The Maritime World of Ancient Rome Robert L. Hohlfelder, Editor http://www.press.umich.edu/titleDetailDesc.do?id=214382 The University of Michigan Press
The Maritime World of Ancient Rome
The Maritime World of Ancient Rome Robert L. Hohlfelder, Editor http://www.press.umich.edu/titleDetailDesc.do?id=214382 The University of Michigan Press
Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome
Supplementary Volume VI
Support for this publication was provided by the Lucy Shoe Meritt, FAAR ’37, ’50, Publication Fund of the American Academy in Rome.
The Maritime World of Ancient Rome Robert L. Hohlfelder, Editor http://www.press.umich.edu/titleDetailDesc.do?id=214382 The University of Michigan Press
The Maritime World of Ancient Rome Proceedings of “The Maritime World of Ancient Rome” Conference held at the American Academy in Rome 27–29 March 2003
edited by Robert L. Hohlfelder
by The University of Michigan Press Ann Arbor, Michigan 2008
The Maritime World of Ancient Rome Robert L. Hohlfelder, Editor http://www.press.umich.edu/titleDetailDesc.do?id=214382 The University of Michigan Press
Copyright © by the University of Michigan 2008 All rights reserved Published in the United States of America by The University of Michigan Press Manufactured in the United States of America ∞ Printed on acid-free paper 2011
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No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, or otherwise, without the written permission of the publisher. A CIP catalog record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data applied for. ISBN-13: 978-0-472-11581-5 ISBN-10: 0-472-11581-2 Every effort has been made to trace the ownership of all copyrighted material in this book and to obtain permission for its use.
The Maritime World of Ancient Rome Robert L. Hohlfelder, Editor http://www.press.umich.edu/titleDetailDesc.do?id=214382 The University of Michigan Press
contents
preface
Robert L. Hohlfelder
ix
introduction
Robert L. Hohlfelder
1
plenary address
Ports, Ships, and Power in the Roman World Geoffrey Rickman
session i
5
ships and shipping in the roman world
Roman Shipsheds David Blackman
Cosa and Deep Sea Exploration Anna Marguerite McCann 37
Roman Shipsheds and Roman Ships Boris Rankov
23
51
session ii maritime life and commerce
Rome’s Contribution to the Development of Piracy Philip de Souza Recent Archaeological Survey at Portus Simon Keay, Martin Millett, and Kristian Strutt
Imports at Ostia in the Imperial Period and Late Antiquity: The Amphora Evidence from the DAI-AAR Excavations Archer Martin
71
97
105
The Maritime World of Ancient Rome Robert L. Hohlfelder, Editor http://www.press.umich.edu/titleDetailDesc.do?id=214382 The University of Michigan Press viii
contents
Testing the Waters: The Role of Sounding Weights in Ancient Mediterranean Navigation John Peter Oleson
119
Artifact Distributions and Wreck Locations: The Archaeology of Roman Commerce A. J. Parker
177
Ochlos Nautikos: Leisure Culture and Underclass Discontent in the Roman Maritime World Nicholas K. Rauh, Matthew J. Dillon, and T. Davina McClain
197
session iii harbors of the roman world
Roman Structures in the Sea: Sebastos, the Herodian Harbor of Caesarea Christopher J. Brandon Protection and Conservation of Ancient Harbor Structures in Tuscany: Two Examples on the Coast of Grosseto Pamela Gambogi
245
255
Cosa’s Hydraulic Concrete: Towards a Revised Chronology Elaine K. Gazda
265
Response to “Cosa’s Hydraulic Concrete: Towards a Revised Chronology” by E. K. Gazda Anna Marguerite McCann
291
The Roman Maritime Concrete Study: A Brief Summary of Fieldwork from 2002 to 2005 Robert L. Hohlfelder, Chris Brandon, and J. P. Oleson
297
Archaeological Evidence for Ships and Harbor Facilities at Berenike (Red Sea Coast), Egypt Steven E. Sidebotham
305
The Expansion of Triumphal Imagery beyond Rome: Imperial Monuments at the Harbors of Ostia and Lepcis Magna Steven L. Tuck
325
The Maritime World of Ancient Rome Robert L. Hohlfelder, Editor http://www.press.umich.edu/titleDetailDesc.do?id=214382 The University of Michigan Press
PREFACE
I
n the spring of 2001, I had the privilege of an extended stay at the American Academy in Rome (AAR) as a visiting scholar. An opportunity to join such a vibrant and diverse academic community is always an extraordinary experience in so many ways, and this one was made even more so by the opportunity to spend time with Professor Lester Little, its director. Although my research fields in ancient maritime history and marine archaeology are far from his own, his catholic interest in all aspects of classical antiquity is keen and informed. During one conversation in his office, I suggested that perhaps it was time for the AAR to host another conference on Rome and the sea. I reminded him that the last one, organized by the then-director John D’Arms and held over a two-year period in 1978–1979, had resulted in the publication in 1980 of The Seaborne Commerce of Ancient Rome: Studies in Archaeology and History, edited by J. H. D’Arms and E. C. Kopff (= Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome 36). It was well received when published and has remained an important contribution to the literature in the field of maritime life in antiquity. I remember him asking me in his typically dry, humorous way if anything new had happened in the field since then. My response to him was in the same vein: “Yes, but not that much. We won’t need two years for our conference. We can cover our material in two days.” He said that I should give it a go and try to organize a symposium of leading scholars for the spring of 2003. From that exchange of banter “The Maritime World of Ancient Rome” (MWAR) was born. The road from this moment of conception to the actual conference and then to this volume has been a long one. In January of 2006, the final details regarding publication had been finalized, and this book moved closer to reality. Authors were then afforded the opportunity to incorporate recent research into their contributions, so the content of the various articles is more current than the date of the original conference would suggest. Without the help of many people, including all of the speakers who made time in their busy lives to come to Rome in March 2003 and then to revise their papers as articles for this volume, nothing would have come of the plans formulated in Professor Little’s office in 2001. There are others to thank who were equally indispensable. At the AAR, Ingrid Rowland (who has since left this institution), Archer Martin, Anne Coulson, and Pina Pasquantonio all worked hard to nurture this effort and ensure that it became a reality worthy of the endorsement of their prestigious institution. Of course, the conference and this volume occurred under the enthusiastic patronage of Lester Little—sine qua non. I wish to thank him personally for his encouragement and support for our endeavors as well as his gracious public welcome at our opening session. Elaine Gazda, who serves as the chair of the AAR’s publication committee, has been the inspiration for including this volume in the series Supplements to the Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome. Chris Hebert and others at the University of Michigan Press were extremely patient as I waited for the inevitable late submission of articles and figures that has delayed the final publication beyond their and my
The Maritime World of Ancient Rome Robert L. Hohlfelder, Editor http://www.press.umich.edu/titleDetailDesc.do?id=214382 The University of Michigan Press
preface
own expectations. My thanks to them for the final copyediting and composition of this volume, as well as to the three anonymous reviewers whose suggestions for changes in the various articles have tightened and improved the final product. The publication of a book is always a momentous event for those involved in its composition. I hope all who contributed to this one feel that their efforts have helped capture in some measure the excitement and synergy of shared interests and professional comradeship that pervaded our conference. Rome’s maritime life needs more attention, and as our authors demonstrate there is still much to learn about this often-neglected area of study.
Robert L. Hohlfelder June 2006
