jas itu.

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Please fetch me that jacket. Tolong dicuci pakian ini. Please have these clothes washed. Tolong is only used with transitive verbs and only then if the verb has a specific object, prefix meN- is deleted.

The word coba translatable into ‘please’ coba frequently has a suggestion of urging (cf. mencoba ‘try’): Coba duduk baik-baik, Andi. Please sit properly, Andi. Coba can occur with kita ‘we’ (inclusive)’, the addressee is then urged to join the speaker in the action: Coba kita lihat siapa yang ada disana. Let’s see who’s there. It can also be used with saya ‘I’, the addressee is urged to allow the speaker to perform the action: Coba saya lihat PR-mu. Let me see you homework . The word harap is more polite than coba and can be can be used to elders and seniors. It is somewhat softer than ‘please’, the expression ‘would you please is usually a more appropriate translation. (berharap ‘ hope’). It may, like tolong, seek help for the speaker but is not restricted to this: Harap telepon Tuti di rumah Please telephone Tuti at home.

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Harap buku saya dikembalikan Would you please return my book? As coba, it can be used with intransitive and pseudo intransitive verbs, prefix meng- being retained: Harap berdiri Would you please stand up The addressee can be mentioned: Harap bapak tunggu sebentar. Would you please wait a moment, sir.

(11) Softeners occurring with ‘jangan’ Tolong, coba, and harap can be placed before negative imperatives: Tolong jangan antarkan Siti ke stasiun sekarang. Please don’t take Siti to the station now.

(12) Softerners occurring with-lah If-lah occurs with a softener it is usually attached to the softener, which is the first word of the clause. Alternatively, it can follow the verb: Tolonglah buka jendela itu. Tolong bukalah jendela itu. Please open that window.

(13) Requests with minta and mohon The verbs (me) minta and (me) mohon both occur in statements with the meaning ‘request’. Simple, direct requests with them are, however, in imperative mood:

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Minta air Can I please have some water. Mohon undangan dibawa. Please bring your invitation.

(14) Requests with hendaklah and hendaknya The words hendaklah and hendaknya, meaning ‘please’ it is requested, you should, form polite requests, usually conveying a suggestion that the action should be performed. Hendaknya koper-koper dikunci. Suitcases should be locked. Hendaklah membalas surat ini dengan segera. Would you please reply to this letter at once.

(15) Constructions with mari and ayo Mari is used to urge the addressee to join the speaker in the activity, being translated’ let us’. The first person inclusive pronoun kita optionally occurs: Mari kita pergi ke bioskop Let’s go to the movies. Particle- lah can be attached to mari: Marilah (kita) menyanyi. Let us sing.

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Mari can also be used with a first person pronoun if the speaker wishes to do something for the benefit of the addressee. The verb must be transitive and have a specific object: Mari saya bawakan tas bapak. Let me carry your bag. Ayo has a similar meaning but is more informal. Unlike mari, it cannot be used to older people, it may only be used to equals and juniors. It has a sense of ‘come on. let’s…..’ Ayo kita makan dulu. Come on, let’s eat now.

(16) Constructions with biar Biar means ‘let’ allow’. In imperatives, it urges the addressee to allow a course of action to occur. It can refer to any action by any person except the addressee. Particle- lah can be attached to biar. Biar dia tidur! Let him sleep! Biarlah saya sendiri menemani dia! Let me accompany him myself! Mari and biar contrasted Because mari urges the addressee to join the speaker while biar excludes the addressee from participating, the former can occur with kita. The latter can occur with any first or second person pronoun except kita, including kami ‘we’ (exclusive)’:

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Mari kita pergi! Let us (you and me) go! Biar kami pergi! Allow us (me and someone else) to go!

2.3.5 Grammaticality According to Fromkin at al. (2007: 114-116) grammaticality describes a well-formed sequence of words, one conforming to rules of syntax. This theory is representative to obtain the answer of the first problem of this research because this theory relies on the rule of formatting sentence too. For example, when we want to compose a sentence that expresses a polite request thus we have to know what appropriate words are and how to put them in sentence structure. This can be proved in the sentence constructions as below. (1) Could you please taking the stone for me? (2) Would you mind sending me that message? Even though those sentences are like questions but actually they indicate polite request. The speaker(s) is the pronoun me in those sentences while the person who have the commanding is indicated by the second person singular pronoun you.

2.3.6 Grammar Translation Grammar translation is a method of second-language learning in which the students memorizes words and syntactic rules and translates them between the native language and target language (Fromkin at al. 2007: 338). In this case, the researcher makes herself as if a student then tries to find the equivalent of the

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source text and target text. Furthermore, the theory enables the researcher to find the syntactic rules of imperative sentence in English and its parallel structure in Indonesian. In addition, it is mentioned that grammar translation is an example of synthetic approach. It means that we have to focus on the grammatical parsing of text and the context of the language.

2.3.7 Translation procedures In this study, translation procedures are defined as a means of translating a particular element of the SL into TL. In doing translation, a translator absolutely needs the procedures in rendering message from source language into target language. The procedures are related to the effect or the result of translation. Vinay and Dalbernet (2001 : 56) propose seven procedures of translations. Those seven procedures are: 1) Borrowing Borrowing is considered the simplest of all translation methods. It refers to a case where a word or an expression is taken from the SL and used in the TL, but in a ‘naturalized’ form, that is, it is made to conform to the rules of grammar or pronunciation of the TL. It is usually used in terms of new technical or unknown concepts. Haugen in Sari (2009: 27) argued that there are some possibilities that may occur in this procedure: (1) borrowing with no change in form and meaning (pure loanwords). For examples: internet —>internet, (2) borrowing with changes in form but without changing the meaning (mixed loanword). For examples: account akun.

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2) Calque Calque is a kind of borrowing whereby a language borrows an expression from another and then it is translated literally in terms of each of its element. The results are either a lexical calques e.g calque which respects the syntactic structure of the target language whilst introducing a new mode of expression. Thus, calque is categorized into two types, namely lexical calques (e.g honey moon —> bulan madu) and structural calques (e.g Bali post —> Bali post) lexical calques happen at the level of syntax, while structural calques happen at the level of construction of language.

3) Literal Translation Literal translation is word –for- word translation which follows closely the form of the SL. Newmark (1988) states that extended literal translation ranges from one word to one word, through group to group, collocation to collocation, clause to clause and sentence to sentence. A literal translation is useful if one is studying the structure of the source language text as in an interlinear translation, but a literal translation does not communicate the meaning of the source language text. It is generally no more than a string of words intended to help someone read a text in its original language. It is unusual and hard to understand, may even be quite meaningless, or give a wrong meaning in the receptor language. It can hardly be called translation then. It is, of course, expected that literal translation might optimally function as a direct transfer of a source language (SL) text grammaticality and idiomatically appropriate in the target language (TL). In this case, the translator’s task is to stick firmly to the linguistic servitudes of the target

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language. In spite of the fact, principally literal translation is a unique solution which is reversible and complete in itself, although it is most commonly used when translating between two languages of the same family, and even more so when they also share the same culture (Venuti, 2000:86). For example: I am a student is translated into saya adalah seorang murid.

4) Transposition Transposition involves replacing one word class with another without changing the meaning of the message. The method also involves a change in the grammatical change that occurs in translation from SL to TL (singular to plural, position of adjective, changing the word class or part of speech). The transposition can also be applied within a single language, in addition to being a special translation procedure. There are two types of transposition: obligatory transposition and optional transposition. For instance, dilarang merokok in Indonesian is translated into no smoking in English. Dilarang merokok is clausal construction while no smoking is a nominal phrase. Another example is a compound ‘keyword’ in English is translated as kata kunci (phrase) in Bahasa Indonesia.

5) Modulation Modulation is a change in point of view that allows us to express the same phenomenon in a different way. Modulation as a procedure of translation occurs when there is a change of perspective accompanied with a lexical change in the TL. There are two types of modulation, i.e. Free or Optional Modulation and

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Fixed or Obligatory Modulation. For instance, “He was killed in the war” in English is translated as Dia gugur dalam perang in Bahasa Indonesia. ‘Negated contrary’, which is a procedure that relies on changing the value of the ST in translation from negative to positive or vice versa, is also considered

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modulation. For example, “It isn’t expensive” is translated to be It’s cheap.

6) Equivalent This term is used to refer to cases where languages describe the same situation by different stylistic or structural means. For example, an interjection “Ouch!” in English can be translated into Aduh or Aw in Bahasa Indonesia. An English idiom “Don’t cry over spoiled milk” may can be translated into Nasi sudah menjadi bubur in Bahasa Indonesia.

7) Adaptation Adaptation is used in the cases where the type of situation being referred to by the SL message is unknown in the TL culture. In such a case, the translators have to create a new situation that can be considered being equivalent. For instance, “take a bath” in English is translated into Mandi in Bahasa Indonesia.

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2.4 Research Model This study is figured out in a diagram below as the model of how this research was conducted. For the detail, please examine the chart below.

ENGLISH IMPERATIVE SENTENCES IN PROCEDURAL TEXTS INTO INDONESIAN

SL

TL

THEORY

PROBLEMS

1. The types of imperative sentences in English procedural texts “What I wish I knew at eighteen” and their Indonesian?

1. English imperative by Thomson(1986)

2. The reason why the translation procedure are applied in translating English imperative sentences into Indonesian in “What I wish I knew at eighteen”?

3. Translation procedure, Vinay & Dalbernet (2000)

2. Indonesian imperative by Sneddon (1996)

QUALITATIVE METHOD

ANALYSIS

RESULT

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The diagram above indicates the whole model of the present study. The study started form spotlighting the data of English Imperative sentences in the psychological book and its translation into Indonesian using the descriptive qualitative method and library research. After applying the method and the approaching, the researcher grouped the data into Source Language (SL) and Target language (TL). When the data were classified into SL and TL as in the third step in the research model above, the researcher tried to apply theories which are appropriate in that study. The theories are imperatives proposed by Thomson (1986), Indonesian Imperative by Sneddon (1996), Descriptive Syntax proposed by Brinton (2000), Translation procedure theory proposed by Vinay and Dalbernet in Venuti (2000) and the theory of Grammar Translation proposed by Fromkin at al (2007: 338). Concerning with the theories the researcher applied the method of analyzing data namely identity method proposed by Sudaryanto (2011: 239) was used. The method enabled the researcher to analyze the data naturally and can match the data and the theories in the study. Then finally, the researcher could find the result of the research. In the next chapter, the researcher will present the research method of this study.

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CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD

3.1 Research Approach This

study applies

qualitative

research

approach

or

qualitative

methodology. The qualitative research is applied as the qualitative data, one English textbook with its Indonesian version is used as the data source of this study. The research was conducted by observing the English textbook of psychology and its translation into Indonesian. Observation method is included or applied qualitatively and the analysis is explained through descriptive sentences. Furthermore, by using the descriptive qualitative method, the researcher could explore the entities of the data naturally by explaining the data briefly and clearly.

3.2 Data Source As stated in the purpose of the study, this study is intended to analyze the translation of English imperative in procedural texts translated into Indonesian texts. Hence, there are two primary sources of the data used in this study. The data were taken from one English psychology book text (SL) along with its translation into Indonesian psychology book text (TL) used as the data source. The psychology book used as the data source is “what I wish I knew at 18, published by LifeSmart Publishing, LLC. Gig Harbor, WA 98332 (2011), while the Indonesian text is “what I wish I knew at 18” published by Kesaint Blanc – Anggota IKAPI translated by Dwin Gideon Manalaksak (2012)

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The reason why these two texts were chosen was the fact that the translation of these two sources provides many procedural texts that contain many imperative sentences. Furthermore, the use of English imperatives in the Indonesian version in this book and their translation is an interesting study. In addition, there is a lot of information which is concerned with translation phenomena, in terms of translation procedure especially in translating the imperative sentences in procedural texts from English into Indonesian. The last is that this book contains a lot of data which are relevant to the problems discussed and analyzed in this study.

3.3 Research Instruments Research instrument is an important part in the process of this study in order to obtain valid and complete data of the research. The data were collected by listing table (grouping). The English imperatives used as the data in this research contain hundreds of pages; thus, the data were collected in the form of table containing kinds of imperative types and translation procedures. In addition, the ballpoint, paper and computer were the important parts of this research. The instruments were used to collect the data starting from reading the English and Indonesian sources to when their types were written.

3.4 Method and Technique of Collecting Data The method of collecting data in this research was observation as proposed by Sudaryanto (1993:133-137) and document analysis. The observation method and document analysis method were simultaneously applied in such a way by

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observing carefully the entire data source that contain English imperatives in the source language (SL) and their Indonesian translation in target language (TL). First of all, the writer should understand the concept of procedural texts and imperative sentences because it is very important. This study is a kind of library research. The procedure of analyzing applied in this study is a qualitative procedure as the analysis is explained using descriptive sentences. First, taking the two books, the English version and its translation into Indonesian, then observing the procedural text containing the imperative sentences found then underlining them before they were compared by reading the target language in order to identify how they were translated into target language. Second, taking note of the English imperative sentences in procedural text of the source language and its translation in Indonesian that had been found into a paper or note book completed with their page numbers and they were classified based on the way in which the English imperatives in SL were translated into TL (Indonesian). The data on the SL and TL were put side by side in tables. Each table represented one way of translating the imperative into Indonesian. Last, all the data that had been found were transferred into PC in order to make them easily identified . Furthermore, the data were put into the imperative theory, proposed by Thomson (1986), and Indonesian imperative proposed by Sneddon (1996) and the translation procedure proposed by Vinay & Dalbernet in Venuti (2000).

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3.5 Method and Technique of Analyzing the data The purpose of data analysis is to answer the research questions under study, the methods and technique of analyzing the collected data should be constantly directed to discover or find reasonable adequate answers to the research problem in question. The method of analyzing data used was the method proposed by Sudaryanto (2011: 239). This method is comprehensive because it deals with the procedure of analyzing data based on theory. Thus, when the reseacher wants to analyze data, the theory could be matched to the characteristics of the data by considering again the main focus of the theory applied in that study. The data analysis was based on the concepts of English imperatives as proposed by Swan (1996), and the concept of Indonesian imperatives as proposed by Sneddon (1996); in addition, the data analysis was also based on the relevant concepts of translation and the kinds of translation procedures as proposed by Bell (1991); Larson (1998); Newmark (1998); Catford (1965) and Vinay and Dalbernet (2000). This method was supported by the techniques such as identifying the types of imperrative sentences in source language (English) and their translation in target language (Indonesian), describing data qualitatively, exploring the implied linguistic phenomena and the discourse of the text in data of the study, classifying the translation procedures applied by the translator in the product of translation in terms of imperrative sentences and their translation. As an illustration, one data is examined using the applied theories, as follows. SL: Don’t whine … just do it (p.68) TL: Jangan mengeluh ….. just do it (p.70)

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The example above shows that the two sentences are negative commands. That negative commands above are marked by jangan + prefix meN + base verb. It can obviously be seen that the negative imperative commands ‘do not and jangan’ are markers of the negative command constructions in the sentences. Based on the concept proposed by Thomson (1986: 280), the example above belongs to the type of negative command since it is reported by not + infinitive (base verb) in the sentences. Actually, the SL data was translated into Indonesian in the same type of imperative, namely, negative imperative command as Sneddon (1996 : 325) stated that negative commands are formed with ‘jangan’ or ‘do not’ before the verb. The translation result in data above (SL): don’t whine… just do it and the translation in (TL): jangan mengeluh.. just do it

involved

the borrowing

procedure. The procedure was used since the concept of borrowing refers to a case where a word or an expression is taken from the SL and used in the TL without any change in form and meaning (pure loanwords) as stated by Vinay and Dalbernet (2000:56). The real one is indicated by the clause, “just do it” which was translated into “just do it” in (TL). The strong reason for borrowing words is that sometimes people get difficulty in understanding the messages in the translated form. Besides, people sometimes receive information easily if it is written in the original form than in translated form. Moreover, sometimes the loan word is untranslatable or cannot be translated. The common reason for borrowing words is prestige.

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3.6 Method and Technique of Presenting Data In presenting data, this research was presented by using the formal method. It deals with the way of presenting a topic by applying explanation using words to describe findings (Sudaryanto, 1993). Thus, in this study, the reseacher prefers using the formal method in order to be able to explain clearly the data descriptively.

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CHAPTER IV TRANSLATION OF ENGLISH IMPERATIVE SENTENCES IN PROCEDURAL TEXTS TRANSLATED INTO INDONESIAN

This chapter discusses about types of English imperative sentences and their Indonesian equivalent sentences. Further, in this sub-section the researcher elaborates the reason of applying translation procedures. Those topics (type of imperatives and translation procedures) are important to be discussed because English has simple types while Indonesian has quite complicated ones. This statement is proved linguistically. English imperative is mostly in syntactic operation level; meanwhile, the Indonesian imperative sentences are complex especially in morphological operation. A good illustration is shown in the English sentence “open the door for her” which can be translated into Indonesian; bukakan pintu untuknya, bukalah pintu untuknya, buka pintu untuknya. Those Indonesian sentences are accepted by the Indonesian people. They are understood. But the most important thing is what is behind those sentences; are they equivalent to the English sentence? Even though we know that English has only base verb namely “open” without morphological process while the Indonesian sentences have “bukakan, bukalah, and buka”. Thus, it is this kind of delicacy which is going to be discussed in this chapter. Further, the translation procedure of the phenomena is also elaborated. The researcher discussed the factors that trigger the procedures. For the detail, let consider the following sub-sections.

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4.1 The Types of Imperative Sentences in English Procedural Texts and Their Indonesian Translation This chapter deals with the analysis of the translation of English imperatives and their translation in Indonesian with reference to the psychological book of “what I wish I knew at Eighteen “ and its Indonesian translation “what I wish I knew at Eighteen “. As what has been stated in chapter 1, there are two problems or questions which are formulated in this study namely: (1) what are the types of imperative sentences in English procedural text “What I Wish I Knew at Eighteen” and their Indonesian translation were found in psychological book? (2) Why the translation procedures were applied in translating English imperative sentences of the procedural text? Dealing with those research problems, the present data analysis is intended: (1) to identify the types of imperative sentences found in English procedural texts and their Indonesian translation found in Psychological book; (2) to describe the reason why such translation procedures were applied in translating English imperative sentences into Indonesian imperative sentences of this procedural text. After doing a through reading and note taking, there were three kinds of English imperative sentences found in the texts of What I Wish I Knew at Eighteen, namely: negative imperative commands, positive commands, and requests. Each English imperative has its own translation variations.

4.1.1 Negative Command Types of Imperative Sentence Based on the data source, there were five basic types of negative command of English imperative sentences and their equivalents in Indonesian. The negative

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commands in English are not dynamic in terms of syntactic level, while Indonesian negative commands are dynamic. They are dynamic because of morphological operation. The morphological operation is marked by word formation in particular verbs in Indonesian. This issue is elaborated in the five sub-sections below. 4.1.1.1 English Imperative with do not + base verb (Negative commands) Corresponding to jangan + prefix meng- + base verb+ suffix -kan and their Indonesian Equivalents Imperative sentences in English are various. One of the varieties is marked by the sentence structure do not + base verb. The basic pattern is similar to the Indonesian imperative sentence pattern jangan + prefix meng-+ base verb + suffix – kan. It means that English has a simple morphological pattern. The simple morphological pattern that is mean here refers to having two steps, the first step is do not and the second step is base verb. it is totally different from the Indonesian pattern, Indonesian has four steps they are: jangan + meng + base verb + -kan. The simplicity of the pattern may be shown through two steps only, namely, the existence of do not and the base verb. The English pattern is quite different from the Indonesian one. Indonesian insists morphological process. It means that the complexity of the semantic form is important. The complexity represents the notion which is meant by a sentence. For example, the word mengandalkan is derived from ‘andal’ it is the root or the base. It has prefix meng- and suffix kan. If the prefix meng is omitted, then the meaning of the form will be different. The prefix meng means that the subject is an agent which does or should do the implied meaning of the verb, while “andalkan” means that the agent is not the

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real doer or not necessary to the implied meaning. This phenomenon comes up in the data of this study. Based on the data source there are two representative data that describe the phenomenon as in the above concept. (1) SL : Don’t make promises you cannot keep (pg. 62) TL :Jangan menjanjikan hal-hal yang tidak bisa kamu penuhi ( pg. 64) (2) SL : Don’t define success by riches ( pg. 31) TL :Jangan mendefinisikan sesuatu dengan kekayaan ( pg. 31) The two examples of the data above show that all of those sentences are negative commands. The negative commands above are all marked by jangan + prefix meng- + base verb + suffix -kan. It can obviously be seen that the negative imperative commands ‘do not and jangan’ are markers of the negative command constructions in the sentences. Based on the concept proposed by Thomson (1986: 280), all the examples above belong to the type of negative command since they are reported using not + infinitive (base verb) in the sentences. Actually, the SL data were translated into Indonesian in the same type of imperative, namely negative imperative command as Sneddon (1996 : 325) stated that negative commands are formed with ‘jangan’ or ‘do not’ before the verb. As can be obviously seen that the SL in imperative constructions are marked by jangan + prefix meng + base verb + suffix -kan and they belong to negative command. Based on the process of imperative constructions of the SL, it can be stated that they are formed by syntactical process, that is, do not + infinitive (base verb), whereas in TL they are formed using morphological process, that is, by

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attaching jangan + prefix meng- + base verb + suffix -kan. The affixation mengkan functions to form the active transitive verb. The prefix meng- represents a sound which changes, depending on the first sound of the base. In this case /n/ becomes n with initial /d/ and /j/. Attaching the prefix meng- to a verb root word does not change the meaning of the verb but gives the new verb a sense of having the main focus of the sentence on the actor and not on the action or the object of the action. The prefix meng- indicates an event which is called action. Thus, if there is no prefix meng- then only suffix kan used thus, the mood of the verb will be changed. For example; jangan definisikan is different from jangan mendefinisikan. In jangan definisikan, the speaker tends to emphasize the instruction should be done. But in jangan mendefinisikan the speaker has not tended to spotlight his mood in the verb mendefinisikan. In addition, adding "-kan" to a verb results in a verb indicating causation; causing something to happen. Its main function is to carry or transfer the action of the verb to some other parts of the sentence. It is often used for imperatives on product labels or with instructions in cooking recipes. The suffix "-kan" can sometimes be viewed the same as a short form of "akan", the same as adding the preposition "akan" after the word root, for example, “mengambilkan” which means ‘akan ambil’. It is frequently used in conjunction with the meng- prefix and also frequently as the sole affix for imperative or instructional verbs. Thus, in this context menjanjikan ‘promise’ and ‘mendefinisikan’ allows the addition of -kan to show that the subject get someone else to perform the action.

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Furthermore, if we consider in translation studies, data (1) shows transposition procedure. It is called transposition procedure since the translator in TL translated the ‘compound’ make promises in SL into the ‘verb’ menjanjikan in TL. According to Vinay and Dalbernet (2000: 56), transposition involves replacing one word class with another without changing the meaning of the message. This procedure involves a change in grammatical change that occurs in translation from SL to TL, in this case, (singular to plural, position of adjective, and change in the word class or part of speech). Thus, the data above shows the change of the unit shift. In this case from the ’phrase’ in SL into the ‘verb’ in TL. Further, Catford stated that transposition translation procedure occurs in meaning level that, if the unit or component of sentence or phrase or word in SL is single, then its translation is more than two shapes in terms of word; thus, it is called low to high. It can occur vice versa, from high to low. The data “make promises” is categorized as high level to low level because it consists of two words; ‘make’ and ‘promises’ while ‘menjanjikan’ is only one unit. Thus, it involves transposition translation procedure. The word menjanjikan has represented a concept of preparing or making appointment. Then they are equivalent one another. The second (2) data shows clearly the modulation translation procedure. The word success was translated into sesuatu, in which there is a variation of form of the message. The modulation procedure changes the point of view of the source language. Newmark (1988: 88) defines the term ‘modulation’ as a variation through a change of viewpoint, of perspective and very often of though. This

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occurs when the translator reproduces the message of the original text in the TL text in conformity with the current norms of the TL, since SL and TL may appear dissimilar in terms of perspective. Thus, through modulation, the translator generates a change in the point of view of the message without altering meaning and without generating a sense of awkwardness in the TL reader. Although both convey the same meaning, it is easy to understand. There are two types of modulation: free and optional modulation, and fixed and obligatory modulation (Vinay and Dalbernet, 2000 in Munday, 2001:57). Free or optional modulation could be done because of non-linguistic reason. It is mostly used to stress the meaning, to make coherence or to find out the natural form in the TL. In this case, if we see the SL success translated into TL: sesuatu . The data shows a very different point of view. The SL gives stress on the word success. Meanwhile, the TL emphasizes the word sesuatu.

4.1.1.2 English imperatives with do not + base verb (Negative commands) corresponding to jangan + prefix meng- + base verb and their Indonesian Equivalents It was found that Indonesian verb determines the sentence pattern of imperative sentence. Not all types of verbs can be categorized under this issue. The verbs which can have this kind of phenomena is the stative verb and the verb which accepts the prefix meng- only. Therefore, Indonesian imperative sentences are patterned structurally. The simplifications are shown below. (3) SL : Don’t whine… just do it ( pg. 68 ) TL : Jangan mengeluh …just do it (pg. 70) (4) SL : Don’t make an important decision while your upset ( pg. 124) TL : Jangan membuat keputusan penting saat marah (pg. 13)

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The two examples of the data above show that all of those sentences are negative commands. These negative commands above are all marked by jangan + prefix meng- + base verb. It can obviously be seen that the negative imperative commands ‘do not and jangan’ are markers of the negative command constructions in the sentences. Based on the concept proposed by Thomson (1986: 280), the examples above all belong to the type of negative command since they are reported using not + infinitive (base verb) in the sentences. Actually, the SL data are translated into Indonesian in the same type of imperative, namely, negative imperative command as Sneddon (1996: 325) stated that negative commands are formed with ‘jangan’ or ‘do not’ before the verb. Since the expression is in imperative thus the translation result needs to be in affixation process such as prefixation. It means that the context or situation influences the meaning of “whine“ which was translated into “ mengeluh” in Indonesian. Further, “mengeluh” has a base, namely, “keluh”. The word class of “keluh” is adjective. Therefore, if it is used as the translation result of “don’t whine just do it” the meaning of translation result will be meaningless. It is not totally accepted. The most important is the language in target language should represent the concept in source language. Further, the main pattern of Indonesian imperative starts with “ jangan” which should be followed by a verb. If we compare with another data such as data (4), this kind of delicacy is really different from that one. Data (4) has a base “buat” which is categorized as a verb in Indonesian. So it means that “buat” in that context is accepted as well, rather than “keluh” in data (3). Data (4) shows that the word “membuat” is also a

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verb. However, it has the prefix meng- in the form which is called inflectional bound morpheme because it does not change the word class of the root or base “buat”. This couched idea is supported by Haspelmath’s concept in his book entitled “Understanding Morphology” (2001:33). The translation result in data (3) in table above involves in calque procedure. The procedure is used since the concept of borrowing refers to a case where a word or an expression is taken from the SL and used in the TL with no change in form and meaning (pure loanwords) (Vinay and Dalbernet in Venuti: 2000). The real one is indicated by the clause, “just do it” which was translated into “just do it” in (TL). Data (4) indicates transposition which occurs due to the translation effect in the sentence that the expression important decision in SL was translated into keputusan penting in TL. Transposition is a shift of word class as a change of grammatical category. In this case, the data shows the structural shift resulting from the fact that the word or phrasal structure of the SL is different from that of the TL. The SL phrasal structure is made up of a modifier followed by a head, important decision while in the TL the head is followed by the modifier, keputusan penting.

4.1.1.3 English imperative with do not + base verb (Negative commands) corresponding to jangan + prefix ber + base verb and their Indonesian equivalents This section elaborates stative verbs which are used in imperative sentences especially in negative commands. In English, the stative verbs come without

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morphological process, but the Indonesian stative verbs come with prefixation. The prefix is –ber. For the detail, let see the data below. (5) SL : Don’t expect your spouse to change his or her ways (pg. 212) TL : Jangan berharap pasanganmu bisa merubah cara-caranya (pg. 198)

Considering data (5), the researcher claims that it involves

negative

commands marked by jangan + prefix ber- + base verb. It can obviously be seen that the negative imperative commands ‘do not and jangan’ are markers of the negative command constructions in the sentences. Based on the concept proposed by Thomson (1986: 280), all the examples above belong to the type of negative command since they are reported using not + infinitive (base verb) in the sentences. The SL data were translated into Indonesian in the same type of imperative, namely, negative imperative command as Sneddon (1996: 325) stated that negative commands are formed using ‘jangan’ or ‘do not’ before the verb. Data (5) indicates that the SL is totally equivalent to the Indonesian sentence. However, they are different morphologically. The topic of morphology becomes the main one because in SL, there is a base verb “expect” without undergoing morphological process. While in TL, the word “berharap” undergoes morphological process. It shows that the form can be broken down into “ber-“ and “harap”. The word “harap” itself belongs to verb class. Even, the existence of “ber-“ at the beginning of “harap” does not change the word class. Thus, the translation result “berharap” is true. If we consider the meaning of “ber” itself, we may find that “ber” means “having” or doing something. But those meanings indicate that the argument of

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verb which functions as subject syntactically is the beneficiary and also the patient. This statement can be proved by the word “bermain” and “bekerja” in Indonesian. The word “bermain” indicates that the subject has the advantage. Further, the subject is the agent or the doer of the activity of playing and the subject has the advantage. Further, the subject is beneficiary in the context of the word “bekerja”. The word “kerja” in Indonesian indicates that it needs other persons to be the target of the activity “kerja” or “working”. While when the formation “bekerja” is put in a sentence it will be different. The difference is shown that the subject is the beneficiary. Let consider the sentence: 1) Dia bekerja di perusahaan asing 2) Dia kerja tugasnya Agus Those sentences are totally different. The first sentence means “Dia” is the beneficiary while the second sentence indicates that other persons undergo the effect of the activity “kerja”. Then finally the researcher concluded that the translation product of data (5) is correct and accepted in Indonesian. Data (5) shows that the transposition translation procedure occurs in the level of structural shift. The structural shift results from the fact that the word or phrasal structure of the SL is different from that of the TL. The SL phrasal structure is made up of a post modifier your followed by a head life becoming your life, whereas in the TL the head hidup is followed by the modifier ‘mu or kamu’ becoming hidupmu. Structural shift is obligatory due to the linguistic factor.

Another phenomenon in English imperative sentences and their

Indonesian equivalent sentences are discussed in the next section.

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4.1.1.4 English imperatives with do not + base verb (Negative commands) Corresponding to jangan + base verb + -kan and their Indonesian Equivalents In this section, there is another phenomenon of imperative sentence both in English and Indonesian. In the previous sections, we just know about English imperative sentence with a base verb which should be translated into Indonesian (where the Indonesian should be in morphological process). But in this section, there is another one, namely, the Indonesian base verb undergoes suffixation – kan. It means that – kan as a bound morpheme also has implication in terms of conveying meaning in a grammatical sentence. For the complete elucidation, let see the data below: (6) SL: don’t say something about someone else (pg. 70) TL: jangan katakan sesuatu tentang orang lain (pg. 72) (7) SL: don’t let technology control your life (pg. 138) TL: jangan biarkan teknologi mengendalikan hidupmu ( pg. 148) The meaning of –kan in Indonesian is to form verb – morphologically. Moreover, syntactically, it is supported as well. This means that the context of sentence structure makes the meaning of –kan become explicit. Data (6 and 7) are good examples. In data (6), the suffix –kan changes the word class of “kata” as noun into “katakan” (verb). Thus, considering the main principle of Indonesian imperative Jangan + verb, thus it is totally true. In the previous section, it is always indicated that the formation of Indonesian imperative is Jangan + verb (morphological process) + Object. It means that the pattern can be broken down into “Jangan + verb”. This means that morphological process is optional in certain context. Certain context which is

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meant here is that not all bases in Indonesian can have the same morphological process either prefixation or suffixation. Semantically, the suffix –kan means that something which is being told is moving or undergoing the event of the verb. Data (6) is clear that the topic “sesuatu tentang orang lain” is going to be the main purpose of –kan to be moved on. Further, the speaker of expression (6) wants to state that the event of the verb should be done if the verb stands alone. The two examples of the data show that all of those sentences are negative commands. These negative commands above are all marked by jangan + base verb + suffix kan. It can obviously be seen that the negative imperative commands ‘do not and jangan’ are markers of the negative command constructions in the sentences. Based on the concept proposed by Thomson (1986: 245), it is stated that negative commands are expressed using the imperative wherever we put ‘do not’ before the verb as the marker of negative command itself. Moreover, the commands refers to the second person imperative, in this case, the addressee intended is ‘you’. The meaning of “don’t“ in the sentence is providing suggestions and prohibition not to do something. The SL data are translated into Indonesian in the same type of imperative, namely, negative imperative command as Sneddon (1996 : 325) stated that negative commands are formed with ‘jangan’ or ‘do not’ before the verb. In data (6) the SL imperative construction is marked by jangan + base verb + suffix –kan. Based on the process of imperative constructions of the SL, it can be stated that it is formed through syntactical process that is, do not + infinitive (base verb), whereas in TL it is formed through morphological process,

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that is, by attaching jangan + base verb + suffix kan. Addition of the suffix "-kan" to a verb results in a verb indicating causation; causing something to happen. Its main function is to carry or transfer the action of the verb to some other part of the sentence, as in example (6) Jangan katakan sesuatu tentang orang lain and data (7) Jangan biarkan technology mengendalikan hidupmu. The suffix -kan functions to form active transitive which can be used in imperative or the subjects get someone else to perform the action. It can be seen from data (6) above that the SL in the sentence was translated literally in TL. Thus this translation relying on literal translation in which literal translation is word-for-word translation which follows closely the form of source language. Newmark (1998) states that extended literal translation ranges from one word to one word, through group to group, collocation to collocation, clause to clause, and sentence to sentence. Moreover, Albir & Molina (2002: 510) states that literal translation is to translate a word or an expression word for word. What is meant by word for word in this case is that translating one word into another word, but more tend to translate word for word based on their function and meaning in the sentences. This procedure of literal translation sometimes works and sometimes does not. One sentence could be translated literally across languages but it does not mean that all sentences could be translated literally. Moreover, the translation procedure which was applied in data (7) are borrowing and transposition translation procedures. It is claimed as borrowing because the word technology in SL was translated into teknologi in TL which

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refers to a case where a word or an expression is taken from the SL and used in the TL. In this case, based on the data in SL and TL, it is included in borrowing with changes in form but without change in meaning (mixed loanword). In addition, both have the same perception. The translator chose this technique to obtain the faithful meaning than translating the Technology using Indonesian. Furthermore, the transposition translation occurs in the data above in the level of structural shift. The structural shift results from the fact that the word or phrasal structure of the SL is different from that of the TL. SL phrasal structure is made up of a post modifier your followed by the head life, whereas in the TL the head hidup is followed by the modifier ‘mu or kamu’. Structural shift is obligatory due to the linguistic factor.

4.1.1. 5 English Imperative with Never + Base Verb (Negative commands) Corresponding to TL jangan pernah + base verb +prefix meng-+-kan and their Indonesian Equivalents In this section, negative commands enriched by another sentence pattern. The sentence pattern is shown in the title of the sub-section above. Further, here the researcher wants to talk much about the existence of the word “ never “ which was translated into “jangan pernah” while the English base verb is corresponding to affixation process such as con-fixation and circumfixation. For the detail, the phenomena is elaborated in the data below. (8) SL : Never say anything in writing form (pg. 93) TL : Jangan pernah mengatakan apapun dalam bentuk tertulis (pg. 97) The English imperative construction and its Indonesian equivalent is shown in data (8) above; thus, it can be identified that it is included in negative

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commands. It is marked by jangan pernah + base verb + suffix kan. It can obviously be seen that the negative imperative commands ‘do not’ and jangan’ are markers of the negative command constructions in the sentences. Even though the marker is ‘do not’ but the implied meaning that is conveyed by the marker never is similar to do not, that is, ‘jangan pernah’. Thomson (1986: 245) stated that negative commands are expressed using the imperative wherever we put ‘do not’ before the verb as the marker of negative command itself. Moreover, the commands refer to the second person imperative; in this case, the addressee intended is ‘you’. The meaning of ‘don’t ‘ in the sentence implies suggestions and prohibition not to do something. Forbid can also be used for prohibitions, but it is more common in the passive than in the active. The SL data was translated into Indonesian in the same type of imperative, namely, negative imperative command as Sneddon (1996 : 325) stated that negative commands are formed with ‘jangan’ or ‘do not’ before the verb. Further, the word “ mengatakan” is equivalent to the English base verb “ say “. The Indonesian “ mengatakan “ is complicated in form and meaning. The prefix meng- indicates that there must be an agent. The agent is the actor of the event or the action implied in the verb. The data above indicates that the translation procedure applied in the data is transposition translation procedure. It is claimed that transposition translation procedure occurs in the level of structural shift. The structural shift results from the fact that the word or phrasal structure of the SL is different from that of the TL. SL phrasal structure is made up of the modifier writing followed by the head

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form, whereas in the TL the head bentuk is followed by the modifier ‘ tertulis’. Structural shift is obligatory due to the linguistic factor.

4.1.2 Requesting Types of English Imperatives with Base Verb are Translated into TL Base Verb+ Particle - lah. Requesting of English imperative sentence and Indonesian imperative sentence is totally unique. The uniqueness is shown by the use of the particle –lah in Indonesian. It deals with the meaning of base verb in English language. The particle –lah comes as the polite marker which is spotlighted by the speaker. Further, it means asking someone to do something politely. For the detail, let see the data below. (9) SL : Be proactively nice (pg. 55) TL : Jadilah pribadi yang proaktif dan menyenangkan (pg. 57) (10) SL : Smile your countenance matters (pg. 89) TL : Senyumlah roman mukamu sangat berpengaruh (pg. 93) (11) SL : Be humble but confident (pg. 83) TL : Jadilah rendah hati namun percaya diri (pg. 87) (12) SL : Be a discerning listener (pg. 93) TL : Jadilah pendengar yang cerdas (pg. 97)

From the data above, especially from data (9) to (12) they are all requests. They are called request since the concept of request is an intention of the speaker so that listener does something (Hornby, 1976: 193). In addition, the SL data were translated into Indonesian in different types of imperative. Sneddon (1996: 328) stated that the addressee is not usually mentioned in imperative and in writing and formal speech – lah is optionally added to the verb in imperative constructions. It is frequently stated that –lah makes an imperative polite. It is like in English when

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the word “please” is coming as the request, thus the particle –lah indicates request. As can be obviously be seen that the SL in imperative construction is marked by the example of this request which also contains as suggestion. It is marked by base verb + particle lah in Indonesian. Actually the real phenomenon above is not only occurring to the sentence structure by having be at the beginning of sentence but the imperative sentence that have base verb such as; put the pen on the table

also has the similar

phenomenon. The verb put can be translated into Indonesian by having particle lah. Then the translation result of the sentence is letakkanlah balpoin di atas meja. In the data, the imperative constructions of SL are marked by SL + base verb and they belong to positive advice. Based on the process of imperative constructions of the SL, it can obviously be stated that it is formed through syntactical process, that is, SL+ infinitive (base verb), whereas in TL it is formed through morphological process, that is, by attaching base verb + particle- lah. The particle-lah in Indonesian writing and speech is optionally added to the verb in imperative constructions. This can also occur in informal styles but is much less frequent. Its occurrence here is to mark the predicate, which is out of its normal position, occurring at the beginning of the clause, for example, jadilah, senyumlah. It is also frequently stated in teaching text that –lah makes an imperative polite. Some writers even translate it as ‘please’. (9) SL: Be proactively nice (pg. 55) TL: Jadilah pribadi yang proaktif dan menyenangkan (pg. 57) Related to the translation procedure, according to Vinay and Dalbernet in Munday (2001), in cases where literal translation is not possible, oblique

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translation strategy must be used. It is used when the structural or conceptual elements of the source language could not be directly translated without altering meaning or upsetting the grammatical and stylistic elements of target language. There are four translation procedures in oblique translation: transposition, modulation, reformulation or equivalence, and adaptation. In this study, based on the data (9) above, there is one procedure which belongs to oblique translation strategy: transposition and borrowing. Transposition is a change of one part of speech for another without changing the sense (Munday, 2001: 57). There are words, phrases, and clauses in the result of the translation in Indonesian. Those grammatical units in Indonesian are used to modify the verb in the sentence. There are changes in rank from the SL to TL. The changes in rank are from words (adverb of manner) to phrases in TL. It also belongs to Vinay and Dalbernet’s transposition procedures of translation. There is a replacement of one grammatical form by another grammatical form. Since there is change in meaning component of the verb from less meaning components to more unit components, it corresponds to the translation procedure of transposition. The example of this translation is the adverb of manner in SL proactively which was translated into Indonesian in the form of a clause in the post modified noun phrase “yang” construction. Thus it becomes pribadi yang proaktif. Based on data (1), the borrowed words were also added with the word proactive into proaktif in Indonesian. Thus two translations procedures were applied (transposition and borrowing procedure). (10) SL: Smile your countenance matters (p.89) TL: Senyumlah roman mukamu sangat berpengaruh. (p.93)

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Based on the data above, the transposition procedure was applied. It is claimed that transposition translation occurs in the level of structural shift. The structural shift results from the fact that the word or phrasal structure of the SL is different from that of the TL. SL phrasal structure is made up of the post modifier your followed by the head countenance, whereas in the TL the head roman muka is followed by the modifier mu. The structural shift is obligatory due to the linguistic factor. In addition, this example is also an example of unit shift. Let see the word in SL: countenance which was translated into roman wajah. The unit shift from a low to a high unit results from the fact that the TL has more meaning components than SL. It can be seen that the word countenance is shifted to the phrase roman muka. Besides transposition, modulation translation procedure is also occurring. This issue is settled by the modulation characteristic that, the source text is different from target text and the forms of the sentence structure are really different but the idea or meaning is the same, but the phrases that are used in the source and target languages are different – the source language was not translated word-for-word into the target language. (11) SL: be humble but confident (pg. 83) TL : Jadilah rendah hati namun percaya diri (pg. 87) This example of the data indicates the similar translation procedure as in data (10), in which the transposition procedures in the unit shift from low to a high was applied in this study. It happens since from the fact that the TL has more meaning components than the SL. In this case, the SL only has one meaning component “humble” (low init) while TL has two components “rendah diri”

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(high unit); moreover, it can be seen from the word humble in SL which was shifted to the phrase rendah diri in TL. (12) SL : Be a discerning listener (pg. 93) TL: Jadilah pendengar yang cerdas (pg. 97) Grammatically, the premodified English structure’ a discerning listener’ consists of the indefinite article ‘a’ as the central determiner, the adjective‘ discerning’ and the noun head ’listener’, meaning that there are slight differences between the two phrases. The English takes the adjective “discerning’ as the pre modifier while its Indonesian translation has the noun “listeners”; the procedure used to translate this imperative sentence is the transposition procedure since the translation causes the word class adjective of “discerning” to change into noun when it is translated into “ the prefix pe- in Indonesian marking the noun , including the doer of an action or tool used to accomplish work.

4.1.3 Positive Command Types of English Imperatives with Base Form of Verb which are Translated into Base Verb+ Suffix-kan and Their Indonesian Equivalents. In this section, there is another phenomenon of imperative sentence both in English and Indonesian; the Indonesian base verb undergoes the suffixation –kan. It means that –kan as a bound morpheme also has implication in terms of conveying meaning in a grammatical sentence. For the complete elucidation, let see the data below: (13) SL : Discover your purpose and inspiration (pg. 26) TL : Temukan inspirasi dan tujuanmu (pg. 26) (14) SL : Allow time to reflect (pg. 48) TL : Luangkan waktu untuk merefleksikan diri (pg. 47)

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(15) SL : Put relationship before things (pg. 78) TL : Letakkan hubungan pribadi di atas harta benda (pg. 75) (16) SL : Keep the faith during times of trial (pg. 110) TL : Menjaga iman selama masa percobaan (pg. 116) (17) SL : Demonstrate through words and body language that you are happy to meet them (pg. 83) TL : Tuujukan melalui kata-kata dan bahasa tubuh bahwa kamu senang bertemu (pg. 87) (18) SL : Give a firm, confident handshake and look them in the eye (pg. 83) TL : Berikan jabatan tangan yang mantap dan percaya diri dan tatap mata mereka (pg. 87) (19) SL : Use good manners and be gracious (pg. 83) TL : Gunakan tata karma yang baik dan ramah (pg. 87) The seven imperative sentences above belong to positive command type. According to Hornby (1976:193), the command is given when there is a power between speaker and listener, the speaker has an authority to command the listener to do something. For example a lecturer gives command to his student. This context indicates that lecturer has authority in term of face. Then he may command his students. According to Spencer (2000: 27) face is closely related to a person’s sense of identity or self concept: self as an individual (individual identity), self as a group member (group or collective identity) and self in relationship with others (relational identity). In all three aspects, people often regard themselves as having certain attributes or characteristics, such as personality traits, physical features, beliefs, language affiliations, and so on. Moreover, Swan (1986:245) stated that commands have the same form as the bare infinitive and the base form of a verb is followed by the command. The author or the speaker of this book intends the listener or the reader of this book to do

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something. The SL imperative construction is marked by SL + base verb and belongs to commands. Based on the process of imperative constructions of the SL, it can obviously be stated that it is formed through syntactical process that is SL+ infinitive (base verb), whereas in TL it is formed through morphological process, that is, by attaching base verb + suffix kan. The procedure of translating can be indicated by considering the data below: (13) SL : Discover your purpose and inspiration (pg.26) TL : Temukan inspirasi dan tujuanmu (pg.26) The data above indicates that transposition procedure was applied in the data, because the real one is indicated by “your purpose” and inspiration” which is translated into different structures “inspirasi dan tujuanmu” The forms of the sentence structure are really different. (14) SL TL

: Allow time to reflect (pg.48) : Luangkan waktu untuk mereflesikan diri (pg.47)

The data above shows the transposition procedure especially in unit shift (from low to a high unit) resulting from the fact that the TL has more meaning components than the SL. It can be seen in the word “reflect” in SL which was shifted to the phrase “mereflesikan diri” in TL. (15) SL: Put relationship before things (pg.78) TL: Letakkan hubungan pribadi diatas harta benda.(pg.75) This translation involves the modulation procedure. It is called modulation since it occurs when the translator reproduced the message of the original text in the TL text in conformity with the current norms of the TL, since the SL and TL may appear dissimilar in terms of perspective accompanied with the lexical

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change in the TL (Newmark, 1988 :89). On the other hand, it is perceived that modulation is a situation in which a source text is translated in many different ways in the target language. As we can see from the data above in which Put relationship before things was translated into Letakkan hubungan pribadi diatas harta in which the word “relationship” was translated into “hubungan pribadi” and “before things” was translated into “diatas harta”. Actually, the idea or meaning is the same, but the phrases used in the SL and TL are different. (16) SL: Keep the faith during times of trial (pg.110) TL: Menjaga iman selama masa percobaan.(pg.116) The translation procedure above indicates that, -s at the end of the noun time brings the plural context. In English, the plural concept is indicated by the attaching –s while in Indonesian it has different forms, it occurs without – s but commonly in reduplication form to show plurality such as”masa” which becomes masa-masa; therefore, in this data the transposition procedure was applied since the base form + suffix –s of times in SL was translated into the base form of masa in TL. There is change in grammatical aspect in this example, because the word times is attached to the suffix –s in English indicating the plural concept, while in Indonesian it is from base form only masa without attaching any suffix. Thus the word in data 16 can be translated using the transposition procedure. In addition, the word menjaga does not undergo suffixation –kan but perfixation meng. The reason nis that jaga cannot be in harmony with the existence of –kan at the end. (17) SL : Demonstrate through words and body language that you are happy to meet them (pg.83) TL : Tunjukan melalui kata-kata dan bahasa tubuh bahwa kamu senang bertemu them (pg.87)

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The data above shows the transposition procedure. It is claimed that transposition results from the translation effect in the sentence that the word body language in SL was translated into bahasa tubuh in TL. Transposition is a shift of word class as a change of grammatical category. In this case, the data shows the structural shift resulting from the fact that the word or phrasal structure of the SL is different from that of the TL. The SL phrasal structure is made up of a modifier followed by a head, body language while in the TL the head is followed by the modifier, bahasa tubuh. (18)

SL : Give a firm, confident handshake look them in the eye (pg.83) TL : Berikan jabatan tangan yang mantap dan percaya diri dan tatap mata mereka (pg.87)

The data indicates that the source text (English) is different form from the target text (Indonesia). The translation result involves the modulation procedure. The procedure is used since the concept of Molina and Albir (2000) stated that modulation means changing the point of view, focus or cognitive category in relation to the SL; it can be lexical or structural. The real one indicated by the clause ‘Give a firm, confident handshake look them in the eye’ is equivalent to ‘Berikan jabatan tangan yang mantap dan percaya diri dan tatap mata mereka’. The form of the sentence structure is really different but the concepts of both SL and TL are the same. (19 ) SL: Use good manners and be gracious (pg.83) TL: Gunakan tata karma yang baik dan ramah (pg.87) The data indicates that the modulation procedure was applied, since the change in point of view that allows the translator to express the same phenomenon in a different way. Actually, this semantic-pragmatic procedure that changes the

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category of thought, the focus, the point of view, and the whole conceptualization is distinguished.

4.1.3.1 Positive Command Types of English Imperatives with Base Verb and the Translation of Base Verb In this section the stative verb can be put at the beginning of an imperative sentence. The main rule is that the Indonesian stative verb should not undergo morphological process because it is not necessary. But in this context, the object determines the meaning of the stative verb. As an illustration let consider the following data. (20 ) SL : Remember their name (pg. 83) TL : Ingat nama mereka (pg. 87) (21) SL : Count your blessings (pg. 105) TL : Hitung berkat yang kamu terima (pg. 111) The two imperative sentences above are positive commands. According to Hornby (1976:193), the command is given when there is power between the speaker and listener; the speaker has an authority to command the listener to do something. For example a lecturer gives command to his student. This context indicates that lecturer has authority in term of face. Then he may command his students. According to Spencer (2000: 27) face is closely related to a person’s sense of identity or self concept: self as an individual (individual identity), self as a group member (group or collective identity) and self in relationship with others (relational identity). In all three aspects, people often regard themselves as having certain attributes or characteristics, such as personality traits, physical features, beliefs, language affiliations, and so on. Moreover, Swan (1986:245) stated that

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commands have the same form as the bare infinitive and the base form of a verb is followed by the command. The author or the speaker of this book intends the listener or the reader of this book to do something. The imperative construction in SL is marked by SL + base verb and in TL it is also marked by SL + base verb. Data (20) SL: Remember their name (pg. 83) TL: Ingat nama mereka (pg. 87) The data indicates that the source text (English) has the same form and meaning in the target text (Indonesia); moreover, the literal translation procedure was applied which follows closely the form of source language. Newmark (1998) states that the extended literal translation ranges from one word to one word, group to group, collocation to collocation, clause to clause, and sentence to sentence. Moreover, Albir & Molina (2002: 510) state that literal translation is to translate a word or an expression word for word. What is meant by word for word in this case does not mean that one word is translated into another word, but it is based on their function and meaning in the sentences. The real one is indicated by the data above ‘Remember their name’ which is translated into ‘Ingat nama mereka’. Data (21) SL : Be humble but confident (pg.83) TL : Jadilah rendah hati namun percaya diri (pg.87) The data indicates that the translation transposition procedure was employed since there is a grammatical category change in this translation. The grammatical category is changed from low to high unit. Your blessings is a low unit which has less meaning component (two components) and berkat yang kamu terima is high a unit which has more meaning components (four components). Moreover, the transposition also occurs in the form of -s at the end of the noun blessings and

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brings plural context. In English, the plural concept is indicated by the attaching – s while in Indonesian it has different form, it occurs without – s but it is common in reduplication form to show plurality such as ”blessings” which becomes berkat-berkat therefore in this example, the transposition translation procedure occurs since the base form + suffix –s of blessings in SL was translated into the base form berkat in TL. There is a change in grammatical aspect in this example, because the suffix –s is attached to the word blessings in English which indicates the plural concept, while in Indonesian it is a base form only berkat without any suffix.

4.2 Reasons of Applying such Translation Procedures in English Imperative Sentences Translated Into Indonesian. As far as the data used in the present study are concerned, there are four types of translation procedures employed to translate the English imperative sentence into Indonesian imperative sentence. The types are: borrowing, literal, transposition, and modulation. As stated in the concept of translation procedures in the previous chapters, the translation procedure such as borrowing occurs when a term or a certain phrase or sentence of source language occurs naturally in the target language. The real one is indicated by the clause in (SL) just do it which was translated into just do it in (TL). The strong reason for borrowing words is that sometimes people get difficulty in understanding the message in the translated form. Moreover, sometimes the loan word does not have the translated form or cannot be translated; literal translation occurs when the sentences both in source language or

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target language have the same pattern; transposition occurs when there is a change in part of speech without changing the meaning in source language and modulation occurs when the point of view is changed. Actually, such translation procedures were applied in this study because o the equivalence of the sense both in SL and TL is explained. Moreover, the reason why those translation procedures were applied does not have anything to do with the translator’s preference but the linguistic point of view. This study was conducted based on the translation result, thus Linguistics is supposed as the major issue of why such translations were applied. There are three basic reasons why such translations procedures were applied. An experts as Bell (1991:35-41) mentioned there are the three basic reasons as follows. 1.

Knowledge background Knowledge background of an interpreter or a translator also affects the translation result. An interpreter or a translator should have good knowledge of what subject he or she does. Furthermore, the readability and the accuracy of translation result can be achieved.

2.

Linguistic factor In doing translation, a translator must have good knowledge of both source language and target language; both micro linguistics and macro linguistics. Micro linguistics such as; semantics, syntax and morphology enables a translator to understand the implied meaning of a source text well. After comprehending semantics, syntax and morphology of a source language text; then the translator will be able to convey the meaning of the source text

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into target language. Related to this concept, it can be concluded that as a translator he or she must comprehend the linguistics of the target language as well in order that the result of target language sentences have the same value and sense as the source language sentences. Further, the macro linguistics such as sociolinguistics, anthropology and language culture should be understood by both the translator and interpreter. Those are important because an utterance that comes up in social communication is not caused only by the linguistic meaning of the utterance form but also the pragmatic meaning. Talking about pragmatic meaning it is better for us to consider the statement of Crystal in BBC Learning English on the topic “Who on Earth are We? Part 3,” that: “There really ought to be a word ‘langua culture’ because language and culture are so fundamentally tied together. What we do is we use language as a way of labeling things and we label them to reflect the way that we see things in our culture and to make it easier for us to navigate our way through life and understand each other. Because of that we all understand these common labels that we have put on things. Thus, a language is a symbol of the thoughts, the thought patterns that we have and it represents the assumptions and values that are standardized by our own culture. In addition, the concept above is supported by Benyamin Lee Whorf. Whorf studied about language which is influenced by environment. It means that how you perceive the world affects the language that you speak because the language that you speak arises from your needs as a culture, the

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environment that you live in and that must mean that all of our languages are in some way different. So, it’s not as simple as there being a one to one correspondence or correlation between languages. And anyone who has ever tried to translate something from one language to another will know that it is not easy and sometimes has to translate concepts with very different words for the people in another culture to get the same meaning from them. This means that languages are relative and not universal. Thus, as a translator we should understand the culture of SL and TL then we know the appropriate context in expressing the concept of the text. 3.

Translator’s preference The preference of a translator also affects translation result. It can be in the mode of rendering message in target language. Preference which is meant here is referring to language sense and the translators’ or interpreters’ experience. In this part, the linguistic factor of the existence of translation procedures are classified into three; they are semantics, syntax, and culture.

4.2.1 Semantic Factor Semantics is a branch of linguistics. It studies the language meaning. In doing translation, meaning is the main point. Translation needs meaning rather than the grammatical sentence. Even though this concept deals with the role of translation in reality but in this section of this thesis, the researcher would like to spotlight the study of meaning as one of the factors that triggers out a translation procedure to come up. Thus, here the elucidation is more than studying meaning.

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It is closely related to the background of the existence of translation procedure. Further, the meaning which is meant here is not linguistic meaning only but also the pragmatic meaning. But the researcher supposes them in a chunk, namely; meaning. Dealing with the topic of this section, the context of exploring meaning is discussed as well. Context is the place of meaning. It means that the researcher does not consider the word meaning only but also the time or the event of the existence of the words referred to as context. Thus, the researcher also considers the speaker’s meaning. Since the context of an utterance creates meaning as well. For example: A: Can you tell me what time it is? B: Yes, I can The conversation above clearly expresses what the speaker’s meaning is. Speaker A really means that the addressee (speaker B) can tell him/ her about the time. But the speaker B does not understand what is meant by A. The speaker B just considers the sentence meaning. Thus, the meaning which is understood by speaker B is totally different from the meaning delivered by speaker A. Speaker A does not have the ability of speaker B’s. Such phenomenon above is also observed in this research. Further, the philosophy of translation inside the translation product also influences the translation result. Therefore, in exploring the reason of a translation procedure, another part of meaning is elucidated too. Actually, the effect of semantics becomes the main factor of why modulation in translation procedure was applied in translating English imperative sentence in “what I Wish I knew At Eighteen”

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into the Indonesian “What I Wish I Knew At Eighteen”. According to Hatim and Munday (2004:150) modulation is a variation of the form of the message obtained by a change in the point of view. In other words, modulation means restructuring a message of source language text in a target language text in different structures but the meaning is not different or the meaning is the same. One of the examples of modulation procedure is in data (15) below: SL: Put relationship before things (pg. 75) TL: Letakkan hubungan pribadi diatas harta benda (pg. 78) The word relationship and before things in SL indicate that there is a change in form. The change is in target language. The context of the expression “put relationship before things” is supported by the whole context of the text in the title “Relationship and Communication”. Further, the previous expressions have the meaning that “things” in SL are ‘wealth’.

4.2.2 Syntactic factor The syntactic construction of Indonesian is different from that of English . It is caused by the possibility of the function words used in English is more frequent than in Indonesian. Certainly, the types of sentences in English and Indonesian are most similar, such as affirmative, interrogative and also imperative and etc. Syntactically, the translation procedure which has the potential of occurring is literal procedure. Literal translation or word-for –word translation is the direct transfer of a source language text into a grammatically and idiomatically appropriate target language text. Syntactically, literal procedure and transposition are applied in the sentence structure. The literal translation procedure comes up

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when the grammar of SL and the grammar of TL are in the same order while the transposition procedure comes up from the word function in the sentence level. Thus, it is influenced by syntax. The syntax helps convey meaning as can be seen in data (20) in which literal translation procedure was applied. SL : Remember their name (pg. 83) TL : Ingat nama mereka (pg. 87) In the translation above a literal translation was appplied in which literal translation is word-for-word translation which follows closely the form of source language. Newmark (1998) states that extended literal translation ranges from one word to one word, through group to group, collocation to collocation, clause to clause, and sentence to sentence. Moreover, Albir & Molina (2002: 510) stated that literal translation is intended to translate a word or an expression word for word. What is meant by word for word in this case does not mean that it is translated one word to another word, but translating word for word based on their function and meaning in the sentences. Moreover, transposition translation procedure is also made to come up by syntactic factor as stated before. In this case the syntax gives contribution to convey the meaning transpositionally. It can be seen from the example of the data (11) below: SL: be humble but confident TL : Jadilah rendah hati namun percaya diri. The transposition which occurs in the form of -s at the end of the noun blessings brings plural context. In English, the plural concept is made by the attaching –s while in Indonesian it has different form, it occurs without -s but

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commonly in reduplication form to show the plural form of”blessings” which is equivalent to berkat-berkat; therefore, in this data the translation of transposition occurs since the base form + suffix –s of blessings in SL was translated into the base form berkat in TL. There is a change in grammatical aspect in this example, because the suffix –s is attached to the word blessings in English by indicating the plural concept, while in Indonesian it is from the base form only berkat without any suffixes.

4.2.3 Cultural Factor Actually, culture comes up in translation studies as well. Culture in translation perspective is not only the way of life of a group of people but also the concept or the understanding of a group of people of something. In doing translation, a translator needs to comprehend culture to enable him to be more confident in rendering the message from a source language into a target language. The most common in translation is borrowing from the sequence perspective. The sequence perspective means that the translator only considers the environment of the target readers’ culture then the translation product refers to the words that can represent such a concept as in a source language text. For example the concept Passover in the English Bible Luke 22: 7 then came the day of Unleavened Bread, when the Passover must be killed was translated into menyembeli domba paskah in the sentence maka tibalah hari raya Roti tidak beragi, yaitu hari di mana orang harus menyembelih domba Paskah. The concept Passover is slashing animals by Yahweh for celebrating Easter. But when the word Passover is translated into Indonesian, it becomes menyembelih domba paskah. The translator

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prefers to use the word domba because domba is dominantly protected by the Indonesian people. The animal ‘domba’ is close to the life of the Indonesian people. Thus, the target readers will understand easily the concept Passover. Dealing with culture, there is another question that should be thought by the translator, that is, do the concepts of Indonesian (target language) words belong to Indonesian culture? Or perhaps the shapes or the words are Indonesian words but the concepts belong to the English culture (English as the source language). In fact, the word mentega in Indonesian is totally Indonesian. But the concept of the word is western. The Indonesian people have the culture of having mentega to be spread on bread surface. The thing mentega is primarily used by Indonesians to make bread delicious. In fact, the culture is not Indonesian. Indonesian people have the English culture to be applied to their daily life. Such phenomena are elucidated in this sub-section. Borrowing comes up in translation procedure as one of a good solution in rendering the message from SL to TL. Borrowing is called one of good solutions in this case because when there is no representative word in TL to convey the meaning in SL text, then borrowing will be made. This issue comes with the criteria of borrowing. Borrowing occurs where a word or an expression is taken from the SL and used in the TL, but in a ‘naturalized’ form, meaning that it is made to conform to the rules of grammar or pronunciation of the TL. Data (7) below is another example: SL: Don’t let technology control your life (p.138) TL: jangan biarkan teknologi mengendalikan hidupmu (p.184)

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It shows that technology was translated into teknologi in TL. It is claimed as borrowing because the word technology in SL was translated into teknologi in TL in which it refers to a case where a word or an expression is taken from the SL and used in the TL. In this case, based on the data in SL and TL, borrowing was applied with a change in form but without change in meaning (mixed loanword). If we consider the issue brought by the word technology which was translated into teknologi, it is referred to as pure borrowing. Phonologically, the word technology is filtered using the Indonesian grammatical pattern and then teknologi was made to appear.

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CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

5.1

Conclusion Based on the previous discussion, it can be concluded that there are three

types of English imperative sentences in the procedural text entitled “What I wish I knew at eighteen” which was translated from English into Indonesian, they are: negative command, request and positive commands. The following points can be represented as the conclusions; First, the types of English imperative sentence found in the data source are negative commands with the form do not + infinitive (base verb) and (TL) marked by jangan + prefix meng + base verb + suffix -kan., do not + base verb and in Indonesian they are marked by (TL) jangan + prefix meng + base verb, do not + base verb and (TL) marked by jangan + prefix ber + base verb, do not + base verb and (TL) marked by jangan + base verb + suffix -kan, Never + base verb and (TL) marked by jangan pernah + base verb + suffix -kan. Second, the types of request with the form base verb and (TL) are marked by base verb + particle –lah, the last type of English imperative found in the data is the positive command type with the form base verb and (TL) marked by base verb + suffix -kan, base verb and (TL) marked with the same form, that is, base verb. Based on the process of imperative constructions of the SL, it can obviously be stated that they are formed through syntactical process, whereas in TL it is formed through morphological process, that is, by attaching the marker.

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In addition, English has a simple pattern. The English pattern is quite different from the Indonesian pattern. Indonesian insists morphological process. It means that the complexity of the semantic form is important. Complexity represents the notion which is meant by a sentence. Second, based on the data analysis, semantic, syntax, and culture factor come up as the main reasons in applying translation procedures. The effect of semantic becomes the main factor of why modulation in translation procedure was applied, while the syntax has the potential of occurring the literal procedure and transposition procedure, and eventually the culture factor is the most common occur in borrowing procedure.

5.2

Suggestion This study is only concerned with the types of English imperative sentences

and their Indonesian translation equivalents. According to the result of this study, it can be considered or recommended that this study may be continued by other researchers in the future, since the imperative types and the construction forms are broad enough to be conducted.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Albir, A. H. and Molina, L. 2002. Translation Technique Revisited: A Dynamic and Functionalist Approach. Meta, Vol. XLVII, No. 4. Baker, Molina. 1998. Routledge Encyclopedia of translation studies. London: Routledge Bbclearningenglish. Talking About English: Who on Earth are we? Part 3. Bell. Roger. 1991. Translation and Translating: Theory and Practice.New York: Longman. Brinton, J. Laurel. 2000. The Structure of Modern English. Amsterdam : University of British Columbia. Catford.J.C.1965. A Linguistic Theory of Translation: An Essay in applied Linguistics. London: Oxford University Press. Drommand, Gordon. 1972. English Sentences Practice. Longman. Eugene, J.H. 1981. Parctical Conversation in English 1.Regents Publishing Company, In Frank, Marcella.1972. Modern English A Practical Reference Guide. PrenticeHall INC, Englewood Cliifs, New Jersey: New York University. Fromkin, Victoria, Rodman, Robert, Hyams, Nina, Collins, Peter. Amberber, Mengistu, Harvey, Mark. 2007. An Introduction to Language. Sixth Edition. Australia: Wadsworth, A Division of Cengange Learning. Hall, Eugene J, Grammar for Use, 1993.Jakarta: Binarupa Aksara. Haspelmath, Martin. 2002. Understanding Morphology. America: Oxford University Press Inc. Hornby, AS. 1976. Guide to Pattern and Usage in English. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Larson, Mildred L. 1984. Meaning Based Translation: A Guide to Cross Language Equivalence. University Press of America Moeliono, Anton M. 1992. Tata Bahasa Baku Bahasa Indonesia. Jakarta: Balai Pustaka.

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Munday, J & Hatim, B. 2004. Translation: An Advanced Resource Book (Applied Linguistics). London & New York: Routledge. Munday, Jeremy. 2001. Introducing Translation Studies. Theories and Applications. New York: Routledge. New Mark, Peter. 1988. A Text Book of Translation. Britain: Prentice Hall International (UK) Ltd. Nida, E. A. 1964. Toward a Science of Translating. Leiden: E.J.Brill Nida, E.A. and Taber, C. 1969. The Theory and practice of Translation. Leiden: still Oatey, Helen Spenser. 2000. Culturally Speaking Culture, Communication, and Politness Theory. New York: Continuum International Publishing Group. Sari, Fachwinalia Keumala. 2009. An Analyssis of Translation Procedures of Translating Computer Terms in Andrew S. Tanenbaum 3rd Computer Network Into Bahasa Indonesia. Medan: University of Sumatera Utara. Sneddon, James Neil. 1996. Indonesian: A Comprehensive Grammar. London: Routledge. Sudaryanto.1993. Metode dan Aneka Teknik Analisis Bahasa. Jakarta: DutaWacana University press. Swan, Michael.1996. Practical English Usage. New edition. New York :Oxford University Press. 1996 Thomson, A. J, and Martinet, A.V. 1986. A practical English Grammar. fourth Edition. Hong Kong: Oxford University Press. Trittin, Dennis. 2011. “What I wish I Knew at Eighteen”. First Edition. USA: Life Smart Publishing,LLC. Venuti, Lawrence. 2000. The translation Studies Reader. New York: Routledge. Vinay, J.P. and Darbelnet, J. 2000. A Methodology for Translation. (in Venuti, the Translation Studies Reader, pp. 84-93). London: Routledge.

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APPENDICES No

TL

1

Buatlah setiap hari menjadi mahakaryamu Temukan inspirasi dan tujuanmu Jalani hidup tanpa penyesalan Jangan mendefinisikan sesuatu dengan kekayaan Jangan biarkan pekerjaan menyita seluruh waktu dalam hidupmu Luangkan waktu untuk merefleksikan diri Tunjukkan kemampuan mencintaimu Kembangkan dan Jagalah hati seorang hamba

2 3 4

5

6 7 8

9

10

11

12

13

MARKER SL baseverb

Type

do not + base verb

TL base verb + particle -lah base verb + suffix -kan base verb + suffix I jangan + base verb

do not + base verb

jangan + suffix -kan

negative command

base verb

base verb + suffix -kan base verb + suffix -kan base verb + kan + base verb + particle -lah base verb + particle -lah

positive command

base verb

bae verb + particle -lah

positive command

base verb

base verb + meng- + suffix kan jangan + meng- + suffix -kan base verb

positive command

base verb base verb

base verb base verb

Jadilah pribadi yang proaktif dan menyenangkan Belalah kepercayaanmu dan nilai-nilaimu dengan penuh keyakinan Memberikan yang terbaik untuk segala hal

base verb

Jangan menjanjikan hal-hal yang tidak bisa kamu penuhi Bertanggung jawab atas kesalahan dan kekurangan

do not + base verb baseverb

91

requesting types positive command positive command negative command

positive command positive command

positive command

negative command positive command

92

No

TL

14

Jangan mengeluh …Just Do It Jangan katakan sesuatu tentang orang lain

15

16

17 18 19 20 21

22

23 24 25 26

27 28 29

MARKER SL do not + base verb do not + base verb

Letakkan hubungan pribadi diatas harta benda Ekspresikan dirimu sendiri Jadilah rendah hati namun percaya diri Gunakan tata krama yang baik dan ramah Ingat nama mereka senyumlah, roman mukamu sangat berpengaruh! jangan pernah mengatakan apapun dalam bentuk tertulis

base verb

sampaikan secara langsung jangan ditulis hitung berkat yang kamu terima luangkan waktu untuk refleksi harian carilah kebijaksaan dari para profesional yang berpengalaman Lepaskan rasa sakitmu melalui doa Mengambil kontrol atas kekwatiranmu Jangan membuat keputusan penting saat kamu masih marah

base verb

base verb base verb base verb base verb base verb

never + base verb

base verb base verb base verb

base verb base verb do not + base verb

TL jangan + mengjangan + base verb + suffix -kan base verb + suffix -kan

Type negative command negative command positive command

base verb + suffix -kan base verb + particle –lah base verb + suffix -kan base verb base verb + particle -lah

positive command

jangan pernah + base verb + meng+ kan base verb + suffix -kan base verb

negative command

base verb + suffix -kan base verb + particle -lah

positive command

base verb + suffix -kan base verb + mengjangan + meng-

positive command

requesting types positive command positive command requesting types

positive command positive command

requesting types

positive command negative command

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No

TL

30

Mencari peluang untuk membantu orang lain Tetapkan tujuanmu dan nilailah itu secara berkala Jangan menunda rencana Waktu itu berharga, gunakanlah secara bijaksana Jangan biarkan teknologi mengendalikan hidupmu Belajar berbicara dengan nyaman di depan banyak orang Membangun keunggulan kompetitif pemenang Carilah kebijaksaan dari para profesional yang berpengalaman Tunjukkan kualitas kemampuan diri yang dihargai perusahaan Belajarlah untuk memasarkan dirimu sendiri secara persuasif Jangan pernah buang waktumu untuk mereka yang kamu tahu akan berakhir konsentrasilah pada nilai-nilai dan kemampuanmu untuk menjadi teman terbaik

31

32 33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

MARKER SL base verb base verb

TL base verb + mengbase verb + suffix -kan

Type positive command positive command

do not + base verb base verb

jangan + mengbase verb + particle lah

negative command requesting types

do not + base verb

base verb + suffix -kan

negative command

do not + base verb

prefix ber + base verb

positive command

base verb

prefix meng+ base verb

positive command

base verb

base verb + particle -lah

requesting types

base verb

base verb + suffix -kan

positive command

base verb

base verb + particle -lah

requesting types

never + base verb

jangan negative pernah + base command verb

base verb

base verb + particle -lah

requesting types

94

No

TL

42

Pilih pasangan sebagai keputusan seumur hidup Eksplorasi kecocokanmu secara utuh sebelum mengikat janji setia Jangan berharap pasanganmu bisa mengubah cara-caranya Menjadi kamu satusatunya

43

44

45

MARKER

Type

SL base verb

TL base verb

positive command

base verb

base verb

positive command

do not + base verb

jangan + prefix ber + base verb prefix meng+ base verb

negative command

base verb

positive command