Thermal Imaging for Building Fabric Insulation Compliance Programme 10:00
Registration/Tea & Coffee
10:30
Welcome
P. Quested
10:40
Energy Performance of Buildings Directive
B. Anderson (BRE)
11:00
Thermographic Method to meet new UK Building Regulations
C.Pearson (BSRIA & UKTA)
11:20
Discussion
11:35
Finnish Building Regulations
T. Kauppinen (VTT)
11:55
Building Thermography Standards for
T. Colantonio (PWGS Canada)
Canada 12:15
Discussion
12:30
Lunch
13:30
The German approach to thermal insulation of dwellings and checking with thermography
H. Bruggemann, (Raytek)
13:50
Thermal Imaging Standards for Improved
H.McEvoy (NPL)
Quality 14:10
Methods of Evaulating Reflective Insulation Systems
14:30
Discussion
15.15
Laboratory tour
R.Williams (NPL)
Energy Performance of Buildings Directive Brian Anderson 23 February 2005
EPB Directive – objective • To promote the improvement of the energy performance of buildings in the Community considering that: • Buildings have a long-term impact on energy consumption • Alternative energy supplies are not generally explored to their full potential • Major renovations provide an opportunity
EPB Directive – main provisions • A methodology for calculating the energy performance of buildings • Setting of energy performance requirements (building regulations) for - new buildings - major renovations • Energy certification of buildings • Regular inspection of boilers and air-conditioning systems
EPB Directive – main provisions • Methodology for calculation of energy performance – does not specify method – annex lists aspects to be taken into account – mentions that EN 832 and EN ISO 13790 will be further developed
• Regulations to be set, based on the methodology • Energy performance certificate – based on the methodology – to be expressed in a transparent manner
• Boiler and AC inspections
Calculation methodology • Calculation of overall energy use including - space heating - space cooling - ventilation systems - hot water services - lighting
Calculation methodology • For dwellings – SAP (Standard Assessment Procedure) • For other buildings – NCT (National Calculation Tool)
EPB Directive – CEN standards • Standards are being written in CEN that could eventually support the Directive • Standards should provide common and agreed bases so far as possible for – – – –
Calculation methodology Setting regulations Energy performance certificate Inspections
Starting point : published standards • U-value calculations • heat transfer - detailed calculations • measurement methods (U-values, air tightness) • insulation of building equipment • climatic data specifications • calculation of energy use for heating
Starting point – standards needed • Calculation of energy needs for – – – – –
space heating space cooling ventilation systems hot water services lighting
• Combining these to give overall energy performance – space heating largely done, others not
Time scale for standards • CEN rules - 3 years to produce a new standard – up to 4½ years if necessary – work item deleted if timetable not achieved
• 3 years from 2004 is 2007 • Half-way stage is CEN Enquiry (draft for public comment) • Draft standards by end 2004 • Enquiries during 2005
Methodology for calculating energy performance (Article 3 and Annex)
Energy Performance Requirement new buildings Art. 4, 5 major renovations Art. 4, 6
Energy Performance Certificate
System inspections
Art. 7
Art. 8, 9
Certificate format and content
Energy performance
Ways of expressing energy performance
Energy certification of buildings
WI 1+3
WI 1+3
Overall energy use, primary energy, CO2 emissions
Heating systems with boilers WI 5
Air conditioning WI 6
WI 2/4 Ventilation systems WI 301) Specific procedures/input2) for existing buildings
Total delivered energy Procedures for asset and operational energy rating WI 4
System and building energy needs for heating, cooling, humidification, dehumidification, hot water, lighting and ventilation systems WI 7- 17, 20- 22, 26
Definitions and terminology, external climate data, indoor conditions, overheating and solar protection, thermal performance of building components, ventilation and air infiltration, .. WI 18 - 19, 23 - 25, 27- 28, 31
1): Not explicitly mentioned in the Directive 2): Unless already covered by WI 7-28
Energy certification and ways of expressing energy requirements Primary energy and CO2 emissions Conversion factors
Delivered energy
DHW
Lighting
Heating system characteristics
Cooling system characteristics
Automation and controls
Ventilation system
Net energy
Building
Internal gains
Heat transmission
Air change
Indoor and outdoor climate
Solar gains
Energy performance indicator • Asset rating (calculated) – Design rating – Tailored rating
• Asset rating can be based on – – – –
Delivered energy (weighted) Primary energy CO2 emissions Energy costs
• Operational rating (from metered energy)
E N W I 14 En ergy use for he ating and co olin g
E N W I 11 E n ergy use for ho t wa ter
E N W I 13 E ne rg y u se fo r lig hting
Metered energy use
EN W I 2 Fa cto rs fo r prim ary e nerg y an d CO 2
EN W I 13 E nerg y use for v en tila tion
E N W I 22 A utom ation a nd c o ntro ls
EN W I 4 D efinition o f r ating s
V alid ated b uild ing m od el
S im u lation s Op tim is ation
Op era ti ona l rating
A sse t rating
E N W I 1+ 3 R equ ire m en ts an d c ertific ate
Certificate
B uildin g pe rm it
D es ign ra tin g
Energy certificate
Building Energy Performance
As built
Space to make reference to the certification scheme used
Asset rating
Very energy efficient
A B C
C D E F
G Not energy efficient calculated
Name of the indicator used
Unit
130
Standards – next stages • January to March 2005 - translations • April 2005 - Enquiries start – national activity – some CEN work continues – drafts stable for 9 months
• • • • •
September 2005 - Enquiries close Autumn 2005 to Spring 2006 - revisions Summer 2006 - Final editing Autumn 2006 - Formal votes by mid 2007 - published standards
Energy performance regulations • Overall energy performance criterion, based on Asset Rating obtained from (weighted) Delivered Energy, Primary Energy or CO2 emissions • Can be set as – a target value (as proposed for AD L1A), or – by reference to a notional building with defined elemental characteristics (as proposed for AD L2A)
• Extensions, renovations, etc can be regulated by elemental provisions for building and services
EPB Directive - implications • New buildings - regulations – Pass level based on overall emissions (instead of elemental provisions like U-values and heating efficiency)
• Existing buildings – regulations – Similar to existing: can set requirements for components
EPB Directive – implications • Energy performance certificates – New buildings – When buildings sold or rented
• Certificates to provide overall energy indicator – CO2 emissions, kg/m² – SAP rating for dwellings
• ‘Operational’ rating certificates in public buildings
EPB Directive - implications • Boiler inspections (> 20 kW) – – – –
Regular inspections of boilers Leading to advice on efficiency and sizing Inspection of whole system if > 15 years old Alternative of advice about boiler replacement and modifications to system
• Air-conditioning inspection (> 12 kW) – Regular inspections – Leading to advice on efficiency and sizing
EPB Directive – implementation • Mostly through Part L of the building regulations • Other regulations for energy performance certificates, boiler and AC inspections • Likely to be phased implementation 2006 – 2008 • New buildings from 2006 – new Part L etc – Part L is raising standards as well
Checking compliance with Building Regulations – England & Wales Colin Pearson Head of Condition Monitoring – BSRIA General Secretary - UKTA
Why check thermal insulation? Quality Assurance Energy efficiency Contractors’ liability Building Regulations
The 2001 Part L2 revision of the Building Regulations for England and Wales introduced a requirement that thermal insulation should be ‘reasonably continuous’ over the whole roof, wall and floor area of new commercial buildings
Defects Cold bridging Missing insulation Air leakage Slipped insulation
But are the buildings acceptable? Normally rely on skill and experience of thermographer No guidance on what is acceptable Standards and Guides do not set criteria
What is required? Show thermal anomalies Differentiate between real thermal anomalies and confounding factors
such as localised differences in air movement, reflection and emissivity
Quantify affected areas and their severity State whether the anomalies and the building thermal insulation are acceptable
Approach Select critical temperature parameter Select acceptable defect area limit Measure surface temperature difference caused by each anomaly Measure area of the defects
Critical temperature parameter Risk of condensation and mould Surface temperature factor, fRsi Tsi – Te fRsi = T - T i e Critical surface temperature factor fCRsi
Proportion of temp. diff. across fabric rather than internal boundary layer that will lead to condensation or mould in lowest design temperature
The effect of missing insulation 20 19.1 18
Example for block - part filled cavity wall
17.8
16
Insulation
Example for block - missing insulation in cavity wall 14
12
Autoclaved block 10
8
Lightweight block
800kg/m²
6
4
1400kg/m² 2 0.5 0.2
0 0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
260
280
300
320
340
What change in insulation causes a critical defect? Surface resistance
0.12m2K/W
Surface temperature
19.4°C
Surface temperature for fCRsi of 0.75
14.55°C
Surface temperature for insulation reduction of 25%
19.2°C
33%
19.1°C
50%
18.8°C
75%
17.6°C
80%
17°C
85%
16°C
88%
14.55°C
Allowable area Must maintain high standards without alienating construction industry by failing too many buildings 0.1% has been found to cause one building in four to fail 0.1% is suggested as suitable for large commercial and retail buildings
Measure surface temperature and area Temperature measurement is common feature of a thermographic survey Area measurement is often a feature of analysis software requiring:
Object distance Angular field of view Setting threshold temperature in software Pixel counting Computation of area below threshold temperature
Conditions and equipment Suitable conditions, equipment and repeatable method required Follow existing standard eg BS EN 13187:1999, Thermal Performance of buildings – Qualitative detection of thermal properties in building envelopes – Infrared method (ISO 6781:1983 modified)
Method Internal survey usually best Requires image of every anomaly
image square to any features of the wall or roof. viewing angle perpendicular to surface imaged interfering sources of infrared radiation such as lights, heat emitters, electric conductors, reflective elements minimised
Requires calculation of building surface area
Analysis Adjust each image for distance, background temp & emissivity Place area analysis tool to enclose anomaly Set threshold temp. for area according to internal & external temp. Use pixel counting tool and calculation from image parameters to find area below threshold Repeat for all anomalies Use summary table to add all areas below threshold
Limitations This method may not be suitable for:
Heavyweight structures, particularly where the main insulating element is near the outside surface Buildings where much of the internal surface is obscured, eg by false ceilings.
Building Regulations Part L2 “The person responsible for achieving compliance should (if suitably qualified) provide a certificate or declaration that the provisions meet the requirements of Part L2(a); or they should obtain a certificate or declaration to that effect from a suitably qualified person. Such certificates or declarations would state: a) that appropriate design details and building techniques have been used or b) that infra-red thermography inspections have shown that the insulation is reasonably continuous from April 2002 over the whole visible envelope”
New Building Regulations Part L from 2006 May not mention thermography at all May include reference to UKTA Application Guide May require existing buildings to comply when sold or leased Will implement European Energy Performance of Buildings Directive
Insulation thickness in walls
Energy loss through roofs
Energy loss through walls
Conclusions There is a practical, repeatable quantitative method of assessing thermal insulation performance It may be used to show compliance with Building Regulations Quantifying thermal insulation performance is becoming more important There are different standards across Europe and Worldwide
Thank-you
FINNISH BUILDING REGULATIONS The use of thermography for the evaluation of building performance Timo Kauppinen
VTT BUILDING AND TRANSPORT
VTT IN BRIEF Units:
Staff: 3 012
VTT Electronics VTT Information Technology VTT Industrial Systems VTT Processes VTT Biotechnology VTT Building and Transport
Turnover: 214 M€
VTT Information Service VTT Corporate Management and Services
Copyright VTT 2002
13.3.2005
• Basic govern. funding to R&D on VTT’s own initiative 34 M€ • Jointly funded projects 92 M€ • Commercial activities 88 M€
Staff breakdown by location: Oulu 323 Oulu Outokumpu 37 Raahe Jyväskylä Kajaani128 Tampere 332 Vaasa Outokumpu Lappeenranta 12 Jyväskylä Espoo 2 159 Tampere Others 21
•• •
•
• • • Total • •• •
Rajamäki Espoo
2
3 012
VTT BUILDING AND TRANSPORT
The building stock in the years 2000 and 2010 2000 ~ 490 milj.m2
150
2010 ~ 510 milj.m2
100
50
0 -1960
1961-1970
VTT 5/2002 REMO2000
Copyright VTT 2002
1971-1980
1981-1990
1991-2000
2001-2010
The year of completion
13.3.2005
3
VTT BUILDING AND TRANSPORT
Renovation of buildings in the years 2000 and 2010 2 000
2000 ~ 5 500 milj.€ 2010 ~ 6 200 milj.€
1 500
1 000
500
0 -1960
Copyright VTT 2002
1961-1970
13.3.2005
1971-1980
1981-1990
1991-2000
2001-2010
4
VTT BUILDING AND TRANSPORT
Renovation of apartment houses 2000 and 2010 600 mil € 2000
2010
400
200
0 -1960
Copyright VTT 2002
1961-1970
13.3.2005
1971-1980
1981-1990
1991-
2001-2010
5
VTT BUILDING AND TRANSPORT
Renovation of apartment houses 1 410 milj.€, according to the age 50 %
40 % %-€
% - m2
30 %
20 %
10 %
0% -1960
1961-1970
1971-1980
1981-1990
1991-2000
VTT 4/2002 REMO2000
Copyright VTT 2002
13.3.2005
6
VTT BUILDING AND TRANSPORT
The base for renovation of apartment houses 100 %
7%
16 %
Moisture damage
6%
80 % Change of space 51 %
59 %
60 %
66 %
57 %
Repair of broken or damaged part
40 % 34 %
26 %
20 %
16 %
Service/maintenance/ preditictive repair
24 % 0% VTT 5/2002 REMO2000
Copyright VTT 2002
8% Building envelope
13.3.2005
3% Indoor space
8% HVACsystems
16 %
Improvment of devices, increase of the level
Electric and communication systems 7
VTT BUILDING AND TRANSPORT
Renovation of apartment houses, 1 410 mio € total in the year 2000 HVAC 13 %
Building envelope+ foundations 30 %
Indoor space 57 % VTT 5/2002 REMO2000
Copyright VTT 2002
13.3.2005
8
VTT BUILDING AND TRANSPORT
Renovation to 2010 Mio €, by fixed prices year 2000 8000 Total +2,5%…+3,5% / a 6000 Residential buildings +3,5%…+5% / a 4000 Offices and work spaces +1,5%…+2,5% / a 2000
0 1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
VTT 5/2002 REMO2000
Copyright VTT 2002
13.3.2005
9
2010
VTT BUILDING AND TRANSPORT
FINNISH BUILDING REGULATIONS
• Design temperatures • Zone I:
-26 °C
• Zone IV:
-38 °C
Copyright VTT 2002
13.3.2005
10
VTT BUILDING AND TRANSPORT
FINNISH BUILDING REGULATIONS
Copyright VTT 2002
13.3.2005
11
VTT BUILDING AND TRANSPORT
Degree day numbers of periods colder than certain outdoor temperature
Copyright VTT 2002
13.3.2005
12
VTT BUILDING AND TRANSPORT
FINNISH BUILDING REGULATIONS • • • • • • • •
U-values (2002) valid from 1.10.2003 ? exterior walls 0.28(1983) ? 0.25 (W/m2, K) roof ? 0,16 floor (air space) ? 0,20 floor (ground floor) ? 0,25 windows and floors ? 1,4 roof window ? 1,5 window area must be 4.9°C
4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 -1.0 -2.0 -3.0 -4.0 -5.0
