WAYEB Hieroglyphic Workshop (October 28–31, 2013) I INTERMEDIATE GROUP

“The Queen Got Lost and the King Got Lost”:

Dynastic Crises in Classic Maya States Part 2. WORKBOOK

Dmitri Beliaev & Alexander Safronov

18th European Maya Conference in Brussels Université Libre de Bruxelles, 2013

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MAYA SYLLABARY

Grid compiled by David Stuart edited by Albert Davletshine & Dmitri Beliaev

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LIST OF MAYA LOGOGRAPHIC SIGNS

Compiled and edited by Dmitri Beliaev & Alexander Safronov all drawings by Alexander Safronov

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‘A ‘AJAW “king, lord” ‘AJ “he of …” ‘AHK “turtle” ‘AKAN “grass, grassland” ‘AKAN “Pulque God” ‘AK’ “dance” ‘AK’AB “darkness” ‘AL “to say” ‘AN “to be, exist” ‘AT “penis”

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‘AT ? ‘AHIN “crocodile”

B BAH “head,image ” BAK “bone, captive” BALAM “jaguar” BAL “to hammer” BATZ “howler monkey” BOLAY “beast” BOLON “nine”

CH CHAK “red”

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CHAAK “Rain God” CHAM “to die” CHAN “sky” CHAPAT “centipede” CHIK “coati” CHIT “?” CHITAM “peccary” CHOK “to throw, to scatter” CHUM “to seat” CHUWEN “monkey, artisan” CH’AJB “fast, offering”

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CH’ CH’AHOM “incense scatterer” CH’AK “to cut, to destroy” CH’AM “to take, to receive” CH’EN “cave,city” CH’ICH’ “blood”

‘E ‘EHB “step” ‘EK’ “star” ‘EL “to burn” ‘EHM “to descend, to go down”

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H HA’ “water” HA’AL “rain” HAB “year” HIX “jaguar” HUL “to arrive here” HUN “paper, band crown”

‘I ‘ICH’AK “jaguar paw” ‘ICHAN “in front of” ‘IK’ “wind”

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‘ILA “to see” ‘IX / ‘IXIK “lady” ‘ITZAM “Old God”

J JAL “reed” JANAB “flower” JOL “head, skull” JATZ’ “to hit, to strike” JOY “to tie, to debut” JUB? “to fall, to defeat” JUKUB “canoe”

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K KAB “land, to order” KAJ “settlement” KAJ “to settle, to found” KALOMTE’ “emperor” KAAN “snake” KELEM “youth, strong” KO'HAW “mosaic helmet” KOJ “puma” KOKAN “stingray spine” KUK “hair knot”

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K’ K’AB “hand” K’ABA’ “name” K’AHK’ “fire” K’AL “to tie, to bind” K’AN “yellow, flat” K’AWIL “Lightning God, scepter” K’IN “sun, day” K’IHNICH “Sun God”, “The hot one” K’UH “god, divine” K’UK’ “quetzal”

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L LAK “plate” LAKAM “leaf, large” LAM “to diminish” LEM ? “jade; to shine” LOK’ “to leave, to run” LUT? “twin”

M MAM “grandfather, ancestor” MAT “cormorant” MAX “spider monkey”

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MAY “gift, tobacco” MO’ “guacamaya” MUK “burial” MUK’IJ “paw” ? MUWAN “hawk” MUYAL “cloud”

N NA’ / NAL ? NAB “lake, sea” NAH “house, first” NAL “maize; place”

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NEN “mirror” NICH’AN? / MIJIN? “son” NIK “flower, son” NIKTE’ “Mayflower” NOHOL “south”

‘O ‘OCH “to enter” ‘OK “coyote, foot” ‘OL / WAH “center, food” ‘OTOT “house”

P PA’ “split”

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PAKAL “shield” PAS/PASAJ “dawn” PAT “to form” PAX “month name” PET “round, circle” PIT “throne, palanquin” PUL “to burn” PUT? “to carry, to bear”

S SAK “white” SIJ “to be born”

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SIBIK “ink” SUTZ’ “bat”

T TAJ “pine, torch” TAAK “plural suffix, to dry” TAL suffix of ordinal numerals TAHN “middle, center” TE’ “tree” TELECH “a king of lizard” TI’ “edge, mouth” TIL “tapir”

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TOK “cloud” TOK’ “flint” TUN “stone, stela”

T’ T’AB “to raise, to ascend” T’UL “rabbit”

TZ TZAK “to cojure” TZUTZ “to finish, to close”

TZ’ TZ’AK “to make order” TZ’I’ “dog”

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‘U ‘U / ‘UH “moon, necklace” ‘UK’ “to drink” ‘UHMAN? “Messenger God”? ‘UN “avocado” ‘UNEN “baby” ‘UT “eye, face”

W WAL “to stand up” WAY “room, well?” WAY “nagual, animal spirit, demon”

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WE’ “to eat” WI’ “root, last” WINIK/WINAL “man, twenty” WITZ “mountain”

X XIB “man, person” XOK “shark”

Y YAL “to throw” YAX “green, new, first” YET “companion” YIHK'IN “twilight”

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YOK’IN ? (a title) YUK “to shake”

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A THEMATIC CLASSIC MAYA – ENGLISH DICTIONARY

(from Harri Kettunen & Christophe Helmke Introduction to Maya Hieroglyphs, 2008)

27 A THEMATIC CLASSIC MAYA – ENGLISH DICTIONARY VERBS Root/stem:

Transcription79:

Transliteration :

GC : Translation :

ah-

a-ha-la a-ha-li ya-k’a-wa ya-AK’-wa ya-k’u-tu-u a[AK’]-ta-ja AK’-ta-ja AK-ta-ji a-AK’-ta AK’-ta i-AK’-TAJ-ja AK’-TAJ ya-ka-ta-ji

ah-al ah-aal y-a[h]k’-aw y-a[h]k’-[a]w y-a[h]k’u-tu’ a[h]k’t-aj a[h]k’t-aj a[h]k’t-aaj a[h]k’t-a[j] a[h]k’t-a[j] i-a[h]k’t-aj a[h]k’t-aj y-ak-t-aaj

iv

to create, awaken

tv

ivd

to give. Note the yahk’utu’ example, which renders a noun for “gift”. to dance. Derived from the noun ahk’ot for “dance”, in which the is syncopated in the verbalized form.

*

to leave, abdicate

ya-la-ja ya-la-ji ya-la-ji-ya ya-la-[ji]ya a-nu AN-nu a-AN-na a-AN AN a-ni

y-al-aj y-al-aaj y-al-j-iiy y-al-j-iiy a’n a’n a[’]n a[’]n a[’]n a[h]n-i

tv

to say

iv

to be, exist – used as part of deity impersonation expressions

iv

to run, walk

ya-ti-ji ya-ta-ji ya-AT-ji BAK-na-ja BAK-wa-ja u-BAK-wa

y-at-ij y-at-[i]j / -aaj y-at-[i]j ba[a]k-n-aj ba[a]k-w-aj u-bak-[a]w

tvd

to bathe

tv

to make captive

ahk’- / ahk’u

akta-

akal-

a’n-

ahnat-

bak-

79

80

81

82

This is a broad transcription that excludes analyzed/interpreted sounds (vowel length, glottal stops, and /h/’s [preconsonantal velar fricatives]) that are not inbuilt/inherent parts of hieroglyphs but were, conversely, indicated by harmony rules, grammatical inflection, and in the case of underspellings, provided by the native reader. Alternative spelling arrangements are based primarily on 80 Boot n.d., Lacadena and Wichmann 2004, Lacadena and Zender 2001, and Lacadena (personal communication, 2001-2006). This is a narrow transliteration including reconstructed sounds (marked by [square brackets]) based either on historical, internal, or paleographic evidence. 81 GC: Crammatical category; Abbreviations: verbs: iv: intransitive verb, ivd: intransitive verb (derived), pv: positional verb tv: transitive verb, tvd: transitive verb (derived); nouns and adjectives: adj: adjective, cn: composite noun, n: noun; other: adv: adverb, ag: agentive, cop: copula, dem: demonstrative pronoun, ip: independent pronoun, ncl: numeral classifier, num: numeral, part: 82 particle, poss: possessive prefix, prep: preposition, pronA: pronominal absolutive suffix, pronE: pronominal ergative prefix. This is really a gloss rather than translation (a gloss is a short general translation of a word or morpheme which does not take into account the context in which it occurs). Nonetheless, when several well-attested meanings exist, these are sorted (in the order of numerical ascendancy) from the most literal to the most figurative. The latter do (to a certain degree) take into consideration the various meanings that the contexts of wordscan potentially imbue them with.

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Root/stem:

Transcription79:

Transliteration :

bal- / bahl-

bal-aj u-bal-aw ba[h]l-am ba[h]l-am bi[h]-xanbi[h]-xan-iiy

tv

to hide, cover

bixanbih-xan-

ba-la-ja u-ba-la-wa ba-la-ma BALAM-ma [bi]XAN?-na [bi]XAN?-ni-ya

iv

bik’buchbukbut’butz’

bi-k’i bu-BUCH-wa-ni bu-ku-yi u-bu-t’u-wa bu-tz’a-ja

bik’buch-waan buk-uuy u-but’-uw bu[h]tz’-aj

iv pv tv tv *

lit. “to ‘road-go’, ‘roadwalk’” or “go, travel”. Possible origin from bih– “road” plus –xan “to run, walk”. to scribble to be seated to dress to fill, cover to (make) smoke

cham- / kamchim-

CHAM CHAM-mi CHAM-mi-ya chi-CHIM-mi che-e-na che-na che-he-na cho-ko-wa u-cho-ko-wa CHOK-wa u-CHOK-wa u-CHOK-ko-wa u-CHOK-wi u-CHOK-ji chu-ka chu-ka-ja chu[ku]-ja / CHUK-ja chu-ku-ka-ja u-chu-ku-wa u-chu[ku]-ya / uCHUK-ya chu[ku]-ji-ya / CHUK-ji-ya CHUM[mu]-li-ya CHUM[mu]-li CHUM[mu]-la-ja CHUM-la-ji-ya CHUM[mu]-la-ji-ya CHUM[mu]-wa-ni CHUM[mu]-wa-niya CHUM[mu]-ji-ya CHUM[mu]-ja

cham cham-i cham-iiy chim-i che’-[e]’n che[’-e]’n cheh-e’n chok-ow u-chok-ow chok-[o]w u-chok-[o]w u-chok-ow u-chok-[oo]w u-chok-[i]j chu[h]k-a[j] chu[h]k-aj chu[h]k-[a]j chu[h]k-aj u-chu[h]k-uw u-chuk-[ii]y chu[h]k-j-iiy

iv

to die

tv

to capture, seize

chum-l-iiy chum-l-i[iy] chum-l-aj chum-l-aj-iiy chum-l-aj-iiy chum-waan chum-waan-iiy chum-j-iiy chu[h]m-[a]j

pv

to sit

che’- / cheh-

chok-

chuk-

chum-

80

81

82

GC : Translation :

tv to say, tell DS & NG: iv tv to scatter, sow, cast

29

Root/stem:

Transcription79:

Transliteration :

chunchun-

chu-ni chu-ni

chun- / -[i] chun- / -[i]

iv tv

to sit (variant of chum-) to conjure??

chuy-

chu-yu u-chu-yu u-ch’a-ba-wa ch’a-CH’AB-wi

chuy u-chuy u-ch’ab-aw ch’ab-[aa]w ch’a[h]k-aj ch’a[h]k’-aj ch’a[h]k-a[j] ch’a[h]k-

tv

to weave, sew

tv tv

1) to fast, do penance 2) to create to chop, axe, decapitate

ch’amch’amch’amch’am-aw ch’am-aaw u-ch’am-[a]w ch’am-[ii]y k’amch’omek-waan-iiy

tv

to grasp, take, seize

tv pv

to hit to place, enter, insert

elele[h]m-i e[h]m-iiy e[h]m-[e]y e[h]m-[e]y e[h]my-e[h]m-al y-e[h]m-[a]l ham-l-iiy

tv

to burn, cense

iv

to descend, go down

ham-

EL-le EL e-mi e-mi-ya EM-ye EM[ye] EMye-ma-la ye-EM-la ha-ma-li-ya

hil-

hi-li

hil-i

hul- / (h)ul- / ul-

hu-li HUL-li hu-li-ya HUL-li-ya HUL-ya HUL-ye HUL-le-li-[ji]ya

hul-i hul-i hul-iiy hul-iiy hul-[ii]y hul-[e]y hul-el-ij-iiy

ch’ajbch’ak-

ch’am- / k’am-

ch’omekelehm-

ch’a-ka-ja CH’AK-ka-ja CH’AK-ka CH’AK ch’a-ma ch’a-CH’AM CH’AM-ma CH’AM-wa CH’AM-wi u-CH’AM-wa CH’AM-ya k’a-ma ch’o-ma e-ke-wa-ni-ya

80

81

82

GC : Translation :

tv to open, untie DS: pv iv to rest, end iv

to arrive (there), come

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Root/stem:

Transcription79:

Transliteration :

80

il-

i-la-ja i-IL-ji IL-la IL-ja yi-la-ji yi-li-a-ji yi-li-ji yi-IL-ji yi-IL-la-ja yi-IL-a yi-li-a-[ji]ya JAL JAL-ji-ya ja-sa-wa

il-aj il-[i]j il-a[j] il-[a]j y-il-aaj y-il-aaj y-il-[i]j y-il-[i]j y-il-aj y-il-a[j] y-il-aj-iiy

ja-tz’a-yi ja-tz’o-ma ja-wa-TE’ ja-TE’ u-je-le-wa

81

82

GC : Translation : tv

to see, witness

tv

to clear?

jatz’-[aa]y jatz’-om jaw-a[n]-te’ ja[w]-[an]-te’ u-jel-[e]’w

tv

to strike, hit

pv

jo-ch’a jo-ch’a-ja jo-ch’o jo-ch’o-ja jo-ch’o-ji-ya u-jo-ch’o-wa jo-ch’o-li jo-mo-yi

jo[h]ch’-a[j] jo[h]ch’-aj joch’jo[h]ch’-[a]j joch’-j-iiy u-joch’-ow joch’-ool / -l-i jom-ooy

tv

to be with open mouth, gaping mouth 1) to adorn, dress 2) to change, replace to drill, drill (fire)

jop-

jo-po-la-ja jo-po-la jo-po-wo

jop-l-aj jop-l-a[j] jop-ow

iv

sink, destroy, desbaratar, acabarse to stoke, fill

joy-

jo-JOY-ja JOY-ja JOY[ja] JOY-ya-ja JOY[ja]-ji-ya [jo]JOY-ji-ji-ya ju-bu-yi

jo[h]y-[a]j jo[h]y-[a]j jo[h]y-[a]j jo[h]y-aj jo[h]y-[a]j-iiy jo[h]y-[a]j-ij-iiy jub-uuy

tv

to bind, reveal, debut

tv

jul-

JUL u-JUL-lu u-JUL-wa

tv

jut-

ju-tu-wi

julu-julu-jul-[u]w jut-uuw

to topple, fall, bring down, depose to pierce, throw (spear, dart, or arrow), hurl

jaljasjatz’jawjeljoch’-

jom-

jub-

jal- tv to manifest jal-j-iiy jas-aw

tv

tv

*

*

31

Root/stem:

Transcription79:

Transliteration :

kab-

u-KAB-ji u-[KAB]ji u-KAB-ya u-KAB-ji-ya u-KAB-[ji]ya u-ka-cha-wa

u-kab-[i]j u-kab-[i]j u-KAB-[ii]y u-kab-j-iiy u-kab-j-iiy u-kach-aw

tv

to supervise, oversee

tv

to tie, knot

ka-lo-ma ka-[KAL]ma [KAL]ma KAL ---

kal-om kal-[o]m kal-

tv

to open, hack

---

see cham-

koh-

u-ko-bo u-ko-bo-wa ko-ho-yi i-ko-ho-yi ko-ji-ya

kohk-

ko-ko-no-ma

u-kobu-kob-ow koh-ooy i-koh-ooy ko[h]-j-iiy ko[h]k-n-om

kotz’-

ko-tz’o-la ko-tz’o-ma ku-cha-ja u-ku-chu KUCH?-chi KUCH? k’a-a-yi k’a-yi K’A’-yi k’a-k’a-bi-li

kotz’-ol kotz’-om ku[h]ch-aj u-kuch kuch-i kuchk’a’-[aa]y k’a[’]-[aa]y k’a’-[aa]y k’a[h]k’-bil

k’a-la-ja u-K’AL-wa K’AL-ja K’AL-[ji]ya K’AL-wa K’AL-wi ---

k’a[h]l-aj u-k’al-[a]w k’a[h]l-[a]j k’a[h]l-j-iiy k’al-[a]w k’al-[aa]w

k’a-sa-ja k’a-sa-ya k’a-ti k’a-yo-ma K’AY k’u-ba-ja

kachkal-

kamkob-

kuch-

k’a’-

k’ahk’k’al-

k’amk’ask’atk’ayk’ub-

80

81

82

GC : Translation :

?

to liken, do things alike, repeat EB: tv to strike, break-down TK & NG: iv tvd * to guard, watch over tv: NG v* to roll-up, coil tv

to carry

tv lit. to diminish, terminate, DS: iv wilt, end or to die tv

to burn, braise

tv

to present, raise, bind, fasten, enclose

---

see ch’am-

k’a[h]s-aj k’as-ay k’at-i

tv

to break, splinter

tv

want

k’ay-om k’ayk’u[h]b-aj

iv

to sing

tv

to present, offer, deposit, deliver

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Root/stem:

Transcription79:

Transliteration :

k’uh-

K’UH-na K’UH-hu-na K’UH-HUN-na K’UH-HUN k’u-xa-ja k’u-xa-ji K’UH-xu-ja la-ma LAM-wa LAM u-le-k’a

k’uh-[u’]n k’uh-u’n k’uh-u’n k’uh-u[’]n k’u[h]x-aj k’u[h]x-aaj k’uhx-[a]j lamlam-[a]w lamu-lek’-

tv

to venerate, worship

tv

iv

1) to bite (crunchy foods), hurt, torture 2) to end, finish to diminish, expire

tv

to elevate

lok’-

u-lo-k’o-la lo-LOK’ u-LOK’ LOK’

iv

to emerge, leave, exit, escape, flee

mach-

ma-cha-ja ma-chi-ta ma-ka-ja ma-AK-ja-ji-ya ma-ka-xa u-ma-k’a u-ma-k’a-wa u-me-k’e-ji-ya u-me-k’e-[ji]ya mi-si

u-lok’-ol lok’- / -[i] u-lok’- / -[i] lok’- / -[i] ma[h]ch-aj ma[h]ch-iit / -t-a[j] ma[h]k-aj ma[h]k-aj-iiy ma[h]k-ax u-mak’- / -a[j] u-mak’-aw u-mek’-j-iiy u-mek’-j-iiy mis-

tv

to grab

tv

1) to cover, close 2) to betroth, promise

tv

to eat (soft foods)

*

to embrace (?)

tv

to clean, sweep

mu-ka-ja mu-ku-ja u-mu-ku mu-ku-yi NAB-ja na-ja-yi u-na-ka-wa na-wa-ja nu-pa-ja

mu[h]k-aj mu[h]k-[a]j u-mukmuk-uuy na[h]b-[a]j naj-aay u-nak-aw na[’]-w-aj nu[h]p-aj

tv

to bury, inter

iv * tv tv tv

to pool (like the sea) to fill (?) to conquer, battle to present? to join, merge

o-chi o-chi-ya OCH-chi-ya OCH-chi OCH OTOT-NAH-ja pa-chi

och-i och-iiy och-iiy och- / -[i] och- / -[i] oto[o]t-n-aj pach-i / pach-

iv

to enter

iv tv

to be housed to choose, select

pa-ka-la-ja u-pa-ka-ba

pak-l-aj u-pak-ab

pv

to invert, turn over, face downwards, fold over

k’ux-

lam-

lek’-

mak-

mak’mek’mismuk-

nahbnajnaknawnupoch- / ok-

otootpachpak-

80

81

82

GC : Translation :

33

Root/stem:

Transcription79:

Transliteration :

pak-

pa-ka-xa pa-ka-xi pa-k’a u-pa-k’a pa-k’a-ji-ya pa-na-wa-ni

pak-ax pak-aax pak’u-pak’pak’-j-iiy pan-waan

tv

to return

tv

to set, place, dab, plant

pv

to dig (?)

pa-sa-ja u-pa-sa-wa pa-ta-wa-ni PAT-wa-ni PAT-ta-wa-ni PAT-la-ja PAT-[la]ja u-pa-ti-ji u-PAT-ji u-PAT-ta-wa u-pe-ka-ja

pa[h]s-aj u-pas-aw pat-waan pat-waan pat-waan pat-l-aj pat-l-aj u-pat-ij u-pat-[i]j u-pat-aw u-pek-aj

tv pv

to open, reveal, expose, exhume to make, shape, form, build

tv

to make, shape, form, build

*

*

PET-te PET-ja PET-ji-ya pi-chi

petpe[h]t-[a]j pe[h]t-j-iiy pich-

tv

to make round

tv

to perforate

pi-tzi-ja pi-tzi-la-ja pi-tzi-ji-ya u-po-ko-lo

pitz-iij pitz-iil-[a]j pitz-j-iiy u-pok-ol

ivd

to play ball

tv

to wash, rinse

PUK PUK-ki pu-lu-yi PUL-yi

pukpuk- / -[i] pul-uuy pul-uuy

iv

to scatter, spread (in reference to fire / embers) to burn, set ablaze

sat-

sa-ta-yi

sat-aay

tv

siy- / sihy-

SIY-ja SIY-ya-ja SIY-ja-[ji]ya SIY-ji-ja si-na-ja si-na u-si-na su-sa-ja

si[h]y-[a]j si[h]y-aj si[h]y-[a]j-iiy si[h]y-j-iiy si[h]n-aj si[h]n-a[j] u-si[h]n-a[j] su[h]s-aj

ivd

1) to destroy 2) to loose to be born

tv

to extend, spread out

tv

to scrape, peel

ta-k’a u-ta-k’a ta-k’a-ni

tak’u-tak’tak’-aan

tv

to plaster, paste

pak’-

panpaspat-

pat-

pekpet-

pichpitz-

pokpukpul-

sin-

sustak’-

80

81

82

GC : Translation :

tv

34

Root/stem:

Transcription79:

Transliteration :

tal-

tal- / -[i] tal-iiy taltap-al / ta[h]p-al

iv

to come, arrive (here)

tap- / tahp-

ta-li ta-li-ya TALta-pa-la

iv

tek’-

te-k’a-ja

te[h]k’-aj

tv

1) to extinguish, douse 2) to decorate to step on, trample

til-

ti-li-wi TIL-wi ti-ma-ja ti-mi-ja tu-ta-ja tu-tu-yi t’a?-ba-yi T’AB?-yi T’AB?[yi] t’o-xa-ja

til-iw til-[i]w ti[h]m-aj ti[h]m-[a]j tut-aj tut-uuy

iv

to stoke, burn

*

to satisfy, appease, placate

tv

to visit, pass by

t’ab-aay t’ab-aay t’ab-aay t’o[h]x-aj

iv

1) to ascend, raise 2) to ‘dedicate’

?

?

u-tzak-[a]w tzak-[a]w tzak-[aa]w tzak-[aa]w-[ii]y tza[h]k-[a]j tzi[h]k-aj

tv

to conjure, grasp slippery/elusive things

tzik-

u-TZAK-wa TZAK-wa TZAK-wi TZAK-wi-ya TZAK-ja tzi-ka-ja

tv

to read, count, reckon

tzutz-

tzu-tza-ja

tzu[h]tz-aj

tv

to end, terminate, complete

tihmtutt’ab-

t’oxtzak-

80

81

82

GC : Translation :

2 2

tz’ak-

tzu-ja tzu-ji-ya

TZUTZ-tza-ja TZUTZ-ja u-TZUTZ-wa u-TZUTZ-yi TZUTZ-yi TZUTZ-jo-ma u-TZ’AK u-TZ’AK-ka u-TZ’AK-a u-TZ’AK-ka-a u-TZ’AK-bu-ji-li

tz’antz’ap-

tz’ay-

u-tz’a-pa-wa tz’a-pa-wa tz’a-pa-ja tz’a[pa]-ja tz’a-pa-pa-ja tz’a-pa-[ji]ya tz’a-ya-ja

tzu[h]tz-[a]j tzu[h]tz-j-iiy tzu[h]tz-aj tzu[h]tz-[a]j u-tzutz-[u]w u-tzutz-[uu]y tzutz-[uu]y tzutz-j-om u-tz’aktv u-tz’aku-tz’ak-a[’] u-tz’ak-a’ u-tz’ak-bu-j-il / -buuj[i]l tv u-tz’ap-aw tz’ap-aw tz’a[h]p-aj tz’a[h]p-aj tz’a[h]p-aj tz’a[h]p-j-iiy tz’a[h]y-aj

to stack, put in order, accumulate, align, arrange

to destroy

tv

1) to plant, insert, hoist 2) to erect a stela

tv

to come down, win (?)

35

Root/stem:

Transcription79:

Transliteration :

tz’ihb-

u-tz’i-ba tz’i-bi-na-ja u-tz’i-bi-na-ja u-tz’i-bi-na-ja-la yu-bi yu-bi-la u-UK’-ni yu-UK’-bi u-ti u-ti-ya UH-ti UH-ti-ya u-to-ma u-u-ti u-xu-lu yu-xu-lu yu-xu-lu-ji yu-xu-li yu-xu-lu-li wa-[i]ja

u-tz’i[h]b-a tz’i[h]b-n-aj u-tz’i[h]b-n-aj u-tz’i[h]b-n-aj-al y-uby-ub-iil uk’-uun y-uk’-[i]b u[h]t- / -[i] u[h]t-iiy uht- / -[i] uht-iiy u[h]t-om u-u[h]t- / -[i] ux-ul y-ux-ul y-ux-ul-[i]j / -uuj y-ux-uul y-ux-ul-[i]l wa[’]-iij

iv

to paint / write

iv

to hear

iv

to drink

iv

to happen, occur

tvd

to carve, incise, sculpt

?

?

wa-a-wa-ni wa-WA’-la-ja WA’-la-ja wa-WA’-ji-ya WA’-ji-ya WA’-ja

wa’-waan wa’-l-aj wa’-l-aj wa’-j-iiy wa’-j-iiy wa’-[ii]j

pv

to be erect, set upright, propped up

pv

to erect

tv

to set up

iv

to sleep, dream, transform

tv

to eat (maize-based foods)

ubuk’uht-

ux- / uxul-

wawa’-

80

wachwal-

way-

we’-

wa-WAL-la-ja WAL-la-ja wa-WAL-ji-ya WAL-ji-ya WAL-ja WAY-bi u-WAY-bi u-WAY-bi-li WAY-HAB[bi]-ba WAY-HAB[bi] WAY-HAB-ba WE’ u-WE’-ya u-WE’-ji-ya WE’-ji WE’-i-bi WE’-bi WE’-ma WE’-la

wa’-l-aj wa’-l-aj wa’-j-iiy wa’-j-iiy wa’-[ii]j way-ib u-way-ib u-way-bil / -[i]l way-haab way-haab way-ha[a]b we’u-we’-[e]’y / -[ii]y u-we’-j-iiy we’-eej we’-ib we’-[i]b we’-em we’-el

81

82

GC : Translation :

36

Root/stem:

Transcription79:

Transliteration :

wi’-

WI’-ja

wi’-[a]j

tv

witz-

wi-tzi-ja WITZ-ja wo-lo-yi xo-ki

witz-iij witz-[ii]j wol-ooy xok- / -[i]

ivd tv tv

to eat (in martial expressions). Apparently derived from we’-aj “ate”. to stack, pile (like a mountain) to make round, wrap up to count, read

ya-la-ja ya-la-ji-ya YAL-la-ja ya-le-je yi-pi-la-ja yi-pi-ya-ja yi-pi-ya-je-la yu-ku-[la]ja yu-ku-no-ma yu-[ku]no yu[ku] yu-lu

yal-aj yal-aj-iiy yal-aj yal-ej yip-l-aj yip-y-aj yip-y-aj-el yu[h]k-l-aj yu[h]k-n-om yu[h]k-n-o[m] yu[h]kyul-

tv

to cast, throw down

iv

to fill

tv

1) to join, unite 2) to tremble, quake

tv

to polish, burnish

wolxokyal-

yip-

yuhk-

yul-

80

81

82

GC : Translation :

NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES Root/stem:

Transcription:

Transliteration:

GC:

Translation:

abak ach

see sabak ACH?-cha

--ach

--n

ahal

a-ha-la a-ha-li a-ja-wa a-AJAW-wa a-AJAW AJAW-wa AJAW AJAW-wa-li AJAW-li AJAW-le-le AJAW-le2

ahal ahaal ajaw ajaw ajaw ajaw ajaw ajaw-[i]l ajaw-[i]l ajaw-lel

n

--“penis”. Possible Eastern Ch’olan or Yukatekan form. 1) “dawn, creation” 2) “conquest” 1) lit. AG+speak > “speaker” or more loosely, “orator” 2) title for “lord, ruler, king” “lordship, rulership, kingship, or kingdom” “lordship, rulership,

ajaw

ajawil ajawlel

ajawte’

AJAW-wa-le AJAW-le AJAW-TE’ AJAW[TE’] ya-AJAW-TE’ ya-AJAW[TE’]

ajaw-lel ajaw-le[l] ajaw-le[l] ajaw-te’ ajaw-te’ y-ajaw-te’ y-ajaw-te’

n / title

n n

kingship, or kingdom”

cn

title “tree-lord” or “king tree” depending on translation

37

Root/stem: ajtz’ihb

ahk

ahkul ahku’l

ahkan

ahk’ab

ahk’(u)tu’

Transcription: a/AJ-tz’i-bi ya-tz’i-bi a/AJ-TZ’IB a-ka AK-ka AK

Transliteration: aj-tz’i[h]b y-a[j]-tz’i[h]b aj-tz’i[h]b a[h]k a[h]k a[h]k

GC: n

Translation: “painter, writer, scribe”

n

a-ku-u-lu a-ku-lu a-ku-la a-ku AK-lu AK-la AK [ya]AKAN-na a/AJ-AKAN-na AKAN-na AKAN ya-k’a-ba a-k’a-ba AK’AB-li AK’AB

a[h]k-u’l a[h]k-ul / a[h]k-u[’]l a[h]k-u’l a[h]k-u[l] a[h]k-[u]l a[h]k-[u]’l a[h]k-[ul] / a[h]k-[u’l] y-a[h]kan a[h]kan a[h]kan a[h]kan y-a[h]k’ab a[h]k’ab a[h]k’ab-aal a[h]k’ab

n / top.

“turtle” – especially the Central American River Turtle (Dermatemys mawii) 1) “turtle” – see above 2) More likely serves as a toponymic expression for “place where turtles abound” used as part of regal anthroponyms

n/ theonym

1) “roar, groan” 2) theonym for God A’

n

ya-k’u-tu-u

y-a[h]k’-(u)tu’

n / cn

y-al y-al y-al al anaab y-anaab-[i]l y-a[j]-anaab-[i]l / ya’naab-[i]l aat at y-atan y-atan atan y-atan-[i]l / y-atan[aa]l

n

1) “night, darkness” 2) when used in possessed couplet construction as the element following ch’ahb “penance” may refer to “strength, potency” “gift” (lit. “give-thing” analysed as 3SE-giveNOM/INST?) “child, offspring (of mother)”

al

ya-la ya-AL-la ya-AL AL anaab / a’naab a-na-bi ya-na-bi-li ya-a-na-bi-li at atan

AT-ti AT-ta ya-ta-na ya-AT-na a-AT-na ya-TAN-li

n

“sculptor” (?)

n

“penis”

n

“spouse, wife, partner”

38

Root/stem: atot

Transcription: ya-to-te ya-ATOT-TE(’) ya-ATOT ya-ATOT-ti

Transliteration: y-atot-e y-atot-e y-atot y-atoot

GC: n

ahyiin

a-AYIN-na AYIN-na AYIN-ni AYIN

a[h]yiin a[h]yiin a[h]yin a[h]yi[i]n

n

bah

ba-hi ba-hi-ja ba-ji-ja [BAH]hi BAH ba

baah baah-[ii]j baaj-[ii]j / baa[h]-[ii]j baah bah / ba[a]h ba[h] / ba[ah]

n / adj

baak

ba-ki ba-ki-li BAK-ki ba-ka BAK ba-la-ma BALAM-la-ma BALAM-ma BALAM

baak baak-[i]l baak bak bak / ba[a]k ba[h]lam ba[h]lam ba[h]lam ba[h]lam

n

ba-TUN-nu ba-tz’u BATZ’ ba-ya bi-hi bi-ji bi

batun ba’tz’ ba[’]tz’

n n

bih bij bi[h] / bi[j]

n

ta-ta-bi (K1196)

tat bij

n

bahlam

batun ba’tz’ bay bih / bij

bij

n

Translation: “house” (as in “home or dwelling”) – early reflex of the lexical item, later supeceded throughout most of the Lowlands by otoot and otooch in some parts of Yucatan “(big) lizard, crocodile” (Crocodylus acutus & C. moreleti) – possible to stem is actually ahiin or ayiin rather than the form presented here. 1) “gopher” 2) “head” (adj) as a discriminator in titular expressions for highest ranking indivduals bearing a particular title 3) “image, self” which is inalianably possessed. 4) used as part of impersonation expressions when suffixed by –il and coupled with the verbal root a’n “to be, exist” 1) “bone, skeleton” inaliably possessed 2) “captive” seized in warfare “jaguar” (Panthera onca) or feline in general stems from the verb bal- “to hide” followed by an agentive suffix -am, yielding lit. “hider”. root of a certain plant (?) “(black) howler monkey” (Alouatta pigra) fat? “road” compare to sakbih for lit. “white-road” which is the Classicperiod reflex of the causeways known as sakbeob in Yucatan. “line (of writing)”

39

Root/stem: bihtuun

Transcription: bi-TUN-ni [bi]TUN-ni

Transliteration: bih-tuun bih-tuun

GC: cn

bola’y

bo?-la-yi BOL?-la-yu

bolaay bola’y

n

Translation: lit. “road-stone” refers to plastered/paved surfaces and particular to the playing alleys of ballcourts “predatory animal” refers especially to felines but can also refer to snakes and usually takes a forgoing colour modifier in modern reflexes (such as chak, k’an or ik’)

bubul-ha’

n

“water insect”

adj n n

cylindrical, like a column “cloth, clothes” used to refer to a particular type of cacao recipe from the region of Acanceh in Yucatan. “(black & brown) beans” (*) “smoke” possibly inalianably possessed. “again, another time, for the second time” “bee, beehive, honey” see also kab “basket” 1) “rain, rains” 2) theonym for God B see chahuk below --“thunder” cognate of the entry chahk above 1) “red” 2) “great” lit. “red-tree” for tropical cedar lit. “red-dish, red-like” lit. “red-dish, reddening” or “rubefy, rubefication” lit. “red-dish-tree” for chicozapote

2

bu-lu-HA’

bubul 2

bu-lu

bubul buhk bukuutz

bu-ku bu-ku-tzi

bubul bu[h]k bukuutz

bu’ul / bu’l

bu-la

bu’[u]l / bu’l

n

butz’

bu-tz’a-ja

butz’-aj

n

cha’

2

cha’

adv.

chaab

cha-bi

chaab

n

chaach chahk

cha-chi cha-ki CHAK-ki CHAK see kab

n n/ theonym

cha-hu-ku

chaach cha[h]k / chaa[h]k cha[h]k / chaa[h]k cha[h]k / cha[ah]k --chahuk

chak

CHAK

chak

adj

chakte’

CHAK-TE’-e

chak-te’

cn

chakal chakjal

CHAK-ka-la CHAK-ja-la

chak-al chak-jal

adj adj

chakalte’

CHAK-ka-la-TE’

chak-al-te’

cn

chab chahuk

--n

40

Root/stem: chak ek’

Transcription: CHAK-EK’

Transliteration: chak ek’

GC: cn

chakat

CHAK-AT-ta CHAK-AT

chakat chakat

n

chan

CHAN-na CHAN

chan chan

n / num.

chanal

CHAN-NAL CHAN-la

chanal chan[a]l

adj

chan ch’e’n

CHAN-na-CH’EN-nachan-ch’e’n CHAN-na-CH’EN chan-ch’e[’]n CHAN-CH’EN-na chan-ch’e’n CHAN-CH’EN chan-ch’e[’]n cha’n CHAN-nu cha[’]n / chan / CHAN-na chan[a]n CHAN cha[’]n / chan / chan[an] chapa[h]t cha-pa-ta chapaa[h]t CHAPAT-ti chapa’[h]t CHAPAT-tu chapa[h]t / CHAPAT chapa[’h/ah]t chay cha-ya chay / kay CHAY / KAY kay ka-ya che’ che-e

cha’n / chan / chanan

chapaht / chapa’t / chapaat

chay / kay

che’

che’hb / che’hbul chel chi’ik / chi’k chi’

che-e-bu che-bu che-le CHEL? chi-ku chi[ku] chi

che’[h]b / che’[h]bu[l] che’[h]b / che[’h]bu[l] chel chel chi’[i]k / chi’k chi’[i]k / chi’k chi[’]

cn

Translation: lit. “great star” term for celestial body Venus ( ) dance object or possibly the name of dance expressions in the Usumacinta involving the so-called “basketstaff” 1) “sky” 2) “snake” 3) “four” lit. “sky-like” to be understood as “heavenly” or “celestial” lit. “sky-cave” possibly means “realm, territory” by extension

n

“guardian” read “captor” see also ka’n

n

“centipede” typically refers to supernatural figures that have centipede-like attributes.

n

“fish”

n

n

“tree” Yukatek reflex of the more common Ch’olan form te’ “writing implement, quill pen, stylus” “rainbow”

n

“coatimundi, pizote”

n

“mouth” Yukatekan reflex of the Ch’olan term ti’ for “mouth, lip, edge”

n

41

Root/stem: chi’iltuun

Transcription: chi-li-TUN-ni

chich chi-chi

Transliteration: chi[’]-[i]l-tuun

GC: cn

chich

n

Translation: “mouth-s’-stone” term that is used to the stone rings or ‘hoops’ of ballcourts “word, reason”

chih / chij

chi-hi chi-ji

chih chij

n

chij

chi-ji chi CHIJ

chij chi[j] chij

n

chijil

CHIJ-ji-li chi-ji-li chi-K’IN-ni chi-K’IN

chijil

adj

chik’in chik’in

n

chi’lam

chi-la-ma

chi[’]lam

n

chilkay

chi-li-ka-yu

chil-kay-u[l]

cn

chit

chi-ti CHIT?-ti CHIT?-ta CHIT? CHITAM-ma CHITAM

chit chit chiit chit / chi[i]t chitam chitam

n

n

“peccary” White-lipped Peccary (Tayassu pecari) or Collared Peccary (T. tajacu).

chitin

chi-ti-ni

chitin

n

chiwoj

chi-wo-ja chi-wo-jo CHAK-chi-wo

chiwoj chiwoj chak-chiwo[j]

n

“oven, stove” or possibly “kiln”; seen kun “tarantula” or “great spider”

chik’in

chitam

“chicha” alcoholic beverage made from fermented agave plant “deer” specifically a reference to the Whitetailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus) see alos keej and may deer-like “west” – cardinal direction; used only in the Postclassic period in Yucatan, replaces the Classic-period Ch’olan term ochk’in “spokesperson, interpreter” “manatee” Caribbean Manatee (Trichechus manatus) lit. “manateefish” here followed by a possible toponymic suffix –ul. Note references to “sharks” or “large fish” in Yukatekan languages as chil-am or chi’l-am “father, patron” cognate of kit

42

Root/stem: chubal

Transcription: chu-ba-la

Transliteration: chub-al

GC: n

chuch

chu-chu u-chu-chu CHUM[mu]-bi CHUM[mu-bi]

chuch u-chuch chum-ib chum-ib

n

CHUWEN-na CHUWEN-ne CHUWEN ch’a-ha

chuwen chuwen chuwen ch’ah

n

ch’a-CH’AB CH’AB-ba CH’AB CH’AB-li

ch’a[h]b ch’a[h]b ch’a[h]b ch’a[h]b-[i]l

chumib

chuwen

ch’ah ch’ahb

n

adj

ch’aaj / ch’aj / ch’a-ji ch’ah ch’a-ja ch’a-ha

ch’aaj ch’aj / ch’a[a]j ch’ah / ch’a[j]

ch’ahom

ch’ah-om n “young (man), varón” ch’ah-[o]m ch’ah-o[m] ch’amak n ch’amak ch’aat n ch’at / ch’a[a]t ch’e’n n ch’een ch’en / ch’e[’]n ch’e[’]n ch’e[’]n-al / ch’e[’]nn nal ch’e[’]n-al / ch’e[’]nnal ch’o[’] / ch’o’ n

ch’amak ch’aat / ch’at ch’e’n

ch’e’nal

ch’o’

ch’a-ho-ma CH’AH?-ma ch’a-ho ch’a-ma-ka? ch’a-CH’AMAK ch’a-ti ch’a-ta CH’EN-na CH’EN-ni CH’EN-ne CH’EN [CH’EN]NAL-la [CH’EN]NAL

ch’o / CH’O’

n

Translation: type of container for quills, styluses or other writing implements “loom, weaving frame” “seat, bench” and possibly by extension “throne”. Based on root chum– “to sit” with instrumental suffix –ib. “artisan”

“bitter” used in reference to atole recipes 1) “penance, fasting, sacrifice” 2) when used in possessed couplet construction as the element preceding ahk’ab “darkness” may refer to “strength, potency” “drop, droplet” possibly a reference to droplets of blood or pellets of incense used in symbolic sowing rituals

“fox” (Urocyon cinereoargentus) “dwarf, hunchback” “cave, well, hollow, burrow”

lit. “cave-like” or “caveplace” for “tomb, sepulcher” “rat”

43

Root/stem: ch’ok

Transcription: ch’o-ko CH’OK CH’OK-ko ch’o-ko CH’OK CH’OK-ko CH’OK-ko-le-le CH’OK-ko-le

Transliteration: ch’ok ch’ok ch’ok ch’ok ch’ok ch’ok ch’ok-lel ch’ok-le[l]

GC: n

Translation: “youngster, sprout”

adj

“young”

n

ye-be-ta ye-be-te e-bu ye-bu ye-ba ye-ba-la ye-TE’-je [ye]TE’-je ye-he-TE’ ye-TE’ ya-TE’-a/AJ

y-ebe’t y-ebet e[h]b-u[l] y-e[h]b-u[l] y-e[h]b-a[l] / -a[’] y-e[h]b-al y-e[h]te’j y-e[h]te’j y-ehte’[j] y-e[h]te’[j] y-a[h]te’j (?)

n

lit. “youth-hood, youngness” or more broadly “youth” “messenger”

n

“stair, ladder”

n

eklib

e-ke-li-bi

ek-lib

n

ek’ ekaatz ek’te’ elk’in

EK’ e-ka-tzi EK’-TE’ EL-K’IN

ek’ ekaatz ek’te’ elk’in

n n cn n

emal ha’ / -a’

ye-ma-la HA’-a HA’ a

y-emal ha’ ha’ (h)a[’]

n n

ha’al

HA’-a-la HA’-la HA’AL HA’-HA’AL

ha’al ha’al ha’al ha’-ha’al

n

“deed, feat” (?) in possessive constructions used to introduce the agent of martial actions; follows the names of captives and introduces that of the captor “placed/inserted-thing” possibly a reference to a wall-panel “star” “load, tribute, bundle” proper name of tree “east” – cardinal direction; used in the Classic period in the Lowlands; replaced by lak’in in the Postclassic “descent, descending” “water” in general and can refer more specifically to fluids, liquids, rivers and lakes as well bodies of water in the broadest sense lit. “water-y” or “waterlike” but specifically refers to “rain” lit. “water-rain” or “very rainy” refers specifically to the “rainy season”

ch’ok

ch’oklel

ebe’t / ebet ehb

ehte’j / ahte’j

ha’ha’al

n

44

Root/stem: haab

hamlib

ha-ma-li-bi

Transliteration: haab haab hab / ha[a]b hab / ha[a]b ha[a]b-[i]l / hab-[i]l halaw halaw halaw halaw ham-lib

hix

hi[HIX] HIX

hix hix

n

huh / juj

hu HUH ju hu-na HUN-na HUN

hu[h] huh ju[j] hu’n hu’n hu[’]n

n

hu’nal

hu-na-la HUN-la

hu’n-[a]l hu[’]n-[a]l

n

hut / ut

hut / ut uut i[’]

n n

“hawk, falcon”

ibach

HUT / UT u-ti I i-ba-cha

1) “bark, paper, book” 2) “headband, headdress” (made of paper) “headband, headdress” and by extension “crown” “face, visage”

ibach

n

ich ichaan

i-chi yi-cha-ni

ich y-ichaan

n n

ichnal

yi-chi-na-la yi-[chi]NAL-la yi-[chi]NAL a-wi-[chi]NAL

y-ich-nal y-ich-nal y-ich-nal aw-ich-nal

cop.

ihch’aak

yi-ch’a-ki ICH’AK-ki ICH’AK

y-i[h]ch’aak i[h]ch’aak i[h]ch’a[a]k

n

“armadillo” Nine-banded Armadillo (Dasypus novemcintus) “chile” “mother’s brother, maternal oncle” lit. “front” or “sightplace” or more loosely ‘within sight’ from which we have the meaning of “with” or “in the presence...” “claw, paw” predominantly used in reference to feline paws with claws extended

haabil halaw

hu’n

i’

Transcription: HAB-bi HAB[bi] HAB-ba? HAB HAB-li HALAW?-la-wa HALAW?-wa ha-HALAW?-wa HALAW?

GC: n

Translation: “year (of 365 days)”

n n

“time, period” “ballcourt”

n

“lying-thing” or ‘lyingdown-thing” reference to actual object unknown reference to unknown feline possibly to Ocelot (Leopardus pardalis) or Margay (Leopardus wiedii) “iguana” (Iguana iguana or Ctenosaura similis)

n

45

Root/stem: Transcription: ihtz’iin / ihtz’in i-tz’i-na yi-tz’i-ni i-tz’i [I(’)]TZ’I(’) ikaatz / ikitz i-ka-tzi i-ki-tzi

Transliteration: i[h]tz’iin y-i[h]tz’in i[h]tz’i[n] i[h]tz’i[in] i[h]tz’i[n] i[h]tz’i[in] ikaatz ikitz

GC: n

Translation: “younger brother”

n

ik’ ik’ ik’il ik’jal

IK’ IK’

ik’ ik’

n adj adj adj

“load, tribute, bundle” or in some cases items of regalia used as tribute “wind, air” “black, dark” “dark, blackness” “blackening”

itz’aat / itz’at

i-tz’a-ti ITZAT?-ti i-tz’a-ta ITZAT?-ta ITZAT?

n

“sage, wise man”

ixik

IXIK-ki IXIK ja-hi-chi ja-chi ja-cha

itz’aat itz’aat itz’at itz’at itz’a[a]t / itz’at ixik ixik jaahch jaa[h]ch ja[h]ch

n

“lady, woman”

n

ja-yi ja-ya ja-na JAN ja-na-bi ja-NAB JANAB ja-wa-TE’ ja-TE’

jaay jay jan jan janaab jana[a]b jana[a]b jawte’ / jawa[n]te’ ja[w]te’ / ja[wan]te’

n

‘incised object’ label attributed to carved objects especially those made of shell “bowl”

jo-lo JOL-lo JOL-mi JOL-li JOL-la JOL-le JOL JOY JOY-ye-la ju-bi ju-ba

jol jol jol-[oo]m jool? jo’l? jol-e jol joy joy-el juub ju’b?

n

“tripod plate/vessel” possibly stems from jaw– “agape” with an nominalizing suffix –an followed by a suffix –te’ “head, skull, cranium”

n

“debut, presentation”

n

“conch, shell” possibly conch-shell trumpet

jaahch / jahch

jaay / jay jan janaab

jawte’ / jawante’

jol, jool, jo’l

joy jub / ju’b

n n

cn

refers to an unidentified type of raptorial bird refers to an unidentified type of flower (?)

46

Root/stem: juuhch

Transliteration: juu[h]ch ju[h]ch

GC: n

Translation: “conch shell”

jukuub --jul juul-baak jul-ba[a]k juntan / juntahn juntan / juntahn juntan / juntahn kaab kab kab / ka[a]b kab-[a]l

n --n cn

“canoe” --“perforator, dart, spear” “perforator-bone”

n

“cherished, beloved”

n

kabal

Transcription: ju-chi ju-chu ju-ku-bi see huh ju-lu ju-li-ba-ki ju-lu-BAK 1-ta-an 1-TAN-na 1-TAN ka-bi ka-ba KAB KAB-la

kabal pitziil

ka-ba-la pi-tzi-la

kab-al pitz-iil

cn

kab

KAB-ba KAB ka-ka-wa

kab kab kakaw

n

“earth, land” with reference to the planetary body “earth” ( ) “earth-y” meant to be understood as “terrestial, earthly” lit. “earth-en ballgameplace” or “earth-y ballplay-er” see pitziil and note the example luumil pitziil with similar meaning “bee, beehive, honey”

n

“cacao”

adj

“cacaoey, cacao-like” meant to be understood as ‘chocolatey’ “stone-room” or “stoneeffigy” (?) 1) “sky” 2) “serpent” 3) “four”

jukuub juj jul julbaak juntan / juntahn kaab / kab

kakaw

adj

2 2

ka-wa ka-ka-wa

kakaw

ka-wa ka ka-ka-wa-la ka-wa-la

kakaw ka[ka]w ka[kaw] kakaw-al ka[ka]w-[a]l

kaletuun

ka-le-TUN

kal-e-tuun

cn

kan

ka-na KAN-na ka-KAN KAN KAN-nu KAN-na KAN see chay ka-yo-ma

kan kan kan kan ka’n ka[’]n / kan / kan[a]n ka[’]n / kan / kan[an]

n

n

“guardian” read “captor” see also ka’n

--kay-om

--n

--“fisherman, fisher” from kay– “fish” plus an agentive suffix –om for “fish-er”

kakawal

ka’n / kan / kanan kay kayom

47

Root/stem: kaywak

Transcription: ka-ya-wa-ka

Transliteration: kaywak

GC: cn

keej

ke-ji KEJ

keej ke[e]j / kej

n

kelem

ke-le-ma ke-le ke-KEL KEL ki-KIM-la

kelem kel[em] kel[em] kel[em] kim-iil

adj / n

ki-ti ki-ta kiwi’ ki-WI’ kobal ko-ba-la koh ko KOH? kohaw, ko’haw ko-o-ha-wa ko-ha-wa KOHAW-wa

kit kiit kiwi’ kobal ko[h] koh ko’haw ko[’]haw / kohaw ko[’]haw / kohaw

n

kokom kohknom

ko-ko-ma ko-ko-no-ma

kok-om ko[h]k-n-om

n n

kuch

ku-chu KUCH?

kuch kuch

n

kun

ku-nu ku-nu-li ku-tzu

kun kun-[i]l kutz

n

ku-yu KUY

kuy kuy

n

kimiil kit / kiit

kutz

kuy

n

n n n n

n

Translation: term of unknown meaning that refers to celts and celt-shaped objects “deer” especially a reference to White-tailed Deer (Odolcoileus virginianus). Yukatek reflex of the Ch’olan term chij “strong” or perhaps more peripherically “youth, youngster” “death” or more lit. “dead-place” “father, patron” “achiote” “atole” (?) “puma, mountain lion” (Puma concolor) “helmet” specifically shell-plated helmets introduced from Teotihuacan “auditor” (?) “guardian” used in specific reference to the guardian patron deities of ancient Copan “load, burden” or when the term heads compound constructions: “implement that holds something” “oven, stove” or possibly “kiln”; see chitin “turkey” specifically the Ocellated Turkey (Agriocharis ocellata) “owl” unspecified type of great owl, sometimes bearing affinity to horned owls

48

Root/stem: k’ab

Transcription: k’a-ba K’AB-ba K’AB

Transliteration: k’ab k’ab k’ab

GC: n

k’aba’

k’aba[’] k’aba’ k’aba’ k’aba[’] k’aba[’] k’a[h]k’

n

n

“fire” ritual fire is at

k’ahk’al

k’a-ba K’ABA-ba-a K’ABA-a K’ABA-ba K’ABA k’a-k’a 2 K’AK’ 2k’a / K’AK’-k’a k’a-K’AK’ K’AK’ K’AK’-la

Translation: “hand” sometimes refers to “arm” in persons or “branch” in trees, by extension; inalienably possessed “name”

k’a[h]k’ k’a[h]k’ k’a[h]k’ k’a[h]k’ k’a[h]k’-al

adj

k’ahk’naab

K’AK’-NAB

k’a[h]k’-na[a]b

cn

k’ahk’te’

K’AK’-TE’

k’a[h]k’-te’

cn

k’aal

k’a-li k’a-le K’AN-na K’AN

k’aal k’al-e / k’a[a]l-e k’an k’an

n

k’ante’ / k’ahnte’

K’AN-TE’

k’an-te’ / k’ahn-te’

cn

k’ahntun

K’AN-na-TUN-ni

k’a[h]n-tuun

cn

k’an

K’AN-na K’AN

k’an k’an

adj

k’ahk’

k’ahn

k’anal k’anjal

times inalienably possessed

n

lit. “fire-y, fire-like” or more broadly “fiery, igneious” lit. “fire-pool” meant as “ocean, sea” or large bodies of salt water in general name of an unidentified type of plant or tree “room, enclosure” “bench, seat, base” refers also to pedestals of stelae, hieroglyphic stairs and plane monuments in general 1) name of an unidentified type of plant or tree 2) lit. “bench/seat-wood” refers to a ‘seat’ or ‘bench’ made of wood lit. “bench/seat-stone” refers to a ‘seat’ or ‘bench’ made of stone. See also k’ahn for other meanings of the term 1) “yellow” 2) “ripe” “yellowish, yellow-like” “yellowing”

49

Root/stem: k’at

Transcription: K’AT?

Transliteration: k’at

GC: n

k’ay

ka-yoK’AY k’a-yo-ma K’AY K’IN K’IN-ni K’IN K’IN-ni-chi K’INICH

k’ayk’ay k’ay-om k’ay-[om] k’i[h]n k’in k’in k’inich

n

Translation: lit. “clay, ceramic” possibly used in reference to ceramic vessels in general “song”

n

lit. “song-er” for “singer”

n n

“heat, wrath” “sun, day”

n

k’inich-

K’IN-ni-chi K’INICH

k’inich

adj

k’inil

K’IN-ni-li K’IN-li K’IN-TUN-ni K’IN-TUN

k’in-il k’in-[i]l k’in-tuun k’in-tuun

n

“sun” followed by an augmentative suffix –ich yielding lit. “Great Sun” or “Sun-ny” but to be understood as a referent to the solar deity God G otherwise known as K’inich Ajaw in nominal expressions “sun” followed by an augmentative suffix –ich yielding lit. “Great Sun” or “Sun-ny” but to be understood as “resplendent” in titular expressions “time”

ko-ho k’o-ba k’o-ba

koh k’o[h]-ba[ah] k’o’b

cn

k’uh k’uh k’uh-[uu]l k’uh-ul k’uj-ul k’uh-ul k’uh-ul / k’uj-ul k’uh-ul / k’uj-ul k’u’-ul

n

k’ayom k’ihn k’in -k’inich

k’intun

k’ohbaah k’o’b

k’uh

k’u-hu K’UH K’UH-li k’uhul / k’ujul / k’u-hu-lu k’u’ul k’u-ju-lu K’UH-HUL K’UH-JUL-lu K’UH-JUL K’U’-u-lu

cn

n

adj

lit. “sun-stone” but to be understood as “dry season, drought” lit. “mask-self” for “mask” “hearthstone” in mythological references refers to the one of the three primordial hearthstones “god”

lit. “god-like” to be understood as “godly, divine”

50

Root/stem: k’uk’

k’uk’um k’uuch k’uuhtz lak / laak

lakam

lakamtuun

lak’in

lam laatz le’ le’k luk’ luum / lu’m luumil pitziil

Transcription: k’u-k’u 2 k’u

Transliteration: k’uk’

K’UK’

k’uk’ k’uk’

K’UK’-ma k’u-K’UK’UM k’u-chi K’UH-tzi la-ka LAK? la-ki

k’uk’[u]m k’uk’um k’uuch k’uuhtz lak lak laak

lakam lakam lakam lakam-tuun la-ka-ma-TUN-ni LAKAM-ma-TUN-ni lakam-tuun lakam-tuun LAKAM-TUN-ni lakam-tu[u]n LAKAM-TUN lakam-tu[u]n LAKAM[TUN] lak’in la-K’IN-ni lak’in la-K’IN la-ka-ma LAKAM-ma LAKAM

la-ma LAM la-tzi le-e le le-ku lu-k’u lu-mi lu-ma lu-mi-li pi-tzi-la

lam lam laatz le’ le[’] le’k luk’ luum lu’m luum-[i]l pitz-iil

GC: n

Translation: “quetzal” specifically the

n

male Resplendent Quetzal (Pharomachrus mocinno) “feather, plumage”

n n n

n / adj

cn

“vulture” “tobacco” “plate, dish” or flat and plane objects in general such as ceramic bricks or even carved bone plaques “banner” / “great”

n

lit. “banner-stone” or “great-stone” but refers specifically to “stela”, or carved erect stone monoliths “west” – cardinal direction; used in the Postclassic period in Yukatan; replaced ochk’in of the Classic period “half-period” (?)

n n

“stack, pile” “noose, lasso”

n n n

“calabash” (?) “mud, plaster, stucco” “earth, soil”

cn

lit. “earth-en ballgameplace” or “earth-y ballplay-er” see pitziil and note the example kabal pitziil with similar meaning

n

51

Root/stem: maak

Transcription: ma-ki

Transliteration: maak

GC: n

maax

ma-xi MAX

maax ma[a]x / max

n

mam

ma-ma MAM-ma MAM

mam mam mam

n

ma’s mat

ma-su ma-ta ma-MAT MAT ma-ta-na ma-ta ma-tza

ma’s mat mat mat matan mata[n] matz

n n

may

ma-ya MAY?-ya MAY?

may may may

n

mayuy

mayuy mayu[y] mim

n

mim

ma-yu-yu ma-yu mi-mi

miyaatz

mi-ya-tzi

miyaatz

n / adj

mo’

moo’ / mo’ mo’ mo’ mo’ muk-nal

n

muknal

mo-o-o mo-o MO’-o MO’ [MUK]NAL

mukuy

mu-ku-yi

mukuuy

n

matan matz

n n

n

cn

Translation: “person” Eastern Ch’olan or Yukatekan version of the more common lexical item winik “spider monkey” specifically the Central American Spider Monkey (Ateles geoffroyi) “maternal grandfather” specifically or “ancestor, venerated elder” generally “dwarf, goblin” “cormorant”

“present, offering of grace, priviledge” “sage, wiseman, learned person” 1) “deer” specifically the Red Brocket Deer (Mazama americana) 2) “gift, donation, offering” 3) “tobacco” especially the kind that is prepared as a viscous paste and snuffed “mist, fog” “paternal grandmother, maternal greatgrandmother” “sage, wiseman, learned person” or “sage, wise, learned” “macaw” specifically the Scarlet Macaw (Ara Macao) lit. “bury-place” referring to “burial, tomb, sepulcher” “dove, pigeon”

52

Root/stem: mut

Transcription: MUT-tu mu-MUT MUT

Transliteration: mut mut mut

GC: n

mu’k muut

mu-ka mu-ti

mu’k muut

n n

muwaan

mu-wa-ni MUWAN-ni MUWAN

muwaan muwaan muwa[a]n / muwan

n

muyal / muyaal MUYAL-ya-la mu-MUYAL-la MUYAL-la MUYAL MUYAL-li na’ na nah NAH nahb na-ba NAB-ba NAB

muyal muyal muyal muyal / muya[a]l muyaal na[’] nah na[h]b na[h]b na[h]b

n

naab

na-bi NAB-bi

naab naab

n

naah

NAH-hi NAH-hi-la NAH na-la NAL-la na-NAL NAL

naah naah-[ii]l na[a]h / nah nal nal nal nal

n

na-li NAL NE’ / NEH ne-na NE’-na

naal na[a]l ne’ / neh ne’[h]n ne’[h]n

n

NIK?-ki ni-NIK? NIK?

nik nik nik

n

nal

naal ne’ / neh ne’hn

nik

n adj n

n

n n

Translation: lit. “braid, bundle” but apparently is meant to refer to a reed effigy of a crocodile “omen” see also muut 1) “bird” 2) “omen” possibly “sparrow-hawk” or “screech-owl” but in most cases appears to refer to a supernatural bird of prey “cloud”

“lady, mother” “first” “handspand” used for counting dimensions particularly the circumference of rubber balls used in the ballgame “pool, lake” in particular and bodies of freshwater in general “house, structure, building” 1) lit. “young maize” 2) “north” – cardinal direction; see also xaman 3) locative suffix –nal for “place” “native” or person native from a particular area “tail” “mirror” particularly mirror made of iron pyrite or hematite mosaic on slate or wooden backings refers to an unidientified type of flower

53

Root/stem: nikte’ noh nohol

Transcription: NIK-TE’ NOH? no-NOH?-la no-NOH?-lo nu-ku

Transliteration: nikte’ noh nohol nohol nu[h]ku[l]

GC: cn adj n

nu’n

nu-na NUN?

nu’n nu[’]n

n

nupul ochk’in

nu-pu-lu OCH-K’IN-ni OCH-K’IN

nupul ochk’in ochk’in

adj n

ook / ok

yo-ko OK-ko OK-ki yo-OK-ki o-ki-bi yo-ki-bi yo-ki-bi-li

y-ok ok ook y-ook ok-ib / ook-[i]b y-ok-ib / y-ook-[i]b y-ok-ib-il / y-ook-[i]b[i]l

n

o-la OL-la OL o-lo-mo o-na yo-to-che

o[h]l o[h]l o[h]l olom o’n y-otoch-e

n

o-to-ti yo-to-ti yo-OTOT OTOT-ti OTOT pa-a PA’ pa pa-a-la pa-chi PACH?-cha

otoot y-otoot y-otot / y-oto[o]t otoot otot / oto[o]t pa’ pa’ pa[’] pa’[a]l paach pach

n

nuhkul

okib / ookib

ohl

olom o’n otoch otoot

pa’

pa’al paach / pach

n

n

n adj n

Translation: “mayflower (plumeria)” “great, big” “south” – cardinal direction lit. “skin, hide” but used in particular to refer to the plaster coating of a building “intermediary, ritual speaker” or refers to someone who “speaks brokenly” (?) familiar? “west” – cardinal direction; used in the Classic period in the Lowlands; replaced by chik’in in the Postclassic “foot” but by extension “base” or “footing” for inanimate objects in general lit. “foot-thing” for “pedestal, base” in general and “bench, altar, throne” in particular “heart” inalienably possessed “blood, lineage” “many, much” “house (home, dwelling)” “house (home, dwelling)”

n

“ravine, canyon, cleft”

n n / ncl

“lagoon” 1) “back” 2) numeral classifier

54

Root/stem: paat / pat

Transcription: pa-ti PAT? pa-ka-ba TUN-ni

Transliteration: paat pat / pa[a]t

GC: n / ncl

Translation: 1) “back” 2) numeral classifier

pak-ab tuun

n

pa-ka-la PAKAL-la PAKAL pa-sa-ja PAS-sa-ja PAS pa-si-li

pakal pakal pakal pasaj pasaj pas[aj] pasil

n

lit. “face-down-thing stone” or “turned-overthing stone” refers specifically to “stone lintel” “shield”

n

“dawn”

n

pa-ta-ha pa-ta pa-ta pa-ya-li PET-ne pi-bi-NAH pi-bi-NAH-li

patah pata[h] pata[n] payaal pet[e]n pib-naah pib-naah-il

n

“opening, doorway, door” “guayaba”

pik

pi-ki PIK-ki PIK

pik pik pik

n

pitz

pi-tzi

pitz

n

pitziil / pitzil

pi-tzi-la pi-tzi-li

pitz-iil pitz-[i]l

n / adj

pixom pokol

pi-xo-ma po-ko-lo

pix-om pok-ol

n n

pom

po-mo

pom

n

pohp

po-po

po[h]p

n

pakab tuun

pakal

pasaj

pasil patah patan payaal peten pibnaah

n n n cn

“tribute, service” “guide, leader” “island” lit. “oven-house” refers specifically to “sweatbaths” “skirt, garment” also refers to the garments or vestments of deity effigies at Palenque “ballgame” also serves as the noun root (subsequent verbalisation) for “to play the ballgame” lit. “ballgame” followed by locative suffix –iil for “ballcourt” or adjective “ballplaying” with abstractive suffix –il “headdress, helmet” “washing implement” specifically ceramic ‘quill-rinsing’ bowl “incense” broadly “copal” specifically “mat” especially woven mats made from palm leaves and other fibers

55

Root/stem: puj puutz’

Transcription: pu pu-tz’i [pu]tz’i pu

Transliteration: pu[j] puutz’ puutz’ pu[utz’]

GC: n n

puw sa’ sabak

pu-wa SA’ sa-ba-ka SABAK? sa-ja-la sa-ja SAK SAK-ki sa-ku

puw sa’ sabak sabak sajal saja[l] sak saak sa’k

n n n

sajal sak

sakal sakjal saklaktuun

n adj

Translation: “cattail reed, bullrush” “weaving needle, weaving pin” made of bone; note examples of puutz’ baak for “bone needle” “blowgun” “atole, maize gruel” “ink, soot” see also abak title of unknown meaning “white, pure”

“whitish, white-like” “whitening” lit. “white-plate-stone” or “artificial-plate-stone” refers specificially to a type of stone censer at Copan “older brother” see suku’n “stucco, plaster” lit. “white-earth” refers to “marl” or “caliche” otherwise known by its Colonial Yukatek reflex saskab “ant” unspecified type clove

SAK-la-ka-TUN-ni SAK-LAK-TUN-ni SAK-LAK-TUN

sak-lak-tuun sak-lak-tuun sak-lak-tu[u]n

cn

sakun saku[n] sas sak-kab

n

sas sakkab

sa-ku-na sa-ku sa-sa SAK-KAB-ba

sa’y say

sa-yu sa-ya

sa’y say

n adj

sibik sihom

--SIH?-ma SIH?

--sih-[o]m sih-[om]

--n

sinan sitz’

si-na-na si-tz’i

sinan sitz’

n n

see abak and sabak type of unspecified flower that comes in shades of white, red, yellow and blue-green “scorpion” “apetite”

suk’in

su-K’IN-ni su-K’IN su-hu-yu

suk’in suk’in suhuy

n

“lack, deprivement”

adj

“pure, virginal”

sakun

suhuy

n cn

56

Root/stem: sukun

Transcription: su-ku-na su-ku su-tz’i SUTZ’-tz’i SUTZ’ ta-ji

Transliteration: sukun suku[n]

GC: n

Translation: “older brother” see saku’n

suutz’ suutz’ su[u]tz’ taaj

n

“bat” type unspecified

n

tahn

ta-na TAN-na TAN

ta[h]n ta[h]n ta[h]n

n

taj

ta-ja TAJ

taj taj

n

tajal tahn lamaw

TAJ-la TAN-na-LAM-wa TAN-na-LAM [TAN]LAM-wa [TAN]LAM

taj[a]l ta[h]n lam[a]w ta[h]n lam[aw] ta[h]n lam[a]w ta[h]n lam[aw]

adj cn

tat te’

ta-ta te-e TE’

tat te’ te’

adj n

te’el

TE’-e-le TE’-le

te’el te’[e]l

n

tem / temul

te-me te-mu te-ma ti-i TI’

tem tem / tem-u[l] tem / tem-a[l] ti’ ti’

n

“obsidian” and implements made of the material 1) “within, in the middle” possibly also “in front of” locative preposition 2) “chest” or front medial portion of the body “pine, torch” especially Carribean Pine also known as Ocote and torches made thereof lit. “torch-y, torch-like” lit. “middle-diminished” for ‘half-elapsed’ in reference to a calendrical station to ten haab or “tun” evenly (out of twenty) “thick, fat” “wood, tree” also serves to designate plants in general lit. “of the tree” or “of the wood” term for “forest, woods” “throne”

ti-li TIL-li TIL to-jo-la to-jo-li

til til til tojol tojool

n

n

1) “mouth, lips” 2) “opening, orifice, door” 3) “edge, rim” “tapir” specifically Baird’s Tapir (Tapirus bairdii) “tribute, payment”

to-ka-la

tokal

n

“cloud”

suutz’

taaj

ti’

til

tojol / tojool tokal

n

57

Root/stem: too’k’ / tok’

Transcription: to-k’a to-k’o TOK’-k’o to-TOK’ TOK’ tu-ku-nu tu-TUN-ni TUN-ni TUN tu-TUN TUN-ni-chi

Transliteration: to’[o]k’ tok’ tok’ tok’ tok’ / to[’o]k’ tukun tuun tuun tu[u]n / tun tun tun-ich

GC: n

Translation: “chert, flint” and implements made of this material

n n

“dove, pigeon” 1) “stone” esp. tuun 2) “year (of 360 days)” esp. tun

n

tu-pa tu-pa-ja tu-pi tu-TUP TUP t’u-lu T’UL? tzi-ji-li tzi-ji tzi-hi tzu TZU’

tup / tu’[u]p tup-aj / tu’[u]p-[a]j tup / tuup tup / tu[u]p / tu[’u]p tup / tu[u]p / tu[’u]p t’ul t’ul tzij-il tzij tzih tzu[’] tzu’

n

“stone” here with an augmentative suffix –ich “earspool, earflare” ear jewellry and adornments in general

n

“rabbit” unspecified type

adj

“fresh, new”

n

tzuk tzuk tzul

n n

tz’am tz’am tz’i’ tz’i’ tz’i’ tz’i[h]k

n

“throne, seat”

n

“dog” (Canis familiaris)

tz’i’hk

tzu-ku TZUK tzu-lu tz’a-ma TZ’AM? tz’i-i TZ’I’-i TZ’I’ tz’i-ku

“gourd, calabash” unspecified type but most comparable to bottle gourd “part, partition, province” “dog” (Canis familiaris)

n

tz’ihb tz’ihbaal / tz’ihbal

tz’i-bi tz’i-ba-li tz’i-ba-la

tz’i[h]b tz’i[h]b-aal tz’i[h]b-al

n n

“clay” and objects made from this material “writing, painting” “drawing, colour, decoration, embellishment”

tz’unun

tz’u-nu-nu tz’u-2nu

tz’unun

n

“hummingbird” type

tukun tuun / tun

tunich tup / tuup / tu’up?

t’ul tzijil / tzih

tzu’

tzuk tzul tz’am tz’i’

tz’u-nu TZ’UNUN-nu

tz’unun tz’unu[n] tz’unun

unspecified

58

Root/stem: tz’uutz’

Transcription: tz’u-tz’i

Transliteration: tz’uutz’

GC: n

u’ / uj usiij

U’ / UJ u-si-ja u-si

u’ / uj usiij usi[ij]

n n

u’ch’ / uch’ u’h / uh

yu-ch’a yu-ha u-ha-ja yu-UH-li yu-la-li u-ku-ma

y-u’ch’ / y-uch’y-u’h / y-uh-a[l] u’h-[a]j / uh-aj y-u[’h]-[i]l / y-uh-[i]l y-u[h]-[a]l-[i]l uku’m / ukum

n n

“(head) louse” “bead, collar, necklace, jewellery”

n

uk’ib

u-k’i-bi yu-k’i-bi yu-k’i-ba

uk’-ib y-uk’-ib y-uk’-iib / y-uk’-[a]b

n

ul ulum

u-lu u-lu-mu

ul ulum

n n

uun

u-ni UN-ni UN yu-2ne

uun uun u[u]n / un

n

“dove, pigeon” type unspecified through prefixed by the colour yax “green” which may suggest a Pale-vented Pigeon (Columba cayennensis) lit. “drink-thing” meant to be understood as “drinking-implement” or “pitcher” “atole, maize gruel” “turkey” especially the Ocellated Turkey (Agriocharis ocellata) “avocado”

y-unen y-une[n] une[n] y-ut-al y-ut-al y-utuut uut u[u]t / ut y-utz utz-il y-utz-il

n

“child (of father)”

n

“fruit, food”

n

“face, visage” see also hut; inalienably possessed “good” “good, goodness”

uku’m / ukum

unen

ut

uut / ut

utz utzil

yu-ne u-ne yu-ta-la yu-TAL yu-ta u-ti UT-ti UT yu-tzi u-tzi-li yu-tzi-li

adj n / adj

Translation: “coati” specifically the White-nosed Coati (Nasua narica) “moon” “vulture” type unspecified though prefixed by the colour k’an “yellow” as “yellow vulture” which may relate to King Vultures (Sarcoramphus papa)

59

Root/stem: uxul

waaj

way / wahy?

way

wayil

Transcription: u-xu-lu yu-xu-lu yu-xu-li yu-xu-lu-li wa-WAJ-ji WAJ-ji wa-WAJ WAJ wa-ya wa-WAY-ya WAY-wa-ya WAY WAY-ya WAY

wayib / wayab

WAY-ya-li WAY-li WAY-bi WAY[bi] wa-ya-ba

we’em

WE’-ma

we’ib

WE’-i-bi

wi’

WI’ wi wi-na-ke

winak winik

wi-ni-ki wi-WINIK-ki WINIK-ki wi-WINIK WINIK

Transliteration: GC: Translation: uxul n “carving, sculpture” y-uxul y-uxuul y-uxul-[i]l waaj n “tamale, bread, maize waaj dough” and foodstuffs wa[a]j / waj produced from this wa[a]j / waj dough way / wahy? n “nawal, co-essence, alter way / wahy? ego” inalienably way / wahy? / wayway? possessed way / wahy? way n 1) “cenote”, represents way the pincers of an underworld centipede; also denotes the surface of the watery underworld 2) “sleep” as in constructions way-haab “sleep-year” in reference to the Wayeb at the end of the year way-[i]l n “room, enclosure” way-[i]l way-[i]b n lit. “sleep-thing” way-[i]b reference to way-ab “dormitories” or a “sleeping quarters” or a domicile we’-[e]m n lit. “eat” closed off by an agentive suffix –em for “eater”; or more freely an “eating utensil” designation used for a ceramic serving vessel we’-ib n lit. “eat-thing” or more freely an “eating utensil”; designation used for a ceramic serving vessel wi’ n “root, tuber” wi’ winakn “man, person, human” see also maak and winik winik n “man, person, human” winik see also maak and winak winik winik winik

60

Root/stem: witz

Transcription: wi-tzi wi-WITZ WITZ wo-jo wo-jo-li wo-jo-le wo-hi wo-o-ja wo-ja xa-ma-MAN-na xa-MAN-na xa-MAN

Transliteration: witz witz witz woj woj-[i]l woj-[e]l wooj woj / wo’j woj / wo’j xaman xaman xaman

GC: n

Translation: “mountain, hill”

n

“glyph, character” could be extended to “sign” and “grapheme”

n

xib

xi-bi XIB

n

xoktuun xo[l] xook

xo-ko-TUN-ni

xib xib xok-tuun

“north” – cardinal direction; used in the Classic period in the Lowlands; replaced by nal in the Postclassic “person, man”

XOK-ki XOK

xook xo[o]k

xo(l)te’ xu’

xo-TE’ xu

xo[l]te’ xu[’]

cn n

xukpi’?

xu?-ku-pi

xukpi[’]?

n

yatik

ya-ti-ki YATIK-ki YATIK ya-xa ya-YAX YAX

yatik yatik yatik yax yax yax

n

woj / wooj / wo’j

xaman

yax

yaxal yaxjal yaxte’

YAX-te-e YAX-TE’

yax-te’ yax-te’

cn adj n

adj

adj adj cn

“counting-stone” “cylindrical” “shark” perhaps referring specifically to the species of sharks that live in the Usumacinta “staff, baton” unknown type of kind of ant or in this case may qualify the attributes of a type of beetle dance object or possibly the name of dance expressions in the Usumacinta involving the cruciform and socalled “bird-staffs” unknown type of flower (?) 1) “blue-green” 2) “clear, clean” 3) “first” bluish-green blue-greening lit. “blue-green-tree” specifically refers to the Ceiba tree

61

Root/stem: Transcription: yaxun / yaxu’n ya-xu-nu / yaxuun ya-xu-na ya-YAXUN YAXUN ya-xu-ni

yokib yubte’

yo-ki-bi yu-bu-TE’

Transliteration: yaxun yaxun / yaxu’n yaxun / yaxu[’]n / yaxu[u]n yaxun / yaxu[’]n / yaxu[u]n yaxun / yaxuun y-ok-ib y-ub-te’

yuhklaj kab

yu-ku-[la]ja KAB-#

y-u[h]k-laj kab

cn

yul / yu’l

yu-lu yu-la yu-mu

yul yu’l yum

n

“canyon, gorge” “tribute cloth, tribute mantel” lit. “earth-shaken” to be understood as “earthquake” “polished object”

n

“father, boss, patron”

yum

GC: n

Translation: “cotinga” specifically the Lovely Continga (Cotinga amabilis)

n n