The University of Western Ontario DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY ANTHROPOLOGY 247B PHONOLOGICAL ANALYSIS January 2008 Instructor: Office: Office hours: Phone: Time: Place: Teaching Assistant: Office: Office hours: Email: Class website:
Dr. Chet Creider Room 3428, Social Science Centre M 10:30–12:30 661–3430 M (8:30–10:30), W (9:30–10:30) Room 3024, Social Science Centre Trevor Plug Room 135b, University College W 10:30–12:30
[email protected] (see FAQ below)
INTRODUCTION The study of phonology is important for a number of reasons. First, phonology is that part of human language which is most distinctively human (Wang 1973). Second, both major theoretical issues and concrete problems of analysis in phonology can usually be formulated in straight-forward ways, and satisfactory solutions may often be obtained. The experience which the student gains here in handling data and reasoning logically will be useful in all areas of intellectual activity. Third, an understanding of phonological processes is indispensable for work in other areas of linguistics, particularly in sociolinguistics and historical/comparative linguistics. Finally, phonetics and phonology are basic tools used in applied work in communicative disorders and language teaching and language learning. This course is a general introduction to phonetics and phonology. Topics which are covered include articulatory and acoustic phonetics, feature theory, phonological processes, and phonological analysis: the formulation of models to describe these processes economically and insightfully.
COURSE REQUIREMENTS AND EVALUATION The requirements of the course include problems (some involving phonetic dictation), two in-class tests, regular attendance and a final exam. The first exam will and the last may include phonetic dictation. Problems Tests (2 @ 20% each) Attendance Final Exam
25% 40% 5% 30%
REQUIRED TEXT Davenport, Mike & S. J. Hannah. 2005. Introducing Phonetics and Phonology. 2nd ed. London: Hodder Arnold.
TOPIC SCHEDULE (tentative) Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5
Week 6 Week 7
Week 8 Week 9 Week 10
Week 11 Week 12 Week 13
Jan 7 9 14 16 21 23 28 30 Feb 4 6
M W M W M W M W M W
Introduction, Articulatory Phonetics (Ch. 1, 2) Articulatory Phonetics (Ch. 2) Consonants (Ch. 3) Consonants, cont’d (Ch. 3) Vowels (Ch. 4) Vowels, cont’d (Ch. 4) Acoustic Phonetics (Ch. 5) Acoustic Phonetics, cont’d Suprasegmentals and Review (Ch. 6) Test 1
11 13 18 20 25 27 Mar 3 5 10 12 17 19
M W M W M W M W M W M W
Features (Ch. 7) Features, cont’d (Ch. 7) Phonemic Analysis (Ch. 8) Phonemic Analysis, cont’d (Ch. 8) Conference Week Conference Week Morphophonemic Analysis (Ch. 9) (and more phonemic analysis) (Ch. 9) Feature Geometry, Autosegmental Phonology (Ch. 10) Syllabic Phonology (Ch. 10) Review for Test Test 2
24 26 31 Apr 2 7 9 Apr 28
M W M W M W M
Derivational Analysis (Ch. 11) Derivational Analysis, cont’d (Ch. 11) Non-derivational Phonology (Ch. 12) Dependency Phonology and/or Optimality Theory Final Review AOB Final exam (TBA)
OTHER USEFUL TEXTBOOKS and MONOGRAPHS Phonetics Ball,Martin J. & Joan Reilly. 1999. Phonetics: The Science of Speech. London: Hodder Arnold. Catford, J. C. 1977. Fundamental Problems in Phonetics. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. [one of the very few theoretical treatments of the subject]
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Catford, J. C. 2001. A Practical Introduction to Phonetics. 2nd. ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Jones, Daniel. 1953. An Outline of English Phonetics. 8th ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [despite the title, the classic description of the Cardinal Vowels, including photographs of lip positions] Ladefoged, Peter. 2004. Vowels and Consonants: An Introduction to the Sounds of Languages. 2nd. ed. Oxford: Blackwell. Ladefoged, Peter. 2006. A Course in Phonetics. 6th ed. Boston: MA: Heinle & Heinle. [a classic text; earlier editions still good] Rogers, H. 2000. The Sounds of Language: An Introduction to Phonetics. Essex: Pearson Education. [excellent discussion of phonetics of Canadian English] Phonology Chomsky, Noam & Morris Halle. 1968. The Sound Pattern of English. New York: Harper & Row. [for many years the standard reference for ‘classical’ generative phonology] Clements, George N. and Samuel J. Keyser. 1990. CV Phonology: A Generative Theory of the Syllable. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Durand, Jacques. 1990. Generative and non-linear phonology. London: Longman. Gussenhoven, Carlos & Haike Jacobs. 2005. Understanding Phonology. London: Hodder Arnold. Michael Kenstowicz & Charles Kisseberth. 1979. Generative Phonology. New York: Academic Press. Kenstowicz, Michael. 1994. Phonology in Generative Grammar . Oxford: Blackwell. Odden, David. 2005. Introducing phonology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.[especially good for problems] Trubetzkoy, N.S. 1969[1937]. Principles of Phonology. Trans. by C.A.M. Baltaxe. Berkeley: University of California Press. [English translation of first major treatise on phonology]
IMPORTANT READINGS Phonetics Ladefoged, P. 1967. Three areas of experimental phonetics. Oxford University Press. Ch.2, “The Nature of Vowel Quality,” pp.50–142. [experimental proof of reliability of Cardinal Vowel system in phonetic transcription] Lisker, L. and A. Abramson. 1964. A cross-language study of voicing in initial stops. Word 20. 384–422. [VOT] Sonesson, Bertil. 1968. The functional anatomy of the speech organs. Malmberg, Bertil, ed., Manual of Phonetics. Amsterdam: North-Holland, 45–75. 3
Wang, W.S.-Y. 1973. How and why do we study the sounds of speech? POLA 17. 82–99. Department of Linguistics, University of California, Berkeley. Westermann, D. and Ida C. Ward. 1933. Practical Phonetics for Students of African Languages. Oxford University Press. Ch. 24, pp. 133–157. [for tone] Phonology Chomsky, N. 1964. Current Issues in Linguistic Theory. Mouton and Co. pp. 65–110 (The phonological component). Chambers, J. 1973. Canadian raising. Canadian Journal of Linguistics 19. 113–35. Creider, C.A. 1986. Binary vs. n-ary features. Lingua 70.1–14. Goldsmith, J. 1976. An overview of autosegmental phonology. Linguistic Analysis 2.1. 23–78. Goldsmith, J. 1990. The Skeletal Tier. Autosegmental and Metrical Phonology, pp.48–102. Halle, M. 1983. On distinctive features and their articulatory implementation. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 1. 91–105. Joos, M. 1943. A phonological dilemma in Canadian English. Language 18. 141–144. Kiparsky, P. 1982. From cyclic phonology to lexical phonology. In H. van der Hulst and N. Smith, eds., The Structure of Phonological Representations, Part I , pp.131–175.
FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions) • The term tests will only cover material on which you have not yet been tested. • The final test will be cumulative (cover all material). This is a Senate requirement. • Research conducted in the UWO Department of Psychology shows that there is a direct and high correlation between low attendance and low course mark. • Linguistics is a subject which is best learned by doing it and by talking about it. Students are encouraged to meet in small groups (2-3 students) to discuss lectures, discuss homework and to prepare for tests and examinations. • Linguistics is not mathematics and you do not need any knowledge of any branch of mathematics to do well in this course. • Electronic devices of any sort (mobile phones, PDAs, laptops, mp3 players, digital cameras, translation devices, etc.) are not allowed during tests and exams. Please do not bring these devices with you into the classroom when we are having tests or exams. Backpacks, purses, bags, briefcases, coats, etc. must be left at the front of the class and it is important that nothing of value be contained in these items. Pencils, erasers and documentation are the only items which you should have with you at your desk.
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• Laptops may only be used for notetaking. Use for any other purpose (email, Facebook, Youtube, etc.) is annoying to other students, and you will be asked to turn the computer off. If you experience boredom in this class, it may be that it is too difficult for you and you should consider taking a different course. There is no shame in this – few of us are gifted in all that we try. • Course website: http://anthropology.uwo.ca/faculty/creider/247/ • There will be no makeup tests except for students requesting a Special test for religious reasons. These students must have notified the course instructor or the teaching assistant and filed documentation with their Dean’s Office at least 2 weeks prior to the tests. If you miss a test for any other reason and present valid documentation to the Dean’s Office, the other test mark and your final exam mark will be reweighted to include the weight of the missed test. You must notify the course instructor within a week of the missed test, and documentation must be received by your Dean’s Office within two weeks of the test. (The Dean’s Office normally only considers medical and compassionate grounds as reasons for missing tests/examinations.)
Senate Academic Handbook The UWO Senate Academic Handbook has specified that the following points should be added to all course outlines: • Plagiarism: Students must write their essays and assignments in their own words. Whenever students take an idea, or a passage from another author, they must acknowledge their debt both by using quotation marks where appropriate and by proper referencing such as footnotes or citations. Plagiarism is a major academic offense (see Scholastic Offence Policy in the Western Academic Calendar). • Plagiarism Checking: The University of Western Ontario uses software for plagiarism checking. Students may be required to submit their written work and programs in electronic form for plagiarism checking. • Course Prequisites: Unless you either have the prerequisites for this course or have written special permission from your Dean to enroll in it, you will be removed from the course and it will be deleted from your record. This decision may not be appealed. You will receive no adjustment to your fees in the event that you are dropped from a course for failing to have the necessary prerequisites. • If computer-marked multiple-choice tests and/or exams are given, use may be made of software to check for unusual coincidences in answer patterns that may indicate cheating.
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