c. [SENTENCE ...[CLAUSE ...]... + ...[CLAUSE ...] ...]
d. [TEXT...[ SENTENCE...]... + ...[ SENTENCE...] ...]
Nuclear juncture Core juncture
Clausal juncture
Sentential juncture
!
(3)
Nuclear junctures
a.
Kim painted the table red.
b.
Je ferai manger les gâteaux á Jean.
1sg make.FUT eat the cakes to John
‘I will make John eat the cakes.’
c.
TaÌ qiaÌo poÊ le yī ge faÊnwaËn.
3sg hit break PRFV one CL ricebowl
‘He broke (by hitting) a ricebowl.’
d.
Fu fase fi isoe.
3sg letter sit write
‘He sat writing a letter.’
SENTENCE
English
French
Mandarin Chinese
(Hansell 1993)
Barai (Olson 1981)
[Papua-New Guinea]
CLAUSE CORE RP
Je
NUC NUC NUC PRED
PRED
V
V
ferai
RP
manger les gâteaux
PP
à Jean
Figure 1: French nuclear juncture (4)
Core junctures
a.
Chris forced Dana to leave the party.
b.
Je laisserai Jean manger les gâteaux.
1sg let.FUT John eat the cakes
‘I’ll let John eat the cakes.’
c.
TaÌ jiaÌo woË xieË zi.
3sg teach 1sg write characters
‘She teaches me to write.’
d.
Fu fi fase isoe.
3sg sit letter write
‘He sat (down) and wrote a letter.’
!
English
French
Mandarin Chinese
(Hansell 1993)
Barai (Olson 1981)
"2 SENTENCE CLAUSE CORE RP
NUC
Je
CORE NUC
RP
PRED
PRED
V
V
RP
laisserai Jean manger les gâteaux
! !
Figure 2: French core juncture SENTENCE
RP
CLAUSE CLM—————> CLAUSE CORE CORE CORE NUC NUC RP RP NUC RP NUC ADV PRED PRED PRED RP V
"
V
Mary called Fred yesterday and she
V
asked
NUC PRED ADJ
him to paint her room white
! Figure 3: English sentence containing clausal, core and nuclear junctures ! TEXT SENTENCE CLAUSE
LDP
CLM—————> SENTENCE CLAUSE LDP CORE CORE
Pat to
wash the car
V
V
NUCLEUS
NUCLEUS
MOD-->CORE
NUCCLAUSE
CORE
IF————————>CLAUSE
CLAUSE SENTENCE
SENTENCE
"
Figure 6: Mandarin nuclear cosubordination and English core coordination1
!
(15) Types of subordination:
—Daughter subordination, e.g. units functioning as arguments of higher units
—Peripheral subordination, e.g. units functioning as modifiers of higher units
!
SENTENCE
SENTENCE
CLAUSE
CLAUSE
CORE
CORE
CLAUSE
NUC
RP
That she arrived late shocked everyone
RP
NUC
RP
CLAUSE
It shocked everyone that she arrived late
!
Figure 7: English examples of daughter subordination
! —Symmetrical vs. asymmetrical embedding
! —Wari’ (see Appendix)
1
The term ‘coordination’ here is being used for an abstract linkage relation referring to a relationship of equivalence, i.e. both units are of the same syntactic layer, and there is operator independence at the level of juncture. It is distinct from conjunction, which is a construction type of the general form ‘X conj Y’, which may be one of the formal instantiations of coordinate nexus.
