SUB Hamburg

A/542454

The Native American Mascot Controversy A Handbook

Edited by C. Richard King

THE SCARECROW PRESS, INC.

Lanham • Toronto • Plymouth, UK 2010

Contents

Preface Acknowledgments

xi xiii

PARTI BACKGROUND

1

1 Chiefs, Braves, and Tomahawks: The Use of American Indians as University Mascots Robert Longwell-Grice and Hope Longwell-Grice

3

2 Teach Them Respect Not Racism: Common Themes and Questions about the Use of "Indian" Logos Barbara E. Munson

13

3 Native Americans as Sports Mascots Sharon Pray Muir

19

4 The Problems with Native American Mascots Laurel R. Davis

23

5 What the "Fighting Sioux" Tells Us about White People Robert Jensen

33

6 Gendered Discourse: Higher Education, Mascots, and Race Jennifer Guiliano

41

vi

Contents

PART II EDUCATIONAL ISSUES 7 A Letter from the Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign to the University of Illinois Board of Trustees Regarding the Use of Chief Illiniwek 8 On the Use of American Indian Mascots: A Presentation to the NCAA Minority Opportunities and Interests Committee Roy H. Saigo

47

49

57

9 American Indian Imagery and the Miseducation of America Ellen J. Staurowsky

63

10 Native Images in Schools and the Racially Hostile Environment Lawrence R. Baca

79

11 Native Mascots and Ethnic Fraud in Higher Education: Using Tribal Critical Race Theory and the Interest Convergence Principle as an Analytic Tool Angelina E. Castagno and Stacey J. Lee 12 Mascots and Meaning: How One District Worked Through the Emotional Issue of Changing Team Logos Terry Grier

89

111

13 Strategies for Making Team Identity Change David Carl Wahlberg

117

14 Native American Mascots and Alumni Giving Patrick J. McEwan and Clive R. Belfield

127

PART III REFORM AND RESISTANCE

143

15 Defensive Dialogues: Native American Mascots, Anti-Indianism, and Educational Institutions C. Richard King

145

16 Putting the Moccasin on the Other Foot: A Media History of the "Fighting Whities" Bruce E. Johansen

163

Contents

17 Note to Congress: Stop Shielding "Indian" Mascots and Start Defending Indian People Suzan Shown Harjo

vii

179

18 The Resurrection of the Chief Dave Zirin

183

19 Tribe Approval of Mascots Not Enough Daily Cardinal Editorial Board, University of Wisconsin

187

PART IV DOCUMENTS: POLICIES, RESOLUTIONS, AND LEGISLATION

189

20 Statement on the Use of Native American Images and Nicknames as Sports Symbols (2001) U.S. Commission on Civil Rights

191

21 The Five Civilized Tribes Intertribal Council Mascot Resolution (July 14, 2001) Five Civilized Tribes Intertribal Council

195

22 Opposition to the University of North Dakota's Use of the Fighting Sioux Name and Logo (2002) Governing Body of the Three Affiliated Tribes of the Fort Berthold Indian Reservation 23 Denouncement of the Use of Any American Indian Name or Artifice Associated with Team Mascots by Any Professional/ Nonprofessional Sport Teams (1993) National Congress of American Indians

197

199

24 Resolution in Opposition to Native American Mascots (1999) National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

201

25 Statement on Team Names (1993) American Jewish Committee

203

26 Statement on the Use of American Indian Sports Mascots (January 27, 1999) Society of Indian Psychologists

205

viii

Contents

27 Resolution Recommending the Immediate Retirement of American Indian Mascots, Symbols, Images, and Personalities by Schools, Colleges, Universities, Athletic Teams, and Organizations (2005) A merican Psychological Association

209

28 Native American Imagery Resolution (2005) North American Society for the Sociology of Sport

217

29 Policy on Native American Logos and Names (1993) University of Wisconsin Athletic Department

219

30 Competition and Anti-Discrimination Policy (2002) Advisory Committee on Athletics, University of Minnesota

221

31 Guideline for Use of Native American Mascots (2005) National Collegiate Athletic Association

223

32 Resolution on the Elimination of American Indian Mascots (1997) Los Angeles City Board of Education

225

33 Resolution Condemning Use of Derogatory Sports Team Names, Mascots, and Symbols (1999) Hutchinson Human Relations Commission

227

34 Resolution on Native American Mascots (1998) Governors' Interstate Indian Council

229

35 Resolution on Native American Mascots (2002) New Hampshire State Board of Education

231

36 Resolution of the Nebraska Commission on Indian Affairs (1999) Nebraska Commission on Indian Affairs

233

37 Report on Use of Nicknames, Logos, and Mascots Depicting Native American People in Michigan Education Institutions (1988) Michigan Civil Rights Commission

237

38 California Racial Mascots Act AB 858 (2004) State of California

239

Contents

ix

39 Oklahoma Racial Mascots Act, Senate Bill 567 (2005) Bill Introduced in the Oklahoma State Senate

241

40 Tennessee Mascot Act (2007) State of Tennessee

245

41 U.S. House Resolution 1933 (2005) 109th Congress, U.S. House of Representatives

247

42 Protection of University Governance Act of 2006 Bill Introduced in the U.S. House of Representatives

251

PART V ADDITIONAL RESOURCES

253

43 Organizations Advocating Change

255

44 American Indian Mascot and Nickname Changes: A Chronology

259

References

265

Index

271

About the Editor

275