The Skeletal System
Structures
Bones (skeleton) Joints
Cartilages Ligaments Two divisions: Axial skeleton Appendicular skeleton Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Functions of Bones Support Protection of soft organs Muscle attachment/movement Storage of minerals and fats
Blood cell formation
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In which division of the skeleton will you find the skull?
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Bones of the Human Body The adult skeleton has 206 bones
Two basic types of bone tissue Compact bone Homogeneous
Spongy bone Small needle-like pieces of bone
Many open spaces Figure 5.2b Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Classification of Bones on the Basis of Shape
Figure 5.1 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Classification of Bones Long bones
Longer than wide Examples: Femur, humerus
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Classification of Bones Short bones
Generally cube-shape Examples: Carpals, tarsals
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Classification of Bones Flat bones
Thin and flattened Usually curved Examples: Skull, ribs, sternum
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Classification of Bones Irregular bones
Irregular shape Example: Vertebrae and hip
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How many bones are in the human body?
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Classification of Bones on the Basis of Shape
Figure 5.1 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Microscopic Anatomy of Bone
Figure 5.3 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Microscopic Anatomy of Bone Lacunae Cavities containing bone cells (osteocytes) Arranged in rings called lamellae
Detail of Figure 5.3 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Long Bone Formation and Growth
Figure 5.4a Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Long Bone Formation and Growth
Figure 5.4b Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Bone Fractures A break in a bone
Types of bone fractures Closed (simple) – doesn’t penetrate the skin Open (compound) – broken bone penetrates skin
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Common Types of Fractures
Table 5.2 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Stages in the Healing of a Bone Fracture
Figure 5.5 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
What type of fracture does not penetrate the skin?
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The Axial Skeleton Forms the longitudinal part of the body
Divided into three parts Skull Vertebral column Ribs
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The Axial Skeleton
Figure 5.6 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Skull
Figure 5.7 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Bones of the Skull
Figure 5.11 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Vertebral Column Vertebrae separated by discs normal curvature
Named according to location
Figure 5.14 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Structure of a Typical Vertebrae
Figure 5.16 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Bony Thorax Ribs form a cage to protect major organs
Figure 5.19a Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Are there flat bones in the Axial skeleton?
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What is the correct order of structures that compose a bone from outermost to innermost?
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Periosteum Compact Bone Spongy Bone Bone marrow
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The Appendicular Skeleton Limbs (appendages)
Pectoral girdle Pelvic girdle
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The Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle Composed of two bones
Clavicle – collarbone Scapula – shoulder blade
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Bones of the Shoulder Girdle
Figure 5.20a–b Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Bones of the Shoulder Girdle
Figure 5.20c–d Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Bones of the Upper Limb The arm is formed by a single bone Humerus
Figure 5.21a–b Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Bones of the Upper Limb The forearm has two bones Ulna
Radius
Figure 5.21c Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Bones of the Upper Limb The hand
Carpals – wrist Metacarpals – palm Phalanges – fingers
Figure 5.22 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
What part of the body does carpal tunnel syndrome affect?
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Bones of the Pelvic Girdle Hip bones
Protect several organs: Reproductive
Bladder Large intestine
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The Pelvis
Figure 5.23a Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Gender Differences of the Pelvis
Figure 5.23c Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Bones of the Lower Limbs The thigh has one bone Femur
Figure 5.24a–b Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Bones of the Lower Limbs The leg has two bones
Tibia Fibula
Figure 5.24c Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Bones of the Lower Limbs The foot
Tarsus – ankle Metatarsals – sole Phalanges – toes
Figure 5.25 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
JOINTS Where 2 bones meet
Held together by ligaments Fluid protects ends of bones
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How many phalanges are found in the human skeleton?
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Classification of Joints Fixed joints ex. Skull Semimovable ex. Vertebral column, rib cage
Moveable Hinge - ex. Elbow
Ball-and-socket - ex. Shoulder Pivot - ex. Top 2 vertebrae Saddle - ex. Thumbs Gliding - ex. foot Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Types of Synovial Joints Based on Shape
Figure 5.29a–c Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
What type of joint is your wrist?
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Types of Synovial Joints Based on Shape
Figure 5.29d–f Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Inflammatory Conditions Associated with Joints Bursitis – Caused by a blow or friction Tendonitis – Inflammation of tendon sheaths Arthritis – Inflammatory or degenerative diseases of joints The most widespread crippling disease in the United States
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