The use of Turmeric (Curcuma longa) in poultry feed

doi:10.1017/S0043933912000104 The use of Turmeric (Curcuma longa) in poultry feed R.U. KHAN1*, S. NAZ2, M. JAVDANI3, Z. NIKOUSEFAT3, M. SELVAGGI4, V....
5 downloads 3 Views 99KB Size
doi:10.1017/S0043933912000104

The use of Turmeric (Curcuma longa) in poultry feed R.U. KHAN1*, S. NAZ2, M. JAVDANI3, Z. NIKOUSEFAT3, M. SELVAGGI4, V. TUFARELLI4 and V. LAUDADIO4 1

Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan; 2Department of Wildlife and Fisheries, GC University, Faisalabad, Pakistan; 3Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Razi University, Iran; 4Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 700100 Valenzano, Bari, Italy *Corresponding author: [email protected] There is growing interest in developing natural alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters in order to maintain both birds’ performance and health. In the last decade, Turmeric has been extensively used in poultry diets. Turmeric is a natural herb of the ginger family, Zingiberaceae. Wide range medicinal properties of this plant have been advocated. In poultry feed, Turmeric has been extensively used in different concentrations, dosages and durations. In this review, the beneficial effects of this plant on growth, weight gain, feed conversion ratio, ameliorative effect on liver health, immunomodulatory and antioxidative effects are reviewed. Keywords: turmeric; poultry; feed; beneficial effect

Introduction Natural medicinal products originating from herbs and spices have been used as feed additives for farm animals (Guo, 2003). Compared with synthetic antibiotics or inorganic chemicals, these plant-derived products have proven to be natural, less toxic, residue free and are thought to be ideal feed additives in food animal production (Wang et al., 1998). Advances in chemistry and identification of plant compounds which are effective in the treatment of certain diseases have renewed interest in herbal medicines. Turmeric (Curcuma longa) is a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial plant of the ginger family, Zingiberaceae. It is native to tropical South Asia and requires temperature between 20 and 30°C and a considerable amount of annual rainfall for growth. The plant grows to a height of three to five feet and has oblong pointed leaves with funnel-shaped yellow flowers. The Curcuma longa extract is a yellow-orange poly-phenol and its usual form is a dry yellow powder that is oil-soluble in its natural state. The rhizome is the portion of the plant used medicinally. The active ingredients are tetrahydrocurcuminoids, curcumin, demethoxycurcumin and © World's Poultry Science Association 2012 World's Poultry Science Journal, Vol. 68, March 2012 Received for publication April 29, 2011 Accepted for publication September 21, 201

97

Turmeric in poultry diet: R.U. Khan et al. bisdemethoxycutcumin (Osawa et al., 1995; AL-Sultan, 2003). Curcumin (diferuloyl methane) the natural yellow pigment in the roots of Turmeric, is a poly-phenolic compound that is isolated from the rhizomes of Curcuma longa and related species (family Zingiberaceae). It represents about 4% of the dry weight of the extract. For centuries, Turmeric has been used in several Asian countries as a culinary spice in curry to give it its characteristic flavour and colour. Curcumin, which gives yellow colour to Turmeric rhizomes, is one of the most active ingredients, responsible for the biological activity. Chemical analysis of Turmeric yielded essential oils (2.4-4%) and fatty oils (1.7-3%). Other curcuminoids as well as fats, minerals, fibre, vitamins, protein and carbohydrate levels have been reported. The safety of Turmeric and its yellow colouring agent, curcumin, are approved by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (WHO, 1987).

Effect on growth, feed intake and weight gain in broilers AL-Kassie et al. (2011) reported that the inclusion of Turmeric mixture at levels of 0.75% and 1% in the diets improved body weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio (FCR). However, Gowda et al. (2009) found that feeding Turmeric (444 ppm) in the basal diet significantly decreased feed intake in broiler chicks. AL-Sultan (2003) fed Turmeric to broiler chicks at the rate of 0.5 and 1.0% and observed that its addition increased body weight and feed conversion ratio (FCR). Durrani et al. (2006) found that broilers fed Turmeric at the level of 0.5% exhibited significantly improved weight gain and FCR, while feed intake decreased significantly in this group compared to control. Similarly dressing percentage, breast weight and thigh weight increased in the group fed 0.5% Turmeric powder. Ahmadi (2010) reported that FCR of broiler chickens was better when feed was supplemented with 0.9% Turmeric powder. Gowda et al. (2009) found that feeding Turmeric (444 ppm) in the basal diet significantly improved weight gain in broiler chicks. Gowda et al. (2008) concluded that addition of Turmeric at the rate of 0.5% in the feed significantly improved weight gain of aflatoxin affected chicks. Yarru et al. (2009) observed that weight gain in aflatoxin-exposed chicks was improved when chicks were treated with 0.5% Turmeric in the diet. Lee et al. (2010) reported that broilers diet supplemented with C. longa improved weight gain, which was depressed by infection with E. acervulina when compared to a standard diet. Kumari et al. (2001) observed that addition of C. longa as feed additive resulted in better growth, feed consumption and FCR in broilers. Allen et al. (1998) reported that weight gain of broilers improved in response to the addition of 1% dietary Turmeric during Emeria maxima infection. Curcumin in the diet increased the activities of pancreatic lipase, amylase, trypsin and chymotrypsin. Dietary feeding of essential oils extracted from herbs can improve the secretion of digestive enzymes and so improve the digestibility of the feeds and enhance the performance of broilers (Al-Kassie et al., 2011). According to Radwan et al. (2008) this improvement could be attributed to its contents of essential oils that have active components which possess antimicrobial, antifungal and antioxidant activities; and accordingly may improve the bird utilisation of dietary nutrients. Some other researchers have attributed the higher weight gain to the antioxidant effect of this plant (Osawa et al., 1995; AL-Sultan, 2003). On the other hand, some authors have not found any beneficial effects of adding Turmeric to the feed of poultry birds. For example, El-hakim et al. (2009) found no effect of supplementation of 0.2% Turmeric in the feed on feed intake, weight gain or FCR. Emadi and Kermanshahi (2007) reported that supplementation of Turmeric has no

98

World's Poultry Science Journal, Vol. 68, March 2012

Turmeric in poultry diet: R.U. Khan et al. significant effect on feed intake, weight gain and feed conversion ratio of broiler chicks. This may be a dose-dependent issue.

Laying hen egg production and quality Riasi et al. (2008) reported that the use of Turmeric in the diet of layers up to 2 g/kg had no adverse effect on egg quality. Radwan et al. (2008) reported that egg production, weight and mass increased significantly in laying hens fed Turmeric at the level of 0.5% in the basal diet, while yolk weight and yolk index were significantly higher in the group fed with 1.0% Turmeric in the feed. Sawale et al. (2009) recorded increased egg production in laying hens treated with a herb-derived mineral toxin binder production containing Curcuma longa. Radwan et al. (2008) suggested that Curcuma longa may improve the environment in the uterus (specifically the site of calcium deposition) and consequently increase shell weight and thickness. Moorthy et al. (2009) found no significant effect of feeding 0.1% Curcuma longa on hen house egg production and percent hen day egg production of Single Comb White Leghorn layers. Riasi et al. (2008) reported that feeding different levels (0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 g/kg of feed) of Turmeric to the laying hens had no significant effect on specific gravity, egg shell thickness, egg shell weight and eggs shell weight to egg weight ratio.

Turmeric and hepatotoxicity Primary hepatic detoxification processes include xenobiotic biotransformation (phase I metabolism) and the subsequent conjugation of the resulting metabolites (phase II metabolism), making them more water-soluble and available for excretion from the body. The microsomal cytochrome P450 (CYP)-dependent mono-oxygenase system in the liver plays an essential role in phase I metabolism (Akahori et al., 2005). The CYP enzymes are associated with several biological interactions involving hydroxylation, epoxidation, oxygenation, dehydrogenation, nitrogen dealkylation, and oxidative deamination (Hari Kumar and Kuttan, 2006). Yarru et al. (2009) reported that Turmeric (0.5%) in the basal diet reduced the expression of hepatic genes CYP1A1 and CYP2H1 in broilers. Soni et al. (1997) reported the protective effect of Curcuma longa in aflatoxin-induced mutagenicity and hepatocarcinogenicity. Emadi and Kermanshahi (2007) reported that concentrations of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), the higher level of which is related to liver toxicity, decreased significantly when broilers diet was supplemented with Turmeric ranging from 0.25-0.75%. Essential oils present in Turmeric are known to increase bile flow and bile secretion which may have beneficial effect on liver health (Emadi and Kermanshahi, 2007; Ahmadi, 2010). Ahmadi (2010) stated that curcumin, the major pigment in Turmeric, is known to protect the liver from damage. The carbonyl functional group of curcuminoids from Turmeric was shown to be responsible for its antimutagenic and anticarcinogenic action (Chun et al., 1999). Gowda et al. (2009) found that feeding Turmeric (444 ppm) in the basal diet significantly decreased AST in broiler chicks. Gowda et al. (2008) reported that addition of Turmeric in the broilers diet deceased necropsy lesion caused by aflatoxicosis. The basis of hepatoprotective action was suggested to be the antioxidant action of curcumin (Ali et al., 2006).

World's Poultry Science Journal, Vol. 68, March 2012

99

Turmeric in poultry diet: R.U. Khan et al.

Antioxidant effects Free radicals induce oxidative damage to macromolecules, cells and tissues that consequently leads to increased morbidity and mortality rates, with substantial economical losses (St-Pierre et al., 2003). Earlier reports suggested that Turmeric neutralises superoxide radicals (Iqbal et al., 2003). Ahmadi (2010) reported that catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) concentration increased significantly when basal feed of broilers chicks was supplemented with 0.3 and 0.6 g/kg Turmeric powder. In the same experiment, the concentration of melanodealdehyde (MDA), an indicator of oxidative stress, decreased significantly when Turmeric was added into the feed at the rate of 0.3 g/kg. Gowda et al. (2008) reported that total antioxidant activity and SOD concentrations improved by addition of 0.5% Turmeric. In another experiment, Gowda et al. (2009) found that feeding Turmeric (444 ppm) in the basal diet significantly improved total antioxidant status and CAT concentration in broiler chicks. Several studies have shown that curcumin has a strong capability for scavenging superoxide radicals, hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide (NO) from activated macrophages, reducing iron complex and inhibiting lipid peroxidation (Ali et al., 2006; Gowda et al., 2009; Yarru et al., 2009). Curcumin is known to augment antioxidant status especially through SOD which could be due to the increased expression of SOD gene in the chickens fed Turmeric (Cheng et al., 2005). Antioxidant enzymes, such as CAT within the peroxisomes and cytosolic GPx, are involved in the conversion of hydrogen peroxide, a powerful and potentially harmful oxidizing agent, into water and molecular oxygen (Liska, 1998). Yarru et al. (2009) observed that Turmeric in the diet increased the expression of hepatic SOD and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). Curcumin has a unique conjugated structure including two methoxylated phenols and an enol form of ß-diketone and the structure shows a typical radical trapping activity as a chain-breaking antioxidant. Masuda et al. (2001) proposed that antioxidant effect of curcumin is associated with its polyunsaturated lipids, which consisted of an oxidative coupling reaction at the 3-position of the curcumin with the lipid and a subsequent intra-molecular Diels-Alder reaction. Reddy and Lokesh (1994) suggested that dietary Turmeric lowers lipid peroxidation by enhancing the activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, and GPx). Miquel et al. (2006) reported that curcuma longa may help to prevent antioxidant deficiency with resulting protection of mitochondria against premature oxidative damage with loss of ATP synthesis and specialized cellular functions. The other beneficial components of Turmeric are tetrahydro curcumin, niacin, curlone and cinamic acid, but are in low concentration and contribute very little to the overall antioxidant activity (Ahmadi, 2010).

Anti-coccidial effects Avian coccidiosis is an intestinal disease caused by several species of Eimeria protozoa and represents an economically important parasitic infection for the poultry industry worldwide (Lee et al., 2010). Coccidiosis is one of the most detrimental and lethal management diseases of poultry. It causes high mortality in affected flocks. Abbas et al. (2010) found maximum coccidiostatic effect with Turmeric added at 3% levels in the diet as compared to other infected groups receiving Turmeric containing rations, which were comparable with using a standard coccidiostat i.e., salinomycin sodium. In the same study, the peak excretion of oocysts was delayed about 1 or 2 days relative to the control infected group. Lee et al. (2010) reported that faecal oocyst shedding from birds experimentally infected with E. acervulina was significantly decreased when broiler 100

World's Poultry Science Journal, Vol. 68, March 2012

Turmeric in poultry diet: R.U. Khan et al. chickens were fed with a diet containing C. longa. Khalafalla et al. (2011) reported that curcumin at concentrations of 25, 50, 100, 200 and 400 μM showed considerable effects on Emeria tenella sporozoite morphology and viability in a dose-dependent manner after incubation over 3, 6, 18 and 24 hours. In the same experiment, in comparison to the untreated control, sporozoite infectivity was reduced at curcumin concentrations of 100 and 200 μM by 41.6% and 72.8%, respectively. Allen et al. (1998) reported that midsmall intestinal lesion scores induced by Emeria maxima were reduced in broilers fed with 1% dietary Turmeric during infection. Khalafalla et al. (2011) suggested that the ability of curcumin (diferuloylmethane) to kill extra cellular stages of E. tenella could be due to its cytotoxic damage affecting parasite viability, morphology and hence activity. Allen et al. (1998) proposed the anticoccidial activity of Turmeric is due to its antioxidant properties.

Immunomodulatory effect Al-Sultan (2003) reported that the higher levels of Turmeric inclusion (0.5 and 1.0%) increased both erythrocytic and total leukocytic count in broilers, which may be due to curcumin, an active compound in Curcuma longa (Antony et al., 1999). Kumari et al. (2001) recorded significant high antibody titres in broiler chicks fed with C. longa at the level of 1g/kg. Kurkure et al. (2001) reported that Turmeric restored the reduced humoral response caused by aflatoxin induced immuno-suppression, suggesting humoral immunestimulatory potential. Sawale et al. (2009) recorded increased haemagglutination titre in laying hens treated with herbomineral toxin binder containing C. longa. Serum antibody titre was significantly higher in Turmeric fed broilers challenged with EtMIC2, an apical complex protein which plays an important role in host cell invasion of Eimeria parasites (Lee et al., 2010). Interleukins are a group of cytokines that are important components of the immune system. They play a physiological role in inflammation and a pathological role in systemic inflammatory states and are now well recognized (Tayal and Kalra, 2007). Yarru et al. (2009) reported that Turmeric (0.5%) resulted in increased expression of IL-2 and IL-6 expression. Lee et al. (2010) reported that the level of transcripts encoding the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β in the intestinal duodenum was significantly increased in uninfected chickens fed with Turmeric at day post-hatch compared with the control group. In the same study, the level of transcript encoding IL-6, IL-15 and IFN-γ were also increased. It has been shown that curcumin can modulate the immune system. Mucosal CD4 (+) T and B cells increases in animals treated with curcumin, suggesting that it modulates lymphocyte-mediated immune functions (Churchill et al., 2000).

Toxicological effects Turmeric is considered to have low toxicity as revealed in human and animals trials (Ali et al., 2006). There are no reports of adverse effects of either Turmeric or its analogue, except in rare cases. It is estimated that adults in India ingest 80-200 mg of cucumin daily. Administration of high doses of Turmeric for variable periods has been found to induce hepatotoxic effects in mice and rats (Deshpande et al., 1998; Kandarkar et al., 1998). In broiler chicks, Al-Sultan and Gameel (2004) reported that the use of Turmeric (2.5, 5.0 and 10.0%) caused parenchymal and portal infiltration of mononuclear cells and hyperaemia of portal vessels. No other studies on toxicological effects in birds can be found in the current literature. World's Poultry Science Journal, Vol. 68, March 2012

101

Turmeric in poultry diet: R.U. Khan et al.

Conclusions Turmeric (Curcuma longa) can be used as a natural growth promoter in poultry diet, due to its wide margin of safety and pharmacological properties. However, further research is needed to clarify its mode of action, the exact dose and duration for more efficacious use.

References ABBAS, R.Z., IQBAL, Z., KHAN, M.N., ZAFAR, M.A. and ZIA, M.A. (2010) Anticoccidial Activity of Curcuma longa L. in Broilers. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 53: 63-67. Ahmadi, F. (2010) Effect of Turmeric (Curcumin longa) powder on performance, oxidative stress state and some of blood parameters in broilers fed on diets containing aflatoxin. Global Veterinaria 5: 312-317. AKAHORI, M., TAKATORI, A., KAWAMURA, S., ITAGAKI, S. and YOSHIKAWA, Y. (2005) No regional differences of cytochrome P450 expression in the liver of cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). Experimental Animal 54: 131-136. ALI, H.B., MARRIF, H., NOURELDAYEM, S.A., BAKHEIT, A.O. and BLUNDEN, G. (2006) Some Biological Properties of Curcumin: A Review. Natural Product Communication 1: 509-521. AL-KASSIE, G.A.M., MOHSEEN, A.M and ABD-AL-JALEEL, R.A. (2011) Modification of productive performance and physiological aspects of broilers on the addition of a mixture of cumin and Turmeric to the diet. Research Opinions in Animal & Veterinary Sciences 1: 31-34. ALLEN, P.C., DANFORTH, H.D. and AUGUSTINE, P.C. (1998) Dietary modulation of avian coccidiosis. International Journal of Parasitology 28: 1131-1140. AL-SULTAN, S.I. (2003) The Effect of Curcuma longa (Turmeric) on Overall Performance of Broiler Chickens. International Journal of Poultry Science 2: 351-353. AL-SULTAN, S.I. and GAMEEL, A.A. (2004) Histopathological changes in the Livers of Broiler Chicken Supplemented with Turmeric (Curcuma longa). International Journal of Poultry Science 3: 333-336. ANTONY, S., KUTTAN, R. and KUTTAN, G. (1999) Immunomodulatory activity of curcumin. Immunology Investigation 28: 291-303. CHENG, H., LIU, W. and AI, X. (2005) Protective effect of curcumin on myocardial ischemial reperfusion injury in rats. Zhong Yao Cai 28: 920–922. CHUN, K., SOHN, Y. and KIM, H. (1999) Antitumour promoting potential of naturally occurring diarylheptanoids structurally related to curcumin. Mutation Research 28: 49-57. CHURCHILL, M., CHADBURN, A., BILINSKI, R.T. and BERTAGONLLI, M.M. (2000) Inhibition of intestinal tumors by curcumin is associated with changes in the intestinal immune cell profile. Journal of Surgical Research 89: 169-175. DESHPANDE, S.S., LALITHA, V.S., INGLE, A.D., RASTE, A.S., GARDE, S.G. and MARU, G.B. (1998) Subchronic oral toxicity of Turmeric and ethanolic Turmeric extract in female mice and rats. Toxicological Letters 95: 183-193. DURRANI, F.R., ISMAIL, M., SULTAN, A., SUHAIL, S.M., CHAND, N. and DURRANI, Z. (2006) Effect of different levels of feed added Turmeric (Curcuma longa) on the performance of broiler chicks. Journal of Agricultural and Biological Science 1: 9-11. EL-HAKIM, A.S.A., CHERIAN, G. and ALI, M.N. (2009) Use of organic acid, herbs and their combination to improve the utilization of commercial low protein broiler diet. International Journal of Poultry Science 8: 14-20. EMADI, M. and KERMANSHAHI, H. (2007) Effect of Turmeric rhizome powder on the activity of some blood enzymes in broiler chicks. International Journal of Poultry Science 6: 48-51. GOWDA, N.K.S., DAVID LEDOUX, R., GOERGE, E.R., BERMUDEZ, A.J. and CHEN, Y.C. (2009) Antioxidant efficacy of curcuminoids from Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) powder in broiler chickens fed diets containing aflatoxin B1. British Journal of Nutrition 102: 1629–1634. GOWDA, N.K.S., LEDOUX, D.R., ROTTINGHAUS, G.E., BERMUDEZ, A.J. and CHEN, Y.C. (2008) Efficacy of Turmeric (Curcuma longa), containing a known level of curcumin, and a hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate to ameliorate the adverse effects of aflatoxin in broiler chicks. Poultry Science 87: 1125–1130. GUO, F.C. (2003) Mushroom and herb polysaccharides as alternative for antimicrobial growth promoters in poultry. Ph.D. Dissertation, Wageningen University, Netherlands. HARI KUMAR, K.B. and KUTTAN, R. (2006) Inhibition of drug metabolizing enzymes (cytochrome P450) in vitro as well as in vivo by Phyllanthus amarus Schum & Thonn. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 29: 1310–1313.

102

World's Poultry Science Journal, Vol. 68, March 2012

Turmeric in poultry diet: R.U. Khan et al. IQBAL, M., SHARMA, S.D., OKAZAKI, Y., FUJISAWA, M. and OKADA, S. (2003) Dietary supplementation of curcumin enhances antioxidant and phase-I metabolizing enzymes in ddY male mice: Possible role in protection against chemical carcinogenesis and toxicity. Pharmacology and Toxicology 92: 33–38. KANDARKAR, S.V., SHARDA, S.S., INGLE, A.D., DESHPANDE, S.S. and MARU, G.B. (1998) Subchronic oral hepatotoxicity of Turmeric in mice–histopathological and ultrastructural studies. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology 36: 675-679. KHALAFALLA, R.E., MÜLLER, U., SHAHIDUZZAMAN, M., DYACHENKO, V., DESOUKY, A.Y., ALBER, G. and DAUGSCHIES, A. (2011) Effects of curcumin (diferuloylmethane) on Eimeria tenella sporozoites in vitro. Parasitology Research 108: 879-886. KUMARI, P., GUPTA, M.K., RANJAN, R., SINGH, K.K. and YADAVA, R. (2001) Curcuma longa as feed additive in broiler birds and its patho-physiological effects. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology 45: 272277. KURKURE, N.V., PASWAR, S.P., KONGOLE, S.M., GANORKAR, A.G., BHANDARKAR, A.G. and KALOREY, D.R. (2001) Ameliorative effect of Turmeric (Curcuma longa) in induced aflatoxicosis in cockerels. Indian Journal of Veterinary Pathology 10: 35. LEE, S.H., LILLEHOJ, H.S., JANG, S.I., KIM, D.K., IONESCU, C. and BRAVO, D. (2010) Effect of dietary Curcuma, capsicum and Lentinus on enhancing local immunity against Eimeria acervulina infection. Journal of Poultry Science 47: 89-95. LISKA, D.J. (1998) The detoxification enzyme system. Alternative Medicine Review 3:187-198. MASUDA, T., MAEKAWA, T., HIDAKA, K., BANDO, H., TAKEDA, Y. and YAMAGUCHI, H. (2001) Chemical studies on antioxidant mechanism of curcumin: Analysis of oxidative coupling products from curcumin and linoleate. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry 49: 2539-2547. MIQUEL, J., RAMIREZ-BOSCA, A., RAMIREZ-BOSCA, J.V. and ALPERI, J.D. (2006) Menopause: A review on the role of oxygen stress and favourable effects of dietary antioxidants. Archive of Gerontology and Geriatrics 42: 289-306. MOORTHY, M., SARAVAN, S., MEHALA, S.R., RAVIKUMAR, K.V. and EDWIN, S.C. (2009) Performance of Single Comb White Leghorn layers fed with Aloe vera, Curcuma longa (Turmeric) and probiotic. International Journal of Poultry Science 8: 775-778. OSAWA, T., SUGIYAMA, Y., INAYOSHI, M. and KAWAKISI, S. (1995) Anti-oxidative activity of tetrahydrocurcuminoids. Biotechnology and Biochemistry 59: 1609-161. RADWAN, N., HASSAN, R.A., QOTA, E.M. and FAYEK, H.M. (2008) Effect of Natural Antioxidant on Oxidative Stability of Eggs and Productive and Reproductive Performance of Laying Hens. International Journal of Poultry Science 7: 134-150. REDDY, A.C. and LOKESH, B.R. (1994) Effect of dietary tumeric (Curcuma Longa) on iron-induced lipid peroxidation in the rat liver. Food Chemistry and Toxicology 32: 279-283. RIASI, A., KERMANSHAHI, H. and FATHI, M.H. (2008) Effect of Turmeric rhizome powder (Curcuma longa) on performance, egg quality and some blood serum parameters of laying hens. Proceeding 1st Mediterranean Summit of World Poultry Science Association, Greece. SAWALE, G.K., GOSH, R.C., RAVIKANTH, K., MAINI, S. and REKHE, D.S. (2009) Experimental mycotoxicosis in layer induced by ochratoxin a and its amelioration with herbomineral toxin binder ‘toxiroak’. International Journal of Poultry Science 8: 798-803. SONI, K.B., LAHIRI, M., CHACKRADEO, P., BHIDE, S.V. and KUTTAN, R. (1997) Protective effect of food additives on aflatoxin-induced mutagenicity and hepatocarcinogenicity. Cancer Letters 115: 129-33. ST-PIERRE, N.R., COBANOV, B. and SCHNITKEY, G. (2003) Economic losses from heat stress by US livestock industries. Journal of Dairy Science 86: (Suppl.) 52-77. TAYAL, V. and KALRA, B.S. (2007) Cytokines and anti-cytokines as therapeutics - An update. European Journal of Pharmacology 579: 1–12. WANG, R., LI, D. and BOURNE, S. (1998) Can 2000 years of herbal medicine history help us solve problems in the year 2000? Biotechnology in the Feed Industry: Proceedings of Alltech`s 14th Annual Symposium, Kentucky, USA. pp. 273-291. WHO (1987) Principles for the safety assessment of food additives and contaminants in food, environmental health criteria. Volume, 70, World Health Organization, Geneva. YARRU, L.P., SETTIVARI, R.S., GOWDA, N.K.S., ANTONIOU, E., LEDOUX, D.R. and ROTTINGHAUS, G.E. (2009) Effects of Turmeric (Curcuma longa) on the expression of hepatic genes associated with biotransformation, antioxidant, and immune systems in broiler chicks fed aflatoxin. Poultry Science 88: 2620-2627

World's Poultry Science Journal, Vol. 68, March 2012

103

Suggest Documents