The impact of FIFA World Cup 2006 on Power Quality in the electric distribution systems José Rubens Macedo Jr, M.Sc.

Alessandro G. Martins

Energias do Brasil - EDP

Enersul - EDP

Jules Renato V. Carneiro

Maria Jovita V. Siqueira

Escelsa - EDP

Bandeirante - EDP

Abstract – The goal of this paper is to present the results and analysis related to the impact of the FIFA World Cup 2006 TV broadcast, during the National Brazilian Soccer Team games, on the Power Quality in the electric distribution systems, mainly in the current and voltage harmonic frequencies. This way, a metering campaign of power quality indexes was implemented in three different cities of Brazil, namely: Guarulhos (SP), Vitória (ES) and Campo Grande (MS).

specific device is the greatest input of harmonics frequencies in the electric distribution systems, not in such a way for the individual power, but because of the quantity of existing equipments.

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Keywords – Harmonic distortion, FIFA World Cup 2006

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I.

INTRODUCTION

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elevision is , undoubtedly, the most used means of communication around the world. Even with the advent of internet, it is through television that the people watch the news and get information obtained. Initially, TV sets approximately half the load was linear, besides that, in 220/240 V countries the non-linear part of the load was halfwave rectified directly from the mains supply. Nowadays, the modern television sets are composed of a complex switchedmode power supply (SMPS). Figures 1 and 2 illustrate the basic projects of these two types of power supplies. In general, because of the capacitive characteristic of these power supplies, TV sets are potential sources of harmonics components of voltage.

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Thus, considering the fact that there are dozens of millions of TV sets in use around the world, we can consider that this

Fig. 1 – Schematics of an old television power supply.

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Fig. 2 – Schematics of a modern television power supply.

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This way, figure 3 presents the waveform of current supply of a typical TV device composed of a switched mode power supply, as well as the associate harmonic spectrum. Based on the current waveform shown in figure 3, we can observe a predominance of the capacitive characteristic of the load, making it a common behavior for a voltage source.

Figure 4 illustrates the stratification of customers in each circuit. In a general way, the related circuits are made up of more than 80% residential customers.

Fig. 3 – Current waveform and harmonic spectrum of a typical TV Set. Fig. 4 – Customers stratification in each analyzed circuit

Because of the characteristic shown, there are specific situations where millions of TV sets, connected to the same electrical system, operate simultaneously, maximizing, in absolute terms, the harmonic current inputs in the electrical system. A typical example of this situation is the games broadcast of the National Brazilian Soccer Team during the FIFA World Cup.

For the specific case of the Guarulhos’ circuit, the percentage of residential customers is 97.02%.

Because of the displayed, the following topic will present results of a metering campaign of power quality related to harmonics, during the FIFA World Cup 2006, in three different Brazilian cities, namely: Vitória – ES, Guarulhos – SP and Campo Grande – MS.

Figure 5 illustrates the behavior of the Total Harmonic Distortion of voltage (THDV) throughout 06/27/2006, when the game Brazil 3 x 0 Gana was broadcasted at noon. The same figure also illustrates the behavior of the same index on a typical day without games broadcast.

II.

A. Monitoring results in Vitória (ES)

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METERING RESULTS OF POWER QUALITY INDICES

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Fig. 5 – Total Harmonic Distortion of Voltage.

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The monitoring results are presented in a way that shows the behavior of harmonic components on days of game broadcast of The National Brazilian Soccer Team, as well as a typical day, when there’s no game.

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The power quality monitoring equipments were installed in 138 kV circuits, which supply predominantly residential regions in Guarulhos (SP), Vitória (ES) and Campo Grande (MS).

THD V (%)

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According to figure 5, the Total Harmonic Distortion of voltage increases substantially during the game, although the maximum value registered is in total conformity with the limits adopted in some other countries. The behavior of the Total Harmonic Distortion currents is indicated in figure 6.

Considering that the TV sets, when analyzed individually, contains large amounts of third and higher harmonic currents, as shown in figure 3, it can be assumed that the major part of this component, despite the observed levels of unbalance in distribution systems, be confined in Delta connections of transformers in distribution systems. We can highlight despite the parcel of this component, which eventually are transferred to primary side (Highest voltage side), are positive-sequence or negative-sequence.

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The behavior of the system load, represented by the monitored 138 kV busbar, is indicated in figure 7 through the fundamental current registered. Analyzing this figure, a considerable load reduction is observed during the game broadcast.

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In the case of the Total Harmonic Distortion of current (THDI), the same variation that occurred in THDV was not observed, and during the game broadcast of the National Brazilian Soccer Team on 06/27/2006, the registered values for this index were only significantly superior, not representing significant impact on the local electrical system. In the specific case of figure 6, it is also verified that the registered values of THDI, when the electrical system is operating in low charge, during the period of dawn, are the highest registered throughout the day, even with the soccer game broadcast.

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Fig. 6 – Total Harmonic Distortion of Current.

Harmonic voltage (%).

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Fig. 8 – Voltage Harmonic Distortion

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Harmonic current (%) .

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Figure 8 shows the stratification of individual harmonic voltage registered during 06/27/2006. Therefore, as it can be observed, the fifth harmonic voltage component (300 Hz), prevails above all the others. The same thing can be verified in individual harmonic currents, showed in figure 9.

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Fig. 9 – Current Harmonic Distortion

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In the following topic, we will present the metering campaign results obtained in a 138 kV circuit which supply part of Campo Grande (MS).

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Fig. 7 – Behavior of the system load.

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B. Monitoring results in Campo Grande (MS)

C. Monitoring results in Guarulhos city (SP)

The results gotten for the Total Harmonic Distortion of voltage (THDV), in Campo Grande (MS), had basically the same behavior observed in Vitória (ES), as shown in previous topic. However, the amplitude variation for this index was inferior, as shown in figure 10.

The monitoring results gotten for THDV and THDI indices in Guarulhos, presented a completely different behavior compared to Vitória (ES) and Campo Grande (MS). Thus, in 138 kV Guarulhos’ circuit, the Total Harmonic Distortion of voltage practically did not present variations during the game broadcast on 06/27/2006. On the other hand, the Total Harmonic Distortion current presented abrupt variations during the game broadcast. Figures 12 and 13 illustrate the behavior of these indices.

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The different topologies of the impedance matrix, for predominant harmonic frequencies, of monitored 138 kV circuits in each city, can represent an important factor in the differences verified in the amplitude of the monitored indices.

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Fig. 12 – Total Harmonic Distortion of Voltage

The registered behavior for the Total Harmonic Distortion of current (THDI) is showed in figure 11.

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Fig. 13 – Total Harmonic Distortion of Current

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Fig. 11 – Total Harmonic Distortion of Current

In the following topic, we will present the metering campaign results made in a 138 kV circuit which supplies part of Guarulhos (SP).

In terms of size, the 138 kV system situated in Guarulhos (SP), is much more robust than the 138 kV systems situated in Vitória (ES) and Campo Grande (MS), which certainly gives it a distinct characteristic for the harmonic impedance matrix of Guarulhos’ system. This fact, at least in part, can explain the differences verified in the behavior of the indices. In the following topic, we will present the comparison between the registered amplitude for the Total Harmonic Distortion of voltage in each monitored city.

D. Comparison between metering results

Figure 14, below, illustrates the differences, in terms of amplitude percentage, for the Total Harmonic Distortion of voltage monitored in each one of the three cities which were subject of this work. The highest amplitude for this index was registered in Vitória (ES).

Voltage Unbalance (%) .

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The other indices associated to the Power Quality did not presented variations throughout the National Brazilian Soccer Team broadcasts in FIFA World Cup 2006.

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III.

CONCLUSIONS

Fig. 14 – Total Harmonic Distortion of Voltage.

The highest load, as well as the maximum decreased load during the game broadcast on 06/27/2006, was also registered in Vitória city, as shown in figure 15.

60 Hz Current (A) .

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The present work showed that the simultaneous use, in large-scale, of TV sets, as observed during the National Brazilian Soccer Team games in FIFA World Cup 2006, provokes abrupt alterations in the amplitude of Harmonic components of voltage and current in electrical systems. However, despite observed variations, the amplitude of these harmonic components was within acceptable limits. Distinct behaviors of these harmonic components were also observed in each monitored city, reflecting the influence of the local electrical system topology in the amplitude of the harmonic components voltage and current.

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As a recommendation, in spite of the acceptable limits of harmonic components showed in this paper, is correctly to say that we should consider the effects of harmonics on network planning, assuring that the electrical system components will work without problems.

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Fig. 15 – 138 kV circuit load behavior at 60 Hz.

Finally, for the specific case of the metering made in Campo Grande (MS), a expected result was not observed in the behavior of voltage unbalance, calculated as being the relation between the direct or positive-sequence and the inverse or negative-sequence of voltage, where this index presented an abrupt decrease in its amplitude during the game broadcast. Figure 16, below, illustrates the index behavior of voltage unbalance during the National Brazilian Soccer Team game broadcast on 06/13/2006 and 06/22/2006.

IV.

REFERENCIES

[1] WAKILEH, G. J. “Power System Harmonics – Fundamental Analysis and Filter Design”, Springer, Germany, 2001.