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The kingdom of Afghanistan: a historical sketch George Passman Tate

Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/afghanuno Part of the History Commons, and the International and Area Studies Commons Recommended Citation Tate, George Passman The kingdom of Afghanistan: a historical sketch, with an introductory note by Sir Henry Mortimer Durand. Bombay: "Times of India" Offices, 1911. 224 p., maps

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Tate, G,P. The kfn&ean sf Af&mistan,

DATE DUE I

Mil 7 (7'8

DEDICATED,

BY PERMISSION,

HIS EXCELLENCY

BARON HARDINGE O F PENSHURST. V I C E R O Y A N D G O V E R N O R - G E N E R A L O F INDIA,

.

BY

H I S OBEDIENT, SERVANT T H E

m

AUTHOR.

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il.IEmtev 01the Asiniic Society, Be?zg-nl, S?~rueyof I ~ d i n .

dafhor of ' I Seisinqz : A Menzoir on the FJisio~y,Topo~rcrphj~, A7zliquiiies, (112d Peo$Ie of the Cozi?zt~y''; The F/.o?zlic7,.~ of Baluchisia'nn : Travels on ihe Border.? of Pe~szk n?zd Akhnnistnn " ; " ICalnf :A lMe??zoiron t7ze Cozl7~try and Fnrrzily of the Ahntadsai Khn7zs of Iinlnt" ; ec. 4

\ViTkI AN INrPRkJCTOl2Y NO'FE

PRINTED BY BENNETT COLEMAN & Co., Xc. PUBLISHED AT THE

" TIMES

O F INDIA" OFFTCES,

BOMBAY & C.1LCUTT-4, LONDON AGENCY : gg, SI-IOE L A N E , E.C.

INTRODUCTION. H A V E been aslred to write a short introduction to this boolr, and have much pleasure in doing so. e

Afghanistan is a country which should be of interest to thinking Englishmen, for its history during the last hundred years has been closely bound LIP with the history of our Indian Empire ; and wllatever inay be the course of future events in Asia, the Afghan tribes, with their warlike character and rugged territory, will always have a n important part to play. Having seen something of them, in peace and in war, and learned to admire their many fine qualities, I hope that they may long retain ihe indcpendence to which they are so passionately attached, ancl that our future relatioils wit11 thein may become more and more friendly. However this may be, it is very clesirable that ilnglisl~rnenshould lino\v as much as possible &out them ancl their past. Mr. Tate has many special qualifications for t k ~vorlr11e has undertalcen. I-Iis long service on the North-West Frontier, and his evident sympathy with the people among whom he has spent s o much of his life, must make what he writes valuable to all students of Afghan affairs, T h e boolr colltai~lshere and there passages in which I do not entirely agree ; but this is inevitable in all such cases. Mr. T a t e l ~ a certainly s brought to his worlr not only lr~lowledgeancl synlpathy but much care and research.

A boolr of the kiild is really wanted, and I hope it niay meet with the attention it deserves.

H. M. DURAND.

PREFACE. e

'A,-

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U R I N G a period of many years of service on the outskirts of Afghanistan, I was brought into contact with all classe4

of the inhabitants xvllo are tlow British subjecls, alld after tllo Ghilzai and Hazarn rebellio~lsa g a i ~ l s tthe late Amir, tvitil ref~igees who had retired for a season into the districts adjoining Afghanistan. On other occasiolls also I calne into touch [vith clliefs and common follt who were the subjects o f H. H.t l ~ eAmir. 111 thisxvay an appetite w a s created fob a fuller ltnowlzdge o f t h a t country and the people, which was sharpened by the fact that it was i~llpossibleto enter the country. I very soon found that, besides Elphillstone's Czubool, n.11ic11, although n classic, does not satisfy modern requirements, it was uot possib!e to obtain in any one book, a general a n d conllected accouilt of the Afghans. In the course of time, a s I had concentrated my efforts in this directio~l, I discoverect that a very great deal of valuable information call be foulld in boolts, publisb.ed but out of print, or cIi6cult to get a t ; and also in the \voiAlts of many oriental authol-s, the texvs of which, either manuscript or printed, call be I have venturrcl t o collect between two covers and to obtained. present in a co~lilecteclform, the record of tb.e illost important incidents in the history OF the Afghans and their relations with neigl~bou~.ing States, avoicli~lg cletails ~vhich would obscure the narrative ivithout adding to the value of the result, An exhaustive account of Afghanistan and ihe races, which are grouped under the name Afghan, could not be achieved a t at1 satisfactorily, except in Inany volumes, ancl it would be a ' task beyond the powers of a n individual author. T h e narrative will disclose the llelp,I have received fro111 117y friend, W.' Irvine, Esq., I.C.S. (retired) ; but I am constrained to matte a i ~ nthe t enco~iragement I have reEbived from special a c k n o ~ v l e d g ~ ~for him, and also for a very g r e a t deal of active ancl effectiva assistance in prosecuting my researches in this direction ; and lastly for the labour he has voluntarily u~ldergonein aiding rile with .valuable information gleaned from sources, tvhich, but for him, would have been inaccessible

t o me-at a n y rate for some time t o cuine. Any merit, which this narrative may possess, xvill be dus largely t o his valuable :ind cordial assis tance. With regard t o the map of Afghanistan, :~ttachedt o this book, it is as well to state explicitly, t h a t it is ii~te~~clecl t o be no more than n lrey t o the positions of the more important localities and places m e ~ ~ t i o n e d in the t e x t ancl t o the geographical situation of that country ~ v i l h raierence t o the d o ~ n i ~ l i o n of s neighbo~lring powers. Many very excellent m a p s of Afg.hanistan are t o be f'ound in the various atlases p u b l ~ s h e drecently. I t woulcl not be possible to inlprove 011 those maps without malcing inroads on information ~vhicha t present is ~vithheM d from ptrhlics~tion.

G. P. TATE.

h this ol.cIial it is lrey ionecl - \vith very tl:1scs in;xps 1111efc1 c,

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ERRATA. -J-

N o t e : for Aar read Rhine. Note : for Forwards ,read Towards. Note : 4th line from tlle bottom, f o r Hazar Suft read Hazar Juft. 8th line from the top, delele j n a l s i r ~d i s s e ~ ~ s i o n s . Note : 3rd line from the end,for Akat rend Alral. Note : for Mists rend Misls. 20th line from the top,for 9th August read 19th August, Note : 5th line from the end, ddlefo V afLer Shuja. Note : zncl line fr0.m t h e end, insert he befbre ordered, 07thline from the bottom, instead of following read flowing. 7th line from the bottom, dcllete comma afler hlidd+le. 8 t h line from the top, readchiefs. 19th line from the bobtom, full stop bejore S h a h Shuja. 7th line from the top, for foot rend feet. 5th line from t h e top, delele secorrd 1 i?z collossal, 14th line from the top,for expedition read expeclitionary. Appendix I V : agrd line fro111 Lhe bottom, for Surbat read Turbal. Index : jbr Vilkerrich read Vitlrevich.

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CONTENTS,

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CUAPTER I

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. . . . . . . . . ... ...

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Situation ot Afghanistan-Espoqecl to foreign influences from the WestPopulation a n d a r e a , distributiotl of population-The ancient and rnocleln names of the country-The mountain system : the Hindu-Iedition to Kasllrnir-Shah Shuja made over to the Sikh Ruler ; in)Frikoned in Lahore-Escapes and makes an u n a u c c e s s f ~ ~attempt l on ICashmir-Cha.racter of Vaziel Path Khan, and Prince 1Clmr;ln. T h e Khan defeated by the Persians-Iteturns to expedition to Herat-Fath Herat-Is seized ant1 his sight destroyed b y Knmr:~n-Barakzais rebelDost Pluhammad seizes ICabul-Mahniud and linmrnn niarch o n Kabul, but talre to flight and liialte their way to Herat.

CHAPTER XIV

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... ...

...

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Page 131

Sardar Azim Khan scts up a Sadozai puppet-Ranjit Sing invades Pesh;iwar and Kashmir-Shah Ayub Sadozai retires to Lahole-Death of S a r d a r Azim IChan-Ilis property the suhjert of dispute- Anglophile tendencies of llle Burakzai Chiefs-Saiad Ahrnad Shah settles among l l ~ eYusufzaisSir Alexander Rurnes' first visit t o ICabol-Dr. I\'olff, Mazson, and other Englishmen, travel in Afghanistan-Shah Shuja'sinvasion of Afghanistan ; and his defeat a t Abbi~srbnd-Retires to Seistan and finally t o Ludl~iana-

viii

CUNT13NTS.

A ~ l l i rD o s t i\Iuhamniad's d e f e a t by the Silths-Sl~ah ;\Iahmlrd dies in H e r a l ; is 5ucceedcd b y ICimfXn-Treaty of Turktnanchai reverses the political situalion in P e r s i a ancl rlfghanis~an-Dost A1 uhatnrnad s c n d s a represents. tive L O t h e C o u r t of the Sh:~h-Invasion of H e r a t a n d the intervention of' t h e British Government-The S h a h is forced t o give u p the siege-Sir ;\lexander B ~ r r n e s s' e c o n d Alission to Iilea N. E. of Hati RIax.dan. a This stt.anghald was oudaubtedly in the vniie; in which the villages o f Zalvo, Yaeta, ICatkika, are situated to the south a l t l l e Zawagarll Peak, in the Zaimuhht country, about 8 miles north o f Chinan.ak and about 18 miles north of Tltal in the ICuram. T h e Zawagnrh Peak rises to over 9,400 feet above sea level, on the water s h e d between the Khanti valley and that of the 1Curnm. In December 187g(doring the second Afghan war), an expedition repealed the performancee o f tlie hloghul troops. Marching from Tbul, Zawo was burnt after two days' desultory fighting.

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REBELLION O F T H E LODl CIIIEPTAIW.

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clistricts i n the Punjab was hespolcen for the expenses of the IZabul Province. T h e tribes probably were left alone to llianage their d o a e s t i c affairs by lneans o f their tribal jirgahs ; the \'iceray ofICabul extrcisi n g a paternal and general supervision s o long us the rights of the E m p e r o r o f Delhi v e r e not infringed, a u d the peace of this Province depended very greatly on the character of the Viceroy. Service 111ider the Royal Standard io India, o r onder the banner of tribal chieftains, w h o had settled on valuable e s t a t e s i n Iodia, as nobles of the Court of Delhi, providccl ample a n d congenial etnplaymeot lor the \vilder spirits of tlie tribes, and afforded avenues whereby they might attain to wealth a n d rank. Atnot~gtllose rrvho had erclia~lgedtheir mountainous a u d i ~ ~ l p r o d u c t i vpatrimoog e for estates I11 India, the morcdistingaished were t h c chiefs of the Lodis, the Parni and Bangash clans, but pree r n i n e ~ a~m t o n g them w a s the chief of the Lodis. T h e fickle and turbulent nature of the Afgliaos retidered then1 bad subjects; wllether in tlieir own couutry o r io India ; and it was a well u~iderstopdregulation t h a t no lortresses were to be intrnsted to their care. Tile most serious rebellion of Afghans against the supremacy of the Emperor Shah Jalian toolt place not in Afgl~anista~i but in India ; and apparently w a s aimed a t the subversioo of the Moghul dynasly. T h e chief of the Lodis a t this time w a s Pir Khan, a descendant of that Daulal l i h a n , .~vtiohad urged Baher to essay the conquest of Hindustan, o r of a younger branch of the same family. I n the reign o i the Emperor Jallangir, Pir I Ip?ebe)i3s1>1'tl l l l i s firntan. Jelw#ngi~. \YRS trnling i l l 1613.

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I I ~ S; ~ n d . ~ dRaed GarmAb is to be Ire south ring tile country, ed by ail : f o r the alley o f lie 15tli

famous Hazara rarilcb-i\r.ritlen of these Emperor regartlance of lied the iiit;~lio!~

dalis t o :ssion of ns \\,it11 life tlie .e inter'11 ColllPisl~in. ! Pass, leaders r Iospitnblc ,)alive desert. The connection belwccn the family 01the Sardnr o f IDist~.ict G a r r l l e c r S e r i e , \'ol. \'I1 and VIIA-Mahmrt nrld Il, leaving the at.tillery m e n .and at, cscol-t mitt, the guns. These %ere a l l n o s t taken by surprise by the nlah~.attao in the rrristy light ol lhe early d n w n There was just time to strip off the c a n v a s c o v e r s and to fire lhe loaded a

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Damnji Gael~mar'shorsemen meve to support the infantry atlack, but the ~ , ~ . u notl the eonhat was bor~rebytlie inlantry.

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All the troops were engaged, a n d the Mahrattas under the personal leadersllip of tlie Bliao a n d Wismas Rao, were almost successfi~l. T e r ~thousand Afglians were drive11 before their onset, for t l ~ eAfgliaos received the charge a t the halt. T l ~ ePersiai~ n ~ u s h e t e r s were ridden down, and it \%*;is the personal intrepidity of the Vazier Shah Wali IChan nliicli snatched tlie victory from t h e enemy. Sheathed in full armour lie clismounted from his horse to rally the brol:en Afghans, ant1 a t the head of liis claosmen, tlie P o p a l z ~ i s , a n d tlie BRI~cIIco~itingelit,lie sliowed a front, while tnessellgers were des p t c h e d to Ahoiad Shah demi~ndingreiofoucements. T h e l a t t e r sent 1,500 of his guards to clear the camp o f fugitives with orders to slay all 11.1io refusetl to return to tlie field. Ten t11ousa11d of liis g u a r d s ( a p p r e n t l y fresh troops) were led a t a gallop against the Mahrattas, while their efforts mere seconded by the s t o u t Roliilla Chieftain Najibud-Daulali, and by the men of Shah Pasand Khan a n d Aniir IChao. It was noon when Ali~nadShah reccivetl i~itelligetice of tlie s t a t e of affairs in his centre, and about one, tlie succours reached t h e Vazier. About 3 p.m. Wiswas R a o was mounded ancl unhorsed a n d l ~ a d to be lifted on his elepl~ant. T h e battle was stubbornly contested, but the A81ahmttas had shot tlieir bolt and were spent wit11 tlieir exertions. All of a sudden " a s if by enchaotnlent " the Mahrnttas turtietl tlieir backs a n d fled a t headlong speed. T h e iostrrnt they broke the victors pi~rsued them witli the utmost fury. T h e final effort had been i ~ ~ a daet close quarters with sabres and battle axes, and the carnage was said to have been dreadful, a s 110 quarter was give11 when the Mnlirattas brolre. T h e pul-suit m a s kept 11p for a distance of about twenty miles, it is said. T h e r e remained the standing camp of tlie enemy to be pluudered, and the town of Paoipnt which mas cron-ded with f ~ ~ g i t i v easn d followers. The prisoners were arranged in lines, and a little p i ~ r c l ~ egdr a i o a n d some water wasgiven t o each one, and tlieu Ll~etask of butcliery commeuced, and was carried out in cold blood. I n the Durani C a ~ n p e v e r ytent (with the exception of those of the S h l l ~and liis lxincipal officers), had piles of heads before tlic entrance. There mere saicl to have been .joo,ooo SOLIIS ill the Maliratta Camp, and only a fourth of tlieir fighting rneli escaped. The inliabitai~ts of the country rose agaiost tip flilgitives a n d lcilled all whom they cauglit. A ~ ~ t a jixankeser, i n cliieftain of high ranlr, mas hilled by the z a ~ n i n d a r sof Fnrukhnag.ar.. Jankoji Sindia was made prisoner and p u t t o death. T h e Ruler oT Oude tried Iiis best to savc tlie g a l l a ~ iIbrahim t Khan, wdom his people. Ilad captured, but Abmacl Shnli cle~iiandedliis surrender, ' a n d 'lie !Gas.

84

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TIIE KLNGDOII OP AFGIIANISTAN.

executed in the presetice of the Afglian Monarcl~.' Damaji Gaelrwar anrl Hollrar escaped with otie or two other cl~irfs. One of tlie wives O F Sada S l ~ e oescapzd on Iiorsebaclr to Deeg where slie foulid an asylum witli Raja Suraj Mal, tlie Jat, who sent her 011 afterwards to the Deccnn by way of Jllansi. The body of Wismas Rao was found, alicl witli the greatest ~IiRiculty it was rescued from tlie soldiers who wished to slull'it and carry it back tolratlo rod l o y ~ l l yby .involved in rr ilip

S h a h Shuja marched from Peshawar on tlie 20th September 1801 to make an attempt to gain the throne ; but again or1 t h e field of A s h p ~ n , he was a second time defeated, a n d on this occasion h e w a s deprived of Peshawar. H e struck across the hills following byepaths, till he reached the Gwalarai (or Gomal) Pass a n d entered tile country of t h e Ghilzais a t tlie head of 200 horse and 300 foot soldiers. Haji Prince Firuzdio liad separated from his brother in Persia, a n d had made the Pilgrimage t o the Holy Cities of I s l a ~ n . After his return, he had settled down io Yazd a s a business man ; b u t w h e n S h a h IIahmnd had renroved Shah Z a m a ~ l from the throoe, Prince Icaisar, whom the latter had left to govern Herat, w a s deposed, a n d Hsji Pritice Firazdin was summooed from Yazd and installed in t h e citadel of Herat.

i

*Allnost a s s o o n a s he lrad ascended the throne, Ma11mnd w a s confronted with a general risingofthe Ghilzais, who considered the opportunity too good t o be neglected, for attempting t o assert their claiins t o supremacy in Afghanistan. O n e of their Chiefs was raised by the

clan L O tlie digillity of their King. This quarrel ell-aggerl 011 for some time, but the G11ilz;riswere reduced to sl~bjectionin Lhe end, ;is wit11 their ~ v r e t c l ~ e\ve:~poos, d and lac% of col~esionthey were 11ot a nlalch i n the open field for tlle Doranis, wllo were betler mrmed, h:+rl the a d v s i r t ~ ~ gof e possessit~g artillcry, and were led by experieoced com~ilaoders. T h e Gl~ilzaisllad been loyal Lo Shah ZanlXn, and the rising tnay Ililve bee11 cu1111ected\vith the attelnpts to L.ccover Kabul made by S I ~ ~ I ~ ~ I - ~; Ibut, - ~ ~ifI so, I I Cthe iulovement mas badly timed and did not have the effcct of creating a d i v e r s i o ~i l~l his favour. It will be a s ~vellto entee into details, in this place, a s the particulars of the Gbi1,zai rising sho\v the attitude of this po\verful section o f thc people' to\vards the Durani Sovereigns. Mulla~nmad:iinio Ioo~ Timur Shah had ~iiade Chief o f i t h e Tokhi rlivision of the Gbilzais, and also governor of IIA>~AI~\U DARAKZAI, AND R E S T O ~ I A T ~ OP ON S I ~ ASHUJA-UL-MULI~, II n

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C H A P T E R XIV.

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near. T h e indecisive actiolis fought by Sir Robert Sale, against the Ghilzais, were inagnifiecl into victories by the nakiooalists ; and ;I colour ~ v a given s to the reports by t h e ill-advised Treaty o f Tezeen ~ n a d e with the insurgents by Major hlacgregor. Moreover, Alcbar IEhan, the seco~idson of Dost Muhammad, had escapecl from Bokbara, ant1 w a s [low a t hand to direct the national movement, and lead the insurgents. T h e people of the l>'.io, a ~orrllptionof Iiarsi-lsan, Pe,.~;anrpesiring.

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BIRST USE O F PASBTO FOR LITERARY PURPOSES.

Afghans, iy of t h e regularlyistan, the spealciog. xhich the Southern clus fro111 Northern b-dialects, r one un, In His of races, , s p e a k tlie ception o f is generalher-tongue them. I11 es, employ igin. Tlie I which t h c on of t h i s ieistan, the language, T h e Baluch a greater I

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a r e n ~ o s t i n h a r m o ~ ~ i o u to s the solnewhat I a s t i c l i o ~ ~os r i e n t a l ear. Tradition tells us of the earliest linguistic survey 011 r e c o r d , i n wllieh a G r a n d Wazir brought t o his king ~ p e e i ~ n e of n s all tlie l a r ~ g ~ ~ asgpeo ks e n 011 t h e earth ; but tlie specimen o f Pashto consisted of t h e r a t t l i r ~ ~ of a stone in a pot. According to a well-known p r o v e r b Arabic , is s u g a r ; I-liedustani is science, T u r k i is a c c o m p l i s h n i e ~ ~ tPersian is s a l t ; but P a s h t o is t h e brayingof a n a s s I I n s p i t e of t h e s e unfavotlr. able remarks, though h a r s h sounding, i t is a s t r o n g , virile l a n g u a g e , which is capable of expressing any i d e a w i t h n e a t n e s s a n d accuracy. I t is much less archaic in i t s general characteristics t h a n B a l u c h , a n d h a s borrowed n o t only a g o o d deal of i t s vocabulary, h u t e v e n p a r t o f i t s grariunar fro111 Indian soorces. " P a s h t o is written in a modification le of t h e Arabic-Persian Alphahet. I t has received c o ~ ~ s i d e r a b attention frqln scholars both in India a n d it1 Europe. " Pashto exhibits m a n y points o f c o n ~ ~ e c t i awni t h t h e G h a l c h a h l a n g u a g e s of the Pamirs, but still m o r e closely related t o t h e s e l a s t is the curious isolated little speech, hnown as O r n l o r i o r BRrgista (the speecll of Barak), which is the t o n g u e o f a f e w t h o u s a n d people near Icanigoram in Waziristan * T h e y h a v e a n inipossible tradition t h a t they c a ~ i i efrom I'amao in Arabia, a n d t h a t their l a n g u a g e w a s invented for them by a very old a n d l e a r n e d n l a n uarfed ' I U m a r Laban " some f o u r 11undred y e a r s a g o . T h e y c l a i m t o be descended from a c e r t a i n Mir BRrak, f r o m w h o m o n e o f t h e n a m e s of their tribe a n d of their l a n g u a g e is derived. Tile l a n g u a g e i s certainly a n E a s t Iranian one, a n d deserves more s t u d y t h a n i t h a s y e t received, I t does ~ i o t appear to h a v e any literature, b u t t h e Arabic-Persian Alphabet, a s adapted f o r Pashto, h a s been e m p l o y e d for w r i t i ~ ~ g it." ' T h e first person, w h o is believed t o h a v e used P a s h t o for literary purposes, is tile fatnous P i r Roshan, Mia11 Bayazid m, t h e f o u n d e r o f t h e heretical sect of the Roshanis o r I h d b d i s ; a n d h e used t h e national

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Census of India, ,gal.-Languages. It mag be interesting to nolein this connection that Ormur(Persian, Chiro 13 Il>lcforni of : ~ c l ~ i l i n i s t r a t i oin~ ltllese are;ls i s all insurallcc ;igailist ~ l l ez ~ c ~ ~ r r ex1,oidilure iiig o f inoliey and lives, ml1icli mas entailed b y strong ponilive cxperlilions i n the past. T h e n o u r troops liild t,) fight ~ l i e i r\xr;iy across a serics of very s t r o n g posilions, before the further ' valleys nrere reached, m l ~ e r calol~c,hy the destroction o f lo\vers : ~ n r l villages, tllc crops 011 the plots o f ctlltivated larid roulld t l l c ~ i ~i117d , Llle felling o f orclinrcls, some ponishment c o n l ~ lIbe i t ~ l l i c t c dfor n ; l l i l o n ; ~ n du n ~ r o v o l ~ eaggression rl 011 tlie p a r t of the tribcs~neo. Tile ponislinent which i t is possible to a c l m i ~ ~ i s t enro w is swiRcr :lilt1 Ileavier t l ~ a nbcfoce. Tberc is a veil, o f cotiimon sense i11111~11re~~~dliess i n t l ~ cr l f g l i a i ~ch;iracter, which enables t h c l n t o balancetlle prncticiil drawbacks rind possiblc Rdva~ilages attencling a blind reliat~cco n L l ~ ce x l l a r t a t i o ~ i saod pra~iiiseso f their Moll;ls. T h e national t c o d e l ~ c y to become berserk-a~idvai~ity, are howe\per easily roused, nucl tlicli tllese failings o b e r ~ ~ rthe e better j o d g o l e l i t of the inore experierlcerl members o f a tribe and render tlie r a n k and 61e of the latter de;if t o reas011. Uliless o t l ~ c rcanses callspire t o excite these failings a n d rnove the tribesmen t o take up : ~ r n ~ sthe , pre;jcl~ings of the Mullas o f tlrc henclits that may accrue .from a l i o l y w a r w i t h infidels, are coldly received a n d fall on unresponsive liearts ; and as time goes 011 their baneful influence w i l l probably decrease s t i l l more, ;tad they w i l l at last bc oblig'ecl t o conline t l ~ e ~ n s e l v etos t l ~ o s esccular duties aud spit.itoal ~niiiistrations, mhicb render the b l u l l a s so iodispensable l o their illiterate and superstitious couotrymen.

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NOTE.

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Alnjor R. Leech, C.B, Bombay Engineers, was (be f i r 1 person, alter BlpCinstone, l o draw the attention of Ellropean scholarr to Poshtu and t i t o dialects or Iang is

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I n (he case of ally violatiun of the Persian fronlier by any of the Afglian slates, the Persian Governnle~ltItad the light, if due satisfaction were n o t given, to undertake military operatiolls for the repression aud punisl~ment of the aggressors; but it was to be distinctly understood that any military force af the Shall which niigllt cross tlie border for sucll a purpose, was to retire within his owtl territory a s soon R S tlie object S I I O U I ~ be acconiplished. and that the exercise of this right was not to be made a pretext by Persia for the permaaent occupation, or the annexation, of any town or portion of the Afghan States. Sucll were the terms of tile Treaty of Paris which referred to Afgllanistan. The war had been forced on Great Britain, and she was willilig to g r a n t peace on the conditions that the indepencle~~ce of Afghanistan should be secured, and that switnble npalagy should be made for the affronts which hod been ofTered to ller Representative a t the 1'el.siau ,Court. The outbreak of tlie Mutiny of tlle Bengal army, re~ideredit a matter of thanl~fulnesst h a t .nothing had bee11allowed to retard the conclusiotl of peace. It also enabled tlie Shah's ministers to evnde the ful5lment of some of the tcrtnsof the Trenty. , . By the 8th article, the Persian government had engaged to set at liberty wittout ransom, immediately after the exchange of the rntificalions of tlie Treat" nrisaners- talren d u r i o ~the ooeratians of traoos in -~ ,, nll ~~.~ ~, -~ the Persian ~-~~~~~ Yusuf, the n{phe\v Afghanistan. Among tllose cip?iv& was hlulian~~iiad (and heir) of the late Prince RimrSn of Herat, rvho had been sent a prlsooer t o Tehran in the spring of tlie year 1856. He had been pirrdoned by the Siiah and set free within tlie walls of the cavital : b u t it was not tlte intention of tlie Persian Governliient to permit the s a d & Prince to return to his xincipnlity. On tlie ratll of April 1857 a courier arrived s t Tehran from Earis bearing despatelles froui Ferrr~khKhan, in which his government w a s informed of the terms ofthe Treaty which lie was about to conclurle. T h e 'Sadr-i-Aznm last no tiliie In deciding an the fate of Muhammad Yusuf (who naturally \vould feel should he rrcover liis power, that lie owed it to the liieasures taken by tlie English Government), alld the former determined to place upon the throne of Heret, a ruler ~vhowould owe his advancement to the goodwill of the Persian Government, and mllo would be content tohold his position a s a vassal of the Sliab. On the 11th of April 1857, Muhammad Yusuf was handed over to tlie relatives of tlie late Seid hIuharnniarl, son of t h e IateVazier Yar Muhalnmad, and the unfortunate victim was dragged to a mound i n front of the IIasr-i-I, of India. V. A . Smith, London, 1908. ]lnlucllislao District Gazetteer Series, 1907 :-Q~~etta-Pishin, Text and Statistics. Loralai Zhob Sibi

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Vols. V I I and VII (a): T e x t and Appendices. ~ ~ l ~ and r . Icharan. ; l ~ llnperial (;nzetteer of India. Provincial Series, 1908.

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N.-W. Frontier province. ' N,-w.Frontier Province Gazetteer. 3,

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Censt1s of J ~ ~ d irgor. a, Langllages. Indian Antiquary. January, February n ~ i dMarch, 1907, Outlines of Punjab Etlinograpby. Ibbetson, Calcutta, 1883. Settlelnent Report of the Karnal District. Ibbetson, 1872. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. Vols. XI.[\', ancl XLVlII. Tabilkat-i-Nasiri, Trans. M a . Raverty. Elliot's I-lislory of India (Dowson). Vol. VIII. I-Iistory of Pdrsia, Malcolm, z Vols., 1829. ,, ,, , Watson (continuation of above), London, r86G. ,, ,, ,, Marlcham, Laodon, 1874. History of Armenia. Father Chamicli. Trans. by Johaol~es Avdal. 2 Vols., Calcutta, 1827. History of the Jews, H . Graeta, j Vols., 1 8 g r . g ~ . History of the Silchs. Cunninglia~ii(Capt. J. D.), London, 18j3. History of the Afghans. Ferrier, Lotidon, 1858. . , History of the Mahrattas. Grant Duff, Lolidon, g'Vols., 1826. , 1 8 ~ ~ . Account of the l