UNIVERSITY OF WATERLOO

The Inclusion of Ethnic Produce in Waterloo Region Food System GEOG 429

Julia Gunst, Gillian Jaques, Brittany Jurjens, & Ted McDowell 12/3/2010

Introduction Food is not only a necessity of life, but also a significant cultural reflection of our

community and background (Wakefield et al., 2007). The demand for fresh and local produce is increasing each year, especially the demand for new ethno-cultural foods and ethnic vegetables, such as bok choy (Adekunle, Filson, & Sethuratnam, 2010). Ethnic vegetables are considered a non-traditional crop, whereby the crop is new to the region or grower and

production is low acreage and orientated to a niche market (Filotas, 2009). Ethnic vegetables may be grown in community gardens, which improves access to culturally appropriate

vegetables, reduces their costs, and contributes positively to social cohesion (Wakefield et al., 2007).

Canada is considered one of the most multi-cultural and diverse countries around the world. It is home to millions of people, all ranging from different cultural backgrounds and

beliefs. Many people who emigrate from their home countries to Canada find themselves in Vancouver, Montréal or Toronto and the Greater Toronto Area, at the heart of the country (Abu-Ayyash et al., 2006). Citizenship and Immigration Canada recently released a report

discussing the encouragement of alternative locations for immigrants outside the main above locations, one of the locations being Waterloo Region (Abu-Ayyash et al., 2006). In the years 1995 to 2004 the areas where the highest amounts of immigrants were

coming from was Africa, Middle East, Asia and the Pacific for Waterloo Region (Abu-Ayyash et al., 2006). Currently the Greater Toronto Area (GTA) is home to 800,000 South Asians,

600,000 Chinese, 400,000 Afro-Caribbean individuals and those are just the largest ethnic groups out of the entire population (Lammers, 2010).Waterloo Region is seeing an increasing amount of diversity in the area, therefore it makes sense that it would be directly followed by new retailers and markets opening up which are directed at new ethnic groups who have recently come to the region.

The supply of ethnic vegetables is not only a valuable resource for integration of new immigrants in Waterloo Region, but growing these vegetables locally is a potentially rewarding

venture. Substantial demand for ethnic vegetables by growing immigrant populations within in GTA, which is estimated at 61 million dollars, presents the market opportunity for these

vegetables to be grown in Ontario rather than imported from abroad (Adekunle et al., 2010). Through this research, the current status of ethnic vegetables in the Kitchener-Waterloo food system are in terms of their consumer demand, production, distribution and what challenges

and benefits exist in order to have ethnic produce part of the Waterloo Region food system will be determined.

Methods: Viability of Ethnic Produce in Waterloo Region In order to gain background on ethnic produce in Canada, a literature review was conducted from research that was previously done in the areas of food systems and ethnic

produce. Academic literature was assessed from agricultural magazines and journals to gain a better understanding of the local food system and production. Interviews with key

informants by phone were used to elaborate on existing knowledge and barriers to increasing ethnic vegetable production in Ontario, and more specifically in relation to the Kitchener-Waterloo region. As well, ethnic vegetable production on a local scale within

community gardens was explored through a literature review as an alternative to commercial production. Short 20 minute interviews were performed by phone with experts Dr. Alan McKeown

of the Horticultural Research Institute of Ontario at the University of Guelph, Dr. Stewart

Hilts formerly of the Centre for Land and Water Stewardship at the University of Guelph and Peter Katona executive director at the local organization FoodLink in order to assess the

situation of ethnic vegetable production in Ontario and Kitchener-Waterloo. Experts were asked questions to ascertain the status and challenges of ethnic vegetable production

(Appendix). Bill McFaddin, the garden coordinator at the Sunnydale Community Friendship

Garden in Waterloo was interview to gain perspective on the production of ethnic vegetable

production in community gardens. An interview was also conducted with Loblaw senior manager Jeremy Williams in order to gain perspective on the distribution of ethnic vegetables within the GTA and Waterloo Region.

Study Area: Demographics and Consumer Demand for Ethnic Produce in Waterloo Region The Waterloo Region is divided into seven townships and municipalities consisting of North Dumfries, Cambridge, Kitchener, Waterloo, Wilmot, Wellesley and Woolwich. The main urban centres in Waterloo Region are Kitchener, Cambridge and Waterloo (Region of Waterloo Public Health, 2003). Within these municipalities, the land being farmed is

considerably less than in the surrounding communities which only accounts for 4% of the

total farmland in Waterloo Region, but it is still a significant contributor to the local economy (Region of Waterloo Public Health, 2003). In 2001, Waterloo Region had 1,444 farms totalling to 225,800 acres compared to the provincial average of 59,728 farms and 13,507,357 acres (Region of Waterloo Public Health, 2003). Most of the farms in the area are for crop

production with a very small amount for grazing and other purposes like Christmas tree planting (Region of Waterloo Public Health, 2003). Waterloo is also home to a variety of different types of farms from fruits and vegetables, dairy and beef to poultry (Region of Waterloo Public Health, 2003).

Waterloo Region is well established as an agricultural community and it is an important part of the local food system and community. Due to the fact that Waterloo has a good base and infrastructure in order to produce local crops, introducing ethnic vegetables

that can be grown in this climate is a very feasible next step. With the influx of so many new and diverse people in the GTA and Waterloo Region, many people are looking for cultural

products and produce that they are used to having or cooking with. As changes in diversity in the area occur, more Canadians are also shifting towards other cultures and immersing

themselves into a new culture (Region of Waterloo Public Health, 2003). There is a noticeable shift in the types of food that consumers are wanting. Through the economic impact study done by the Region of Waterloo Public Health, results showed that Kitchener Waterloo

Region has one of the highest ethnic diversity for its size, which opens up opportunities to expand into a new area and create a new niche market to accommodate the increasing demand (Region of Waterloo Public Health, 2003). In recent years in Ontario, there has been a growth in local markets and a greater shift

to local, organic and the whole notion of sustainable food (Lammers, 2010). Consumers are more aware and conscious of their food decisions making healthier, more environmentally and social choices. Local food not only stimulates the Ontario and local economy, but it

supplies more jobs to people and works together with other sectors in the area (Donald, 2009). Farmers and individuals involved in the agricultural sectors are always looking for new ways to make money and expand into new markets if the demand is there. Ethno-cultural

vegetables like bok choy, okro, various types of eggplant, Chinese broccoli and many others are in demand. In the Greater Toronto Area (GTA), 61 million dollars per month are in

demand for consumers looking for ethno-cultural vegetables just like those (Lammers, 2010). Recently, more farmers markets are appearing and people are more aware and interested to know what fresh food they eat and where it comes from. Due to the increasing education and concern about genetically modified food and food miles; the concept of how far your

food travels before it gets to your table, people are attempting to eat more locally and conscientiously (Lammers, 2010).

With the accepting of all these different cultures into the community, Canadians are

also expanding their diets and cooking styles to incorporate more ethnic foods. In Kitchener, an Asian market, New City Market resides on King St E and just recently expanded into the building next door to keep up with the demand from customers. People were traveling to

this store from Toronto and all around just to get the unique Asian cuisine that was carried at this location (Howitt, 2009). Parts of King St E in Kitchener are becoming a mix of different

cultures and visible changes in the downtown area are being seen to targeting the growing ethnic cultures in the area. There is a demand for more ethnic food grocery stores, not just Asian cuisine as most of the food is being brought in from Toronto or Asia but with the

correct relationship, local ethnic vegetables could be grown and sold to these types of stores to build up a stronger local food system.

Community and Non-Profit Organizations Involved in Ethnic Vegetable Production in Ontario and the Waterloo Region

Vineland Research and Innovation Centre Vineland Research and Innovation Centre, which is located within an urban - rural environment, are protected in the Ontario Greenbelt (VRIC, 2010a). The Greenbelt is an area

of Ontario that is located around the Greater Toronto Area and has the best soils for growing produce and for ethnic production. This area has excellent conditions for the new types of produce that are being introduced to Canada (VRIC, 2010b). With these conditions, the

Ontario Greenbelt offers a wide variety of possibilities and for ethnic crop production; this creates a positive opportunity for production in Canada.

Vineland Research and Innovation Centre is an independent, non-profit organization

that was created to be a world - class centre for horticultural science and innovation.

Vineland brings in a global perspective to the Canadian Horticultural Industry and also offers a broad range of lasting benefits to stakeholders both locally and internationally (The Stop Community Food Centre, 2010). Vineland is entering a new era where ethnic fruits and vegetables that were once imported, are now being produced locally in Canada.

In partnership with Ontario Fruit and Vegetable Growers, Vineland is working to identify different ethnic crops that can be grown in Ontario. This will help our diverse

population residing in the Greater Toronto Area learn which ethnic produce can be grown in

Ontario (VRIC, 2010b). Vineland’s partnership with Ontario Fruit and Vegetable Growers improves production because Vineland can research and experiment with producing

vegetables in different conditions to see which conditions work best for certain ethnic crops. Therefore, the research that they collect will in turn help residents understand what conditions are needed to grow certain crops from their home country.

Vineland preformed research within the Greater Toronto Area and estimated that by 2031 the population of residents with an ethnic background will be close to 63 percent, with the largest ethnic group being South Asians (VRIC, 2010b). Vineland is doing research to discover which ethnic crops, such as callaloo, okra, fuzzy melon, yard long bean, Asian varieties of eggplant, Indian kaddou and Chinese hot pepper, will best perform in Ontario conditions. More research is being done in partnership with the Ontario Ministry of

Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs and the University of Guelph in hopes of finding new ways in which more ethnic crops can be grown in Ontario (VRIC, 2010b).

Vineland Research and Innovation Centre are also working with the Stop Community Food Centre to find new ethnic crops to grow. CEO of Vineland Research and Innovation Centre Dr. Jim Brandle said, ‘they have every reason to increase crop production and

diversification in Ontario and come more responsive to what the consumers want’ (VRIC, 2010c).The project between the Stop and Vineland was created in hopes of bridging the gap between production opportunities in the Greenbelt and the market demands that the Greater Toronto Areas has (The Stop Community Food Centre). Stop Community Food Centre The Stop Community Food Centre is a community food centre which is located in Toronto’s west end, with the mission to increase the access to food in a manner that

maintains dignity, while building health and community and challenging the difference that people have (The Stop Community Food Centre, 2010). Many new immigrants that come into Ontario sometimes do not have the financial resources to be classified as a middle income

bracket. They are then placed in the low income bracket and expected to know what resources are available to them (The Stop Community Food Centre, 2010). Stop is just one organization, among many, that strives to meet the basic food needs for those in this situation. As well as meeting basic food need, Stop promotes opportunities for community

members to build mutual support networks, connect to resources and find their voice on the underlying causes of hunger and poverty (The Stop Community Food Centre, 2010). The

Stop’s philosophy is to help make food the focus of the larger project that is the community. By creating many programs in conjunction with the community gardens and the greenhouse, The Stop is helping in the production of ethnic produce by creating an environment where

those of different ethnic backgrounds can go and grow the ethnic vegetables that are able to grow in Canada’s conditions (The Stop Community Food Centre, 2010). The Stop program serves a diverse population with the programs participants coming

from over 32 different countries and speaking over 16 different languages (The Stop

Community Food Centre, 2010). The Stop’s programs like Urban Agriculture are the practice of gardening and growing crops within the city. The Urban Agricultural program produces

four thousand pounds of healthy, sustainably produced fresh food. The primary garden has 8,000 square feet of organic vegetables and native wildflowers in Earlscourt Park and the

gardens are mostly tended by volunteers under the supervision of seasonal staff (The Stop Community Food Centre, 2010). The Stop’s partnership with Vineland Research and Innovation Centre allows urban

growers the opportunity to visit farms in the Greenbelt and exchange experiences. Vineland and the Stop Urban Agriculture Program have these programs so that both the farmers and

the farmland are there to feed the cities in the future (VRIC, 2010c). Programs that the Stop runs will help immigrants with ethnic backgrounds to find new and innovative ways of

growing crops that they enjoyed in their country of origin. This will also allow for others to experience new crops that one would not normally enjoy. The Stops continues to help new immigrants who come to Toronto as well as those in

poverty with ethnic production. The Stop allows residents to gain the knowledge that they

would need in order to produce ethnic produce that are common in their home country. The Stop also contributes to ethnic production with its community garden, located at Earlscourt Park, and Hillcrest Park as well as a greenhouse, sheltered garden and the Global Roots Garden (The Stop Food Centre, 2010). All these places contribute to ethnic production

because many of the gardeners are from different ethnic backgrounds. The Stop also gives these gardeners the knowledge on how to use sustainable methods to grow fresh, local

produce all year around, therefore allowing the gardeners the information to grow their accustom fruits and vegetables. Community Gardens Community Gardens are one place where ethnic crops are being grown right here in our own neighbourhood. In urban areas like Kitchener - Waterloo and the Greater Toronto

Area community gardens are located all across the city. In the Waterloo Region community gardens are created so that they can allow people of all diversities to come together and grow their own food (Region of Waterloo: Public Health, 2010), which is also true for the

Greater Toronto Area. Throughout the city of Toronto there are more than 110 community gardens; places were a passion for plants and food are shared (Baker, 2004). With the

shifting cultural landscape community gardens are a new way in which new immigrants can bring a part of their culture with them. Over the past decade or so, 43 percent of all immigrants entering Canada have chosen

to settle in the Greater Toronto Area (Baker, 2004). With the increase of the population,

Toronto’s urban landscapes are changing as well and are being characterized by the ethnic districts such as China Town, Little India and the Greek Villages (Baker, 2004). These

neighbourhoods and the growing immigration rates are what make the ethnic crop production in the community gardens possible. In the Kitchener - Waterloo Region community gardens nourish the neighbourhoods

because they allow for communities to come together to grow their own food as well as it revitalizes the vacant land. In the Kitchener - Waterloo area community gardens provide a wide variety of positive points. These areas include the provision of fresh and affordable

fruits and vegetables; the ability to grow food for individuals and groups; the capability to

build welcoming and safer communities for new immigrants as well as it promotes well-being and preserves the neighbourhood (Region of Waterloo: Public Health, 2010). The Waterloo Region Community Gardening Network is described as an umbrella organization because many different associations have come together to create it (Region of Waterloo: Public Health, 2010). It started in 1997 with the help of the Region of Waterloo

Public Health, the Food Bank of Waterloo Region, the Working Centre and also community members and local gardens. The purpose of the Waterloo Region Community Gardening Network is to promote and maintain community gardens in the community. It is a great

opportunity for people to increase their gardening skills, learn about public education as well as being able to link resources and people to other community gardens (Region of Waterloo: Public Health, 2010). This is very useful in the production of ethnic crops because it allows

immigrants who grow something different to get to know other gardeners, as well as learn about new and different styles of gardening. Toronto also created a Network that is similar to the Kitchener - Waterloo Region. In

1999, this network was created by a union of Non-Governmental Organizations who work on urban gardening. In alliance with the Food Security Movement, this network worked to

together to support community gardens in the Toronto area (Baker, 2004). This network also allows for ethno-cultural groups the support that they needed when living in an area of new surroundings.

Since Community Gardens in Kitchener - Waterloo are programs that can help new

immigrants coming into the region, there are a variety of new ideas that need to be covered so that production of certain vegetables can occur. McFaddin, the garden coordinator at the

Sunnydale Community Friendship Garden in Waterloo, emphasised that community gardens need to be accessible for people who wish to use them (B. McFaddin, Personal Interview,

November 19, 2010). This means that community gardens should be located close to homes and should be able to reach out to those who wish to participate in them. By having a garden close to home, the chance for new gardeners increases the ability for the garden to be a community ‘builder’ (B. McFaddin, Personal Interview, November 19, 2010). However, there are barriers for most immigrants who come into the community and want to get involved. McFaddin emphasises that there is limited access to community gardening services in the Region of Waterloo. In addition, the city needs to support

community gardens by giving them technical and financial support to organized gardens in

the neighbourhood. Furthermore, if the city does not introduce the support needed, then the chance for immigrants to introduce ethnic produce diminishes (B. McFaddin, Personal Interview, November 19, 2010).

There are many uncertainties about community gardens that arise. Many gardeners

say that gardening is an important part of their everyday routine because it is important to grow cultural food, save money and connect with their neighbours. However, there is always a concern on whether or not their community garden will survive (Baker, 2004). B. McFaddin says, “The goal for every community garden is to create a destination where all people can

walk by, sit under a nearby tree to enjoy the sights and sounds of nature or have the privilege to have a plot of land to cultivate” (B. McFaddin, Personal Interview, November 19, 2010). Whether it is growing produce from their home country or finding new links in their new

country, community gardens are important for a variety of reasons. However, community gardens still face issues other than the production of produce. While being able to grow

produce is a privilege that many immigrants get to experience, there are also the new connections and opportunities that community gardens offer. In Toronto, the Community Food Security movement (CFS) has been successful in

increasing the number of community gardens in the city. Since CFS has partnered with the local municipality they have been able to provide certain services to gardeners and

networking among its supporters. The ability to keep cultural identity, citizenship and democratic practices are a central issue for nongovernmental organizations (Baker, 2004).

The production of ethnic produce is important for certain organizations because it allows for the chance of new opportunities, like being introduced to a variety of produce that is uncommon to Canada. Moreover, it allows for new cultural advances in cities that offer a

variety of ways for new immigrants to learn and experience, as well as share what they know. Commonly Grown Ethnic Vegetables In Community Gardens There are many cultures that have resided in Canada and have brought with them vegetables from their home country. A few examples of what some ethno-cultures are

growing in Canada are; greens and herbs: callaloo, entsai, bok choy, shungiku and sweet potato spinach; squash and gourds: bitter melon, fuzzy melon, Jamaican pumpkin; other

vegetables include: eddoe, taro, jute, long bean, okra, Vietnamese celery and white eggplant (Baker, 2004). Below are a description of three vegetables taken from each groups that are being grown in community gardens in Ontario; boy choy, okra and fuzzy melon. Bok choy or oriental cabbage comes from China and is referred to as white cabbage.

For the production of bok choy, the vegetable prefers soil that is rich in organic matter and is able to retain water. Bok choy needs constant water supply because it is a very leafy

vegetable and the best climate for bok choy sprouts is in the spring when the weather is between 5 and 10 degrees Celsius. Usually bok choy is transplanted or directly planted in July

and harvested in the fall. Since bok choy is a minor vegetable in Canada and not many people

are familiar with it, the demand is not high. However, as Canadians become more familiar with bok choy the demand for it increases (Munro and Small, 1997). Another example is okra which is an annual herb that is commonly found in Africa and

Asia and was brought to North America by African slaves in the seventeenth century. The major production areas in North America are in South Eastern United States, Texas and

California; however, production in Canada has been developing. Okra grows best in climates that are warmer than normal in Canada; therefore the production in Canada has been restricted to home gardens and is usually started indoors. Okra does not do well in

waterlogged soils and because it is a delicate crop it cannot tolerate low temperature. Since Canada has short growing seasons, okra does best if it is started inside so that more pods can grow. However okra is a minor crop in Canada and production is limited because it does better in warmer climates (Munro and Small, 1997). Fuzzy melon, also known as Chinese winter melon or wax gourd, is a pumpkin like vine

vegetable that has originated in eastern Asia. The name fuzzy melon comes from the seeds

that are ridged and the fruit that is covered with soft whit hairs. The flesh of the fuzzy melon is used mostly in soups and stews and the fruit can be eaten raw, boiled or placed in stir fry. Fuzzy melon likes soils that are warm and high in organic matter and because it is a tropical plant it requires warm temperatures to grow, between 24 - 27 degrees Celsius. Fuzzy melon

is vulnerable to cold temperature but can do well in drought conditions. In Canada the plant can be transplanted outside but only after the danger of frost has past. This plant remains a curiosity to home gardeners because it needs a long, warm growing season which Canada does not have. It is also labour intensive because it does better if it is grown in trellises (Munro and Small, 1997).

Overall, Ontario’s conditions are not necessarily welcoming because of the climate and the soil type, but as new research into the technology needed for growing ethnic crops in

Canada increases, so does the ability. The three vegetables that are described above are just

some examples of what is being grown in the community gardens in Kitchener - Waterloo, Toronto and other urban areas. There are many more different ethnic crops that are being grown in Ontario, but production faces problems of climate, soil, cultivation, harvest and

storage. Since Ontario does not have the same conditions as their home country, gardeners

and researchers continue to strive to find a way to produce products that are typically grown in other countries. Commercial Vegetable Production in Canada and Ethnic Vegetables The 2006 Census of Agriculture reported that vegetable farms in Canada, excluding greenhouse production, represented 4.1% of the total number of farms and this statistic has remained relatively constant since the 1986 census (Statistics Canada, 2006). Production of field grown vegetables has decreased in Canada; however this has been offset by the

increase in area of greenhouse vegetable production to respond to export markets and yearround demand (Statistics Canada, 2009). The most dramatic increase in greenhouse

production was in Ontario, which accounted for over half of the increase in total area

(Statistics Canada, 2009). Growth in greenhouse production is mostly orientated to the export market in the U.S., and Canada was a net importer of vegetables in 2002 (Statistics

Canada, 2007). Ontario, although a leader in greenhouse production, imported the largest proportion of vegetables at 55% of Canada's total fresh vegetable imports (Statistics Canada, 2007). Since the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) came into effect, the main

area growth in U.S. exports has been in vegetables exported to Canada since the U.S.

possesses a comparative advantage (Tweeten, Sharples & Evers-Smith, 1997). From the

period of 1994- 2000, the U.S. accounted for 81% of Canada's vegetable imports, up from 70% from 1984- 1988 (Zahniser & Link, 2002). Canada's vegetable exports to the U.S have

also increased, with Canada's market share of the U.S. increasing from 10% to 25% from 1990 to 2000 (Zahniser & Link, 2002). The production of ethnic vegetables in Canada has been identified as having export potential to the U.S. market, as over 31% of the population is

considered an ethnic consumer (Agriculture and Agri-food Canada, 2007). Additionally, a significant demand for ethnic vegetables has been identified in Ontario, with South Asians

accounting for the largest demand (Adekunle et al., 2010). A total of 120 types of vegetables are consumed by ethnic groups in the GTA (Adekule et al., 2010). The production of ethnic vegetables has been suggested as an alternative to the

current competitive export market for 'traditional' greenhouse crops, which could create new market opportunities and respond to local demand and niche markets (Jones, 2005;

Filotas, 2009). The profit margins in traditional, commodified greenhouse crops have reduced greatly for some producers (Jones, 2005). A possible response to competitive exportorientated agriculture and liberalized trade includes a transition from a productivist to a

post-productivist model of agriculture whereby novel crop production that is high-value but low-volume increases agricultural output diversity over specialization (Bradshaw, 2004). In the case of Saskatchewan during the 1990s, reduced subsidies and liberalization

causing increased price fluctuations in grains were expected to increase the level of

diversification, however many farms increased diversification of income in non-agricultural ventures (Bradshaw, 2004). Specialization rather than diversification remained and some farms capitalized on fluctuating prices through short-term production (Bradshaw, 2004). Nonetheless, diversification of agriculture, specifically through non-traditional crops, remains a potential method of exploiting new unsaturated markets and reducing vulnerability to market fluctuations (Prohens, Rodriguez-Burruezo & Nuez, 2003). Notably, trends towards increases in farm output diversity are influenced by “agro-

climatic conditions, soil types, limited agri-food processing opportunities, or the distance to markets” (Bradshaw, 2004, p.43). With the introduction of non-traditional crops, extensive

research is necessary to determine agronomic requirements, suitable pest control, applicable regulations and post-harvest processing (Filotas, 2009). The commercial introduction of nontraditional crops requires a long-term investment, but they have been shown to produce

profits that out way the initial costs of extensive trials, research and advertising (Prohens, Rodriguez-Burruezo & Nuez, 2003). Trials are necessary to test for adaptation, growing technique, genetic variation and pest control (Prohens et al., 2003).

No specific statistics exists describing the current status of commercial ethnic or specialty vegetable production in Canada, however, there exists a movement towards the

diversification of vegetable production through the recognition of the growing demand for ethnic vegetables (Adekunle et al., 2010). Diversification of commercial vegetable production in Ontario has recently begun to include ethnic vegetables, with brassicae such as cabbages being the most common (Ripley, Ritcey, Harris, Denommea & Lissemore, 2003). Within Ontario there are many ethnic vegetables currently produced, with crucifers accounting for more than 50% grown in Toronto region (Cerkauskas, Stobbs, Lowery, VanDriel, Liu &

VanShangen, 1998). In 1997, it was reported that 38 types of ethnic crops were grown

around the Toronto region (Cerkauskas et al., 1998). Ethnic vegetables are usually grown on small farms of 5-100 ha for the local market, with cabbage requiring the largest proportion of the growing season to mature (Ripley et al., 2003).

Research and development in ethnic vegetable diseases and pests is crucial to pest management and the first study assessing oriental cruciferous vegetables for diseases and pests in Southern Ontario was performed in 1997 (Cerkauskas et al., 1998). Although oriental cruciferous vegetables are widely grown at the time of the study, little was known about

pests or diseases (Cerkauskas et al., 1998). Many gaps exist in the knowledge of commercial ethnic crop production in Ontario, with existing knowledge scattered and unorganized

inhibiting the exchange of knowledge between farmers, organizations and researchers

(Kelleher, Lam, Skowronski, & Vaidyanathan, 2008). However, research involving the smallscale production of ethnic vegetables yet to be commercially produced is growing (Adekunle et al., 2007; Kelleher et al., 2008). Trials are being performed to provide evidence of

consumer demand and reduce risks (Ontario Fruit and Vegetable Growers Association (OFVGA), 2010).

Discovering Barriers to Increased Commercial Ethnic Vegetable Production The majority of ethnic crop research in Ontario has occurred with involvement of the

University of Guelph (Kelleher et al., 2008). Two experts who have conducted ethnic

vegetable production research at the University of Guelph were interview. According to the

opinions these experts, Alan McKeown and Stewart Hilts, major barriers to increasing ethnic vegetable production in Ontario include pest management and regulations. In addition, the additional risks of non-traditional vegetables may only be undertaken by large rather than small scale producers with greater capital. Waterloo Region food expert Peter Katona, executive director at the local organization Farm Link, was also interview to gain a KW

perspective on potential barriers. Barriers to increasing production include not only physical challenges in climate and pests, but also knowledge of ethnic crop demand and production methods from the viewpoint of the producer.

A primary physical barrier to increasing the production of ethnic vegetables is the lack of registered pesticides for ethnic vegetables by the Pest Management Regulatory Agency

(PMRA), since all pesticides used in other countries must be approved for use in Canada and must be registered specificly for the crop to be grown (Health Canada, 2009). Even for

Chinese cabbage, one of the most important ethnic crops to Southern Ontario, there is no registered herbicide (Shattuck & Shelp, 1986). Products used for pest control must be registered for the crop; otherwise its application is illegal, often making OMAFRA specialist

consultation necessary for specialty crops (Simcoe Research Station, 2009). As A. McKeown (Personal Interview, November 3, 2010) explained: “...if you are growing a Chinese radish for example and if there is nothing registered for it to control cabbage maggot you can lose the whole thing because of cabbage maggot. So there are more risks in some of these vegetables. You have to grow them organically and that is higher risk, higher labour, and higher costs.” Additionally, if pesticides that are registered for similar major crops are used instead, which producers of ethnic crops may see as potential alternative, there is the risk that

maximum residue limits (MRL) may be violated due to differences in leaf characteristics

between major crops and the ethnic vegetables (Ripley et al., 2003) For specialty crops, Health Canada uses the same MRL value as a related major crop, but the using the same

pesticides may not yield the same level of pesticide residues (Ripley et al., 2003). Ripley et al. (2003) recommended following a study of bok choy, Chinese cabbage, Chinese broccoli, fuzzy squash, and snow peas that pesticides registered for major crops should not be used for minor crops without investigation into the residue dissipation for each crop individually. Hand weeding remains the safest method of weed control, but is only possible with

small acreage and extensive labour (Kelley, 1999). Many ethnic vegetables are grown on smaller acreages, which cannot carry out the extensive research and cost of registering

pesticides (Ripley et al. 2003; Cerkauskas et al., 1998). Approval of pesticides to new crops is

a long process requiring extensive research into the potential environmental and health risks, which must be performed by the manufacturer or company (Health Canada, 2009). Overall, “... it is a very long and expensive process to get something out there for use. And with a lot of the minor crops in terms of acreage there is not enough money in it for companies to want to go ahead with it on their own. So it has to go through the minor use program and there are only a limited number of those that go through in a given year. So that is a big problem.”(A. McKeown, Personal Interview, November 3, 2010) With the additional costs caused by either going through the registry process of a pesticide for a new crop or organically farming, financial barriers are added to the introduction and production of ethnic vegetables (A. McKeown, Personal Interview,

November 3, 2010). However, a possible alternative to relying on chemical pest control includes the use of cultural and biological methods, or Integrated Pest Management (IMP)

(Allen, 2007). Crop rotation and incorporation of knowledge of pests and biological control can be used in combination with any existing registered chemicals for ethnic crops such as

Indian rinda, Indian okra, Indian karela, calalloo, choy Sum, oriental eggplant (Allen, 2007). As with any conventional crop, it is also important to research and evaluate pests and diseases specific to ethnic crops (A. McKeown, Personal Interview, November 3, 2010). A

problem specific to ethnic vegetables is the importation of seeds directly from the country of

origin without proper certification, which can potentially bring in new diseases and pests threatening both traditional and new crops (Cerkauskas et al., 1998). In order for seeds to be approved for importation, the costs are often too high for small producers and inefficiencies in the current system in Canada have been noted (Kelleher et al., 2008). As a result, some have produced ethnic crops illegally (Kelleher et al., 2008).

Farmers from other countries that wish to grow ethnic crops may find the approval and registration process in itself a major barrier. “There is a little bit of a barrier from knowledge, some of the people who come from other countries and have been farmers have quite a bit of knowledge but they don't know the local services or the people to turn to for advice. So they know how they might grow crop in their homeland but they don't know where the local implement dealer is or the OMAFRA office or all those kind of things. So they have to do some digging to get familiar with the basics.” (S. Hilts, Personal Interview, November 5, 2010) In addition, “...behind the scenes there are a bunch of barriers that face most immigrants in most activities like language and income, which underlies transportation and housing and the rest of it” (S. Hilts, Personal Interview, November 5, 2010). However, it is most likely that existing Canadian farmers will be producing ethnic crops

in the near future as Stewart Hilts stated,

“...we can't count on recent immigrants from overseas who don't have a lot of income are going to be the people who go into big production immediately unless they get a lot of help. It will more likely be some of these Canadian farmers that are able to achieve higher production levels initially.” (S. Hilts, Personal Interview, Novemeber 5, 2010) There are currently no specific government programs to involve immigrant farmers in ethnic crop production, although organizations such as Farm Start have developed programs to help provide support and training (FarmStart, n.d.).

This issue relates to Canada's overall food security, as “this is an issue that should be thought about because our farm population is aging very rapidly and somebody's got to if we want food to eat 10-20 years from now we are going to need new farmers” (A. McKeown,

Personal Interview, November 3, 2010). Stewart Hilts sees an increase in producers as key to

expanding ethnic vegetable production, as he believes that “Some people say that marketing is a bit of an issue but I'm personally confident that we can get around the marketing once

we get some production happening.” (S. Hilts, Personal Interview, November 5, 2010). Whether demand must follow production or production must follow demand, research has determined there exists both a desire to produce ethnic vegetables and a large consumer base in Ontario which could be better connected (Kelleher et al., 2008; Adekunle et al., 2010).

Overall, because of these stated barriers, production of ethnic vegetables can range

from a smaller to larger scale, but most are on smaller acreages (Ripley et al., 2003; Kelleher et al., 2008). Within the Greenbelt, ethnic farming was found to occur primarily on a small-

scale and decentralized manner, which could be strengthened though co-operative networks (Kelleher et al., 2008). Alan McKeown added that: “…there are some growers who are a very good size that are growing some of the Chinese cabbage and bok choy and some of those other Chinese vegetables. So then you are going down in scale to somebody who is growing a few acres of bitter melon in a greenhouse for example to supply some of the South East Asian market in Toronto and there are some people down here (in Simcoe) who are doing that.” (A. McKeown, Personal Interview, November 3, 2010). Increasing data on the production of ethnic vegetables and crops is needed to improve

ethnic crop production in Ontario, and existing information could be communicated more effectively (Kelleher et al., 2008). Data particular to who produces ethnic vegetables and

where within the K-W region is sparse, and the size of production depends on the crop (A. McKeown, Personal Interview, November 3, 2010). Within the K-W region, it is known that vegetables such as bok choy, edamame and Asian greens are produced, but not the qualities (Foodlink Waterloo Region, n.d.).

In order to ascertain barriers to K-W ethnic vegetable production from a perspective

within the community, Peter Katona of FoodLink’s opinion was invaluable. He stated that “there are ethnic vegetables being grown in KW. The majority of those being farm direct

sales or CSAs.” (P. Katona, Personal Interview, November 15, 2010). Additional crops could be grown, since “there is a very wide range that could be grown in the K-W region. There are lots of the brassicas; there are a number of the other Asian vegetables that can be grown.

There’s actually quite a list that could be grown” (A. McKeown, Personal Interview, November 3, 2010). In the opinion of FoodLink, ethnic vegetables can be produced in KW, but the major barrier

to furthering ethnic vegetable production in the KW region in either small-scale or wholesale production is related to the market (P. Katona, Personal Interview, November 15, 2010). Peter Katona further stated that:

“...local producers might not have a complete grasp of what products are actually sought after in the marketplace... well our farmers are quite traditional with what they grow. So branching out and growing new products is a question of learning and so some of that information in terms of what ethnic vegetables are actually in demand, some of that market information has not yet made it to the producer.” (P. Katona, Personal Interview, Novemeber 15, 2010). Even if there is demand, competition is a factor, as “there might be considerable

demand; however I'm not sure that the buyers of this product are willing to pay premium or comparable prices. So I think it is a function of economics.” (P. Katona, Personal Interview,

November 15, 2010). Competition on the global market for ethnic produce can become too tough for local producers to enter the wholesale market due to many factors (P. Katona,

Personal Interview, November 15, 2010). Some of these factors include health and safety regulations, taxes, seasons and climate, which create competitive advantages for off-shore production (P. Katona, Personal Interview, November, 15, 2010). Additionally, “...if you ask the Mennonite community for example, they will suggest that those looking for Asian vegetables at a wholesale price are not willing to pay adequate prices. So that's why you see so much imports and stuff is because that market tends to

gravitate towards cheap products” (P. Katona, Personal Interview, November 15, 2010).

Considering an ethnic vegetable's potential for year-round production is also important in considering economic viability (P. Katona, Personal Interview, November 15, 2010).

Overall, there exists both physical barriers to the production of ethnic vegetables in Ontario in general, but also specific market conditions that make investment in ethnic crops viable or not. Peter Katona explained that:

“You are always going to be looking at imports. The way that these contracts are set up is that you sign a contract for a year. And even though there might be domestic supply you are committed to buying off-shore product year round. So it doesn't really matter if you have domestic supply at all because you are committed to buying year round if the demand is year round” (P. Katona, Personal Interview, November 15, 2010). Finally, cultural preconditions also play a role local production of ethnic vegetables and

the development of a market and sustaining production. Diasporas and patterns of migration play a role, as Stewart Hilts explained: “One of the issues that people have looked at is some of the immigrant grocery stores for example will be run by a particular family and in importing their food crops they may be actually importing from another member of the family from Pakistan or from the Caribbean or something. So there are family connections. And to replace that connection with locally grown vegetables undermines the income of that other family member who is still elsewhere. So that is an issue that has to be dealt with on kind of a personal level. Not in all cases but in some cases” (S. Hilts, Personal Interview, November, 5, 2010). Cultural barriers such as this needs further research, as does the general promotion of

local food production within ethnic populations (P. Katona, Personal Interview, November

15, 2010). Peter Katona questioned, “Is there any research out there suggesting it is a good

investment in introducing new Canadians to existing fruits and vegetables which are actually reflective of our seasons?” (P. Katona, Personal Interview, November 15, 2010). It appears that knowledge of the local production of ethnic vegetables and the corresponding ethnic populations is not sufficient to fully understand the relationships between culture and

demand for local vegetable production in Ontario and in KW in order to increase commercial production. Based on these opinions of experts Peter Katona, Stewart Hilts and Alan

McKeown, ethnic vegetable production faces many barriers, such as pest control, upfront costs, regulatory procedures, global market forces, a lack of data and Diasporas.

Marketing and distribution of ethnic produce This final section will determine where ethnic vegetables in KW are currently being marketed to and how they are distributed. It will be compared to the Greater Toronto Area and other provincial trends. Local versus international demand and environmental impacts will be considered, along with the challenges in marketing and distributing ethnic produce in Kitchener-Waterloo determined through expert opinions and secondary sources. The

distribution of ethnic vegetables has environmental and economic impacts as reducing

dependence on fossil fuels to transport foods domestically and internationally, increases resilience against future fossil-fuel price-increases (Woods, Hughes, Black & Murphy, 2010) The ethnic vegetable market can be considered a niche or specialty market (Filotas, 2009). To explore the marketing of ethnic vegetables, a senior manager of Loblaw, Jeremy

Williams provided inside knowledge of their marketing practices. Loblaw Company Limited is one of the country’s largest food retail outlets operating over one thousand stores (Loblaws

Company Limited, 2009). When asked how Loblaw markets its ethnic produce, Williams had a very business oriented answer. He states that Loblaw had noticed its competitors faring

better with lower income families and new immigrants because of the location of their stores (J.Williams, Personal Interview, November 10 2010). Another issue highlighted by Williams was the difficulties in reaching this niche market with existing resources.

New immigrants are more likely to locate in neighbourhoods close to an ethnic grocery

store and may not shop as frequently at a supermarket (J.Williams, Personal Interview,

November 10, 2010). “…Loblaw did not have a division for selling ethnic groceries, so they

bought one” (Williams, Personal Interview, November 10, 2010). In 2009, Loblaw acquired T&T Supermarket to gain a market share within the Asian community (Loblaws Company

Limited, 2009). In a study conducted by Varghese & Moore-Orr (2002), it was discovered that Indian immigrants sought out vegetables they were accustomed to cooking when they

arrived in Newfoundland. The immigrants surveyed also noted that they chose to continue

their traditional diet for its health benefits. When looking at Waterloo Region, it can be comparable to the situation that Varghese & Moore-Orr (2002) studied. Specifically, Williams was able to identify which vegetables are delivered into Waterloo

Region on a daily basis. “….We bring in vegetables and fruits for Oriental, South Asian, Mexican and Caribbean customers. Including leafy green vegetables bok choy, nappa, baby bok, methi,

callallo; warm vegetables, Chinese eggplant, okra; roots, yucca, yellow yams, jicama; snow and snap seas; and fruits such as lychee, longan, sour sop, sorrel.” (J.Williams, Personal Interview,

November 10 2010). These vegetables arrive from their countries of origin, which contribute a negative impact on the global environment. Recent interest in ‘food miles’, or the distance food travels from production to consumption, and their effect on greenhouse gas emissions has

created a demand for the production of vegetables within Canada that are currently imported (FoodShare, 2005). In order for ethnic vegetables to be sold at a local market within Ontario, the vegetable

must first travel thousands of kilometers away from where it was harvested. The vegetables are imported from “…countries like USA, Dominican Republic, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica,

Mexico, Jamaica” (J.Williams, Personal Interview, November 10, 2010). The primary methods for shipping these vegetables are air cargo (items from Asia and South America); by boat in large ocean liners (Asia, Dominican Republic) and also by land in trucks. The distribution process continues as these vegetables can be shipped direct to a warehouse for distribution to be shipped to stores. Some individual vendors are also able to ship their ethnic vegetables directly to the

stores. They are also shipped to a supplier warehouse to be sold and shipped again to

another distribution center. This process happens more for the lower demand vegetables, which are not processed through the distribution system as quick (J. Williams, Personal

Interview, November 10, 2010). There are easier methods for procuring these vegetables.

During growing season in Ontario, most of the ethnic greens are locally sourced and grown.

These vegetables include bok choy, nappa, baby bok, methi and callallo. The local production of ethnic vegetables is enough supply to be able to sustain the Ontario demand. The ethnic

leaf vegetables are able to grow in the Ontario climate, which eliminates the need for them to be imported to help reduce emissions. Information obtained from Williams indicates that Waterloo region is the second

largest market for ethnic vegetables in Ontario for sales, after the GTA. With the influx of immigrants in the Region of Waterloo, demand for ethnic vegetables can be explained by

traditional diets. When new immigrants arrive to Canada, some are not able to adapt quick enough to the social changes and can become left in a state of low social economic status (SES) (Rush et al., 2007). These immigrants have few options but to locate into areas of cities where they can afford housing.

When discussing where in Waterloo Region the most demand for ethnic vegetables was, locations which were lower SES areas and areas of higher SES had the most demand in

terms of vegetable sales (J.Williams, Personal Interview, November 10, 2010). When looking at the demand patterns, Williams stated “…see some demand in select pockets of Kitchener and Waterloo. These areas are select stores within lower income areas with some more significant demand around north Waterloo and areas in Kitchener’s core” (J.Williams, Personal Interview, November 10, 2010). As specific amounts of each vegetable could not be given, Williams exposed that the

majority of imported ethnic vegetables end up being sold within the GTA (J. Williams,

Personal Interview, November 10, 2010). Around 50% of the total amount is shipped in

trucks from either the Ajax or Cambridge, Ontario distribution centers and is destined for stores within the GTA (J. Williams, Personal Interview, November 10, 2010). Of the remaining shipments, around 25% is shipped into Waterloo Region and the remaining is distributed all around Ontario. Where large demands exist, markets have a command of some unique vegetables. Some types of Italian leaf greens are solely distributed to Fortinos stores in

Hamilton and to other Loblaw banner stores in Woodbridge, Ontario (J. Williams, Personal Interview November 10, 2010). Conclusion To remain competitive in the North American market, non-traditional crops such as ethnic vegetables have been suggested as a potential method of increasing competitive advantage and responding to local niche markets in an increasingly export-orientated

vegetable market (Zahniser & Link, 2002; Jones, 2005; Adekunle et al., 2010; Kelleher et al., 2008). In order to act on the potential to increase local ethnic vegetable production in

Ontario, it has been suggested that policy in Ontario should be reoriented to address specific challenges of ethnic vegetables, and increase funding of ethnic vegetable testing (Adekunle et al., 2010; Kelleher et al., 2008). With the increasing amount of immigrants to Waterloo Region, the demand for increased production of ethnic produce is there, however the

production and distribution have to be considered in order for it to be included into the Waterloo food system. Through companies like Vineland Research and Innovation Centre, there has been

improved research and opportunities for new immigrants to grow ethnic produce in Canada. Through the partnership with the Stop Community Food Centre, as well as Community Gardens in the Kitchener - Waterloo and the Greater Toronto Area, the ability to grow ethnic

produce increase. Since Ontario’s growing conditions are not necessarily ideal for ethnic crop production because of a variety of condition, the more information and innovative ways

created will help enhance the capability to produce a diverse selection of ethnic crops. The research performed in the Greater Golden Horseshoe, Greenbelt and Greater Toronto Area (GTA) in Ontario, determined that there is significant demand, but production remains in need of specialized policies, ways to better connect production to local markets and to

improve overall communication (Kelleher et al., 2008; Adekunle et al., 2010). Interviews conducted with ethnic vegetable production researchers Steward Hilts and Alan McKeown of the University of Guelph, and KW local food expert Peter Katona of Foodlink, presented the

barriers of pest control, regulatory frameworks, upfront costs, global market forces and an overall lack of information. Based on the opinions of these experts, production can be increased, but faces many barriers.

The supply for ethnic vegetables throughout Ontario is secured by various organizations including the large grocery chains of Loblaws. By examining their distribution

methods, this report was able to identify key distribution figures to illustrate the immediate demand for ethnic vegetables within Waterloo Region. It was also revealed that not only is

Waterloo Region experiencing a strong demand for ethnic vegetables, but it is also expected to grow. An issue with the increase in demand for these special varieties of vegetables is the increasing contribution of greenhouse gas emissions from the transportation of the product

thought the various stages of the distribution cycle. The eating habits of new immigrants will continue as long as they are able to find a supply of their ethnic vegetables to satisfy their demand within the Waterloo Region.

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Appendix: Interview Questions: Ethnic Vegetable Production Questions: Is there any kind of financial funding or other incentives to produce ethnic vegetables locally? Is it sufficient in your opinion to compensate for the risks involved? Do you believe more research and development is needed in order for ethnic vegetable production to be increased in Ontario and KW? Should famers be taking the lead and create the demand, or should they wait for a demand to be well-established and documented? What are the major barriers that exist to increasing the small-scale production of ethnic vegetables in the KW region? What barriers have you personally experienced? Is there enough knowledge of ethnic vegetable production among producers for it to become a viable option? Would knowledge gained from new immigrants who have produced ethnic vegetables or other experts be useful to you? What are the different needs of ethnic vegetables grown in the KW region over conventional vegetables? (E.g. Seeds and pesticides, climate) To the best of your knowledge, where are the majority of ethnic vegetables being produced in KW and by whom Do you believe the environmental benefits of local ethnic vegetable production large enough to make it worthwhile? (E.g. decreased greenhouse gas emissions) Distribution of Ethnic Vegetable Questions: What kind of ethnic vegetables are imported into Canada? Where are these vegetables grown? How are the imported vegetables brought into Ontario? Are there any ethnic vegetables in your stores that are locally grown? What is the largest market for ethnic vegetables in Ontario? How are these vegetables distributed to their markets? Is there is significant demand for these vegetables within Waterloo Region? What temperature are the temperature vegetables stored at? Most popular ethnic vegetable distributed by Loblaws? How are the vegetables stored? How are the vegetables shipped to stores?