The Risorgimento Revisited

Also by Silvana Patriarca ITALIAN VICES Nation and Character from the Risorgimento to the Republic NUMBERS AND NATIONHOOD Writing Statistics in Nineteenth-Century Italy

Also by Lucy Riall GARIBALDI, INVENTION OF A HERO RISORGIMENTO The History of Italy from Risorgimento to Nation-State SICILY AND THE UNIFICATION OF ITALY Liberal Policy and Local Power, 1859–66

The Risorgimento Revisited Nationalism and Culture in Nineteenth-Century Italy Edited by

Silvana Patriarca Professor of History, Fordham University, New York, USA

and

Lucy Riall Professor of History, Birkbeck, University of London, UK

Palgrave

macmillan

Editorial matter, selection and Introduction © Silvana Patriarca and Lucy Riall 2012 All remaining chapters © their respective authors 2012 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2012 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2012 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-32033-2 ISBN 978-0-230-36275-8 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9780230362758 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin.

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12

Contents List of Illustrations

vii

Acknowledgements

viii

Notes on Contributors

ix

Introduction: Revisiting the Risorgimento Silvana Patriarca and Lucy Riall

1

1 European Romanticism and the Italian Risorgimento Paul Ginsborg

18

2 The Hero and the People Adrian Lyttelton

37

3 From the People to the Masses: Political Developments in Italian Opera from Rossini to Mascagni Simonetta Chiappini

56

4 Discovering Politics: Action and Recollection in the First Mazzinian Generation Arianna Arisi Rota and Roberto Balzani

77

5 Mazzini and/in Love Ros Pesman

97

6 Between Two Eras: Challenges Facing Women in the Risorgimento Marina d’Amelia

115

7 A Patriotic Emotion: Shame and the Risorgimento Silvana Patriarca

134

8 Men at War: Masculinity and Military Ideals in the Risorgimento Lucy Riall

152

9 The Remembrance of Heroes Alberto Mario Banti

171

10 Anti-Catholicism and the Culture War in Risorgimento Italy Manuel Borutta

v

191

vi

Contents

11 Italian Jews and the 1848–49 Revolutions: Patriotism and Multiple Identities Tullia Catalan

214

12 Liberalism and Empires in the Mediterranean: The View-Point of the Risorgimento Maurizio Isabella

232

13 The Risorgimento: A Multinational Movement Dominique Reill

255

Bibliography

270

Index

297

Illustrations 1.1 1.2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 8.1 8.2 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4

Joseph Danhauser, Liszt at the piano (1840) Tommaso Minardi, Self-Portrait in a Garret (ca. 1813) Antonio Ciseri, The Pathos of Exile (ca. 1860) Alessandro Lanfredini, The execution of Ugo Bassi (1860) Gerolamo Induno, Garibaldi legionary in Rome (1851) Cesare Bartolena, Livorno volunteers (1872) Gerolamo Induno, Garibaldi on the heights of Sant’Angelo at Capua (1861) Garibaldi in front of Castel Sant’Angelo, Rome (ca. 1850) ‘Headquarters of Garibaldi at Rome’ (1849) The funeral of the King at Rome, 17 January – service at the Pantheon (detail) (1878) Funeral rites of His Majesty Vittorio Emanuele at the Pantheon, 16 February – interior scene (detail) (1878) Naples. Funeral rites of His Majesty the King at the Chiesa del Gesù (1878) Apotheosis of Garibaldi at Rome – the funeral car (1882) ‘The house of the poor/the monasteries’ (1854) ‘Open the new box of Pandora, and the seven capital sins will come out!’ (1862) ‘Spontaneity of certain Monacazioni’ (1853) ‘Go away! Clear off, for I cannot divert the train!’ (1868)

vii

20 24 40 41 47 47 48 159 161 174 175 178 180 196 199 201 205

Acknowledgements Some of the chapters published here were first presented at the April 2008 conference titled ‘The Risorgimento Revisited’ held at the Italian Academy for Advanced Studies in America of Columbia University, New York. Others were written specifically for this book, which is also the result of many of conversations, real and virtual, between the editors and the contributors in the United States, the United Kingdom, Italy, Germany and Australia. We want to express our gratitude to the director of the Italian Academy, David Freedberg, for providing the venue and initial funding for the 2008 New York conference, and to associate director Barbara Faedda and assistant director Allison Jeffrey for their invaluable help in organizing it. It was a pleasure to work with them and their assistance was fundamental in ensuring the success of the conference. We also thank the University Seminars of Columbia University and in particular their director, Robert Belknap, for their generous funding of both the conference and this publication, and the Calandra Italian American Institute (Queens College, CUNY), the Italian Cultural Institute of New York, the Journal of Modern Italian Studies (University of Connecticut) and the Casa Italiana Zerilli-Marimó (New York University) for their financial support of the conference. In addition, our thanks go to those who gave papers and chaired sessions at the conference, to all the conference attendees for their comments and suggestions and to Mary Gibson, former chair of the University Seminar in Modern Italian Studies, for her help in planning and ensuring funding for the conference. We are very grateful to the anonymous readers of the proposed chapters, and to Axel Körner and Maurizio Isabella for their valuable advice when it came to preparing the contributions for publication. Special thanks go to David Gibbons for his work in translating, or helping to translate, the chapters by Chiappini, Arisi Rota and Balzani, D’Amelia, Banti and Catalan, and to Neil Penlington for his crucial help in copyediting the drafts and preparing the bibliography. We acknowledge the support of PRES de l’Université de Paris Est Créteil (ANR-08-BLAN-0156 Fraternité) in funding the research of Tullia Catalan and Lucy Riall for their chapters.

viii

Contributors Arianna Arisi Rota is Associate Professor of Contemporary History at the University of Pavia. Her research focuses on the history of diplomacy and the history of politicization in the Italian Risorgimento. Her books include La diplomazia del Ventennio (1990); Diplomazia nell’Italia napoleonica (1998); Il processo alla Giovine Italia in Lombardia 1833–1835 (2003); and I piccoli cospiratori. Politica ed emozioni nei primi mazziniani (2010). She has edited the volumes Garibaldi, Pavia, Palermo. L’Italia in cammino with M. Tesoro (2008); Patrioti si diventa. Luoghi e linguaggi di pedagogia patriottica dell’Italia unita with M. Ferrari and M. Morandi (2009); and Formare alle professioni. Diplomatici e politici (2009). Roberto Balzani is Professor of History at the University of Bologna and Dean of the Faculty of Historical Preservation. He is the author of several essays on Risorgimento democratic figures and milieus, memory and local identities. His publications include La Romagna (2001), and Collezioni, musei, identità tra XVIII e XIX secolo (ed., 2007). Alberto Mario Banti is Professor of Contemporary History at the University of Pisa, Italy. His research has focused on the history of the Italian Risorgimento and the history of nineteenth-century European nationalism. His books include La nazione del Risorgimento. Parentela, santità e onore alle origini dell’Italia unita (2000); L’onore della nazione. Identità sessuali e violenza nel nazionalismo europeo dal XVIII secolo alla Grande Guerra (2005); and Sublime madre nostra. La nazione italiana dal Risorgimento al fascismo (2011). Manuel Borutta is Assistant Professor at the Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Germany. He has published on the history of media, emotions and masculinity, on the genealogy of secularization theory and on comparative aspects of nation-building and the culture wars in Germany and Italy. He is the author of Antikatholizismus. Deutschland und Italien im Zeitalter der europäischen Kulturkämpfe (2010). He is currently working on colonial aspects of Mediterranean history. Tullia Catalan is Assistant Professor at the University of Trieste where she teaches Jewish Modern and Contemporary History. Her research has focused on the history of Jewish communities in Italy and their relationships with the majority society during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. She is the author of La Comunità ebraica di Trieste (1781–1914). Politica, società e cultura (2000), and is a member of the editorial board of Quest: Issues in Contemporary Jewish History.

ix

x Notes on Contributors

Simonetta Chiappini is a member of the Society of Italian Women Historians and has created and directed shows in collaboration with the Archeological Museum of Florence and the Fondazione Toscana Spettacolo. Her interests centre on the history of melodrama, with particular attention to the anthropological significance of the singing voice. Her publications include Folli, sonnambule, sartine. La voce femminile nell’Ottocento italiano (2006); ‘La voce della martire. Dagli evirati cantori all’eroina romantica’ in Storia d’Italia. Annali 22, Il Risorgimento, edited by A.M. Banti and P. Ginsborg (2007) and ‘O Patria mia’: Passione e identità nazionale nel melodramma italiano dell’Ottocento (2011). Marina d’Amelia is Professor of Modern History at La Sapienza, Università deglistudi di Roma. Her research has focused on the history of the family in the early modern period, women’s influence and power among the papal elites in Rome and the mother’s role in the Italian national imagination. Her books include Storia della Maternità (1997), and La Mamma. Lo stereotipo del mammismo come carattere nazionale (2005). Paul Ginsborg is Professor of Contemporary European History in the Faculty of Letters at the University of Florence, Italy. He taught for many years in the Faculty of Social and Political Sciences at the University of Cambridge. His books include Daniele Manin and the Venetian Revolution of 1848–49 (1979); A History of Contemporary Italy (1990); Italy and Its Discontents (2001); Silvio Berlusconi. Television, Power and Patrimony (2004); The Politics of Everyday Life (2005); and Salviamo l’Italia (2010). Together with Alberto Banti he has edited Storia d’Italia. Annali 22, Il Risorgimento (2007). Maurizio Isabella is Senior Lecturer in Modern History at Queen Mary University of London. He has published on the culture and the economic and political thought of the Risorgimento. His Risorgimento in Exile. Italian and the Liberal International in the Post-Napoleonic Era (2009) is a study of exile liberalism and patriotism in the European and transatlantic context. He is currently working on a study of the geopolitical thought of the Risorgimento, and on the rise of the idea of democracy in Italy between the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Adrian Lyttelton is Professor of History at the Johns Hopkins University Bologna Center. He was a fellow of All Souls College and of St. Antony’s College, Oxford, and has taught at the University of Pisa. His publications include The Seizure of Power: Fascism in Italy, 1929–1939 (3rd edition, 2004); ‘The National Question in Italy’, in The National Question in Europe, edited by R. Porter and M. Teich (1993); and ‘Creating a National Past: History, Myth and Image in the Risorgimento’, in Making and Remaking Italy, edited by A.R. Ascoli and K. von Henneberg (2001). He is the editor of Liberal and Fascist Italy (2002).

Notes on Contributors xi

Silvana Patriarca is Professor of History at Fordham University in New York City. She also taught at Columbia University and the University of Florida and is the author of Numbers and Nationhood: Writing Statistics in NineteenthCentury Italy (1996) and Italian Vices: Nation and Character from the Risorgimento to the Republic (2010). She is currently working on a book on the history of racism in contemporary Italy. Ros Pesman is Professor Emeritus in History at the University of Sydney where she was previously Challis Professor of History. She is a past president of the Australian Historical Association and a past vice-president of the Australian Academy of the Humanities. Her publications include Duty Free: Australian Women Abroad (1996); Pier Soderini and the Ruling Class in Renaissance Florence (2002); and, with Loretta Baldassar, From Paesani to Global Italians. Veneto Migrants in Australia (2005). She is also a co-editor of The Oxford Companion to Australian Travel Writing (1996). Lucy Riall is Professor of History at Birkbeck, University of London and has held visiting appointments at the École Normale Supérieure Paris, the Free University Berlin and the University of Freiburg. She is the author of Sicily and the Unification of Italy, 1859–1866; Liberal Policy and Local Power (1998); Garibaldi: Invention of a Hero (2007); and Risorgimento. The History of Italy from Napoleon to Nation-State (2009). Dominique Kirchner Reill is Assistant Professor in Modern European History at the University of Miami. Her first monograph was Nationalists Who Feared the Nation: Adriatic Multi-Nationalism in Habsburg Dalmatia, Trieste, and Venice (2011). Currently, she is beginning a new monograph investigating the Fiume/Rijeka crisis in 1919–20, commonly believed to be one of the formative experiences in the development of Italian fascism.