Edited by

Karl Cordell

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The Politics of Ethnicity in Central Europe

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The Politics of Ethnicity in Central Europe

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The Politics of Ethnicity in Central Europe Edited by Senior Lecturer in Politics University of Plymouth

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Karl Cordell

First published in Great Britain 2000 by

MACMILLAN PRESS LTD Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and London Companies and representatives throughout the world A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

First published in the United States of America 2000 by ST. MARTIN’S PRESS, INC., Scholarly and Reference Division, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 ISBN 0–312–22790–6 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The politics of ethnicity in Central Europe / edited by Karl Cordell. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0–312–22790–6 (cloth) 1. Silesia—Ethnic relations—Political aspects. 2. Silesia– –Politics and government. 3. Europe, Central—Ethnic relations– –Political aspects. 4. Europe, Central—Politics and government. I. Cordell, Karl, 1956– . DK4600.S4242P65 1999 305.8'009438'5—dc21 99–39505 CIP Selection, editorial matter, Introduction, Chapters 2, 7, 8 and Conclusion © Karl Cordell 2000 Chapters 1, 3–6 © Macmillan Press Ltd 2000 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1P 0LP. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. 10 09

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ISBN 0–333–73171–9

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For Sophia

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Contents Acknowlegements

ix

Prefatory Remarks

x xi

Notes on Contributors

xix

Chronology of Silesia

xxi

Maps

xxiii–xxix

Introduction Karl Cordell

1

1

Nationalism and the Nation-State in Central Europe Terry Sullivan

6

2

Ethnic Conflict and Conciliation in Central Europe Today Karl Cordell

26

3

The Germans and Central Europe in the Pre-Modern Era Kai Struve

50

4

Silesia and the Dawning of the Modern Era Philipp Ther Tomasz Kamusella Petr Kacir

5

Upper Silesia 1918–45 Tomasz Kamusella Petr Kacir

92 92–112 112–26

6

Polish and Czech Silesia under Communist Rule: A Comparison Bernard Linek Karl Martin Born

131 131–48 148–56

The Articulation of Identity in Silesia since 1989 Karl Cordell Tomasz Kamusella Karl Martin Born

161 161–75 175–80 180–85

7

66 66–74 74–89 79–88

vii

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Place-Names

viii

8

Contents

The Future of Silesia Karl Cordell Tomasz Kamusella

188 188–97 197–201 204

Index

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Conclusion Karl Cordell

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There are many people who in one way or the other have helped in the preparation of this book and deserve a mention. For reasons of space I will unfortunately have to limit it to a select band. First of all, I would like to thank my Head of Department, Adrian Lee, for having put up with me all these years and for having provided me with every means of support above and beyond the call of duty. I should also like to thank Vit Novony, Angelika Gutmann, and Catherine Johnson-Gerkes for their translations, without which this work could not have appeared. Thanks also goes to my sister, Julie Cordell-Szczurek, for arranging translation services in Germany. Thanks are also due to Karl Martin Born for stepping into the breach at a moment’s notice. Many thanks are also due to everyone at Macmillan who helped in the preparation of the volume, and especially to Sunder Katwala, Alison Howson and Sarah Barrett for her patience and diligence with the manuscript. Also, I should also like to thank the Leverhulme Trust for their generous financial support, without which the book would not have appeared. Finally, a big vote of thanks to everyone who in various ways has supported me over the years; you know who you are.

ix

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Acknowledgements

Place-names in Central Europe change according to political circumstances. In order to prevent the reader drowning in a sea of parentheses, place-names used in the text are, unless specifically indicated, those which are appropriate to the period under examination. The accompanying list of place-names is designed to achieve two things. The first is to illustrate the point made in the introductory sentence. The second is to familiarize the reader with the historical equivalents of contemporary Silesian place-names. Given that the large majority of Silesia is today Polish, the general rule used is that Polish names appear first and traditional German names second. Czech names are also used where appropriate, and in addition ‘pre-national’ and where appropriate National Socialist place-names are also given.

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Prefatory Remarks

Place-Names

Official Polish place-names given first; alternatives follow the key below. cz. n. n.d. n.n. n.pw. obocz.

Baborow Bardo Biala Prudnicka Bielawa Bierun Stary Bierutow Bogumin Boguszow Boleslawiec Bolkow Borow Brochow Bruntal Brzeg Brzeg Dolny Byczyna

Czech names used in Opava and Tesin Silesia German names names cited in documents, usually Latin forms German names introduced after 1933 temporary Polish names used shortly after 1945 names used in parallel to the official Polish names n.d. Baurow; n.Bauerwitz; n.pw. Baworow n.d. Gradice Barda, Brido; Wartha; n.pw. Warta n.d. Bela; n. Zülz n.d. Belsco, Belzco; n. Bielitz n.d. Berun, Byerun; n. Alt Berun n.d. Berolstadt, Bernhardtsdorf; n. Bernstadt n. Oderberg; cz. Bohumin n. Gottesberg; n.pw.Boza Gora n.d. Bolezlaucz, Bolisslaw, Bonzlavia; n. Bunzlau n. Bolkenhain; n.pw. Bolkowice n.d. Boriow, Boraw, Borouw; n. Bohrau n.d. Prochow, Brockow; n. Brockau; n.pw. Prochow n. Freudenthal; cz. Bruntal n.d. Visoke Breg, Alta Ripa, Breg; n. Brieg n.d. Breg, Brega; n.Dyhernfurth n.d. Byscina, Biczina; n. Pitschen xi

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Source: Snoch B. (ed.), Ilustrowany Slownik Dziejow Slaska (Katowice, Wydawnictwo ‘Slask’, 1991).

Bystrzyca Klodzka Bytom Bytom Odrzanski

n.d.Weistritz, Hawelswerd; n. Habelschwerdt n.d. Bitom; n. Beuthen/OS n.d. Bitom; n. Beuthen and der Oder; n.pw. Bialobrzezie

Cerekwica Chelmsko Slaskie Chobienia

n.d. Circutce; n. Zirkwitz n. Schömberg; n.pw. Szymrych n.d. Chobena, Hobena. Kobin; n. Koben and der Oder n.d. Choczenow; n. Kotzenau; n.pw. Kaczanow n.d. Haynowia; n. Haynau n.d. Charzow, Chorzow, Krolewsa Huta; n. Königshutte n.d. Tschechanowecz; n. Rudelstadt n.d. Calidus fons, Warmenborn; n. Warmbrunn n.d. Freyno; n. Freyhan n.d. Tescin, Tessin; n. Teschen; cz. Cesky Tesin n.d. Charnowoz, Czarnowaz; n. Czarnowanz; n.n. Klosterbruck n.d. Cechowitz, Ciechowicz; Dziedzicz; n. Czechowitz-Dzieditz n. Tschirnau n.d. Netka, Nettkow; n. Rotenburg

Chocianow Chojnow Chorzow Ciechanowice Cieplice Slaskie Cieszkow Cieszyn Czarnowasy Czechowice-Dziedzice Czernina Czerwiensk Dobrodzien Dobromierz Dobroszyce Duszniki Dzierzoniow

n.d. Dobrodyn, Dobradin, Dobrodzyn; n. Guttentag n.d. Vrideberch, Fredeberg; n. Hohenfriedeberg n.d. Dobra, Treskin; n. Juliusburg; n.pw. Julianowo n.d. Dussnik, Rynarcz; n. Reinerz n.d. Richinbach, Richenbach; obocz. Rychbach; n. Reichenbach; n.pw. Rychbach

Frydek-Mistek Frysztat

n. Friedek, Mistek; cz. Frydek-Mistek n.d. Fristat; n. Freistadt; cz. Frystat (Karvina I Frystat)

Gliwice Glogow

n.d. Gliwicz, Glywycz, Glewicz; n. Gleiwitz n.d. Glogua, Glogav, Glogavia; n. Glogau

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xii Place-Names

Glogowek Glubczyce

Gubin

n.d. Glogov, Minor Glogovia; n. Oberglogau n.d. Glupcici, Glubchiz, Hlupchyzhe, Lybschutz; n. Leobschütz; n.pw. Glabczyce n.d. Capricollum, Cygenhals; n. Ziegenhals, obocz. Kozia Szyja n.d. Wustemdorph; n. Wustegiersdorf; n.pw. Gierzcze Puste n.d. Gogolino; n. Gogolin n.d. Antiqua Gora, Goravia; n. Guhrau n.d. monte Helm, M. Sancta Anna; n. Sankt Annaberg, Annaberg; obocz. Swieta Anna n.d. Gorczow, Landisberg; n. Landsberg n.d. Grodkovichi, Grodchov, Grodcov; n. Grottkau; n.pw. Grotkow n.d. Griphenberch; n. Greiffenberg; n.pw. Gryfogora n.d. Gubyn; n. Guben

Henrykow Hulczyn

n.d. Heinrichow; n. Heinrichau n. Hultschin; cz. Hlucin

Ilowa

n.d. Ilua, Ilwa; n. Halbau; n.pw. Ilwa

Jablonkow Jawor

n. Jablunkau; cz. Jablunkow n.d. Javor; n. Jauer, obocz. Jaworz; n.pw. Jaworow n. Jauernig; cz. Javornik n. Charlottenbrunn; n.pw. Zdrojowice n.d. Hyrzberc, Hersberg; n. Hirschberg n.d. Frywaldov; n. Freiwaldau; cz. Jesenik

Glucholazy Gluszyca Gogolin Gora Gora Sw. Anny

Gorzow Slaski Grodkow Gryfow Slaski

Jawornik Jedlina Zdroj Jelenia Gora Jesienik Kamienna Gora

Karniow Karpacz Karwina Katowice Katy Wroclawskie Kietrz Kluzbork

n.d. Camena Gora, Landishute; n. Landeshut, obocz. Lancut; n.pw. Kamienio-gora n. Jagersdorf; cz. Krnov n. Krummhübel n. Karwin; cz. Karvina n.d. Katowicze; n. Kattowitz n. Kanth n.d. Ketscher, Kacer, Keczir; n. Katscher n.d. Cruceburch, Kluzbork, Krucibork; n. Kreuzburg

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Place-Names xiii

Klodzko Korfantow Ferlat, Fyrlat Kostomloty Kowary Kozle Kozuchow Krapkowice Krosno Odrzanskie Krzeszow Ksiaz Kudowa Zdroj Kuznia Raciborska

Ladek Zdroj Legnica Legnickie Pole Lesna Lesnica (Opole) Lesnica (Wroclaw) Lewin Brzeski Lewin Klodzki Lipa Luban Lubawka Lubiaz Lubin Lubliniec Lubomierz Lubsko

n.d. Kladsko, Cladsco, Klotsko; n. Glatz; n.pw. Kladzko n.d. Fredland, Hurtland; n. Friedland; obocz. gwarowo n.d. Costomlot; n. Kostenblat n.d. Smedewerk; n. Schmiedeberg; n.pw. Krzyzatka n.d. Coszle, Kosle; n. Cosel n.d. Cosuchow, Cosuchovia; n. Freystadt, obocz. Frysztat n.d. Crapiez, Crapkowitz; n. Krappitz, obocz. Chrapkowice n.d. Crosno, Chrosno; n. Crossen a.d. Oder n.d. Grissebor, Cresowbor, Grysovia; n. Grussau n. Furstenstein; n.pw. Ksiazno n.d. Chudoba; n. Bad Kudowa; n.pw. Chudoba n.d. Ferrocudina, Kuznicza; n. Ratiborhammer n.d. Landecke; n. Bad Landeck n.d. Legnice, Legniz; n. Liegnitz, obocz. i n.pw. Lignica n.d. Legnichezke; n. Wahlastatt, obocz. Dobrepole n.d. Lesna, Lessa, Marglissa; n. Marklissa n.d. Lesniscie; n. Leschnitz; n.n. Bergstadt n.d. Lesnicza, Lesnicz, Lesna; n. Lissa n.d. Lewin; n. Löwen; n.pw. Lubien n.d. Levinci, Lewyn; n. Hummelstadt n.d. Lypa; n. Leippe n.d. Luban; n. Lauban n.d. Liubavia, Lubavia; n. Liebau; n.pw. Lubawa n.d. Lubens; n. Leubus Lubin, Lubyn; n. Lüben n.d. Lublynecz, Lublinicz; n. Lublinitz; n.n. Lobau n.d. Lybental; n. Liebenthal; n.pw. Milosna n. Sommerfeld; n.pw. Zems

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xiv Place-Names

Lutynia Lwowek Slaski

n.d. Luthyna; n. Leuthen n.d. Lewenberc, Leoberga; n. Löwenberg

Malujowice Miasteczko Slaskie Miedzianka Miedzyborz

n.d. Malewicz, Molwicz; n. Mollwitz n. Georgenberg n.d. Cupri fodina; n. Kupferberg n.d. Meczibor; n. Naumittelwalde; n.pw. Miedzybor n.d. Medilese; n. Mittewalde n.d. I n. Friedland; n.pw. Frydland, Fyrlad n.d. Miculow, Micolaw; n. Nikolai n.d. Milich, Miliche; n. Militsch n.d. Fridberge; n. Friedeberg; n.pw. Spokojna Gora n.d. Myslowicze, Mislowicze; n. Myslowitz

Miedzylesie Mieroszow Mikolow Milicz Mirsk Myslowice Namyslow Niemcza Niemodlin Nowa Cerckwia Nowa Ruda Nowa Sol Nowogrodziec Nowogrod Bobrzanski Nowy Bytom Nysa Olawa Olesnica Olesno Opawa Opole Orlowa Ostrawa Oswiecim

n.d. Namslauia, Namizlov; n. Namslau n.d. Nemechi; n. Nimptsch n.d. Nemodlin, Falkenberch; n. Falkenberg n.d. Nova Ecclesia, Nowoczerkwie; n. Neukirsch n.d. Neuwenrode, Neunrod; n. Neurode n.d. Nova Sal; n. Neusalz n.d. Novum Castrum, Nauburg; n. Naumburg a. Queis n.d. Novum Castrum, Nuborch, Numburch; n. Naumburg a. Bober n.d. Czarny Las; n. Friedenshutte; to 1922 Nowy Bytom n.d. Nisa, Nysa; n. Neisse; n.pw. Nisa n.d. Olaua, Olavia; n. Ohlau n.d. Olesnich, Olesnic, Olezniza; n. Oels n.d. Oleszno, Olesno; n. Rosenberg n.d. Opavia; n. Troppau; cz. Opava n.d. Opol, Opole; n. Oppeln n. Orlau; cz. Orlova n.d. Moravska O., Polska O., Slezska O.; Ostrau; cz. Ostrava n.d. Osswyanczim, Osswencin, Auswinczyn; n. Auschwitz

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Place-Names xv

Otmuchow

n.d. Otomochov, Otmuchaw, Otemachaw; n. Ottmachau

Paczkow Piechowice Piekary Slaskie

n.d. Paczchow, Paczcow; n. Patschkau n. Petersdorf n.d. Pecare, Peccari, Wielkie Piekary; n. Deutsch Piekar n.d. Petirswalde; n. Peterswaldau; n.pw. Piotrolesie n. Ullersdorf n. Altheide; n.pw. Puszczykow Zdroj n.d. Polcowitz; n. Polkwitz; n.n. Heernlegen n.d. Parchouici; n. Parchwitz; n.pw. Parchowice, Parchwice n.d. Proscow, Proskow; n. Proskau n.d. Prudnic; n. Neustadt; n.pw. Pradnik n.d. Prusicz, Prusin; Prausnitz n.d. Primkenaw, Prymkenowe; n. Primkenau; n.pw. Przemkowo, Prymka n.d. Pze Pole; n. Hundsfeld (przejsciowo; Friedrichsfeld) n.d. Plisschyn, Plessina, Plschina, Plszczyna, Blasczina; n.Pless n.d. Pyzkuwicz; n. Peiskretscham

Pieszyce Pobiedna Polanica Zdroj Polkowice Prochowice Proszkow Prudnik Prusice Przemkow Psie Pole Pszczyna Pyskowice Raciborz Radkow Ruda Slaska Rudna Rudy Wielkie Rybnik Ryczyn Scinawa Siedlecin Siemianowice Slaskie Siewierz Skoczow Skorogoszcz

n.d. Ratibor; n. Ratibor n.d. Hradek; n. Wunschelburg; n.pw. Grodek, Hradek n.d. Ruda; n. Ruda n.d. Rudna; n. Raudten n.d. Ruda, Rudno; n. Gross Rauden n.d. Ribnich, Rebnic, Rybniki; n. Rybnik n.d. Rechen; n. Retschen n.d. Scinauia, Stinava, Stinav; n. Steinau n. Boberröhrsdorf n.d. Simanovici, Semenowitze; obocz. Huta Laura, n. Laurahütte, Siemianowitz n.d. Siewior, Sewior n.d. Zchotschow; n. Skotschau n.d. Scorogostov Most; n. Schurgast

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xvi Place-Names

Slawiecice Sobotka Sosnicowice Srebrna Gora Sroda Slaska Strumien Strzegom Strzelce Opolskie Sulikow Swidnica Swieradow Zdroj Swierzawa Swietochlowice Sycow Szczawno Zdroj Szklarska Poreba Szprotawa

n.d. Slauecici, Slavientisz; n. Slawentzitz; n.n.Ehrenforst n.d. Sobota, Sabat, Zabothus; n. Zobten n.d. Sosnessowitz, Sosniessowitze; n. Kieferstadtel n. Silberberg n.d. Novoforo, Neumarch, Schoroda; n. Neumarkt n.d. Strumien; n. Schwarzwasser n.d. Ztrigom, Ztregom; n. Striegau n.d. Strelci; n. Strehlitz, Groß Strehlitz, obocz. Strzelce n.d. Newesschonburg, Schoninberch; n. Schonberg Oberlausitz, obocz. Szynbark n.d. Zuidniza; n. Schweidnitz n.d. Flinssberg; n. Bad Flinsberg; n.pw. Wieniec Zdroj n.d. Sonowe, Schenow; n. Schönau; n.pw. Szunow n.d. Swentochlewicz, Szwentochlovice; n. Schwientochlowitz n.d. Syczowe, Syczow, Syzow; n. Groß Wartenberg n.d. Salzborn, Salzborne; n. Salzbrunn, obocz. I n.pw. Solice n.d. I n. Schoppinitz n.d. Sprottava, Sprotavia; n. Sprottau

Tarnowskie Gory Toszek Tryniec Trzebnica Twardogora

n.d. Tarnowice; n. Tarnowitz n.d. Tossech, Thosech; n. Tost n. Trzynietz; cz. Trinec n.d. Trebnicha, Trebnice; n. Trebnitz n.d. Vestenberg; n. Festenberg; n.pw. Twarda Gora

Ujazd Uraz

n.d. Uiazd; n. Ujest; n.n. Bitchofstal n.d. Uradz, Urac, Vraz; n. Auras

Walbrzych Wambierzyce

n.d. Waldenberc; n. Waldenburg n.d. Wamberic; n. Albendorf, HI. Gottesstadt n.d. Wansose, Wanschosch; n. Herrnstadt

Wasosz

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Place-Names xvii

Place-Names

Wiazow Widnawa Wielkie Strzelin Winsko Wisla Wlen Wodzislaw Slaski Wolczyn Wolow Wozniki Wroclaw Wschowa Zabkowice Slaskie Zabrze Zagan Zary Zawidow Zawonia Zgorzelec Ziebice Zielona Gora Zlote Gory Zlotniki Lubanskie Zlotoryja Zloty Stok Zmigrod Zory

n.d. Venzouici, Wanzow; n. Wansen; n.pw. Wiezow n. Weidenau; cz. Vidnava n.d. Strelyn, Strelin; n.Strehlen n.d. Vin, Vinzk; n. Winzig n.d. Vizla, Wisla; n.n. Weichsel n.d. Valan, Wlen; n.Lahn; n.pw. Lenno n.d. Wlodislav, Wlodzislaw; n. Loslau n.d. Czunczo, Czunczenstadt; n. Konstadt, obocz. Walczyn n.d. Wolow, Wolouo; n. Wohlau n.d. Woznik, Uoznici; n. Woischnik n.d. Wortizlav, Wrotizlaw, Wratislavia; n. Breslau n.d. Veschow, Vrovinstat; n. Fraustadt n.d. Sambowitz; n. Zembowitz; n.n. Fohrendorf n.d. Zadbrze (Sadbre); n. Zabrze, n.n. Hindenburg n.d. Sagan, Zagan; n. Sagan; n.pw. Zegan n.d. Zara, Zoraw; n. Sorau; n.pw. Zarow, Zoraw n.d. Syden, Sydenberg; n. Seidenber n.d. Sawona, Sawon, Zawon; n. Sawona n.d. Gorlicz, Zgorlic; n. Görlitz; n.pw. Zgorzelice n.d. Sambiz, Sambice; n. Münsterberg; n.pw. Ziembice n.d. Viridis Mons, Grünberg; n. Grunberg n.d. Cukmantl; n. Zuckmantel; cz. Zlate Hory n. Goldentraum n.d. Aureo Monte; n. Goldberg; n.pw. Zlotoria n.d. Richinstein; n. Reichenstein; n.pw. Rowne n.d. Smigrod, Zmingrod; n. Trachenberg n.d. Sari, Zary; n. Sohrau

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xviii

Karl Martin Born is Research Fellow in the Department of Politics at the University of Plymouth, Great Britain, working with Karl Cordell on the implications for Poland of membership of the European Union. He obtained his PhD in 1995 on completion of research into the impact of spatial administrations, landscape architects, and historical societies in Germany and New England. Between 1994 and 1997 he was Research Fellow in the Department of Geographical Sciences, researching into the transformation of legal services in east Germany after Die Wende. Karl Cordell is Senior Lecturer in Politics at the University of Plymouth, Great Britain. Over the years he has published extensively on a various aspects of German politics, Polish politics, German–Polish relations and the politics of ethnic identity. He is currently researching into the implications of membership of the European Union for domestic Polish politics. Petr Kacir was until 1997 employed by the Zemsky Archive in Opava in the Czech Republic. He has published extensively on Czech Silesia in both the Czech Republic and Poland. He is currently working in the commercial sector. Tomasz Kamusella combines teaching duties at the University of Opole, Poland, with his post in the provincial administration in Opole, where he is particularly concerned with Poland’s entry into the European Union. He is currently completing his doctoral thesis on the politics of identity in Silesia, and has published on this and related themes in German and English. Bernard Linek is a Research Officer at the Silesian Institute Opole, Poland. He recently completed his doctoral research on the Polonization and re-Polonization of Upper Silesia between 1945 and 1950 at the University of Opole. He has published books on related themes and topics, and has previously been published in German and Polish.

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Notes on Contributors

xx

Notes on Contributors

Terry Sullivan recently completed his doctoral research into the German minority in Poland at the University of Plymouth, Great Britain. He has also published on that theme and on the politics of nation and state-building. Philipp Ther completed his doctoral research on Polish and German expellees between 1945 and 1956 at the Free University of Berlin Germany in 1997. The thesis was subsequently produced in published form in Germany. He spent the academic year 1997/98 at Harvard University, USA, as a John F. Kennedy Fellow, and currently works at the Center for the Comparative History of Europe at the Free University of Berlin.

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Kai Struve is currently employed as a Research Fellow at the HerderInstitut Marburg, Germany. He is currently completing his doctoral programme on the emergence of Polish and Ukrainian national identity at the Free University, Berlin. He has published in this and related areas in both Germany and Poland.

10th c. 900 989–92 1000 1163 1203 1205– 1217 9 Apr. 1241 1335/39

1425–35 1469–90 1526

1740–48

1919 28 July 1920 16–24 Aug. 1919 19–25 Aug. 1920 20 Mar. 1921 2 May–5 July 1921

Silesia contested by Premyslids and Piasts Foundation of Wroclaw by Prince Wratislav I of Bohemia Mieszko I, Prince of Poland, acquires Silesia from Boleslav II, Prince of Bohemia Emperor Otto III founds the bishopric of Wroclaw Division into Lower and Upper Silesia, each ruled by a Piast Prince Creation of a third Silesia principiality Calls for German settlers and colonists Foundation of Opole Battle of Legnica: Defeat of the joint Polish and German knights by the Mongols Treaties of Trentschin and Cracow: Charles I of Hungary assigned all Silesia to the Bohemian Crown Hussite Wars Hungarian rule over Silesia Silesia became part of the Habsburg Lands with the accession of Ferdinand I to the Bohemian throne Wars of the Austrian Succession between Frederick II the Great of Prussia and Empress Maria Theresa of Austria: Silesia became Prussian; only Kronow, Opava, and Cieszyn remained with Austria Treaty of Versailles and creation of Poland and Czechoslovakia Ciesyn Silesia divided between Poland and Czechoslovakia First Polish Rising in Silesia Second Polish Rising in Silesia Plebiscite in Silesia Third Polish Rising in Silesia

xxi

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A Chronology of Silesia

A Chronology of Silesia

20 Oct. 1921

1939 17 July–2 Aug. 1945

1945 1945–50 Jan. 1990 1991 1991 1993

Silesian Convention: integration of the south-eastern part of Upper Silesia into Poland Re-occupation of Silesia by Germany Potsdam Conference declared Oder–Neiße line to constitute the boundary of Poland’s western border and approved the expulsion of the bulk of the German population from Silesia Occupation of the former German parts of Silesia by Poland Expulsion of the Germans Foundation of the first Deutscher Freundschaftskreis in Katowice Foundation of the first German Society in Czech Opava Final confirmation of the border between unified German and Poland Establishment of the Neiße-Euroregion between Germany, Poland, and the Czech Republic

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xxii

S E A

Fiefs established by Casimir the Great

ER

AN

IA

T

E

U

T

O

N

I

C

S

T

A

T

Drahim(1368)

G

V

R U B N A R

Poznan

B

Duchy of Sweidnitz (independent to 1392)

Inowroclaw (1352) Dobrzyn (1352)

D

EN

Santok (1366)

Pultusk (1351)

Plock (1351)

MAZOVIA (1351)

Leczyca (1352)

S

Bohemian fiefs renounced by Casimir the Great (1339)

Wizna (1352)

Walcz (1368)

L I T H U A N I A (1 3

70

Bug

)

Sieradz (1339)

I

Wielun(1339) Boleslawiec (1335)

L Sweidnitz

Territories incorporated by Casimir the Great

E

is tul a

M PO

E

DUCHY OF WLODZIMIERZ (1366)

DUCHY OF CHELM AND BELZ (1366)

S I

B O H E M I A

A Cracow Przemysl (1344)

Krzemieniec (1366)

RUTHENIA (RUS) Halicz (1349)

H U N G A R Y

0

(1

37

0)

200 km

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Kamieniec (1366)

xxiii

Map 1 Polish Lands in the time of Casimir the Great

PODOLIA (1366)

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B A L T I C

B A L T I C

TEUTONIC STATE (LIVONIA) REPUBLIC OF PSKOV Riga

REPUBLIC OF NOVGOROD GRAND DUCHY OF TVER

Polock

Wilno

➄

Moravia Brno

Starodub Novgorod Sieversk

Kursk

L I T H U A N I A

KINGDOM OF POLAND Cracow

THE GREAT HORDE

Kiev Kaniow Dnie per

Lvow

Braclaw

KINGDOM Budapest

Tula

D U C H Y

O F

Warsaw

Silesia

Vorotynsk

Bryansk

➁

Poznan

➃

Smolensk

➀ G R A N D

KINGDOM OF BOHEMIA

Kaluga

Vyazma

S E A

Danzig

Prague

GRAND DUCHY OF MOSCOW Moscow

Toropiec

➂

Oczakow

MOLDAVIA

OF Transylvania

KHANATE OF THE CRIMEA

Jassy

HUNGARY

Bakhchisarai Croatia

Belgrade

Wallachia

B ADRIATIC SEA

L

A

C

K

0 OTTOMAN EMPIRE

Map 2 Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth c1500

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S

E

A

300 km

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Fiefs of the Kingdom of Poland Ducal Prussia Mazovia Moldavia Duchy of Vyerkhovsk (to GDL) Siewierz

xxiv

➀ ➁ ➂ ➃ ➄

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