Public Disclosure Authorized

E2598 The United Republic of Tanzania Ministry of Communications and Transport

Public Disclosure Authorized

Public Disclosure Authorized

Zanzibar

SECOND CENTRAL TRANSPORT CORRIDOR PROJECT (CTCP2) CREDIT No. 4455-TA

GEOMETRIC AND DETAILED ENGINEERING DESIGN OF THE REHABILITATION OF ZANZIBAR AIRPORT APRON AND TAXIWAYS

Public Disclosure Authorized

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT NOVEMBER 2010

Sir Frederick Snow (International) Ltd Corinthian House, 17 Lansdowne Road, Croydon, United Kingdom CR0 2BX, UK Tel: +44(02) 08604 8999 Fax: +44 (02)0 8604 8877 Email: [email protected]

The United Republic of Tanzania Ministry of Communications and Transport Zanzibar

Geometric and Detailed Engineering Design of the Rehabilitation of Zanzibar Apron and Taxiways

Environmental Impact Assessment

Prepared by Sir Frederick Snow (International) Limited

Issue and Revision Record Rev

Date

Originator

Checker

0

OCT 10

JL

KC/CT

1

NOV 10

JL

KC

Approver

Description

Draft Tender Submission Final Tender Submission

The United Republic of Tanzania Ministry of Communications and Transport Rehabilitation of Zanzibar Airport Apron and Taxiways ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT _______________________________________________________________________________________________________

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Introduction The Government of the United Republic of Tanzania has received a credit from the International Development Association (IDA) towards the cost of the Second Central Transport Corridor Project (CTCP2). A part of these proceeds are to cover eligible payments under the Contract for Consultancy Services for the Geometric and Detailed Engineering Design of the Existing Apron and Taxiways at Zanzibar Airport. The Ministry of Communications and Transport in Zanzibar (MOCT) commissioned Sir Frederick Snow (International) Limited on 8 April 2010 to undertake the consultancy commission and to carry out an Environmental Impact Assessment as part of the tasks to be completed. As a first stage in the implementation of overall development of the airside infrastructure at Zanzibar Airport it is proposed that the initial works shall comprise the Rehabilitation of the Existing Apron and Taxiways and that proposed extensions to these facilities shall be undertaken at a later date.

The

Consultant shall prepare an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and Environmental Mitigation Plan (EMP) based on this initial phase of the proposed works which only involves the Rehabilitation of Existing Apron and Taxiways. Environmental Impact Assessment Process The Environmental Impact Assessment was undertaken following the environmental assessment procedures of Tanzania based upon the Environmental Impact Assessment and Audit Regulations (2005) and the Environmental Management for Sustainable Development Act of Zanzibar (1996) which categorise the construction, expansion or rehabilitation of airports and their ancillary facilities as projects for which a full Environmental Impact Assessment is mandatory. Project Description The airport is located about 7 km south of Zanzibar Town approximately midway along the west coast of the island at latitude of 06.13 degrees south and 39.13 degrees east, and has an elevation of 16.5 m. The general topography of this part of the Island is very flat and well suited for airport operations. The airport lies between two main roads to the east and to the west, both connecting to Zanzibar Town. The first is from Chukwani and the second is from Fumba. Coconut palms, baobab and tamarisk trees are found in the vicinity of these main roads, together with collections of residential areas. Near the airport

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The United Republic of Tanzania Ministry of Communications and Transport Rehabilitation of Zanzibar Airport Apron and Taxiways ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT _______________________________________________________________________________________________________

there are small scattered fields where cassava and other ground fruits are cultivated. The southern approach corridor to the airport runway is free of higher vegetation because of air safety requirements. The airport comprises a single 3022 x 45m width runway, taxiways and apron, all of bitumen standards, plus a terminal building, control tower and other associated facilities. Recently completed work at the airport involves the Rehabilitation and Extension of the Existing Runway by 565 metres. Stakeholder Engagement Stakeholders to the project were involved in the preliminary studies through one to one consultation with government officials and community representatives from Chukwani Ward. Chukwani residents were very eager to know when the construction of the proposed rehabilitation of the existing apron and taxiways will start and whether there are any implications for their land. Among the issues raised, the following statements represent the position regarding their main concerns: •

Land Acquisition: No land areas outside of the current airport boundary are to be acquired for this proposed project. The extent of the proposed works is restricted to the Rehabilitation of the Existing Apron and Taxiways plus associated facilities such as surface water outfalls and power supplies for aircraft ground lighting

•

Compensation Rates: These are not applicable as there are no requirements to acquire any land, buildings, crops or other facilities in connection with the proposed extent of works which are to be undertaken wholly within the current airport boundary.

•

Compensation Period: The subject of compensation and period of payment is similarly not applicable in connection with the proposed extent of works which are to be undertaken wholly within the current airport boundary and involve the Rehabilitation of the Existing Apron and Taxiways

•

Communication: A direct line of communication between stakeholders and the Airport Authority is required so that any issues that arise can be promptly and efficiently dealt with.

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The United Republic of Tanzania Ministry of Communications and Transport Rehabilitation of Zanzibar Airport Apron and Taxiways ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT _______________________________________________________________________________________________________

ORGANISATIONS INVOLVED IN THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT Developer: The Developer of the project is the Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar, represented by the Director of Civil Aviation Consultants: Ministry of Communication and Transport commissioned M/S Sir Frederick Snow (International) Limited of the United Kingdom to undertake Detailed Engineering Design, Preparation of Tender Documents and Environmental and Social Impact Assessments for the Rehabilitation of the Existing Apron and Taxiways at Zanzibar Airport. An experienced team was put together by the Consultant to undertake the study, including Eng. Jones Lukaza (Technical aspects, Environmental Engineering and Monitoring Plans), Ms. Martha Kamuzora (Environmental Engineer) and Mr. Bashir Abdul (Socioeconomic aspects). Parties Consulted: •

Project Proponent – Zanzibar Airport Management Team: Acting Technical Manager.

•

Ministry of Water, Construction, Energy, Lands and Environment: Environmental Officer

•

Chukwani Residents

•

Chukwani Ward Leader (Shea)

Environmental and Social Impacts The ESIA team of experts considered all aspects of the project that could cause either environmental or socio-economic changes. They evaluated the significance of each aspect of the project using defined criteria which took into account the scale, extent and duration of each point, the potential to implement mitigation measures and controls, and the likelihood and timescale of environmental recovery. The team also took into account national and international policy, legislative and administrative frameworks, standards and guidelines. The rehabilitation of the apron and taxiways is viewed as positive with regard to general development in Zanzibar and Tanzania. Positive outcomes of the project include improved air transport, increase in

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The United Republic of Tanzania Ministry of Communications and Transport Rehabilitation of Zanzibar Airport Apron and Taxiways ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT _______________________________________________________________________________________________________

tourism and improvements to the socio-economy of the area. Negative outcomes of the project include depletion of natural resources, contamination and impaired quality of water and land, visual impacts, public health hazards and health hazards or disturbances to offsite receptors. However, many of the negative impacts can be avoided or minimised to acceptable levels and positive impacts and benefits can be enhanced by adopting good engineering practices and appropriate mitigation measures during design, construction and use of the airport. Mitigation of Impacts The following is a summary of environmental impacts and their proposed mitigation measures: Aspect

Project Phase

Potential Impacts

Mitigation/ Management Option

1.

Localized impact that is mainly occupational, so provide hearing protection to construction crews

Air quality

Mobilisation and Construction

Increase in noise and vibration from

operation

of

heavy

equipment

2.

Adherence to machinery maintenance schedule

3.

Schedule the work in such a way that heavy pieces of equipment producing high levels of noise are not operating at the same time

Air quality

Mobilisation and Construction

Air

pollution

from

engine

4.

exhaust fumes

and use of good quality fuel and lubricants 5.

Mobilisation and

Increase in particulate matter

Construction

from earthworks

Air quality

Mobilisation and

Emission of noxious gases from

Construction

asphalt machine

Air quality

Air quality

Operation

Air

pollution

Adherence to equipment maintenance schedule

Application of dust suppression in particular by using water and limiting speed of vehicles

6.

Provision of dust masks to construction crews

7.

Localized impact that is mainly occupational, so provide gas mask protection to construction crews

from

engine

exhaust fumes and asphalt plant

8.

Adherence to equipment maintenance schedule and use of good quality fuel and lubricants

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The United Republic of Tanzania Ministry of Communications and Transport Rehabilitation of Zanzibar Airport Apron and Taxiways ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ Aspect

Project Phase

Potential Impacts

Mitigation/ Management Option 9.

The effects diminish with distance, so ensure adequate buffer between airport and residential areas

Air quality

Operation

Increase in noise and vibration

10. Provide hearing protection to airport ground crews 11. If possible restrict air traffic to daytime hours 12. Determine daily water requirement and request

Surface Water

Mobilisation and

Lowering underground water

Construction

capacity

abstraction from relevant authority 13. Avoid unnecessary water consumption habits 14. Proper

maintenance

and

repair

of

water

collection trucks and equipment

Surface

Mobilisation and

Hydrocarbons

Water

Construction

contamination

(fuel and oil)

15. Place pump motor and vehicle away from river/water flow channel and use clean sump pipe 16. Train employees in spill management and provide spill kits 17. Provide and construct storm water drains to remove all excess water from the airport with adequate capacity to transport water from a storm once every 10 years.

Surface Water

Operation

Increase in surface runoff

18. Direct storm water spillway appropriately as to not

cause

flooding

in

the

nearby

community/surroundings 19. Clean and maintain the storm channels

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The United Republic of Tanzania Ministry of Communications and Transport Rehabilitation of Zanzibar Airport Apron and Taxiways ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ Aspect

Project Phase

Potential Impacts

Mitigation/ Management Option 20. Good housekeeping of airport grounds

Surface Water

Operation

Transporting

pollutant

airfield to water bodies

on

21. Provide a silt trap at the storm channel spillway 22. Ensure water from fuel passes through an oilwater separator prior to being disposed of or directed to waste water treatment system 23. Level area to fit in with the natural gradient of the surroundings.

Mobilisation and Land

Exposed uneven ground Construction

24. Restoration of the borrow pits/quarries after use including levelling of the area and seeding or planting of trees and/or grasses. 25. Proper maintenance and repair of equipment in designated areas

Mobilisation and Land

Hydrocarbon contamination Construction

26. Train employees in spill management and provide spill kits

Mobilisation and

Reduced aesthetic quality

Construction

Land contamination

Land

27. Develop and implement waste segregation and disposal

procedure

in

accordance

with

recognized standards 28. Proper maintenance and repair of equipment in designated areas

Land

Operations

Hydrocarbons contamination 29. Train employees in spill management and provide spill kits Reduce aesthetic quality

Land

Operations

30. Develop and implement waste segregation and disposal

Land contamination

procedure

in

accordance

with

recognized standards 31. Limit Clearing to core project areas

Mobilisation and Vegetation

Loss of Vegetation Construction

32. Rehabilitate and create conditions to stimulate natural growth and/or re-vegetate

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The United Republic of Tanzania Ministry of Communications and Transport Rehabilitation of Zanzibar Airport Apron and Taxiways ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ Aspect

Project Phase

Potential Impacts

Mitigation/ Management Option 33. Limit access to project area to authorized personnel 34. Provide health and safety induction to all project

Mobilisation and Community

personnel

Accidents Construction

35. Provide personal protective equipment 36. Limit project vehicle speed when hauling materials 37. Provide Transmission Mobilisation and Community

particular STDs

of

diseases

in

HIV,

STDs

and

social

awareness

education to contractor personnel and local community

Construction Social conflicts

38. Priority of hiring should be given to local residents 39. Identify

Community

Operations

Accidents

airport

boundaries

and

construct

perimeter fence 40. Implement airport facilities access procedure

Cost Benefit Analysis Environmental cost benefit analysis is assessed in terms of the negative versus positive impacts. The potential benefits of the project, in terms of financial and social benefit are significant. Furthermore, the environmental impacts can be reasonably mitigated and when compared to the required investment, the financial resources needed to mitigate negative effects are relatively small. Decommissioning A preliminary decommissioning plan has been developed. It is envisaged that the removal of project components will begin immediately after closure and continue for three months. Within the first three months Zanzibar airport management will carry out an inventory of all components that need to be removed and/or disposed of. This inventory will include built support structures, campsites, quarries, and machines and equipment that were used either by the Contractor undertaking the construction or the

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The United Republic of Tanzania Ministry of Communications and Transport Rehabilitation of Zanzibar Airport Apron and Taxiways ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT _______________________________________________________________________________________________________

Consultant supervising the work. Mode of disposal will also have to be finalised. This information will assist in the preparation of the final decommissioning plan, for approval by the director responsible for environment at the Ministry of Water, Construction, Energy, Lands and Environment in Zanzibar. However, the constructed structures comprising the taxiways and apron are required to be left intact for use for the next twenty years, the design period of the project. After twenty years Zanzibar airport management will have three options, either to rehabilitate these structures and keep the same operating capacity, rehabilitate and upgrade these structures to have a different operating capacity or to leave the area and locate to a new site for construction of a new airport. Conclusions and Recommendations The proposed Rehabilitation of the Apron and Taxiways at Zanzibar International Airport is essential for the development of the economy of Zanzibar. It is the Consultant’s (Sir Frederick Snow (International) Limited) opinion that the environmental impacts identified may be mitigated. If implemented, the proposed environmental management plan and environmental monitoring plan will safeguard the integrity of the environment.

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The United Republic of Tanzania Ministry of Communications and Transport Rehabilitation of Zanzibar Airport Apron and Taxiways ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT _______________________________________________________________________________________________________

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

AIDS

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

AMSL

Average Mean Sea Level

BAT

Best Available Technique

BODS

Biochemical Oxygen Demand

BOQ

Bills of Quantities

CO

Carbon Monoxide

CO2

Carbon Dioxide

COLE

Commission of Lands and Environment

CRB

Contractor's Registration Board

CTCP2

Second Central Transport Corridor Project

ECO

Environmental Control Officer

EIA

Environmental Impact Assessment

EIS

Environmental Impact Statement

EIS

Environmental Impact Statement

ELO

Environmental Liaison Officer

EMP

Environmental Mitigation Plan

ESIA

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment

ESMP

Environmental and Social Management Plan

GDP

Gross Domestic Product

HIV

Human Immunodeficiency Virus

HSE

Health Safety and Environment

ICAO

International Civil aviation Authority

IDA

International Development Association

MOCT

Ministry of Communications and Transport, Zanzibar

MOU

Memorandum of Understanding

NEP

National Environmental Policy (1996)

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The United Republic of Tanzania Ministry of Communications and Transport Rehabilitation of Zanzibar Airport Apron and Taxiways ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT _______________________________________________________________________________________________________

Table of Contents 1.0

INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................................................1

1.1 Scoping...............................................................................................................................................................2 1.2 Objective of Environmental Impact Assessment .........................................................................................2 1.3 Methodology of the Study...............................................................................................................................2 2.0

DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT .............................................................................................................6

2.1 Project Background ..........................................................................................................................................6 2.2. Project Activities ..............................................................................................................................................6 Table 2.1: Major Equipment to be used for Implementation of Project ......................................................8 3.0

POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK ...............................................................13

3.1 Need for Environmental Impact Assessment.............................................................................................13 3.2 Policies .............................................................................................................................................................13 3.2.1 National Environmental Policy (1997) .................................................................................................13 3.2.2 National Investment Promotion Policy (1996) ....................................................................................14 3.2.3 Tanzania Development Vision (2025) ..................................................................................................14 3.2.4 National Policy on HIV/AIDS (2001)...................................................................................................14 3.2.5 National Transport Policy (2003) ..........................................................................................................14 3.2.6 National Land Policy (1996) ..................................................................................................................14 3.2.7 National Strategy for Growth and Poverty Reduction (2005)...........................................................15 3.2.8 National Water Policy (2002).................................................................................................................15 3.2.9 National Employment Policy (1997).....................................................................................................15 3.3 Legislation and Regulations..........................................................................................................................16 3.3.1 Environment Management Act, No. 20 of 2004 ..................................................................................16 3.3.4 National Land Act (1999) and its Amendment (2004)........................................................................17 3.3.5 Village Land Act (1999) ..........................................................................................................................17 3.3.6 Land Acquisition Act (1967) ..................................................................................................................17 3.3.7 Mining Act No. 5 (1998) .........................................................................................................................18 3.3.8 Land Disputes Court Act. No.2 (2002) .................................................................................................18 3.3.9 Occupational Health and Safety Act No. 5 of 2003 ............................................................................19 3.3.10 Water Resources Act of 2009 ...............................................................................................................19 3.3.11 Contractors Registration Amendment Act No. 15 of 2008 ..............................................................19

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The United Republic of Tanzania Ministry of Communications and Transport Rehabilitation of Zanzibar Airport Apron and Taxiways ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT _______________________________________________________________________________________________________

3.3.12 Employment and Labour Relations Act No 6 of 2004......................................................................20 3.3.13 Workman Compensation Act No. 20 of 2008 ....................................................................................20 3.3.14 Civil Aviation Act of 1977, Revised 2002 ...........................................................................................21 3.3.15 Tanzania Bureau of Standards, Act No. 3 of 1975 ............................................................................21 3.3.16 HIV and AIDS (Prevention and Control) Act 2008 ..........................................................................22 3.3.17 Urban Planning Act 2007 .....................................................................................................................22 3.3.18 Land Use Planning Act 2007................................................................................................................22 3.3.19 Explosive Act Cap.45 R.E 2002............................................................................................................22 3.4 Institutional Aspects ......................................................................................................................................23 4.0 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC BASELINE ......................................................................24 4.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................24 4.2 Administration................................................................................................................................................24 4.3 Physical Environment....................................................................................................................................24 4.4 Social Economic Characteristics ...................................................................................................................29 4.5 Social Services .................................................................................................................................................30 5.0 STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATION................................................................................................................33 5.1 Stakeholder Identification .............................................................................................................................33 5.2 Stakeholder Involvement ..............................................................................................................................33 5.3 Stakeholders Concerns ..................................................................................................................................34 6.1 Site Selection Phase ........................................................................................................................................36 6.2 Design Phase ...................................................................................................................................................36 7.0 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN.....................................................................39 7.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................39 7.2 Institutional Capacity.....................................................................................................................................39 8.0 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PLAN ..................................................................................................45 9.0

COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS ...........................................................................................................................48

9.1 Financial Cost Benefit Analysis to the Company.......................................................................................48 9.2 Quantifiable and Non-Quantifiable Benefits to Communities.................................................................48 9.3 Quantifiable and Non-Quantifiable Benefits to Government ..................................................................49 9.4 Possible Costs to Communities ....................................................................................................................49 9.5 Possible Costs to Government ......................................................................................................................49 9.6 Environmental Cost Benefit Analysis..........................................................................................................49

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The United Republic of Tanzania Ministry of Communications and Transport Rehabilitation of Zanzibar Airport Apron and Taxiways ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT _______________________________________________________________________________________________________

9.7 Social Economic Cost Benefit Analysis........................................................................................................50 10. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS.............................................................................................51 10.1 Conclusions ...................................................................................................................................................51 10.2 Recommendations ........................................................................................................................................51 REFERENCES:...........................................................................................................................................................53 ANNEXES..................................................................................................................................................................55

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The United Republic of Tanzania Ministry of Communications and Transport Rehabilitation of Zanzibar Airport Apron and Taxiways ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT _______________________________________________________________________________________________________

List of Tables Table 2.1: Major Equipment to be Used for Implementation of Project ..............................................................8 Table 6-1: Potential Impacts Associated with the Project....................................................................................37 Table 7-1: Proposed Project Mitigation and Management Actions....................................................................41 Table 8.1: Environmental and Social Monitoring Plan ........................................................................................46 Table: A1 Natural Resources Required by Different Development Sectors .....................................................57

List of Figures Fig 4.1: Vegetation Cover along the Airport Area................................................................................................26 Fig 4.2: Livestock within the Airport Compound ................................................................................................28 Fig 4.3: Banana and Cassava farm in Chukwani Area.........................................................................................29 Fig 4.3: Livestock Inside the Airport Boundary………………………….. ..........................................................30 Fig 4.4: One of the Wells at Chukwani Area .........................................................................................................31

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The United Republic of Tanzania Ministry of Communications and Transport Rehabilitation of Zanzibar Airport Apron and Taxiways ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT _______________________________________________________________________________________________________

1.0 INTRODUCTION The Government of the United Republic of Tanzania, through the Ministry of Communications and Transport (MOCT), intends to Rehabilitate the Apron and Taxiway of the International Airport of Zanzibar, which is located about 7 km from Zanzibar Town. The airport was constructed in 1974 and later upgraded in 1990/1991. On 17th April 2009 Ministry of Communication and Transport signed the contract on behalf of the Government of Zanzibar with M/S Sogea Satom to carry out the Extension and Rehabilitation of the Existing Runway. These works were completed in August 2010. It has been observed that there has been an increase in the frequency and size of aircraft landing and taking off at Zanzibar International Airport and further growth is forecast to continue over the next 20 year period up to 2030. This increase in aircraft has enhanced the deterioration of the apron parking and taxiway areas and there is also a need to strengthen some pavements to accommodate the numbers and/or size of aircraft projected to use the airport facilities. On 8th April, 2010 Ministry of Communication and Transport commissioned Sir Frederick Snow (International) Limited to undertake a detailed engineering design of the proposed Rehabilitation and Extension of the Apron and Taxiways at Zanzibar airport. As a first stage in the implementation of overall development of the airside infrastructure at Zanzibar Airport it is proposed that the initial works shall comprise the Rehabilitation of the Existing Apron and Taxiways and that proposed extensions to these facilities shall be undertaken at a later date.

The

Consultant shall prepare an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and Environmental Mitigation Plan (EMP) based on this initial phase of the proposed works which only involves the Rehabilitation of Existing Apron and Taxiways. The Environmental Impact Assessment was undertaken in accordance with the environmental assessment procedures of Tanzania. The Environmental Impact Assessment and Audit Regulations (2005) and Environmental Management for Sustainable Development Act of Zanzibar (1996) categorise the construction, expansion or rehabilitation of airports and their ancillary facilities as projects for which a full Environmental Impact Assessment is mandatory. This report presents the Environmental Impact Assessment study and activities undertaken between April and May 2010.

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The United Republic of Tanzania Ministry of Communications and Transport Rehabilitation of Zanzibar Airport Apron and Taxiways ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT _______________________________________________________________________________________________________

1.1 Scoping Objectives of scoping were to ascertain key issues likely to be important in the Environmental Impact Assessment; to identify and involve all potential stakeholders in the Environmental Impact Assessment process by expressing their views and concerns; to identify project alternatives; Environmental Impact Assessment study boundaries; and to define the Terms of Reference for the Environmental Impact Assessment study. Scoping involved field visits to the project site and neighbouring areas, consultations with stakeholders at national and local levels and analysis of issues through literature study, and expert judgement. The documents reviewed are presented in the bibliography section. Field activities were undertaken from 13th to 16th May 2010. Various stakeholders and communities around the project site (Chukwani-Ward) although not directly impacted by this initial first phase of the planned works were nevertheless informed and involved in the preliminary studies. 1.2 Objective of Environmental Impact Assessment The Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for this project has been undertaken to comply with Schedule 3 of the Environmental Management Act (2004) and parts 5 and 7 of the Environmental Management for Sustainable Development Act of Zanzibar (1996), which lists airport construction as projects that require ESIA. This requirement aims to ensure that: • Environmental considerations are incorporated into the development decision making process; • Significant social and environmental impacts of the developmental proposal are anticipated early so that measures can be put in place to mitigate and manage them; • Productivity and capacity of natural systems and ecological processes are protected so as to maintain their functions; • Sustainable and optimal utilisation of resources through evaluation of project alternatives; • A platform for information exchange, notification and consultations between stakeholders is created during the planning process;

1.3 Methodology of the Study The study followed the guidelines provided in the Environmental Impact Assessment and Audit Regulations, G.N. No. 349, 2005 for identifying, collecting and analysing information. This included:

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The United Republic of Tanzania Ministry of Communications and Transport Rehabilitation of Zanzibar Airport Apron and Taxiways ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT _______________________________________________________________________________________________________

1.3.1 Baseline Data Extending the activities that were started in the scoping study, including the involvement of key stakeholders and collecting baseline data from both natural and built environments, with collection of information about the socio-economic conditions of the proposed project area. This was mainly from secondary sources, including: •

Tanzania policies, laws and regulation (chapter 3 of this report)

•

ICAO regulations & other safeguarding documents: Minimum distance requirements, etc.

•

Environmental characteristics of Zanzibar Island

•

Climate and meteorological data from Met stations

•

Maps: land use, topographical maps, etc.

1.3.2 Document Review Key documents relating to the project, baseline environmental and social conditions, and regulations and guidelines relevant to ESIA studies were reviewed. These included but were not limited to: •

Request for proposal for consultancy services for the detailed engineering design of the existing facilities and proposed future extension of Zanzibar airport apron and taxiway;

•

Parliament of Tanzania, Environmental Management Act (2004) with focus on the Environment (Impact Assessment and Audit) Regulations (2005);

•

Parliament of Zanzibar, Environmental Management for Sustainable Development Act (1996) with focus on the environment protection for the sustainable development of the project;

•

International Civil Aviation Organization, ICAO Standards;

•

United Nations Centre for Good Governance, A Comprehensive Guide for Social Impact Assessment (2006);

•

United Republic of Tanzania – Ministry of Works, Environmental Assessment (EA) and Management Guidelines for Road Sector, December 2004.

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The United Republic of Tanzania Ministry of Communications and Transport Rehabilitation of Zanzibar Airport Apron and Taxiways ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT _______________________________________________________________________________________________________

1.3.3 Stakeholder Consultation This process was initiated by deskwork where a comprehensive list of groups and individuals who had a potential stake in the project was developed. Their stake on the project was determined in order to decide on methods of consultation. Methods used in this study included: •

One to one discussions and interviews

•

Targeted groups meetings

•

Public meeting

•

Posters

Among the stakeholders involved was the acting technical manager of Zanzibar Airport, an official from the Department of Environment in the Ministry of Water, Construction, Energy, Land and Environment, the Chukwani ward leader (Shea) and Chukwani residents likely to be affected in the future by any proposed expansion program. 1.3.4 Site Visits and Inspection The Consultant’s team visited the project area, associated project components and their surroundings from 13th to 16th May 2010 for field inspection. This was in order to assess the existing environmental conditions to enable appropriate impact identification and mitigation planning. Areas visited include Zanzibar Airport and associated facilities, its surrounding neighbourhoods, proposed quarries, asphalt plant, crusher plant, water source and the general Zanzibar Township. 1.3.5 Impact Identification, Analysis and Mitigation The methodology for the environmental and social impacts identification, analysis and mitigation involved the following steps: •

Identification of area/activities where project and physical/social environment interact;

•

Identification of potential impact resulting from the interaction;

•

Assessment of significance of the environmental issues;

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The United Republic of Tanzania Ministry of Communications and Transport Rehabilitation of Zanzibar Airport Apron and Taxiways ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT _______________________________________________________________________________________________________

•

Proposal of the mitigation/management measure from best practices obtained through literature review.

Significance of impacts was determined based on: •

Magnitude: This describes the amount of change in a measurable parameter or the predicted/actual level of change relative to an existing or specified condition. Magnitude was defined according to the specific nature of the impact. For the purpose of this assessment, magnitudes were classified as: significant, insignificant, low, moderate or high.

•

Extent: The spatial area affected by the project. For the purposes of this assessment the extent was classified as: within the project footprint (i.e. those areas occupied by activities of the project), within the project area, within proximity of the project or impacts extending to a regional and global level.

•

Duration: This refers to the length of time over which an environmental impact occurs. For the purpose of this assessment, duration was classified as: immediate (i.e. lasting only a few weeks), short term (i.e. lasting only during the construction period - less than one year), medium-term (i.e. lasting the entire operational period or up to five years) and long-term (i.e. extending beyond the closure of the project, sometimes in perpetuity).

•

Reversibility: This is an indicator of the potential for recovery from an impact. For the purpose of this assessment, reversibility was classified as Level 1 for impacts that reverse immediately after the source of the impact is removed (i.e. within days), Level 2 for impacts that reverse in the short term (i.e. less than 6 months), Level 3 for impacts that reverse in the medium term (i.e. less than four years) and Level 4 for long term impacts (i.e. greater than four years). The combination of these four conditions enabled the determination of the significance of an impact into the below three categories: 1

Low - effects are limited to a few individuals, usually in the immediate vicinity of the impact.

2

Moderate - effects could occur on local communities of organisms, typically those close to the source of the effect.

3

High - the effects could occur at the population level, affecting a large number of organisms and perhaps the survival of local populations.

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The United Republic of Tanzania Ministry of Communications and Transport Rehabilitation of Zanzibar Airport Apron and Taxiways ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT _______________________________________________________________________________________________________

2.0 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT Zanzibar Airport is located on Unguja Island which is 6 degrees south of the equator. It is located in the Indian Ocean some 40 km east off the coast of the Tanzanian mainland. It extends 85 km from north to south and is 40 km from east to west at the widest point. The island has a total area of 1,660 km2. The topography of the island is generally low lying with some gently undulating hills. The highest areas are found in the central and western part of the island, rising up to an elevation of about 123 m above mean sea level at the Masingini Ridge. 2.1 Project Background The airport is located about 7 km south of Zanzibar Town approximately midway along the west coast of the island at latitude of 06.13 degrees south and 39.13 degrees east, and has an elevation of 16.5 m. The general topography of this part of the Island is very flat and well suited for airport operations. The airport lies between two main roads to the east and to the west, both connecting to Zanzibar Town. The first is from Chukwani and the second is from Fumba. Coconut palms, baobab and tamarisk trees are found in the vicinity of these main roads, together with collections of residential areas. Near the airport there are small scattered fields where cassava and other ground fruits are cultivated. The southern approach corridor to the airport runway is free of higher vegetation because of air safety requirements. The airport comprises a single 3022 x 45m width runway, taxiways and apron, all of bitumen standards, plus a terminal building, control tower and other associated facilities. Recently completed work at the airport involves the Rehabilitation and Extension of the Existing Runway by 565 metres. 2.2. Project Activities The Rehabilitation of the apron and taxiways will be carried out according to conventional engineering scheduling, procedures and practices. 2.2.1 Site Selection Phase • Rehabilitation of Apron and Taxiways Activities will be predominantly confined to the existing apron and taxiways, whilst other areas and structures within the airport will be retained in their current state or rehabilitated to achieve current standards. The airport will remain open throughout the rehabilitation works which are estimated to have six to eight months duration. To achieve this target the construction works will be phased in a manner

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The United Republic of Tanzania Ministry of Communications and Transport Rehabilitation of Zanzibar Airport Apron and Taxiways ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT _______________________________________________________________________________________________________

that will enable the aircraft currently using the airport to continue safe operation. Some planned closures of the airport may be required to enable critical tie-in works to be performed. • Land for the Apron and Taxiway Rehabilitation Works For this proposed phase of the Project no additional land take is required. All works shall be undertaken within the current airport area on land under the ownership of the Zanzibar Airport Authority. Mobilization Phase • Site Preparation Site preparation works are fairly minimal and are generally restricted to the removal of redundant features and obstructions. Before re-surfacing can take place the existing degraded asphalt surfacing will be removed from the existing apron and taxiways and transported to a storage area on site for processing and stockpiling. This material is to be recycled and used later in the formation of hard shoulders adjacent to the rehabilitated pavements. Sources of Materials The project will require various standard construction materials including gravel, aggregates, sand, bitumen and water. Gravel will be obtained from Kwambani quarry which is about 30 km from Zanzibar airport in Central district, South Region; Aggregate will be obtained from the mainland in Lugoba area in Coast Region; Water will be extracted from two boreholes drilled at the airport area by the Current Contractor M/s Sogea Satom and bitumen will be imported from abroad. All construction materials required for the works will be obtained from authorised borrow pits and quarries as designated above. The effects of exploitation of materials from these sources will be mitigated through the restoration of borrow pits and quarries after use. This will constitute levelling and reshaping of the area which will then be seeded and/or planted in accordance with the local government (natural resources department) requirements. If deemed to be appropriate the levelled and reshaped area will be left to allow vegetation to naturally regenerate. All construction equipment used at the borrow pit and quarry sites will be maintained in good working condition and refuelling will take place in a controlled environment at the workshop or at the base camp.

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The United Republic of Tanzania Ministry of Communications and Transport Rehabilitation of Zanzibar Airport Apron and Taxiways ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT _______________________________________________________________________________________________________

Where practical to do so the engines of plant and equipment that are not being operated will be switched off. All personnel at the quarries and borrow pits will be trained in the proper handling and storage of fuels and contaminants and be instructed in appropriate clean-up methods • Equipment and Machinery The project will employ various standard construction equipments. The following are common equipments which will be used by the Contractor during construction: Table 2.1: Major Equipment to be used for Implementation of Project S/N

Type

Function

Source (Hire, Contractor etc.)

1

Excavator

Mobilization

Contractor

2

Wheel loader

Mobilization

Contractor

3

Trucks

Mobilization

Contractor

4

Motor grader

Mobilization

Contactor

5

Excavator

Construction

Contractor

6

Wheel loader

Construction

Contractor

7

Trucks

Construction

Contractor

8

Motor grader

Construction

Contractor

9

Compactor

Construction

Contractor

10

Asphalt Plant

Construction

Contractor

11

Crusher

Construction

Contractor

12

Asphalt Paver

Construction

Contractor

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The United Republic of Tanzania Ministry of Communications and Transport Rehabilitation of Zanzibar Airport Apron and Taxiways ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT _______________________________________________________________________________________________________

• Transportation Materials from the local borrow pits will be transported by trucks to the site. Other imported materials and most construction equipment will arrive at the docks and then be offloaded and transported to site using suitable vehicles. Construction materials will be transported along designated routes selected to minimise adverse effects on communities. Road restrictions will be enforced, overloading will be avoided and friable materials will be covered with tarpaulins during transportation. Roads, particularly access and entry locations, will be doused with water and regularly cleaned to avoid the build up of mud. Any damage caused to roads by equipment will be repaired • Storage In most instances materials will be used immediately after delivery. An on-site workshop and compound area will be provided within the airport to undertake service, repair and maintenance activities, together with facilities for the storage of other non-perishable materials and goods to be used in the construction of the works. • Construction Crew The Construction crew shall comprise managers, skilled staff, semi-skilled staff and labourers. Accommodation for the senior staff and most of the junior staff will be in appropriate sites within Zanzibar town, with a few on-duty and security staff based on site in an adjacent on-site camp. Local labourers and other unskilled staff will be accommodated within their normal residences in Zanzibar town. • Local Supplies and Services (food, medicals, fuel, water etc.) Food and other domestic essentials will be obtained from the local suppliers. Medical facilities will be provided by the local registered medical practitioner. Fuel will be supplied from local Zanzibar fuel stations and water will be from boreholes for construction purposes and from Zanzibar Urban Water Supply and Sewerage Authority for human use.

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The United Republic of Tanzania Ministry of Communications and Transport Rehabilitation of Zanzibar Airport Apron and Taxiways ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT _______________________________________________________________________________________________________

2.2.3 Construction Phase • Construction of Sub-base The areas of sub-base for local widening of the apron and taxiways or reconstruction of taxiways as required will be constructed in two layers utilising suitable site obtained and imported materials as required. The new sub-base will be shaped, levelled and compacted to achieve the design profile. • Construction of Base The initial base shall comprise a layer of bituminous material of optimum thickness, which will be laid, spread and compacted over the surface of the sub-base using normal construction practices. • Construction of Base-Course and Wearing Course The final paved surfacing of the existing apron and taxiways shall be comprise two layers bitumen construction of specified thickness which shall overlay a bitumen regulating course (if required) of varying thickness which will be laid on the existing prepared surface to achieve the required design characteristics. The bitumen mixing process shall be accomplished using an asphalt mixing plant which mixes a defined ratio of aggregates and bitumen together into a cohesive material. The asphalt mixing plant may be placed on the quarry site or at the construction site. 2.2.4 Operation Phase Upon completion of the works normal airport operations will resume and the main follow-on activities related to the extended areas will only involve monitoring and periodic maintenance activities. The Zanzibar Airport has an airport maintenance unit which operates under a technical manager. 2.2.5 Decommissioning Phase Two scenarios that could arise in the future: •

Major rehabilitation and/or upgrading, which could involve dismantling and construction of a new apron and taxiway; or

•

Development of a completely new airport at a new site.

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The United Republic of Tanzania Ministry of Communications and Transport Rehabilitation of Zanzibar Airport Apron and Taxiways ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT _______________________________________________________________________________________________________

2.3 Alternatives In determining the alternatives available in connection with the proposed Rehabilitation of the Existing Apron and Taxiways the following were considered: •

Cost of the project

•

Works being accommodated within the existing airport boundaries

•

Available technology

•

International Standards

2.3.1 Cost of the Project The Project proponent, the Airport Authority, have determined the need to rehabilitate the existing apron and taxiways in order to maintain a safe and efficient operational environment for the current and predicted future airport capacity at an optimum cost and without compromising international standards. Therefore, alternative options being considered should allow the project proponent to invest an optimal amount of resources with good investment return within the project life span. The issue of cost was given high priority during consideration of various alternatives. 2.3.2 Works Accommodated Within the Existing Airport Boundary The rehabilitation of the existing apron and taxiways shall be fully accommodated within the existing Airport Boundary. Accordingly these proposed works do not require any destruction of indigenous vegetation and/or habitat and do not require the relocation of any people living in the vicinity of the airport. 2.3.3 Available Technology The rehabilitation of the apron and taxiway may be constructed either using bituminous material (flexible pavement) or by using concrete (rigid pavement). The selection of flexible pavement construction was determined based on the availability of associated technical knowledge within the country, construction cost and time implications, impact on airport operations, maintenance and durability. Bituminous pavement is common construction material within Tanzania, and is widely used at other existing airports. It is the most cost effective option and provides for ease of maintenance. Therefore, after analysis of the various factors it was agreed that application of bituminous pavement is the most appropriate form of construction for this project.

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The United Republic of Tanzania Ministry of Communications and Transport Rehabilitation of Zanzibar Airport Apron and Taxiways ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT _______________________________________________________________________________________________________

2.3.4 International Standards The economy in Zanzibar depends largely on tourism industry. Zanzibar International Airport is a key point of entry and is required to be compliant with international standards as recognised by the international civil aviation industry. The airport must be designed in such a way as to meet the requirements of ICAO standards and pass an inspection by the civil aviation regulatory authority before operation begins. Currently some services may not be available due to budget constraints, but provision for such services should be made during design and they should be implemented in phases to ICAO standards once Zanzibar Airport Authority has sufficient funds.

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The United Republic of Tanzania Ministry of Communications and Transport Rehabilitation of Zanzibar Airport Apron and Taxiways ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT _______________________________________________________________________________________________________

3.0 POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK Location, design, mobilisation, construction/installation, operation and decommissioning of the proposed project components and associated support services will have both positive and negative impacts on the ecological and social environment. Zanzibar International Airport Authority has endeavoured to ensure that the project complies with relevant national policies, legislations and standards in Tanzania. During project construction and operation consideration will also be given to the international agreements and/or conventions to which Tanzania is a party. 3.1 Need for Environmental Impact Assessment An Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is one of the planning tools used to facilitate and promote sustainable development, by integrating environmental consideration into the project decision making process. It ensures that any unnecessary damage to the environment is avoided and optimises the use of resources and management opportunities. Most sector policies and legislation recognise the importance of environmental impact assessment and require one to be undertaken prior to the implementation of development projects. The following sections will discuss the relevant policies and legislation to the proposed project. 3.2 Policies The following are relevant policies which provide direction on how to implement projects for which there are environmental and socio-economic concerns. The project proponent will consult these policies in the course of design and implementation. 3.2.1 National Environmental Policy (1997) National Environmental Policy highlights sustainable development as its core concept. It states that Tanzania is committed to sustainable development in the short, medium and long-term. Chapter 4, Paragraph 64 of the NEP states that “It is in the context of an EIA regime that policy guidance on choices to maximise long-term benefits of development and environmental objectives can be revealed and decided upon. Environmental impact assessment as a planning tool shall be used to integrate environmental considerations in the decision making process in order to ensure unnecessary damage to the environment is avoided”. The policy also advocates public consultation in carrying out environmental impact assessment. Paragraph 66 states that “One of the cornerstones of the environmental impact assessment process will be the institution of public

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The United Republic of Tanzania Ministry of Communications and Transport Rehabilitation of Zanzibar Airport Apron and Taxiways ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT _______________________________________________________________________________________________________

consultations and public hearing in the environmental impact assessment procedures”. The policy recognises the importance of protecting the environment through the use of environmentally sound technologies. By carrying out this environmental impact assessment, the Government of Zanzibar and Airport Authority have complied with the policy. 3.2.2 National Investment Promotion Policy (1996) The National Investment Promotion Policy encourages the protection of the environment in line with the country’s socio-economic policies. Under the policy, investors are required to undertake activities in a manner that best contributes to consumer and environmental protection. The investors are also encouraged to use local raw materials/components where possible. This environmental impact assessment is undertaken to ensure that Zanzibar Airport Authority will abide to the relevant provisions of the policy to ensure compliance with the development. 3.2.3 Tanzania Development Vision (2025) The National Vision (2025) foresees the alleviation of widespread poverty through improved socioeconomic opportunities, good governance, transparency and improved public sector performance. These objectives not only deal with economic issues, but also include social challenges such as education, health, the environment and increasing the involvement of the people in working for their own development. The aim of these objectives is to promote sustainable development. Rehabilitation of Zanzibar Airport will contribute towards realisation of the Vision’s objectives. 3.2.4 National Policy on HIV/AIDS (2001) National HIV/AIDS policy provides the general framework for collective and individual response to the HIV/AIDS pandemic, and clearly outlines the pertinent issues. Among many others, these include the roles of various sectors, tasks for the prevention of HIV/AIDS, and care and support for those with the disease. 3.2.5 National Transport Policy (2003) National Transport Policy aims to enhance transport safety and environmental protection by taking steps to review and update national legislation in transport operations and safety requirements. 3.2.6 National Land Policy (1996) The National Land Policy advocates the protection of land resources from degradation for sustainable development. Among other things the policy requires that project development should take due

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The United Republic of Tanzania Ministry of Communications and Transport Rehabilitation of Zanzibar Airport Apron and Taxiways ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT _______________________________________________________________________________________________________

consideration of the land capability and ensure proper management of the land to prevent erosion, contamination and other forms of degradation. Environmental impact assessment for this project is intended to identify the potential adverse impacts and to propose means for mitigating them. 3.2.7 National Strategy for Growth and Poverty Reduction (2005) The strategy is viewed as a means for channelling national efforts towards broadly agreed objectives. The poverty reduction strategy is, to a large extent, an integral part of ongoing macro-economic and structural reforms. Achieving the target of accelerated growth will require significant effort from different stakeholders in order to enhance productivity and increase investment in both human and physical capital. 3.2.8 National Water Policy (2002) The National Water Policy is intended to protect water quality and to protect the major sources of water, both surface and underground. Relevant to this project is the section on avoiding pollution of surface and ground water. If polluted, storm water drainage may contaminate the Indian Ocean, which is very close to the airport, although the project is not expected to require construction of new water sources or supply systems. 3.2.9 National Employment Policy (1997) The National Employment Policy identifies two categories of employment; wage employment and self employment. This policy revisits the state of employment in the government, parastatal, private sector and informal sector. Efforts by the government to promote employment since independence have also been highlighted, together with the need for the employment policy at the present time. The National Employment Policy promotes effective utilisation of available labour and natural resources. The objective is to increase per capital income which in turn will reduce the state of poverty embracing the country. 3.2.10 World Bank Safeguards Policies The World Bank has developed a series of safeguard policies to help staff promote socially and environmentally sustainable development as well as to ensure that Bank operations do not harm people and/or the environment. These safeguard policies include:

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The United Republic of Tanzania Ministry of Communications and Transport Rehabilitation of Zanzibar Airport Apron and Taxiways ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT _______________________________________________________________________________________________________

1.

Environmental Assessment OP 4.01

7.

Involuntary Resettlement OP 4.12

2.

Natural Habitats OP 4.04

8.

Safety of Dams OP 4.37

3.

Forestry OP 4.36

9.

Projects on International Waters OP

4.

Pest Management OP 4.09

5.

Cultural Property OP 4.11

6.

Indigenous Peoples OD 4.20

7.50 10.

Projects in Disputed Areas OP 7.60

In light of the airport rehabilitation project being undertaken wholly within the existing site boundaries and primarily involving the rehabilitation of existing pavements it is consider that only the following World Bank Operational Policy will apply: •

Environmental Assessment (OP 4.01). Outlines Bank policy and procedure for the environmental assessment of Bank lending operations, i.e. screening of the project to determine the appropriate extent and type of EA process; classification of projects into one of four categories.

3.3 Legislation and Regulations The following are relevant regulations and legislation which provide direction on how to implement projects for which there are environmental and socio-economic concerns. The project proponent will consult these legislations and regulations in the course of designing and implementation. 3.3.1 Environment Management Act, No. 20 of 2004 The Environmental Management Act (2004) introduces the concept that Tanzanians have a right to a clean, safe and healthy environment and to access and use land for recreational, educational, health, spiritual, cultural and economic purposes (Article 4(1) and (2)). The Act imposes an obligation on developers to conduct an environmental impact assessment prior to commencement of the project in order to determine the likelihood of there being a significant impact on the environment. Article 81 makes EIA compulsory for all projects that fall under the EIA mandatory list (Schedule 3), which applies for this project. The Act also requires that project developers undertake regular environmental audits of their facility.

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The United Republic of Tanzania Ministry of Communications and Transport Rehabilitation of Zanzibar Airport Apron and Taxiways ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT _______________________________________________________________________________________________________

3.3.2 Environmental Management for sustainable Development Act of Zanzibar, 1996 The Environmental Management for Sustainable Development Act represents the framework for all national objectives relating to environmental protection. The Act imposes an obligation on developers to conduct an environmental impact assessment prior to the commencement of the project in order to determine the likelihood of there being a significant impact on the environment. 3.3.3 EIA and Audit Regulations, 2005. The first schedule of this regulation lists airport rehabilitation as one of the types of projects requiring an environmental impact assessment. Since such a project is likely to have significant adverse effects on the environment, an in-depth study is required to determine the scale, extent and significance of the impacts and to identify appropriate mitigation measures. The regulation also provides procedures and guidelines for carrying out environmental impact assessment in Tanzania. This EIA review has been carried out in accordance with these regulations. 3.3.4 National Land Act (1999) and its Amendment (2004) The National Land Act of 1999 provides for the basic law in relation to land outside of village land, including the management of land, settlement of disputes and related matters. The Act lays down key principles for occupying and using the land. Among them, is the requirement that any land user shall ensure that land is used productively and that any such use complies with the principles of sustainable development. 3.3.5 Village Land Act (1999) The Village Land Act of 1999 grants the management and administration of village lands to Village Councils, under the approval of the Village Assemblies. The Minister responsible for Lands is entitled to decide on the amount of land that can be owned by a single person or commercial entity. Any person who wrongfully obstructs or encroaches on the public right of way, and who does not remove that obstruction or cease that encroachment in a specified time, commits an offence and is liable to a fine upon conviction. 3.3.6 Land Acquisition Act (1967) The Act gives the President the power to acquire any land where it is required for a public purpose. The Act goes on to define the circumstances in which public interest could be invoked, e.g. for exclusive government use, public use, for or in connection with sanitary improvement of any kind, for or in

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The United Republic of Tanzania Ministry of Communications and Transport Rehabilitation of Zanzibar Airport Apron and Taxiways ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT _______________________________________________________________________________________________________

connection with laying out any new city, municipality, township or minor settlement or extension, or improvement of any existing city. Other purposes are in connection with development of any airfield, port or harbour; mining for minerals or oils; for use by the community or corporation within community; or for use by any person or group of persons to whom the President decides to grant such land. The acquisition of the land for the public right of way as well as for the resettlement sites is within the provision of this Act. The Act also specifies other requirements to be met prior to the acquisition of the land, including investigation of the land to be taken, issuing of a notice informing of the intention to take the land, and requirements detailing the mode in which notices will be served. The Act continues to define the requirements and restrictions relating to compensation. 3.3.7 Mining Act No. 5 (1998) This act provides for prospecting of minerals, mining and dealing in minerals. It also provides for building materials including all forms of rock, stones, gravel, sand, clay, volcanic ash, cinder or other minerals being used for the construction of buildings, roads, dams, and aerodromes or similar works. The legislation makes environmental impact assessment mandatory as a precondition for granting various types of mining licence. Rehabilitation of Zanzibar airport will require materials from borrows pits and quarries. Acquisition of these construction materials are all covered by this environmental impact assessment study and respective licences will be acquired by the Contractors on behalf of Zanzibar Airport Authority. 3.3.8 Land Disputes Court Act. No.2 (2002) Every dispute or complaint concerning land shall be resolved in the Court with jurisdiction in the given area (Section 3). The Courts with jurisdiction include:(i)

The Village Land Council

(ii)

The Ward Tribunal

(iii)

District Land and Housing Tribunal

(iv)

The High Court (Land Division)

(v)

The Court of Appeal of Tanzania.

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The United Republic of Tanzania Ministry of Communications and Transport Rehabilitation of Zanzibar Airport Apron and Taxiways ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT _______________________________________________________________________________________________________

The Act gives the ward tribunals powers to resolve land disputes. If the ward tribunal fails to resolve the dispute, the matter can be referred to the district land and housing tribunal as established by the Land Act (1999). If any dispute will arise as a result of this project, the provision of this Act shall be observed. 3.3.9 Occupational Health and Safety Act No. 5 of 2003 This Act makes provisions for the safety, health and welfare of persons at work in factories and all other places of work. The Act also protects against hazards to health and safety of other persons affected by the activities of those at work. Sections relevant to the project activities include Part IV Section 43 (1) - Safe means of access and safe working places; and Part V on health and welfare provisions, which includes provision of a clean and safe environment for workers, sanitary conveniences, washing facilities and first aid facilities. Section 50 deals with fire prevention issues. Section 15 gives powers to the Registrar of factories and workplaces to enter any such site to perform his duties as provided by the Act. Section 16 requires that factories and workplace should register with the Registrar before commencing operations. Part VI deals with special safety provisions for workplaces handling hazardous chemicals, employing hazardous processes or using hazardous equipment. 3.3.10 Water Resources Act of 2009 The Water Resources Act of 2009 is a new act that governs the management of water resources in Tanzania mainland. It requires any development project within a water basin to be authorised by the respective water basin officer. The Act protects the water sources from pollution by prohibiting unauthorised discharges into water bodies. 3.3.11 Contractors Registration Amendment Act No. 15 of 2008 This Act provides some amendments to, or replaces some articles of, the Principal Act (No. 17 of 1997) but does not supersede it. The Act establishes the Contractors Registration Board (CRB). CRB has the authority to register contractors, to regulate the conduct of theses contractors and has authority in related matters. Among other things CRB is required to take legal action against unregistered contractors who undertake construction, installation, erection or alteration works. It is required to ensure that all construction sites are adequately contained and that labour laws and occupational health and safety regulations in the construction industry are adhered to. On executing its construction activities ZAA shall therefore appoint a registered contractor and make sure that the provisions of the Act are complied with.

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The United Republic of Tanzania Ministry of Communications and Transport Rehabilitation of Zanzibar Airport Apron and Taxiways ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT _______________________________________________________________________________________________________

3.3.12 Employment and Labour Relations Act No 6 of 2004 This Act guarantees fundamental labour rights and establishes basic employment standards. The Act provides broad protection against discrimination. Specifically, the Act requires that employers "promote equal opportunity in employment and strive to eliminate discrimination in any employment policy or practice". It prohibits direct or indirect discrimination by employers, trade unions and employers' associations on a number of grounds, including gender, pregnancy, marital status or family responsibility, disability, HIV/AIDS and age. Harassment of an employee on any of these grounds is equally prohibited. The Act also requires employers to take "positive steps" to guarantee women and men the right to a safe and healthy environment. 3.3.13 Workman Compensation Act No. 20 of 2008 The Act provides for compensation of employees for disablement or death resulting from injuries sustained or diseases contracted in the course of employment. It discusses the Workers’ Compensation Fund for the administration and regulation of workers’ compensation and related matters. The objectives of the Act are as follows: a.

Provide for adequate and equitable compensation for employees who suffer occupational injuries or contract occupational diseases arising out of, and in the course of their employment and in the case of death, for their dependants;

b.

Provide for the rehabilitation of employees who have suffered occupational injuries or contracted occupational diseases in order to assist in restoring their health, independence and participation in society;

c.

Provide for a framework for the effective, prompt and empathetic consideration, settlement and payment of compensation benefits to employees and their dependants;

d. Provide for the establishment, control and administration of the Workers' Compensation Fund, and the legal framework for contributions to and payments from the Fund; e.

Give effect to international obligations with respect to workers' compensation; and

f.

Promote prevention of accidents and occupational diseases.

Part II of the Act establishes a Workers’ Compensation Fund into which employers are expected to remit money for the purpose.

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The United Republic of Tanzania Ministry of Communications and Transport Rehabilitation of Zanzibar Airport Apron and Taxiways ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT _______________________________________________________________________________________________________

3.3.14 Civil Aviation Act of 1977, Revised 2002 The Act details procedures and regulations for the construction and running of airports. It gives power to the Director General of Tanzania Civil Aviation Authority to oversee civil aviation safety and procedures. For example, section 13(a) of the Act gives the Director General the power to instruct the aerodrome owner to begin, install, maintain, operate, repair and alter such works and equipment, in order to ensure that such aerodromes are safe. Section 14 (1) of the acts states: “Any proprietor of an aerodrome shall ensure that no person or animal trespass on any land forming part of an aerodrome licensed in pursuance of the regulations made under this Act, and shall ensure that notices warning trespassers are posted so as to be readily seen and read by members of the public”. By this section it is the duty of Tanzania Airport Authority to ensure that the airport is safe and that no person or animals are trespassing. 3.3.15 Tanzania Bureau of Standards, Act No. 3 of 1975 The Tanzania Bureau of Standards is the designated national authority (TBS Act 1975) for developing all kinds of national standards, including those relating to environmental matters. The National Environment Management Act 2004, Part X enumerates the types of environmental standards to be established, including water quality, discharge of effluent into water, air quality, control of noise and vibration pollution, sub-sonic vibrations, soil quality, control of noxious smells, light pollution, and electromagnetic waves and microwaves. Only nine compulsory environmental standards (those that require compulsory compliance) have been developed so far. Relevant national environmental standards (to a limited extent) include: •

TZS 860: 2005 Municipal and Industrial Wastewaters – General Tolerance Limits for Municipal and Industrial Wastewaters. This standard provides permissible limits of important environmental parameters such as BOD, COD, pH, colour, temperature range, total suspended solids and turbidity. It also gives allowable limits of a range of inorganic and organic components.

•

TZS 845:2005 Air Quality – Specification. This standard gives permissible emission limits of sulphur oxides, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons (as total organic carbon), dust, nitrogen oxides and lead.

•

EMDC 2 (1758): Air Quality - Vehicular Exhaust Emissions Limits. This standard is mainly derived from EU Directives 96/69/EC, 91/542/EC and 97/24/EC. This Tanzania Standard gives permissible limits of some common substances found in exhaust emissions of motor vehicles,

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The United Republic of Tanzania Ministry of Communications and Transport Rehabilitation of Zanzibar Airport Apron and Taxiways ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT _______________________________________________________________________________________________________

namely carbon monoxides, suspended particulate matter (PM), oxides of nitrogen, and hydrocarbons. The standard covers all types of vehicles, including passenger cars, light commercial vehicles, heavy-duty vehicles, and two and four stroke motorcycles and scooters. •

EMDC 6 (1733) P 2: ACOUSTICS - General Tolerance Limits for Environmental Noise. This standard focuses on urban environmental noise, and does not cover occupational environment. In the absence of other standards it may be used to give indication of permissible noise levels in a factory/workshop environment.

3.3.16 HIV and AIDS (Prevention and Control) Act 2008 An act to provide for the prevention, treatment, care, support and control of HIV and AIDS by promoting public health in relation to HIV and AIDS, including the provision of appropriate treatment, care and support using available resources to people living with, or at risk from, HIV and AIDS. 3.3.17 Urban Planning Act 2007 The Urban Planning Act 2007 provides for the orderly and sustainable development of land in urban areas, to preserve and improve amenities and to grant consent to develop land and the power to control the use of land. The fundamental principles of urban planning include the environmental protection of human settlements and ecosystems from pollution, degradation and destruction in order to ensure sustainable development. Planning legislation, building regulations standards and other controls are required to be consistent with the capabilities, needs and aspirations of the various sections of the population. They should make serviced land available for shelter and human settlements development to all the population including women, youth, elders, disabled and the disadvantaged. 3.3.18 Land Use Planning Act 2007 The Land Use Planning Act of 2007 provides procedures for preparation, administration and enforcement of land use plans. The objective of land use planning includes the facilitation of efficiency and orderly management of land use, promotion of sustainable land use practices and the establishment of a framework for the prevention of land use conflicts within the society. 3.3.19 Explosive Act Cap.45 R.E 2002 The Explosive Act provides procedures and regulations for explosive activities. The fundamental principle of the act is to provide protection for people and their properties from these activities.

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The United Republic of Tanzania Ministry of Communications and Transport Rehabilitation of Zanzibar Airport Apron and Taxiways ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT _______________________________________________________________________________________________________

3.4 Institutional Aspects The legal and administrative framework currently in force in Zanzibar relating to environmental requirements is summarised in Figure 3.1. The "Ministry of Water, Construction, Energy, Lands and Environment" represents the highest environmental authority, which issues environmental laws. The next governmental level is represented by the Commission of Lands and Environment (COLE). This is subdivided into three departments: the Department of Survey and Urban Planning, the Department of Lands and the Department of Environment. The Department of Environment is responsible for the publication of concrete environmental policies and guidelines. Ministry of Water, Construction, Energy, Lands & Environment

COLE Commission for Lands & Environment

Department of Survey & Urban

Department of Lands

Planning

Department of Environment

Figure 3.1: Environmental Legislation The environmental impact assessment for the Rehabilitation of the Apron and Taxiways for Zanzibar airport will be undertaken following procedures laid down in the Environmental Impact Assessment and Audit Regulations, 2005 and expressed in the Environmental Management for Sustainable Development Act of Zanzibar, 1996.

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The United Republic of Tanzania Ministry of Communications and Transport Rehabilitation of Zanzibar Airport Apron and Taxiways ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT _______________________________________________________________________________________________________

4.0 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC BASELINE 4.1 Introduction This chapter provides the relevant environmental, economic and social characteristics of the project core area (site specific), and areas in the immediate vicinity of the airport (Chukwani Ward), as well as a broad description of the area of influence (i.e. Unguja and Pemba Islands). The level of detail in the various sections depends on the relationship between the project activities and the particular environmental or socio-economic aspect. Information provided in this chapter will be used for impact identification, evaluation and development of mitigation measures. 4.2 Administration The location of the project is Kisauni Street in West District in Urban/West region. According to Zanzibar administration the airport is located at the middle of the four wards (shea) of Kisauni, Chukwani, Mombasa and Kiembe Samaki. The district commissioner is the head of local government and the regional commissioner represents both local and central government. 4.3 Physical Environment 4.3.1 Topography Zanzibar Airport is located on Unguja Island which is 6 degrees south of the equator. It is located in the Indian Ocean some 40 kilometres east of the coast of the Tanzanian mainland. It extends 85 km north to south and is 40 km at the widest point east-west. The island has a total area of 1,660 km2. The topography of the island is generally low lying with some gently undulating hills. The highest areas of the island are found in the central and western part, rising up to an elevation of about 123 m above mean sea level at the Masingini Ridge. The airport is located about 7 km south of Zanzibar Town approximately midway along the west coast of the island at latitude 06.13 degrees south and 39.13 degrees east, and has an elevation of 16.5m. The general topography of this part of the Island is very flat and well suited for airport operations. The airport lies between two main roads to the east and to the west, both connecting to Zanzibar Town – the first is from Chukwani and the second is from Fumba. Coconut palms, baobab and tamarisk trees are found in the vicinity of these main roads, together with collections of residential areas. Near the airport there are small scattered fields where cassava and other ground fruits are cultivated. The southern approach corridor to the airport runway is free of higher vegetation because of air safety requirements.

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The United Republic of Tanzania Ministry of Communications and Transport Rehabilitation of Zanzibar Airport Apron and Taxiways ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT _______________________________________________________________________________________________________

4.3.2 Climate and Hydrology The Island’s climate is tropical and mainly oceanic, and is therefore predominantly warm and humid. The island has over 2,000 hours of sunshine per year with annual mean temperatures ranging from 25oC to 29oC. The maximum annual temperature variation is 19oC to 30oC. The lower temperatures occur between June and August and the higher temperatures between December and February. Relative humidity ranges from 50% to 95% with a yearly average of about 64%. The mean annual rainfall is 1,600 mm with a large seasonal variation. The annual rainfall on the east coast is between 1,000 and 1,500 mm and in the areas above 100 m it is over 2,000 mm. The average monthly precipitation ranges from about 40 mm to nearly 400 mm, with a minimum of 4 to 5 rainy days per month in June and July and up to 20 rainy days in April. The climate is characterised by two rainy seasons, the long rains in the months of March to May and short rains in November and December. There are few creeks and small seasonal rivers, with water flowing only during the rainy seasons. 4.3.3 Soils The colours of the soils at the airport are largely dark reddish to brown. They are relatively friable due to their sand content with varying proportions of silt. This soil is known locally as “Mchanga” soil and it is found in about 20% of the island area. The soil cover or “topsoil” varies in thickness from approximately 0.1 m to 0.5 m in some areas, particularly in crevices where the coral rock is near the surface. The topsoil is of good agricultural quality but because of the high sand content the water retaining properties are poor. 4.3.4 Vegetation The vegetation within the airport boundary is mainly grass, which is cut regularly, and shrub vegetation in the immediate vicinity of the taxiway. In the areas outside the airport boundary, the vegetation consists mainly of coconut palms and other indigenous trees, interspersed with scrub, bushes and small scale cultivation.

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The United Republic of Tanzania Ministry of Communications and Transport Rehabilitation of Zanzibar Airport Apron and Taxiways ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT _______________________________________________________________________________________________________

Fig 4.1: Vegetation Cover along the Airport Area 4.3.5 Geology Within the fringe of quaternary reefs, the rocks of Zanzibar are predominantly Lower Miocene sands, clays and reef limestone. Small outcrops of Pliocene rocks with a similar lithology rest on the eroded surface of the Miocene rocks near the west coast. The central part of Unguja Island is composed of Miocene masses consisting of clayey sand with subordinate limestone surrounded by alluvial terrain. The extreme eastern and southern parts of the Island are of quaternary terrain, which is generally a low spread of thinly vegetated reef limestone with small terrace features in several places. Deep drilling has proved the sedimentary column to be of a depth of 4300 m and it is thought that it may even be deeper than this. The north-south lineation of the physical features tends to reflect the subsurface geology of the Island, which in turn is a natural continuation of the strong north-south trend of the structures on the nearby mainland. These ridges of higher ground have a core of reefal limestone of the lower Miocene era with the lower areas comprised of younger, reef limestones fringed by sedimentary limestone deposits. The surface drift covering the Island varies from sand to a sandy loam soil. It is free draining and generally thin.

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The United Republic of Tanzania Ministry of Communications and Transport Rehabilitation of Zanzibar Airport Apron and Taxiways ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT _______________________________________________________________________________________________________

The site geology reflects closely the regional geology, with some minor aberrations due to localised working of the soils, borrowing and quarrying. Grey/brown, fine sandy loam topsoil covers most of the site and is 0.3 m to 0.4 m thick at the airport’s northern limits, thinning to around 0.1 m thick at the southern end of the existing runway. South of this the topsoil gradually disappears, at which point there are substantial surface outcrops of bedrock interspersed with areas where the topsoil cover is either very thin or missing altogether. The subsoil underlying the topsoil varies in thickness from about 0.25 m to about 1 m and tends to be deepest to the north and thinnest to the south and west of the site. The subsoil contains substantial fragments of limestone and limestone boulders in places, particularly towards the south of the site. The bedrock comprises calcareous limestone throughout the site. This lies at a depth of about 1 m to 1.5 m at the north of the site, becoming closer to the surface at the west and south with numerous surface outcrops south of the existing runway. Bedrock over most of the site consists of a fresh, white, crystalline, hard and dense reef limestone with shell fragments. The crystalline rock grades towards a smoother textured, finer grained limestone on the western fringes of the site, probably representing sedimentary and organic deposits around the reef which forms the major part of the site. Base rock throughout the area is fresh to slightly weathered, white/grey, crystalline to fine grained reef limestone. In none of the trial pits was base rock found to be deeper than 0.9 m below the surface and, as mentioned earlier, there are numerous surface outcrops. In particular there is one substantial surface outcrop between the southern end of the runway and the southern perimeter fence, at about the same level as the existing runway pavement. To the east of the projected runway centre-line and between 500 m and 1500 m from the threshold there are the remains of old borrow pit workings where the subsoil has been totally removed. The exposed rock surface is quite irregular and soil thickness apparently varies from less than 0.5 m up to about 2 m over relatively short distances. This is probably indicative of the area as a whole. 4.3.6 Ground Water Geological maps of the island indicate water-bearing quaternary coral formations. Large parts of the island are therefore rich in ground water resources. The soils and materials investigations carried out by SFS(I) Limited for the earlier airport works indicated that groundwater in the airport area is found at a depth of approximately 12 m. The groundwater is contained in fresh water lenses, which are covered by a large coral rock layer. Five trial pits were excavated to the south of the runway. These were excavated up to 3 m deep, and remained unfilled for a few days. They did not indicate the presence of any ground water, despite heavy and prolonged rainfall.

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The United Republic of Tanzania Ministry of Communications and Transport Rehabilitation of Zanzibar Airport Apron and Taxiways ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT _______________________________________________________________________________________________________

4.3.7 Surface Water There are no major watercourses in the vicinity of the airport site or in those locations which could be used for the extraction of construction materials. 4.3.8 Animal Habitat By its nature the airport is a large flat area and ground cover is low. The height of vegetation, particularly near the runway approaches is controlled for safety reasons and is generally low. The grass surrounding the runway is regularly cut and the general topography does not provide protection for animals against predators. Therefore, the likelihood of animal populations being present is not high due to the lack of protective screening. The presence of birds should also be discouraged due to the danger they present to aircraft safety. A part of the airport area is unfenced, and neighbouring communities use the area for feeding their livestock. This poses a potential risk that the animals may cross the runway or taxiway while an aircraft is landing or taking off. It is also contrary to international safety standards of civil aviation as described by ICAO.

Fig 4.2: Livestock within the Airport Compound

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The United Republic of Tanzania Ministry of Communications and Transport Rehabilitation of Zanzibar Airport Apron and Taxiways ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT _______________________________________________________________________________________________________

4.4 Social Economic Characteristics 4.4.1 Demography Zanzibar is populated by 981,754 people with an average annual population growth of 2.44%. 4.4.2. Housing The nearest settlement to the Zanzibar Airport Apron and Taxiway Rehabilitation Project is an unplanned urban settlement divided into residential and faming plots located outside of the current airport boundary fence line in the South East Corner of airport owned land.

These houses are

constructed using concrete blocks and roofed using either roofing tiles or corrugated iron sheets. The properties and farms in this unplanned settlement are not affected by the Rehabilitation of the Apron and Taxiways proposed at this time. 4.4.3 Economic Activities 4.4.3.1 Agriculture Parts of the residents of Chukwani ward are engaged in the mixed farming of bananas, cassava, sweet potatoes and coconuts; the main cash crop grown is coconut.

Fig 4.3: Banana and Cassava farm in Chukwani Area

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The United Republic of Tanzania Ministry of Communications and Transport Rehabilitation of Zanzibar Airport Apron and Taxiways ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT _______________________________________________________________________________________________________

4.4.3.2 Livestock Keeping Livestock keeping in Chukwani ward is on a small scale and most of farming is for domestic purpose and not commercial. The livestock kept includes cattle, goats, poultry and duck.

Fig 4.3: Livestock inside the Airport Boundary 4.4.3.3 Formal Employment As the administrative headquarters of Zanzibar, residents of Chukwani are civil servants, self employed and employed in the various public and private units. 4.5 Social Services 4.5.1 Education A large portion of Chukwani people have received the mandatory primary education and most of them aspire to continue onto higher education. There are both primary and secondary schools at Chukwani

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The United Republic of Tanzania Ministry of Communications and Transport Rehabilitation of Zanzibar Airport Apron and Taxiways ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT _______________________________________________________________________________________________________

ward owned by the government, which accommodate a high percentage of Chukwani residents’ pupils. There is also one privately owned primary and secondary school (Laurent Primary/Secondary School). 4.5.2 Water Supply Zanzibar town is supplied with water by Zanzibar Water Supply and Sewerage Authority but due to the scarcity of water within Zanzibar town it is only certain planned areas which are supplied. Within the project area at Chukwani ward the source of water for the residences/community near the airport is from wells constructed many years ago. There are no pumps to pump the water and so people use the traditional method for collecting water from the well. Well depth increases during the dry season

Fig 4.4: One of the Wells at Chukwani Area 4.5.3 Energy Zanzibar Town is supplied with electricity from the mainland, with the government owned utility firm managing electric supply in Zanzibar. The main use for electricity in Zanzibar town is for domestic purposes, offices, small industries, etc.

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The United Republic of Tanzania Ministry of Communications and Transport Rehabilitation of Zanzibar Airport Apron and Taxiways ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT _______________________________________________________________________________________________________

4.5.4 Health Health services in Zanzibar town can be obtained either at Mnazi Mmoja hospital, town clinics or a private dispensary, all located within the Zanzibar town.

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The United Republic of Tanzania Ministry of Communications and Transport Rehabilitation of Zanzibar Airport Apron and Taxiways ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT _______________________________________________________________________________________________________

5.0 STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATION 5.1 Stakeholder Identification The identification was based on the role and relevance of an organization, group or individual for the proposed project. Some of the stakeholders, such as national and local authorities and experts, were predetermined based on the nature of the project. It was the Consultant’s initial proposal to have a public meeting with the stakeholders of the project but because none of the persons living adjacent to the airport are directly affected by the proposed Rehabilitation of the Existing Apron and Taxiway the consultation process comprised a series of one to one meetings with those residents living closest to the proposed works. These meetings provided an opportunity for these residents to be informed of the proposed long term development plans, be advised of the procedures to be put in place and the opportunity for them to advise of any concerns or potential difficulties. The list of stakeholders identified and involved is included in the next section. 5.2 Stakeholder Involvement The ESIA study has been undertaken in a manner that ensures that issues raised by stakeholders are taken on board during the planning process. This is in order to allow appropriate mitigation measures to be determined and implemented wherever feasible with the project. Below is a list of stakeholders involved in this Project: •

Zanzibar Airport Authority (Client)

•

Department of

Environment

at the Ministry of Water, Construction, Energy, Lands and

Environment •

Contractor currently on site carrying out the extension of the runway, M/s Sogea Satom

•

Chukwani Ward leader (Shea) and Chukwani residents

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The United Republic of Tanzania Ministry of Communications and Transport Rehabilitation of Zanzibar Airport Apron and Taxiways ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT _______________________________________________________________________________________________________

5.3 Stakeholders Concerns 5.3.1 Social Issues 1. Land Acquisition No land areas outside of the current airport boundary are to be acquired for this proposed project. The extent of the proposed works is restricted to the Rehabilitation of the Existing Apron and Taxiways plus associated facilities such as surface water outfalls and power supplies for aircraft ground lighting 2. Compensation Rates These are not applicable as there is no requirement to acquire any land, buildings, crops or other facilities in connection with the proposed current extent of works which are to be undertaken wholly within the current airport boundary. 3. Compensation Period The subject of compensation and period of payment is similarly not applicable in connection with the proposed extent of works which are to be undertaken wholly within the current airport boundary and involve the Rehabilitation of the Existing Apron and Taxiways 4. Communication A direct line of communication between stakeholders and the Airport Authority is required so that any issues that arise can be promptly and efficiently dealt with. 5.3.2

Environmental Issues

1. Rehabilitation of Borrow Pits and Camp Areas Borrow pits are often abandoned by Contractors after their use, creating a health and safety risk. The Contract is required to ensure that all borrow pits will be rehabilitated, and authorisation should be given to the ward leader (Shea) to follow up and make sure that this happens before decommissioning. With regard to this Project all construction materials required for the works will be obtained from authorised borrow pits and quarries and the effects of exploitation of materials from these sources will be mitigated through the restoration of borrow pits and quarries after use. This will constitute levelling and reshaping of the area which will then be seeded and/or planted in accordance with the local government

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The United Republic of Tanzania Ministry of Communications and Transport Rehabilitation of Zanzibar Airport Apron and Taxiways ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT _______________________________________________________________________________________________________

(natural resources department) requirements. If deemed to be appropriate the levelled and reshaped area will be left to allow vegetation to naturally regenerate. All construction equipment used at the borrow pit and quarry sites will be maintained in good working condition and refuelling will take place in a controlled environment at the workshop or at the base camp. Where practical to do so the engines of plant and equipment that are not being operated will be switched off. All personnel at the quarries and borrow pits will be trained in the proper handling and storage of fuels and contaminants and be instructed in appropriate clean-up methods 5.3.3 Technical Issues 1. Quality of Work The construction work should be undertaken to international standards, in order for the parties involved to receive value for money. 5.4 Outcome of Stakeholders Involvement Each of the stakeholders consulted approved the implementation of the project subject to any compensation (if deemed appropriate) that may arise being efficiently and properly processed and promptly paid.

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The United Republic of Tanzania Ministry of Communications and Transport Rehabilitation of Zanzibar Airport Apron and Taxiways ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT _______________________________________________________________________________________________________

6.0 IMPACT IDENTIFICATION AND ASSESSMENT This chapter presents the identification, analysis and proposed mitigation of anticipated environmental impacts or issues that are expected throughout the project cycle, i.e. during the planning phase, mobilization / construction phase, operating and post-operation/decommissioning phase. For each component and project phase the likely sources, nature and location of both negative and positive impacts are identified – these depend to a large extent on the natural value of the area affected by the project activities. The methodology for identification of impacts is discussed in Section 1 of this report. Table 6-1 outlines the project activities and the corresponding environmental/social aspect that they interact with. The table also highlights the potential impacts caused by the interactions, and their significance. The proposed project is the Rehabilitation of the Existing Apron and Taxiways, being undertaken wholly within the existing Airport boundary. 6.1 Site Selection Phase The site selection phase presents the overall impacts of the project on the general natural environment at the project area. The impacts are further analysed in subsequent phases and sections. In this instance such issues as additional land-take and relocation of residents are not applicable. Thus main impacts relate to natural factors and processes. 6.2 Design Phase Main impact sources for the design phase relate to: •

Choice of best available techniques (BAT), technologies, and practices (to meet both Tanzania and International Health, Safety and Environmental (HSE) standards);

•

Setting management procedures for handling and disposal of wastes, health & safety procedure;

•

Planning for availability of adequate resources

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The United Republic of Tanzania Ministry of Communications and Transport Rehabilitation of Zanzibar Airport Apron and Taxiways ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Table 6-1: Potential Impacts Associated with the Project Aspect

Project Phase

Associated Activities

-

Excavation and filling Quarrying and crushing Loading and hauling Levelling and compacting

-

Excavation and filling Quarrying and crushing Loading and hauling Levelling and compacting

-

Excavation and filling Quarrying and crushing Loading and hauling Levelling and compacting

Potential Impacts

Significance

- Increase in noise and vibration from operation of heavy equipment

Low

- Air pollution from engine exhaust fumes

Low

- Increase in particulate matter from earthworks

Low

Air quality

Mobilisation and Construction

Air quality

Mobilisation and Construction

Air quality

Mobilisation and Construction

Air quality

Construction

Air quality

Operation

Air quality

Operation

- Landing and Takeoff of airplanes

- Increase in noise and vibration

Moderate

Surface Water

Construction

- Abstraction of water

- Lowering underground water level

Moderate

Surface Water

Construction

Access of vehicles and pumping equipment to water sources for abstraction

- Sealing the taxiway and apron with asphalt - Landing and Takeoff of airplanes - Maintenance and repair of apron, taxiway and airport infrastructure

- Emission of noxious gases - Air pollution from engine exhaust fumes and asphalt plant

- Hydrocarbon (Fuel and Oil) contamination -

Low

Low

Moderate

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The United Republic of Tanzania Ministry of Communications and Transport Rehabilitation of Zanzibar Airport Apron and Taxiways ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Aspect

Project Phase

Surface Water

Operation

Surface Water

Associated Activities

Potential Impacts

Significance

Moderate

- Storm water management

- Increase in surface runoff

Operation

- Storm water management

- Transporting pollutant airfield to water bodies

Land

Mobilisation and Construction

- Excavation and relocation of earth material

Land

Mobilisation, Construction and Operation

- Maintenance and repair of equipment

- Hydrocarbon contamination

Moderate

Land

Mobilisation, Construction and Operation

- Poor waste management

- Reduced aesthetic quality - Land contamination

Moderate

Vegetation

Mobilisation and Construction

- Clearing areas for acquisition of earth construction materials - Clearing roads for access

- Loss of vegetation

Mobilisation, Construction and operations

- Construction equipment traffic - Airplane landing and takeoff

- Accidents

Construction and Operation

- Social interaction between construction crew, visitors attracted by airport and the community

Community

Community

on

- Exposed uneven ground - Mixing soils - Degradation at points of source of construction materials

- Transmission of diseases in particular STDs - Social conflicts

Low

Low

Low

Moderate

Moderate

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The United Republic of Tanzania Ministry of Communications and Transport Rehabilitation of Zanzibar Airport Apron and Taxiways ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT ________________________________________________________________________________________________________

7.0 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 7.1 Introduction The Environmental Management Plan (Table 7-1) provides a method for implementation of the identified mitigation measures. Zanzibar Airport management team shall be responsible for overall implementation of this Plan. The Airport management and design consultant shall implement components related to design. The Contractor shall execute parts relevant to mobilization and construction/rehabilitation. Airport management shall be responsible for overall implementation of the ESMP in collaboration with other stakeholders as appropriate. An Environmental Control Officer (ECO) shall be designated to make day-to-day follow ups (e.g. supervision and liaising with stakeholders). The estimated costs for implementing the mitigation measures are approximate and appropriate bills of quantities should clearly give the actual figures. Costs associated with the project should be accommodated as items in bills of quantities (BOQ). 7.2 Institutional Capacity 1. The Project Proponent: Zanzibar Airport Management Implementation of the ESMP is solely the responsibility of the project proponent. Zanzibar Airport management team shall supervise and monitor parts of the project implemented by the Contractor, being a fully developed government institution with requisite experience in aviation infrastructure development and operations, has management with the ability to provide the necessary supervisory oversight to ensure the mitigation measures are implemented. The ESMP highlights some of the routine activities undertaken by Zanzibar Airport management which will not be addressed by this project, and hence the costs associated with these activities are not included. These activities will need to be implemented by the airport management using other resources, but it is imperative that they are put into practice in order to not jeopardize the airport expansion efforts. 2. Environmental Control Officer (ECO) Zanzibar Airport management shall designate among its staff the ECO to provide the day-to-day supervisory role during the entire project period. The ECO shall coordinate the execution of the various activities detailed in the ESMP. The ECO shall be the main contact person on all environmental and social matters related to the project and shall maintain contacts with officials in the various relevant ministries, departments and agencies, both central and within the Local Government Authority.

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The United Republic of Tanzania Ministry of Communications and Transport Rehabilitation of Zanzibar Airport Apron and Taxiways ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT ________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. Consultant (M/S Sir Frederick Snow (International) Limited) The Consultant shall ensure that those mitigation measures to be incorporated in the designs are carried out before implementation of the project. 4. Contractor The Contractor shall ensure that those mitigation measures to be implemented during mobilisation and construction are attended to. The Contractor shall designate among its staff /appoint a new officer to act as the Environmental Liaison Officer (ELO). This person will be responsible for ensuring that the environmental and social management mitigation measures are carried out during the contract period. 5. Roles of the Environmental Liaison Officer Once the Environmental Liaison Officer has begun to fulfil their duties, they shall be: •

Main contact person on all environmental and social matters related to the project. They shall be in contact with officials in the various relevant ministries, departments and agencies, both central and within the Local Government Authority and other service providers.

•

Establish procedures, contracts, memorandum of understanding (MOU), where applicable, for interaction with authorities and local communities.

•

Responsible for keeping a record of materials and equipment used and actions performed. They shall also produce reports on these matters (environmental monitoring and reporting).

•

In charge of logging and dating all complains/conflicts/disagreements with details of the persons involved and the subject matter.

•

Coordinating the necessary studies and inspections of environmental performance (self-audits).

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The United Republic of Tanzania Ministry of Communications and Transport Rehabilitation of Zanzibar Airport Apron and Taxiways ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Table 7-1: Proposed Project Mitigation and Management Actions Aspect

Project Phase

Potential Impacts

Mitigation/ Management Option 1.

Air quality

Mobilisation

Increase in noise and vibration

and

from

Construction

equipment

operation

of

heavy

Responsible

Budget

Localized impact that is mainly occupational, so provide hearing protection to construction crews

2.

Adherence to machinery maintenance schedule

3.

Schedule the work in such a way that heavy pieces

-

Contractor

Included for in the Priced Tender

of equipment producing high levels of noise are not operating at the same time

Mobilisation Air quality

and Construction Mobilisation

Air quality

and Construction Mobilisation

Air quality

and Construction

Air quality

Operation

Air pollution from engine exhaust

4.

fumes

Increase in particulate matter from earthworks

Emission of noxious gases from

and use of good quality fuel and lubricants 5.

6.

Provision of dust masks to construction crews

7.

Localised impact that is mainly occupational, so provide gas mask protection to construction crews.

8.

fumes and asphalt plant

Included for in the

-

Contractor

-

Contractor

-

Contractor

-

Aircraft operators

Included for in

-

Airport

Current

management team

Maintenance

Priced Tender

Application of dust suppression, in particular by using water and limiting the speed of vehicles

asphalt machine

Air pollution from engine exhaust

Adherence to equipment maintenance schedule

Adherence to equipment maintenance schedule and use of good quality fuel and lubricants

Included for in the Priced Tender

Included for in the Priced Tender

Budget 9.

The effects diminish with distance so ensure Incorporated with

adequate buffer between airport and residential Air quality

Operation

Increase in noise and vibration

areas 10. Provide hearing protection to airport ground crews

-

Airport

the Design and part

management team

of Current procedures

11. If possible restrict air traffic to daytime hours

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The United Republic of Tanzania Ministry of Communications and Transport Rehabilitation of Zanzibar Airport Apron and Taxiways ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Aspect

Surface Water

Project Phase

Construction

Potential Impacts Lowering

underground

Mitigation/ Management Option water

capacity

Responsible

Budget

-

Consultant

Included for in the

-

Contractor

Priced Tender

-

Contractor site

-

Consultant

12. Determine daily water requirement and request for abstraction from relevant authority 13. Avoid unnecessary water consumption habits 14. Proper maintenance and repair of water collection trucks and equipment

Surface Water

Construction

Hydrocarbons

(Fuel

and

Oil)

contamination

15. Place pump motor and vehicle away from river/water flow channel and use clean sump pipe

Included for in the Priced Tender

16. Train employees of spill management and provide spill kits 17. Provide and construct storm water drains with adequate capacity to drain all excess water from the airport for a storm of 1 in 10 year frequency. Surface Water

Operation

Increase in surface runoff

18. Direct storm water spillway appropriately so as to not

cause

flooding

in

the

nearby

community/surroundings 19. Clean and maintain the storm channels

Included in Design -

Consultant

and allowed for in

-

Airport

the Priced Tender

management team

20. Good housekeeping of airport grounds 21. Provide a silt trap at the storm channel spillway Surface Water

Operation

Transporting pollutant on airfield to water bodies

22. Ensure water from fuel passes through an oil-water

-

management team

separator prior to being disposed of or directed to waste water treatment system

Airport

-

Consultant

-

Airport manager

Included

in

the

Design and allowed for

in

the

Price

Tender

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The United Republic of Tanzania Ministry of Communications and Transport Rehabilitation of Zanzibar Airport Apron and Taxiways ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Aspect

Project Phase

Potential Impacts

Mitigation/ Management Option

Responsible

Budget

23. Level area to fit in with the natural gradient of the surroundings.

Mobilisation Land

and

Exposed uneven ground

Construction

and

Mobilisation and Construction

-

Contractor

Design and allowed

including levelling the area and seeding or planting

-

Consultant

for in the Price Tender

25. Proper maintenance and repair of equipment at Hydrocarbon contamination

Construction

Land

24. Restoration of the borrow pits/quarries after use,

of trees and/or grasses.

Mobilisation Land

Included in the

designated areas

-

Contractor

26. Train employees of spill management and provide

Priced Tender

spill kits Reduce aesthetic quality Land contamination

27. Develop and implement waste segregation and disposal procedure in accordance with recognized standards

-

Contractor

Allowed for in the

-

Consultant

Priced Tender

-

Airport

28. Proper maintenance and repair of equipment at Land

Operations

Hydrocarbons contamination

designated areas 29. Train employees of spill management and provide

management team

spill kits

Land

Operations

Reduce aesthetic quality Land contamination

30. Develop and implement waste segregation and

-

disposal procedures in accordance with recognized

Mobilisation and Construction

Loss of vegetation

natural growth and/or re-vegetate

of

current

Maintenance Regime Part

management team

Maintenance

standards

32. Rehabilitate and create conditions to stimulate

Part

Airport

of

current

Regime

31. Limit clearing to core project areas

Vegetation

Allowed for in the

-

Contractor

-

Consultant

Included

in

the

Design and allowed for

in

the

Price

Tender

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The United Republic of Tanzania Ministry of Communications and Transport Rehabilitation of Zanzibar Airport Apron and Taxiways ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Aspect

Project Phase

Potential Impacts

Mitigation/ Management Option

Responsible

Budget

-

Contractor

Allowed for in the

-

Consultant

Priced Tender

33. Limit access to project area to authorised personnel only Mobilisation Community

and

34. Provide health and safety training to all project Accidents

personnel

Construction

35. Provide personal protective equipment 36. Limit project vehicle speed when hauling materials

-

Community

Mobilisation

Transmission

and

particular STDs

Construction

Social conflicts

of

diseases

in

Contractor site manager

37. Provide HIV, STDs and social awareness education

-

to contractor personnel and local community 38. Priority of hiring should be given to local residents

West District

Allowed for in the

Commissioner’s

Priced Tender

office HIV and AIDS Coordinator

Community

Operations

Accidents

39. Demarcate

airport

boundaries

and

construct

perimeter fence

-

Airport Management

Currently

Team

actioned

being

40. Implement airport facilities access procedure

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The United Republic of Tanzania Ministry of Communications and Transport Rehabilitation of Zanzibar Airport Apron and Taxiways ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT ________________________________________________________________________________________________________

8.0 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PLAN Environmental and social monitoring plan (Table 8.1) details the application of the Environmental Management Plan, as well as dealing with unplanned or unforeseen issues which need to be mitigated. Details of the parameters to be monitored have been considered along with costs estimates and the responsible institution(s). Table 8.1 summarises the key environmental and social monitoring issues associated with the Zanzibar Airport Apron and Taxiway Rehabilitation Project.

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The United Republic of Tanzania Ministry of Communications and Transport Rehabilitation of Zanzibar Airport Apron and Taxiways ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Table 8.1: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MONITORING PLAN

Aspect

Project Phase

Parameter

Location

Frequency

Project area

Monthly

Project area

Monthly

Amount in weight of waste generated per category

Project area

Number of incidents

• • •

Total Suspended Particulates (TSP), SOx, NOx, CO and CO2 Noise level

• • •

Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Oil and Grease, BOD5

• Air

Mobilisation and Construction

Water

Mobilisation and Construction

Waste

Mobilisation and Construction

Health, Safety and environment

Mobilisation and Construction

• Air

Operations

• • • •

Water

Operations

• •

Total Suspended Particulates (TSP), SOx, NOx, CO and CO2 Noise level Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Oil and Grease, BOD5

Responsibility

Cost

-

Contractor Consultant

Project Cost

-

Contractor Consultant

Project Cost

Bi weekly

-

Contractor Consultant

Project Cost

Project area

Daily

-

Contractor Consultant

Project Cost

Project area

Quarterly

Airport Manager

Project Cost

Project area

Quarterly

Airport Manager

Operations Cost

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The United Republic of Tanzania Ministry of Communications and Transport Rehabilitation of Zanzibar Airport Apron and Taxiways ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Aspect

Project Phase

Parameter

Location

Frequency

Responsibility

Cost

Waste

Operations

Amount in weight of waste generated per category

Project area

Bi weekly

Airport Manager

Operations Cost

Health, safety and environment

Operations

Number of incidents

Project area

Daily

Airport Manager

Operations Cost

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The United Republic of Tanzania Ministry of Communications and Transport Rehabilitation of Zanzibar Airport Apron and Taxiways ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT ________________________________________________________________________________________________________

9.0

COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS

9.1 Financial Cost Benefit Analysis to the Company Cost-benefit analysis is normally undertaken during the feasibility study of an activity. The aim of cost-benefit analysis is to inform and assist the project developer in making a decision on: •

Whether it makes economic sense to continue with the project;

•

Whether the chosen option is cost effective;

•

The estimate of the size of a project.

In this project the costs of the Zanzibar Airport Apron and Taxiway Rehabilitation and Upgrading Project will include: •

Capital expenditure;

•

Operating and maintenance costs;

•

Staff costs;

•

Materials;

•

Research and development; and

•

Environment, health and other social costs.

Benefits may include: •

Potential for additional revenues generated from new resources;

•

Protection of environment and health; and

•

Provision of other social benefits.

9.2 Quantifiable and Non-Quantifiable Benefits to Communities There will be direct and indirect benefits to the communities as follows: a) The project will employ about 100 personnel for the construction and about 20 personnel for the airport operation. The majority of the non-skilled labourers will be recruited from the communities around the project. A reasonable number of skilled staff will also be recruited from within Tanzania.

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The United Republic of Tanzania Ministry of Communications and Transport Rehabilitation of Zanzibar Airport Apron and Taxiways ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT ________________________________________________________________________________________________________

b) Through taxes to the government, Zanzibar Airport will be indirectly contributing to development projects such as roads, medical care and education services. c)

The rehabilitation of the airport will attract a higher number of aircraft, increasing business opportunities and revenue generated in the area.

9.3 Quantifiable and Non-Quantifiable Benefits to Government The Government of Zanzibar will directly benefit from taxes collected from passengers, and both foreign and local people will invest in the region. Apart from tax generation, this investment will also enhance the economic growth and ancillary private sector development through operations and activities associated with the airport. The image of the government in the investment sector will be improved both nationally and internationally, which may increase interest from other local and foreign investors and ensure continued economic growth. 9.4 Possible Costs to Communities The proposed airport improvements will only have limited social and environmental impacts on individuals within the local communities. These have been described clearly in chapters 6 to 8. However, Zanzibar Airport management team is committed to mitigating any negative impacts. 9.5 Possible Costs to Government Zanzibar Airport is a government institution and in this project it is representative of the government. Therefore, any environmental and social impact identified in chapters 6 to 8 will be of direct cost to the government. 9.6 Environmental Cost Benefit Analysis Environmental cost benefit analysis is assessed in terms of the negative versus the positive impacts. The analysis considers whether or not impacts can be mitigated and assesses whether these mitigation costs are reasonable. As it has been mentioned in chapters 6 to 8, the potential benefits of the project, in terms of financial and social benefit, are significant. When compared to the required investment the financial resources needed to mitigate negative effects are relatively small.

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The United Republic of Tanzania Ministry of Communications and Transport Rehabilitation of Zanzibar Airport Apron and Taxiways ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT ________________________________________________________________________________________________________

9.7 Social Economic Cost Benefit Analysis The availability of a modern airport in the region is expected to accelerate social economic development. Several government initiatives, including the attraction of foreign and local investors to the region, cannot be realised without such a mode of transport. If such transport is established it can be expected that a higher number of investments will be made, creating more employment for the communities involved.

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The United Republic of Tanzania Ministry of Communications and Transport Rehabilitation of Zanzibar Airport Apron and Taxiways ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT ________________________________________________________________________________________________________

10. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 10.1 Conclusions The Environmental Impact Assessment (Environmental Issues) Study has been completed in accordance with Tanzanian Legislation, including the Environmental Management Act (2004), Environmental Management for Sustainable Development Act (1996) and the Environmental Impact Assessment and Audit regulations (2005). The Environmental Studies Team has carried out field surveys to collect data relating to environmental and social issues, and have discussed the environmental issues and proposed mitigation measures for the rehabilitation and upgrading project with government officials. The team also consulted the Chukwani residents and their representatives in order to take into account their views and requirements throughout the project. This also enabled the consulting team to gain more insight into local conditions surrounding the project site. The Environmental Impact Assessment Report has identified a number of potential positive and negative impacts and other residual issues relating to the proposed rehabilitation of the apron and taxiway at Zanzibar Airport. These issues and impacts have been described and assessed in detail in order to gain an adequate understanding of the possible environmental effects of the project, from site selection to decommissioning. This is so that appropriate mitigation measures can be devised if required, in order to combat negative impacts. The Environmental Management Plan details the method for implementing such mitigation measures, although the costs are just estimates produced by the Consultant who has used informed judgement to come up with the figures. The study concludes that the project has only a limited impact on the environment and is socially acceptable, subject to the implementation of the Environmental Management Plan and Environmental Monitoring Plan as proposed in chapter 8 and 9. 10.2 Recommendations Based on the findings of the Environmental Impact Assessment exercise and supplementary information, it is recommended that the project proponent (Zanzibar Airport Management Team) should implement the Environmental Management Plan. This plan provides guidelines on managing impacts and monitoring performance. In addition to the Environmental Management Plan, it is recommended that Zanzibar Airport Management should appoint an Environmental Control Unit which will be responsible for monitoring the application of the plan, as well as dealing with the mitigation of unforeseen issues.

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The United Republic of Tanzania Ministry of Communications and Transport Rehabilitation of Zanzibar Airport Apron and Taxiways ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT ________________________________________________________________________________________________________

While a number of environmental impacts have been identified and assessed, after mitigation none of these are considered to be of a severity that would prevent the further planning, design and construction of the proposed development. Sir Frederick (International) Snow Limited of the United Kingdom is of the opinion that the environmental impacts identified may be lessened. If implemented, the proposed Environmental Management Plan and Environmental Monitoring Plan will safeguard the integrity of the environment.

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The United Republic of Tanzania Ministry of Communications and Transport Rehabilitation of Zanzibar Airport Apron and Taxiways ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT ________________________________________________________________________________________________________

REFERENCES:

1.

Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar, Commission of Land Use and Environment in the Ministry of Water, Construction, Energy, Lands and Environment; National Land Use Plan, NLUP_S.0l Planning

Policies

and

Proposals, Zanzibar (1995) and National Land Use Plan,

NLUP_S.02 Appraisal: Analysis of Potentials and Issues, Zanzibar (1995) 2.

Zanzibar Government Gazette, Vol.1 no. 5743 (1997): Environmental Management for Sustainable Development Act, Zanzibar

3.

Commission for Lands and Environment, Department of Environment; An Environmental Policy and Programme for Zanzibar (1991)

4.

Ministry of Communications and Transport; Feasibility study for the rehabilitation of Kidimni Kitope, Kitundu - Ndagaa, and Machui Ring roads in Unguja (1998)

5.

Ministry of Works- Environmental Assessments and Management Guidelines for Road Sector, December 2004.

6.

Ministry of Water and Livestock Development: National Water Policy July 2002.

7.

National Environment Management Council: Tanzania Environmental Impact Assessment Procedure and Guidelines Volume 1:

General EIA Guidelines and Procedures

Volume 2:

Screening and Scoping Guidelines

Volume 3:

Report Writing Guidelines and Requirements

Volume 4:

Review and Monitoring Guidelines

Volume 5:

General Checklist of Environmental Characteristics

8.

United Republic of Tanzania: National Environmental Policy (NEP) 1997.

9.

United Republic of Tanzania: The Environmental Management Act 2004.

10.

United Republic of Tanzania: The Mining Act 1998.

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The United Republic of Tanzania Ministry of Communications and Transport Rehabilitation of Zanzibar Airport Apron and Taxiways ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT ________________________________________________________________________________________________________

11.

United Republic of Tanzania; Land Act 1999

12.

United Republic of Tanzania; Land Act 1999 (Act No 4 of 1999), the Land Regulations 2001, Subsidiary Legislation (Suppl. No. 16 of 4th May 2001)

13.

United Republic of Tanzania, Highway Ordinance 1969

14.

United Republic of Tanzania; Land Regulations 2001

15.

United Republic of Tanzania; Village Land Act 1999.

16.

United Republic of Tanzania, Tanzania Country Study on Biological Biodiversity. Vice Presidents Office, UNEP, June 1998.

17.

United Republic of Tanzania; Report of the Presidential commission of Enquire into Land Matters, Volume 1; 1992.

18.

The Land Acquisition Act of 1967

19.

United Republic of Tanzania: National Environment Action Plan (NEAP 1994)

20.

The National Land Policy (1996)

21.

Transport Policy (2002)

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The United Republic of Tanzania Ministry of Communications and Transport Rehabilitation of Zanzibar Airport Apron and Taxiways ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT ________________________________________________________________________________________________________

ANNEXES

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The United Republic of Tanzania Ministry of Communications and Transport Rehabilitation of Zanzibar Airport Apron and Taxiways ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT ________________________________________________________________________________________________________

ANNEX I-REQUIREMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES BY DIFFERENT DEVELOPMENT SECTORS Table A1 below indicates the different kinds of natural resources/systems that the different development sectors require as raw materials or support services to maintain sustained production. It has not been possible to work out the exact amounts that are currently available (resource base), quantities that are actually being used or the future needs. This is down to a lack of information about the resources and ecosystems, and the extent and trends of their utilisation. Drawing from the table, the different sectors are currently dependent on resources which could be limited in the long-term. In line with the Tanzania growth strategy, the government is proposing/implementing aggressive industrial growth and other economic development strategies in a bid to become a middle-income country by 2025. At the current levels of economic growth (about 5% annually), Gross Domestic Product (GDP) contribution from environmental products and services and natural resources will need to increase, and the pressures on the resources and environment will collate with this economic output.

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The United Republic of Tanzania Ministry of Communications and Transport Rehabilitation of Zanzibar Airport Apron and Taxiways ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT ________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Table: A1 Natural Resources Required by Different Development Sectors Fisheries Sector (marine and freshwater) Inshore, prawn, offshore

Forestry Sector Mangrove and coastal forests (upland)

• Fish stocks • Inter-tidal areas (fishing grounds) • Fishing grounds (deep waters) • Mangrove areas (breeding/nursery areas) • Land (for infrastructure, markets) • Beaches (landing site) Agriculture Sector Rain-fed subsistence, Rain-fed large scale, Irrigation Arable land Wetland Fresh water

• • • •

Tourism Sector Infrastructure Recreational Souvenirs
Fresh water
Land
Seafood, meat from wildlife
Sporting grounds
Beaches
Pristine habitats
Marine species (shells, trophy etc.) Energy Sector Gas and oil (exploration & exploitation) Hydropower
Fresh water
Land (processing + transmission)
Marine ground (Benthos) Wildlife Sector
Land
Water

Fuel-wood Poles Timber Non–forested areas (reforestation)

Aquaculture Sector Fauna: large scale (shrimp); small scale (crabs, shrimp, finfish, oysters)
Land (reclaimed)
Land (infrastructure)
Inter-tidal areas
Beaches (landing sites)
Fresh water
Brackish water
Stock (natural recruitment)
Natural seeds Industry Sector




Fresh water Land Non-forested mangrove areas

Urban Development









Land Food (seafood + agriculture) Water Fuel-wood Beaches Inter-tidal areas (water sporting)

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The United Republic of Tanzania Ministry of Communications and Transport Rehabilitation of Zanzibar Airport Apron and Taxiways ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT ________________________________________________________________________________________________________

ANNEX II-TERMS OF REFERENCE 1. Introduction During scoping, consultations with stakeholders and the review of literature relating to the project identified several key environmental issues. The outcome of the scoping exercise is the Scoping Report which is the basis of the draft Terms of Reference. The purpose of Terms of Reference (TOR) therefore, is to provide formal guidance to the Proponent or EIA Consultant of the Zanzibar Airport Apron and Taxiway Rehabilitation Project on the range of issues that must be addressed in the EIA process. They form the basis for subsequent review process. In these Terms of Reference, strategies for addressing the issues identified during scoping have been incorporated in order to make the Environmental Impact Assessment focused 2. Objectives of the Environmental Impact Assessment Study Construction and rehabilitation of the airport are included in the mandatory list of project activities that are required to develop full EIA by the Environmental Management Act No. 20, 2004. Part IV of EIA regulations G.N. 349 of 2005 provides the general objectives for carrying out an EIA, including: •

To ensure that environmental considerations are explicitly addressed and incorporated into the development decision making process.

•

To anticipate and avoid, minimise or offset the adverse significant biophysical, social and relevant effects of development proposal.

•

To protect the productivity and capacity of natural ecosystems and ecological processes which maintain their functions.

•

To promote development that is sustainable and optimises resources use and management opportunities.

Consequently, Zanzibar Airport Authority will undertake an Environmental Impact Assessment so as to translate the principles of sustainable development and environmental protection into strategies and actions to be practically applied in the Zanzibar Airport Apron and Taxiway Rehabilitation project.

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The United Republic of Tanzania Ministry of Communications and Transport Rehabilitation of Zanzibar Airport Apron and Taxiways ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT ________________________________________________________________________________________________________

The objectives of the EIA are: •

To establish information regarding both the natural and built environment including the socio-economic conditions of the proposed project area.

•

To identify, predict and evaluate foreseeable impacts of the proposed investment, both beneficial and adverse.

•

To develop mitigation measures that eliminate or minimise the potential negative impacts and promote positive ones.

•

To develop management clauses and monitoring aspects to be observed during project implementation.

These requirements clearly present a challenge to carry out environmentally friendly activities in Zanzibar Airport and associated areas in Zanzibar Town. 3. Description of the Project The airport is located about 7 km south of Zanzibar Town approximately midway along the west coast of the island at latitude of 06.13 degrees south and 39.13 degrees east, and has an elevation of 16.5 m. The general topography of this part of the Island is very flat and well suited for airport operations. The airport lies between two main roads to the east and to the west, both connecting to Zanzibar Town. The first is from Chukwani and the second is from Fumba. Coconut palms, baobab and tamarisk trees are found in the vicinity of these main roads, together with collections of residential areas. Near the airport there are small scattered fields where cassava and other ground fruits are cultivated. The southern approach corridor to the airport runway is free of higher vegetation because of air safety requirements. The airport constitutes a single 3022 x 45 m width runway, a taxiway and aprons all of bitumen standards and a terminal building. Currently construction works are ongoing at the airport involving the rehabilitation and expansion of the existing runway by 565 m. 4. Scope of Work. The EIA shall be conducted in accordance to the guidelines laid down by the Environment Management Act (EMA, 2004) and Environmental Management for Sustainable Development Act (1996). The main steps to be followed by the Consultant in the Environmental Impact Assessment will involve: Identifying, collecting and analyzing information which includes: •

Project characteristics and activities;

•

Data regarding the environmental and socio-economic setup;

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The United Republic of Tanzania Ministry of Communications and Transport Rehabilitation of Zanzibar Airport Apron and Taxiways ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT ________________________________________________________________________________________________________

•

Predicting impacts;

•

Evaluating impact significance;

•

Identifying and proposing mitigation measures;

•

Preparing the Management and Monitoring Plan and Follow up; and

•

Presenting the information which involves writing an Environmental Impact Assessment Statement (EIAS).

5. The Consultant shall carry out the following tasks: 5.1. Stakeholders Consultations Consultations with stakeholders have been undertaken in this scoping stage of the EIA. The main stakeholders and their concerns are detailed in chapter 5. The Consultants shall continue this further during the impact study. 5.2. Baseline Data and Information 5.2.1 Study area In order to assess all key issues relating to the project, the study area should be wider than just the airport area were many of the project facilities and services will be located. Some of the impacts may have local, regional or national implications. The Consultant shall further determine and set the project boundaries, particularly spatial boundaries (i.e. impact area coverage and area of influence). 5.2.2 Description of the project The Consultant shall give details of: •

Location of all project-related development and operation sites;

•

General layout of the airport, design basis, size, capacity;

•

Pre-construction activities and construction activities;

•

Organisational relationships, mandates and interactions among the different parties to be involved in the project.

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The United Republic of Tanzania Ministry of Communications and Transport Rehabilitation of Zanzibar Airport Apron and Taxiways ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT ________________________________________________________________________________________________________

5.2.3 Description of the Environment The Consultant shall: •

Provide a general description of the project environment and sources of information for anyone requiring a more extensive description (especially the EIA reviewers);

•

Identify those features that are particularly important in the project area;

•

Provide maps at appropriate scales to illustrate the surrounding areas likely to be environmentally and socially affected.

•

Identify areas that require special attention during project implementation.

The areas may

present unique or sensitive geomorphologic characteristics, biotopes, or species. The Environmental Impact Assessment shall specifically focus on these ecological components to ensure that the proposed development does not harm the well being of these characteristics. 6. Legislative and Regulatory Considerations. The scoping report will identify some of the relevant policies and legislation governing environmental quality, health and safety, protection of sensitive areas and endangered species, land use control etc. The Consultant shall describe how applicable the identified regulations and standards are in relation to the project activities. 7. Impact Assessments Listed below are tasks to be undertaken by the Consultant during EIA, using the data and information collected. The extent to which each will be undertaken will depend on the issues identified during scoping. The Consultant will aim to balance the tasks in order to achieve the described objectives of the EIA. To avoid ambiguity in the impact assessment (identifying potential impacts, relevant environmental factors and mitigative measures) the Consultant shall make use of the checklist covering the major areas of impact as provided for in the EIA guidelines. Task 1: Identification and Prediction of Impacts. Under this activity the Consultant shall: • Identify issues and concerns in order to find suitable remedies; • Identify links between project components and the issues; • Identify where project activities or elements have a direct social or environmental effect; __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________61

The United Republic of Tanzania Ministry of Communications and Transport Rehabilitation of Zanzibar Airport Apron and Taxiways ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT ________________________________________________________________________________________________________

• Identify indirect impacts of the project on the environment; • Identify cumulative impacts that may be anticipated; • Identify residual impacts, if any; • Predict probability, magnitude, distribution and timing of expected impacts; Task 2: Estimation of the Significance of the Impacts. The consultant shall: • Determine which environmental aspects are most likely to be affected by the project, or its alternatives; • List issues raised by the public and classify them according to the level and frequency of concern whenever possible; • List regulatory standards, guidelines etc. that need to be met; and • Rank predicted impacts in order of priority for avoidance, mitigation, compensation and monitoring.

Task 3: Development of Management Plan to Mitigate Negative Impacts, and Development of Monitoring Plan. The consultant shall: •

Determine appropriate measures to avoid or mitigate undesirable impacts;

•

Assess and describe the anticipated effectiveness of proposed measures;

•

Ascertain regulatory requirements and expected performance standards;

•

Determine and assess methods for monitoring impacts in order to predict the effectiveness of remedial measures;

•

Determine and assess methods to identify early warning signs of unexpected effects;

•

Re-assess project plans, design and project management structure;

•

Describe follow-up scheme and post-project action plan for achieving EIA objectives; and

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The United Republic of Tanzania Ministry of Communications and Transport Rehabilitation of Zanzibar Airport Apron and Taxiways ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT ________________________________________________________________________________________________________

•

Assess the level of financial commitment by the project proponent for the management and monitoring plan, and follow-up activities.

In proposing mitigation measures the Consultant shall consider principles of cost effectiveness, and make estimates of the price of these improvements. The assessment will include a detailed plan for monitoring the effects of the project and implementation of the mitigation measures during construction and operation. Task 4: Identification of Institutional Needs to Implement Recommendations. The Consultant shall review the institutional set-up - community, ward, district/ regional and national levels - for implementation of the Management and Monitoring Plans recommended in the environmental assessment. The assessment shall identify who should be responsible for what and when. Task 5: Drawing Recommendations. The consultant shall: •

Highlight key concerns and considerations associated with the acceptance and implementation of recommended actions;

•

Determine resources requirements for the implementation of recommendations;

•

Determine the capacity and resourcefulness of the Client in meeting such commitments;

•

Explain the basis for the proposed developments and the benefits and costs as compared to the noproject option;

•

Determine the degree of public acceptance of or the reaction to recommendations.

Task 6: Environmental Impact Statement (EIS). The result of the assessment shall be an EIS focusing on the findings, conclusions and recommended actions, supported by the data collected. This shall be a concise document limited to the significant environmental issues. Task 7: Review Review of the submitted report may require further input (data collection, consultation inputs etc.). The consultant shall take measures to provide the extra information required until the project review is satisfactorily concluded.

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The United Republic of Tanzania Ministry of Communications and Transport Rehabilitation of Zanzibar Airport Apron and Taxiways ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT ________________________________________________________________________________________________________

8. People’s Participation The assessment shall establish the level of consultation with the affected stakeholders before the project is designed, and the level of involvement in the running and maintenance of the project facilities, as this is an important aspect for both environmental and project sustainability. The assessment will provide a framework: •

For coordinating the Environmental Impact Assessment with other government agencies;

•

For obtaining the views of affected groups, and for keeping records of meetings and other communication, with comments on their disposition.

A ‘People’s Participation’ report will be prepared as part of the EIS, separate from the socio- economic and cultural impact report, which deals with the Consultant’s interpretation of issues. 9. Study Team The Consultants shall deploy consultants/experts with demonstrable practical experience in conducing EIA studies. These experts will have specific experience in civil works, ecology and sociology. 10. Reporting and Report Presentation The final draft of the EIS document should be very well presented and of an international standard. 11. Records of Meetings The Consultants shall provide a record of the names of organizations, governments, departments and individuals whose views will be considered. The record will also provide a description of the views and information that will be obtained. 12 References The objective of this section is to identify and record the written materials used in the study. This is extremely important because some of the material used as background information may be in unpublished form, and yet it may be necessary that these are available.

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The United Republic of Tanzania Ministry of Communications and Transport Rehabilitation of Zanzibar Airport Apron and Taxiways ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT ________________________________________________________________________________________________________

ANNEX III – CURRICULUM VITAE CONSULTANTS Name of Firm

:

Belva Consult Limited

Name

:

Jones Lukaza

Profession

:

Civil Engineer

Date of Birth

:

25 October, 1970

Years with Firm

:

5

Nationality

:

Tanzanian

Years of experience

:

10

Membership of Professional Societies: Engineering Registration Board (ERB); Registered as Consulting Engineer. Key Qualifications Mr Lukaza Jones is a qualified Civil Engineer with expertise and experience in Water Supply and Sanitation, Structural Engineering, Highway Engineering, Environmental Engineering, Construction Management and Contract Management. His experience involves working in various small and large scale infrastructures projects, ranging from feasibility study to supervision level supported by both local and international funding agencies. He has a sound background in preparation of development plans for various development projects and infrastructural services. In the Environmental Management field he has extensive experience in carrying out Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs) and preparation of Environmental Management Plans (EMPs), Environmental Risk Assessments and Environmental Auditing for various development projects. These range from highways and roads, gas to electricity generation projects, international hotel development projects, to water and sewerage projects in urban and rural areas. For the last ten years he has been involved in projects of varying size, and has acted as Project Manager in various projects as a consultant representative. He was involved extensively in planning, supervision, tendering, cost control and reporting. Mr Lukaza has also been involved in design, training, contract and tender preparation, contract management and project supervision. He is a member of the Public Procurement Regulatory Authority (PPRA) dissemination team for the Public Procurement Act 2004.

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The United Republic of Tanzania Ministry of Communications and Transport Rehabilitation of Zanzibar Airport Apron and Taxiways ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT ________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Education BSc Civil Engineering (Hons), University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania 1996 Masters in Engineering Management (Project Management), University of Dar es salaam 2007 Other Training •

Course on Bridge capacity rating Morogoro, 1997.

•

Course on Consultant and Contractor Involvement Component (CCIO), ITECO Consult Morogoro, 2002.

•

Course on Prokon Software (Multi-Storey Building design software), Climate Consult Limited, Dar es Salaam, 2003.

•

Course on AutoCAD Software (AutoCAD 2000) Dar es Salaam Institute of Technology, Dar es Salaam, 2003.

•

Course on Inroads V8.3 and V8.4 at Climate Consult Limited, Dar es Salaam, 2005.

•

Course on Software Package for Social Scientist (SPSS), University of Dar es salaam, 2005

Work Experience Current: Belva Consult Limited Selected Projects: Jan 2005 to date Belva Consult Limited Civil Engineer – Environmental Impact Assessment for Biswari Water Supply and Small Holder Irrigation Scheme under Mara Basin Project. •

Preparation of scoping study

•

Base line study

•

Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) and Environmental Management Plan (EMP)

Civil Engineer – Environmental Impact Assessment for Karatu Township Water Supply Project in Karatu District Arusha Region. •

Preparation of scoping study

•

Base line study

•

Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) and Environmental Management Plan (EMP)

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The United Republic of Tanzania Ministry of Communications and Transport Rehabilitation of Zanzibar Airport Apron and Taxiways ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT ________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Civil Engineer – Environmental Impact Assessment for Katesh Township Water Supply Project in Hanang District Manyara Region. •

Preparation of scoping study

•

Base line study

•

Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) and Environmental Management Plan (EMP)

Civil Engineer – Environmental Impact Assessment for Mwakaleli Water Supply Project in Rungwe District Mbeya region. •

Preparation of scoping study

•

Base line study

•

Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) and Environmental Management Plan (EMP)

Assistant Team Leader – Environmental Impact Assessment for Magole-Mziha road. •

Economic Assessment

•

Preparation of scoping study

•

Environmental Impact Assessment and Environmental Management Plan

•

Review of existing design

•

Preparation of Tender documents.

Assistant Team Leader – Environmental Impact Assessment for Feasibility Study, Rehabilitation and Upgrading of Mafia Airport. •

Preparation of scoping study

•

Preparation of Terms of References

•

Environmental Impact Assessment and Environmental Management Plan

•

Preparation of social Impact assessment

•

Preparation of Resettlement Action Plan

Assistant Team Leader – Environmental Impact Assessment for Feasibility Study, Rehabilitation and Upgrading of Arusha Airport. •

Preparation of scoping study

•

Preparation of Terms of References

•

Environmental Impact Assessment and Environmental Management Plan

•

Preparation of Social Impact Assessment

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The United Republic of Tanzania Ministry of Communications and Transport Rehabilitation of Zanzibar Airport Apron and Taxiways ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT ________________________________________________________________________________________________________

•

Preparation of Resettlement Action Plan

Assistant Team Leader – Environmental Impact Assessment for Feasibility Study, Rehabilitation and Upgrading of Sumbawanga Airport. •

Preparation of scoping study

•

Preparation of Terms of References

•

Environmental Impact Assessment and Environmental Management Plan

•

Preparation of Social Impact Assessment

•

Preparation of Resettlement Action Plan

Assistant Team Leader – Environmental Impact Assessment for Feasibility Study, Rehabilitation and Upgrading of Kigoma Airport. •

Preparation of scoping study

•

Preparation of Terms of References

•

Environmental Impact Assessment and Environmental Management Plan

•

Preparation of Social Impact Assessment

•

Preparation of Resettlement Action Plan

Assistant Team Leader – Environmental Impact Assessment for Feasibility Study, Rehabilitation and Upgrading of Shinyanga Airport. •

Preparation of scoping study

•

Preparation of Terms of References

•

Environmental Impact Assessment and Environmental Management Plan

•

Preparation of Social Impact Assessment

•

Preparation of Resettlement Action Plan

Assistant Team Leader – Environmental Impact Assessment for Feasibility Study, Rehabilitation and Upgrading of Tabora Airport. •

Preparation of scoping study

•

Preparation of Terms of References

•

Environmental Impact Assessment and Environmental Management Plan

•

Preparation of Social Impact Assessment

•

Preparation of Resettlement Action Plan

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________68

The United Republic of Tanzania Ministry of Communications and Transport Rehabilitation of Zanzibar Airport Apron and Taxiways ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT ________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Assistant Team Leader – Environmental Impact Assessment for Feasibility Study, Rehabilitation and Upgrading of Bukoba Airport. •

Preparation of scoping study

•

Preparation of Terms of References

•

Environmental Impact Assessment and Environmental Management Plan

•

Preparation of Social Impact Assessment

•

Preparation of Resettlement Action Plan

Project Manager - Feasibility Study of Storm Water, Solid Waste and Industrial Waste Management in Tanga. •

Team leader

•

Preparation of scoping study

•

Detailed design of drainage, solid waste and industrial treatment

•

Preparation of tender documents

•

Tender evaluation

Project Engineer – Rural Water Project in Kalonga District – Malawi •

Preparation of scoping study

•

Detail design of water supply schemes

•

Preparation of Financing Arrangement and Facilities Management Strategy

•

Preparation of bidding documents -

Tender evaluation and selection of Contractor

-

Supervision of implementation of the project.

-

Quality assurance

Project Engineer – Rural Water Project in Chitipa District – Malawi •

Preparation of scoping study

•

Detail design of water supply schemes

•

Preparation of Financing Arrangement and Facilities Management Strategy

•

Preparation of bidding documents -

Tender evaluation and selection of Contractor

-

Supervision of implementation of the project.

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________69

The United Republic of Tanzania Ministry of Communications and Transport Rehabilitation of Zanzibar Airport Apron and Taxiways ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT ________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Quality assurance

-

Team Leader - Songwe River Transboundary Catchments Management Project: Analysis and Documentation of Water Flood Monitoring and Preparedness of Flood Monitoring Model. •

Collecting rainfall data

•

Collecting water flow data

•

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment

•

Development of flood preparedness model

Project Engineer – Rural Water Project in Balaka District – Malawi •

Preparation of scoping study

•

Detail design of water supply schemes

•

Preparation of Financing Arrangement and Facilities Management Strategy

•

Preparation of bidding documents. -

Tender evaluation and selection of Contractor

-

Supervision of implementation of the project

-

Quality assurance

Team Leader – Dissemination of Public Procurement Act No 21 of 2004 •

Prepare training materials for period of training

•

Train in Public Procurement Regulations for works, goods, non-consultancy services and disposal of government assets by tender government notice No 97 of 2005.

•

Train in Public procurement Regulation for employment and selection of consultancy, government notice no 98 of 2005.

Jan, 1996-Dec 1999

ITECO Consult Limited

Resident Engineer – Construction Supervision of the Rehabilitation and Expansion of Kilombero Sugar Water Supply and Sanitation at Both Plants, K1 and K2. Works involved included: •

Providing overall technical and construction supervision of the project

•

Preparation of monthly progress report

•

Quality and quantity control of material

•

Cost control of the project

•

Certifying interim payments

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The United Republic of Tanzania Ministry of Communications and Transport Rehabilitation of Zanzibar Airport Apron and Taxiways ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT ________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Team Leader – Preparation of Business Plan for the Year 1998/97 for Haulage Network of Kilombero Sugar Company •

Visiting the site for survey, assessing the road condition and rating the site condition

•

Designing and preparing the drawings

•

Preparing cost estimate and tender documents

•

Tender evaluations

•

Post contract supervision

•

Quality assurance

•

Cost control of the project

•

Certifying payments

Language Speaking

Reading

Writing

English

Excellent

Excellent

Excellent

Kiswahili

Excellent

Excellent

Excellent

Certification I, the undersigned, certify that to the best of my knowledge and belief, these data correctly describe myself, my qualifications and my experience.

Date: 16.06.2010 Signature Full name of staff member:

Day/Month/Year Jones Lukaza

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________71

The United Republic of Tanzania Ministry of Communications and Transport Rehabilitation of Zanzibar Airport Apron and Taxiways ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT ________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Name

:

Martha Kamuzora

Profession

:

Water Resources and Environmental Engineer

Date of Birth

:

19 August, 1977

Years with the Firm

:

Nationality: Tanzanian

Years of Experience

:

3

Membership of Professional Societies: Engineers Registration Board, Tanzania: Graduate Engineer Institution of Engineers Tanzania – Women’s Chapter: Graduate Member Key Qualifications: Ms Kamuzora, Martha is a qualified Environmental Engineer with expertise in Environmental Impact Assessment, Environmental Management Systems, Environmental Monitoring and Auditing, Water and Sanitation Engineering, Waste Management, Social Impact Assessment, Participatory Rural Appraisal, Social Development, Health and Safety, and Capacity Building. She has worked in Environmental Management in the mining and mineral processing industry, and in rural communities in the implementation of development projects from inception to commissioning, and post-commissioning monitoring and evaluation representing the development partner. In addition, she has been involved with project proposal formulation, soliciting for funding and sponsorship, project management, events organization, facilitation and training in both macro and micro - economy development initiatives. Education BSc (Eng), University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

2003

MSc Water Resources (Technology and Management), University of Birmingham,

2006

United Kingdom Other Training •

Course on Project Appraisal, Planning and Management, Institute of Accountancy Arusha, 2005

•

Course on Renewable and Cheap Energies, Imperial College of London, 2006

•

Course on Water and Environmental Law, University of Dar es Salaam, 2005

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The United Republic of Tanzania Ministry of Communications and Transport Rehabilitation of Zanzibar Airport Apron and Taxiways ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT ________________________________________________________________________________________________________

•

Course on GIS and Remote Sensing, University of Dar es Salaam, 2005

•

Course on Participatory Rural Appraisal, Resolute (T) Limited, Nzega – Tabora, 2004

•

Course on Train the Trainer, Resolute (T) Limited, Nzega – Tabora, 2004

•

Course on First Aid, Resolute (T) Limited, Nzega – Tabora, 2004

•

Course on Counselors for Voluntary Counseling and Testing, Resolute (T) Limited, Nzega – Tabora, 2004

•

Course on AUTOCAD Software (AUTOCAD 2000), University College of Lands and Architectural Studies, 2002

Qualities:

Motivated by accomplishing tasks within deadlines and budgets, appreciates teamwork

and fast in learning new things Career Goals:

Improving the social welfare of disadvantaged populations by assisting them to use

resources available in their region more efficiently, to acquire basic needs and services such as energy, water, food and reliable sources of income whilst enhancing environmental quality. Work Experience April 2008 – To date

Kahama Mining Limited

Environmental Officer - Rehabilitation of Rock Waste Dumps, Tailings Dams and Areas Disturbed by Mining Activities • Flora and fauna identification and registering • Determination of rehabilitation area • Determination of seedling requirement • Seed harvesting, storage and preparation • Top soil harvesting, storage and improvement • Plant nursery management • Soil preparation • Phytoremediation methods for different conditions • Slope stability __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________73

The United Republic of Tanzania Ministry of Communications and Transport Rehabilitation of Zanzibar Airport Apron and Taxiways ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT ________________________________________________________________________________________________________

• Runoff and leachate control Feb 2007 – 2008

Engineers Registration Board

Training Officer – In charge of the Structural Engineers Apprenticeship Programme that aims at professional development of graduate engineers to become competent practicing professional engineers. It involved: •

Advertising for applications and processing them for selection

•

Soliciting for training placements and employment for the graduate engineers

•

Induction and placement of the selected trainees

•

Monitoring progress

•

Organising workshops for training providers and trainees’ supervisors

•

Mediation and advising all parties involved

•

Preparation of budget, distribution of allowances and monitoring expenditure of the programme

•

Records and database management

•

Reporting

Member of Organizing Committee – Organizing professional development activities for engineers such as workshops, lectures, seminars, training, conferences and providing information about relevant training. It entailed: •

Activity theme identification relating to training needs of engineers and country’s situation

•

Identification and acquisition of lecturers, paper authors and information sources

•

Reviewing papers and providing support to paper authors

•

Identifying stakeholders and guests relevant to the theme of the activity

•

Informing participants

•

Arranging for dates, venue and relevant services

•

Overseeing the event

•

Collecting information, contacts and recommendations

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________74

The United Republic of Tanzania Ministry of Communications and Transport Rehabilitation of Zanzibar Airport Apron and Taxiways ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT ________________________________________________________________________________________________________

•

Records and reporting

Technical Member – Monitoring of Engineering Activities •

Monitoring of engineering activities

•

Industrial and site audits

•

Mediation and advising engineers, their employers and clients

July 2003 - July 2005

Resolute (T) Limited

Environmental Officer - Rehabilitation of Rock Waste Dumps, Tailings Dams and Areas Disturbed by Mining Activities • Flora and fauna identification and registering • Determination of rehabilitation area • Determination of seedling requirement • Seed harvesting, storage and preparation • Top soil harvesting, storage and improvement • Plant nursery management • Soil preparation • Phytoremediation methods for different conditions • Slope stability • Runoff and leachate control Social Development Officer – Water Supply and Sanitation for Nine Villages Surrounding Golden Pride Project • Training of village water and environmental committees • Supervising construction of boreholes and installation of pumps • Supervising construction of earth dam, cattle dip and livestock waterholes • Provision of technical advice on the maintenance and conservation of the water sources

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________75

The United Republic of Tanzania Ministry of Communications and Transport Rehabilitation of Zanzibar Airport Apron and Taxiways ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT ________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Social Development Officer – Construction of VIP Latrines at Primary Schools in Nzega Ndogo Ward • Education of parents and local leaders on the importance of hygiene and its relationship to human health • Mobilising non financial partnership from community • Supervising construction of VIP latrines • Provision of technical advice to the local contractor and community • Education of pupils on the proper use and maintenance of the latrines Environmental Officer – Water Quality Monitoring and Pollution Control • Identification, establishment and construction of sampling points • Sampling, storage and transportation of samples • Laboratory analysis • Analysis and interpretation of water quality results • Recommendation and implementation of mechanisms for water protection and conservation Health and Safety Representative - Health, Safety and Environmental Management • Hazard and pollution sources identification • Proposing mitigation measures and assigning responsibilities • Following up implementation of recommended measures • Incident investigation Environmental Officer – Environmental Impact Assessment, Monitoring and Auditing • Screening of mining development projects • Review of relevant documents with reference to company’s environmental policy and relevant national, Australian and international regulation, and the existing environmental management system • Drawing up Terms of Reference

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________76

The United Republic of Tanzania Ministry of Communications and Transport Rehabilitation of Zanzibar Airport Apron and Taxiways ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT ________________________________________________________________________________________________________

• Assessing the performance of the existing system • Identification of hazards, pollution and degradation sources • Recommendation and optimisation of mitigation measures • Formulating a strategic plan for implementation of mitigation measures Facilitator – Participatory Rural Appraisal for Mogwa, Bukene, Ikindwa, Uduka and Mbogwe Wards and Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation for Nata, Nzega Ndogo and Lusu Wards in Nzega District. Social Impact Assessment of Mbogwe Ward. • Socio–economic baseline survey • Assisting the communities to identify their development needs and assess their resource capacity • Preparation of Community Action Plan to address developmental needs • Monitoring and evaluation of the implementation of this Community Action Plan and impacts in the community, and formulating strategies to address shortcomings Social Development Officer – Working with the local communities as a Development Partner providing Capacity Building for community leaders, civil societies and local community at large and financing social development projects • Preparing lesson plans and delivering training to the target groups • Organizing courses and talks from local experts and local government officials • Assist in preparation of project proposals and soliciting for funding • Supervising implementation/construction of projects • Provision of technical advice LANGUAGE PROFICIENCY Language

Speaking

Writing

Listening

English

Good

Good

Good

Swahili

Excellent

Excellent

Excellent

French

Learning

Learning

Learning

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________77

The United Republic of Tanzania Ministry of Communications and Transport Rehabilitation of Zanzibar Airport Apron and Taxiways ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT ________________________________________________________________________________________________________

I, the undersigned, certify that to the best of my knowledge and belief, this CV correctly describes myself, my qualifications and my experience. I understand that any wilful misstatement described herein may lead to my disqualification or dismissal, if engaged.

_____________ ______________________

Date: 15.05.2010

Signature

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________78