1/17/2017
The Skinny on Lipid y p Lowering Treatment José E Rodríguez MD Professor, Family and Preventive Medicine The University of Utah School of Medicine
Objectives Upon completion of this presentation participants will be able to: • List the most commonly prescribed lipid‐lowering agents • Identify the agents that have comparative efficacy data available • Summarize the newest guidelines for hyperlipidemia treatment • Recognize the agents that have the best evidence supporting their use • Identify lifestyle factors that have been effective in lowering LDL cholesterol
Cholesterol Treatment Guidelines • The 2013 recommendations by the American Heart Association and the American College of Cardiology can be found at: • Stone NJ, Robinson JG, Lichtenstein AH, et alACC/AHA Guideline on the Treatment of Blood Cholesterol to Reduce Atherosclerotic C di Cardiovascular l Risk Ri k in Adults: A Report of the American College i Ad lt A R t f th A i C ll of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014 Jul 1;63(25 Pt B):2889‐934. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.11.002. Epub 2013 Nov 12. No abstract available.
• It is 85 pages long!
1
1/17/2017
Strength of Evidence
2
1/17/2017
A New Paradigm • No longer focused on numbers of LDL‐c or HDL‐c or total cholesterol • Testing only used to monitor response to medications
• Attempting to reach and reaching treatment goals of LDL‐c=70 or 100 is not associated with reduced death from heart attacks and strokes • Statins are superior to all other cholesterol medications and the new guidelines call into question the use for the non‐statin medications
Medication Classes • Statins • All others • Statin/non‐statin combinations • Niacin • Bile‐acid Sequestrants • Fibric acid derivatives • Cholesterol absorption inhibitors
THE SKINNY ON STATINS
3
1/17/2017
Statins Generic Name atorvastatin fluvastatin lovastatin pitavastatin pravastatin rosuvastatin simvastatin
Brand Name Lipitor ® Lescol® Altoprev ®, ® Mevacor ® Livalo ® Pravachol ® Crestor® Zocor ®
3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylglutaryl‐Coenzyme A (HMG‐CoA) reductase inhibitor
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) • • • • • • •
Acute coronary syndromes History of MI Stable or unstable angina Coronary or other arterial revascularization Stroke TIA Peripheral arterial disease presumed to be of atherosclerotic origin
4
1/17/2017
Who can benefit? • Individuals with clinical ASCVD • Individuals with LDL‐c>190 mg/dl • Individuals 40‐75 years old with diabetes and LDL‐c 70‐189 mg/dl • Individuals 40 Individuals 40‐75 75 years old, no evidence of ASCVD or diabetes, years old, no evidence of ASCVD or diabetes, but has 10 year risk of ASCVD of 7.5% or higher • EVERYBODY?
10 year risk • • • • • • • • • •
http://tools.cardiosource.org/ASCVD‐Risk‐Estimator/ Age Gender Total Cholesterol HDL Smoking Systolic blood pressure Taking Blood Pressure meds? Diabetes? Race (white, black, other)
Recommendations Recommendation
Strength
Start high intensity statins in people190
B
Intensify statin therapy in patients over 21 with LDL>190 for a 50% reduction in LDL (may add non‐statin after max)
E
Start moderate intensity statin treatment in patients age 40‐75 with A diabetes High intensity statin treatment for patients with diabetes and a >7.5% 10 year ASCVD risk
E
Use moderate to high intensity statin in patients 40‐75 years old with LDL‐c 70‐189 mg/dl
E
5
1/17/2017
High Intensity Statin Therapy • • • • • • •
Lowers LDL‐c by greater than 50% Atorvastatin 40‐80 mg QD Rosuvastatin 20‐40 mg QD For patients with clinical ASCVD (Age 21‐75) For patients with LDL>190 (21‐75) For patients with LDL>190 (21 75) For patients ages 40‐75 with LDL7.5%
$High Intensity$ Generic name (brand)
Average cost per month
Atorvastatin 40 mg (Lipitor®)
$105
Atorvastatin 80 mg (Lipitor®)
$100
Rosuvastatin 20 mg (Crestor ®)
$207
Rosuvastatin 40 mg (Crestor ®)
$203
http://www.consumerreports.org/health/resources/pdf/best‐buy‐ drugs/StatinsUpdate‐FINAL.pdf
6
1/17/2017
Moderate‐intensity Statin Therapy • • • • • • • • • • • •
Lowers LDL‐c between 30%‐=300 mg/dl or C type III hyperlipoprotienemia because severe elevations of triglycerides will occur Obtain a fasting lipid level before initiating BAS, 3 months after and every 6‐12 months on therapy y py
C
May use BAS if triglycerides are 250‐299, but check fasting lipids 4‐6 E weeks after initiation. Discontinue BAS if triglycerides are >400
13
1/17/2017
Niacin Generic Niacin
Brand Niaspan®, Niacor®
Niacin
Who can benefit • ??? • No longer a first line drug • May be useful for patients who do not want to take anything “artificial” • Niacin is a vitamin, so may be easier to convince some Niacin is a vitamin, so may be easier to convince some patients who need it. • Can be helpful in those who cannot tolerate statins • Is relatively inexpensive ($5‐$22) and is available OTC
14
1/17/2017
Adverse Effects • • • • • • • • • •
Flushing/Hot Flashes Increased liver enzymes Pruritis Rash Diarrhea Headache Dyspepsia Nausea Vomiting Depression
Safety of Niacin Recommendation
Strength
Obtain baseline transanimases (LFT), fasting blood glucose/hba1c, and uric B acid before starting it, during up‐titration and every 6 months Do not use if transanimase levels are greater than 2‐3 times normal
A
Do not use if patient develops persistent severe cutaneous symptoms, gout unexplained abdominal pain or persistent hyperglycemia gout, unexplained abdominal pain, or persistent hyperglycemia
B
Do not use if patient develops weight loss, atrial fibrillation
C
Reconsider potential for adverse effects from niacin and potential for ASCVD before re‐initiating niacin therapy
E
To reduce frequency and severity of adverse cutaneous symptoms: 1. Start low and go slow to higher dose (weeks) 2. Take with food or aspirin 30 minutes before niacin 3. Extended release should start at 500 mg and increase to maximum of 2000 mg over 4‐8 weeks, increasing once weekly 4. Start immediate release niacin at 100 mg TID and up‐titrate to 3 g/day divided BID or TIID
E
Fibric Acid Generic Fenofibrate FFenofibric fib i acid id Gemfibrozil
Brands Tricor®,Triglide®, Lipofen®,Fenoglide® Fib i ® Trilipix® Fibricor®, T ili i ® Lopid ®
15
1/17/2017
Uses • Used to primarily lower triglycerides • Used as an adjunct to statin therapy • Has now fallen out of favor as its use has not prevented heart attacks or strokes
Adverse Effects Side Effect
Frequency
Elevated liver function tests
3‐13%
Abdominal Pain
5%
Respiratory problems
6%
Back Pain
3%
Headache
3%
Increased CPK
3%
Constipation
2%
Flatulence
???
16
1/17/2017
Costs Generic Name (brand)
Cost per month
Fenofibrate
$31‐$219
Fenofibric Acid
$43‐$79
Gemfibrozil
$19
Safety of Fibrates Recommendation
Strength
Do not initiate gemfibrozil in patients on statin therapy because it increases muscle symptoms and rhabsomyolysis
B
Only use fenofibrate with low or moderate intensity statins when benefits in risk reduction or lowering from >500 mg/dl outweigh risk for adverse events
E
Evaluate renal status before starting fenofibrate, at 3 months and every 6 months on therapy
B
Do not start fenofibrate in patients with moderate or severe renal impairment (eGFR