The Reproductive System The Female Reproductive System Part 2

Female Reproductive System  Ovaries  Produce female gametes (ova)  Secrete female sex hormones  Estrogen and progesterone

 Accessory ducts include  Uterine tubes (oviducts, fallopian tubes)  Uterus  Maintains zygote development  Vagina  Receives male gametes

Suspensory ligament of ovary

Peritoneum Uterosacral ligament Perimetrium Rectouterine pouch Rectum Posterior fornix Cervix Anterior fornix Vagina Anus Urogenital diaphragm Greater vestibular (Bartholin’s) gland

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Infundibulum Uterine tube Ovary Fimbriae Uterus Round ligament Vesicouterine pouch Urinary bladder Pubic symphysis Mons pubis Urethra Clitoris External urethral orifice Hymen Labium minus Labium majus

Figure 27.10

Ovaries  Each about twice as large as an almond

 Ovarian ligaments

Suspensory ligament of ovary Ovarian blood vessels

Uterine (fallopian) tube

Mesosalpinx Mesovarium Broad ligament

Mesometrium Ovarian ligament Body of uterus Ureter Uterine blood vessels Isthmus Uterosacral ligament Lateral cervical (cardinal) ligament Lateral fornix Cervix (a)

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Fundus of uterus Ovary

Lumen (cavity) of uterus

Uterine tube Ampulla Isthmus Infundibulum Fimbriae

Round ligament of uterus Endometrium Wall of uterus Myometrium Perimetrium Internal os Cervical canal External os Vagina

Figure 27.12a

Ovaries  Follicles  About 400,000 present at birth  Some develop into mature ova at sexual maturity  Maturation of a follicle occurs about every 28 days  Ovulation

Tunica albuginea Degenerating corpus luteum (corpus albicans) Germinal epithelium Primary follicles

Ovarian ligament

Cortex

Oocyte

Granulosa cells Late secondary follicle Mesovarium and blood vessels

Vesicular (Graafian) follicle Antrum Oocyte

Zona pellucida

Theca folliculi Ovulated oocyte Corpus luteum Corona Developing radiata corpus luteum (a) Diagrammatic view of an ovary sectioned to reveal the follicles in its interior Medulla

Figure 27.11a

Female Duct System  Uterine tubes

 Uterus  Vagina

Suspensory ligament of ovary Ovarian blood vessels

Broad ligament

Uterine (fallopian) tube

Mesosalpinx Mesovarium Mesometrium Ovarian ligament Body of uterus Ureter Uterine blood vessels Isthmus Uterosacral ligament Lateral cervical (cardinal) ligament Lateral fornix Cervix (a)

Fundus of uterus Ovary

Lumen (cavity) of uterus

Uterine tube Ampulla Isthmus Infundibulum Fimbriae

Round ligament of uterus Endometrium Wall of uterus Myometrium Perimetrium Internal os Cervical canal External os Vagina

Figure 27.12a

Uterine (Fallopian) Tubes  Extend from uterus to near ovary  End as infundibulum

 Post-ovulation  Cilia create currents, move ovum into uterine tube

 Fertilization normally takes place within tube  Ectopic pregnancy  Pelvic inflammatory disease

Uterus  Structure  Body  Main region  Fundus  Rounded superior region  Isthmus  Narrowed inferior region

 Layers  Serosa  Myometrium  Endometrium

Suspensory ligament of ovary Ovarian blood vessels

Broad ligament

Uterine (fallopian) tube

Mesosalpinx Mesovarium Mesometrium Ovarian ligament Body of uterus Ureter Uterine blood vessels Isthmus Uterosacral ligament Lateral cervical (cardinal) ligament Lateral fornix Cervix (a)

Fundus of uterus Ovary

Lumen (cavity) of uterus

Uterine tube Ampulla Isthmus Infundibulum Fimbriae

Round ligament of uterus Endometrium Wall of uterus Myometrium Serosa Internal os Cervical canal External os Vagina

Figure 27.12a

Lumen of uterus Epithelium Capillaries Uterine glands Venous sinusoids Lamina propria of connective tissue Spiral (coiled) artery

Straight artery

Endometrial vein Smooth muscle fibers Radial artery Arcuate artery Uterine artery

(b) Figure 27.13b

Uterus  Cervix  Narrow neck, or outlet  Projects into the vagina  Common site for cancer

Vagina  Muscular tube from uterus (cervix) to outside the body  Birth canal  Organ of copulation  Pathway for menstrual flow

 Lined by mucous membrane  Acidic secretions retard bacterial growth

 Immune cells

Suspensory ligament of ovary Ovarian blood vessels

Broad ligament

Uterine (fallopian) tube

Mesosalpinx Mesovarium Mesometrium Ovarian ligament Body of uterus Ureter Uterine blood vessels Isthmus Uterosacral ligament Lateral cervical (cardinal) ligament Lateral fornix Cervix (a)

Fundus of uterus Ovary

Lumen (cavity) of uterus

Uterine tube Ampulla Isthmus Infundibulum Fimbriae

Round ligament of uterus Endometrium Wall of uterus Myometrium Perimetrium Internal os Cervical canal External os Vagina

Figure 27.12a

Hormonal Function of Ovaries  Endocrine function  Estrogen and progesterone production  Development of reproductive organs  Secondary sexual characteristics

 Affect protein anabolism  Affect fluid and electrolyte balance

Other Hormones  FSH and LH  Produced by pituitary gland

 Human chorionic gonadotropin  Produced by placenta

External Genitalia  Vulva  Skin folds surrounding vaginal orifice  Clitoris   

Erectile tissue Homologous to male penis Sexual arousal

Accessory Organ  Mammary glands  Present in both males and females  Modified sweat glands  Glandular alveoli capable of hormone stimulated milk production

Accessory Organ  Mammary glands  Breast cancer