The Harvard author-date referencing system Referencing is a standard practice for acknowledging information sources in academic writing at university. Whenever you write an assignment that requires you to find and use information, you are expected to reference all the sources of information and ideas included in your writing. This booklet provides guidelines for using the Harvard referencing system. There are two components to a Harvard reference: 1) an in-text reference in the body of your assignment: Chabon (2008) explores a range of themes and ideas ...

2) full reference details in your reference list: Chabon, M 2008, Maps and legends, McSweeney’s Books, San Francisco.

While there are many versions of the Harvard system, this guide presents one consistent version for use at UniSA, which conforms to the Australian Government standard guidelines presented in Snooks & Co (eds.) 2002, Style manual for authors, editors and printers, 6th edn, Wiley & Sons, Australia. This guide is divided into two parts. The first part (pp. 1–10) illustrates the basic rules for Harvard referencing, answers some frequently asked questions, and provides a sample essay extract which uses Harvard referencing. The second part (pp. 11–18) contains specific rules and examples for a variety of different reference types.

Why do we reference? Most academic assignments require wide reading so that previous and current thinking about a particular topic can be identified. It is important to show your reader that you have sought out expert, reliable sources to help support and develop your thinking on your topic. The learning module ‘Evaluate your information’—available through Infogate, found on the Library’s website—shows you how to decide if your sources are quality academic sources. The referencing in your assignment: 

demonstrates good research practice



shows the range of ideas and approaches you have found and thought about



acknowledges where those ideas came from



tells your reader where they can locate the sources you have used.

Referencing also helps you to avoid plagiarism. If you present someone else’s ideas, and/or the way they express their ideas, as if they are your own work, you are committing plagiarism. Plagiarism can be unintentional due to poor referencing, but the consequences are always serious. Accurate referencing helps you to avoid this. Developed by Learning Advisers and Librarians © UniSA, January 2011

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In-text references When to reference Every time you include someone else’s words, ideas or information in your assignment, an intext reference must be provided. Insert an in-text reference whenever you: 

paraphrase someone else’s ideas in your own words



summarise someone else’s ideas in your own words



quote someone else’s ideas in their exact words



copy or adapt a diagram, table or any other visual material.

How to reference An in-text reference is provided each time you refer to ideas or information from another source, and includes the following details: 

the author’s family name (do not include given names)



the year of publication



page numbers where available.

There are two main ways to present an in-text reference. 1.

At the end of your sentence in brackets: Universities can play an active role in finding solutions for climate change (Filho 2010, p. 2).

2.

In the body of your sentence, with the author’s name incorporated into the sentence structure and the date in brackets: Filho (2010, p. 2) argues that universities can play an active role in finding solutions for climate change.

Including page numbers Page numbers are included when you: 

use a direct quote from particular source



summarise an idea from a particular page



copy tables or figures, or present specific information like dates/statistics. Habel (2007, p. 48) notes that ‘Koch draws on an established tradition of appropriating the wayang for various social and political purposes’.

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The reference list What it does The reference list provides full bibliographic details for all the sources referenced in your assignment so that readers can easily locate the source. Each different source referenced in your essay must have a matching entry in your reference list. It is important to note that the reference list is not a bibliography. A bibliography lists everything you may have read, while a reference list is deliberately limited to those sources for which you have provided in-text references. A bibliography is not needed unless specifically requested by your lecturer.

How it looks The reference list is titled ‘References’ and must be: 

arranged alphabetically by author’s family name (or title/sponsoring organisation where a source has no author)



a single list where books, journal articles and electronic sources are listed together. Do not divide into separate lists.

The main elements required for all references are the author, year, title and publication information. The basic reference formats are shown in the following examples. These should be followed exactly, paying special attention to details of capitalisation, punctuation, use of italics and order of information. A more comprehensive list of different reference types is provided in the second part of this booklet (pp. 11–18).

Example of a book The basic format required for books is: Author’s family name, Initial(s) year, Title of book, Publisher, Place of publication. The author’s family name, followed by a comma and an initial.

Title in italics, followed by a comma. Use upper case for the first letter in the title and lower case for the rest unless referring to names or places, i.e. Lawrence of Arabia.

Year of publication, followed by a comma.

Gordon, M 2009, Manual of nursing diagnosis, Jones & Bartlett Publishers, Sudbury, Mass.

Publisher, followed by a comma.

Place of publication. If more than one place of publication is listed, give only the first listed. If there is another place with the same name, or if the place is little known, add the state or country, i.e. Texas, Qld, or Tully, Qld. Full stop at the end.

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Example of an academic journal article The basic format required for journal articles is: Author’s family name, Initial(s) year, ‘Title of article’, Title of Journal, volume number, issue number, page range.

The author’s family name, followed by a comma and an initial.

Year of publication, followed by a comma.

Title of the article in single inverted commas, followed by a comma. Use upper case for the first letter of the title and lower case for the rest unless referring to names or places.

Whittemore, R 2009, ‘How can nursing intervention research reduce the research-practice gap?’, Canadian Journal of Nursing Research, vol. 41, no. 4, pp. 7–15. Title of the journal in italics, followed by a comma. Use capital letters at the start of all key words.

Volume of the journal, followed by a comma.

Number of the issue, followed by a comma.

Page numbers of the article, with an En dash (–) between the numbers. Full stop at the end.

Example of an electronic publication The basic format required for electronic sources is: Author’s family name, Initial(s) year, Title of document or website, Publisher or authoring body where known, date viewed, .

The author’s family name, followed by a comma and an initial.

Year of publication, followed by a comma.

Title of the document or website in italics, followed by a comma.

The document’s publisher or authoring body where known.

Bettex, M 2010, Ecological balancing act, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, viewed 26 October 2010, .

Date the document was viewed, with a comma after the year.

The full internet address (URL) enclosed in angle brackets (< >). Full stop at the end. The URL is not underlined.

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What if your source does not exactly match any of these examples? Pages 11–18 of this booklet contain a range of reference types and examples in the following categories: 

books



journals and periodicals



electronic publications



special publications and materials.

If you cannot find an exact example of the type of source you need to reference among these examples, find examples for similar resources and combine the elements to create the desired reference. For example, if you have to reference an electronic book which has an editor rather than an author, you could refer to the example of how to reference an edited, revised or compiled book (p. 11) and combine it with the example of how to reference an electronic book (p. 13) in order to construct your reference. If you cannot find comparable reference types, identify the following components of the resource, and arrange them in the order below: 

author, editor, or authoring body



year of publication



title



publication information.

Using citation management software Citation management software such as RefWorks and EndNote enables you to establish and store your own database of references and transfer them from this database to your assignments. There is further information about this software in the ‘Referencing’ link on the UniSA Library homepage. The versions of the Harvard system used in both EndNote and RefWorks are not the same as the version outlined in this guide. You can download a Harvard (UniSA) style, which does match the version illustrated in this guide, from the EndNote page on the UniSA Library website. You may need to edit your references. RefWorks users can choose the Harvard style and add the following note to their assignment: This reference list has been compiled using the RefWorks version of the Harvard authordate system.

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Frequently asked questions 1. How do I reference two or three authors? When there are two or three authors for a reference, include all their family names in the intext reference, in the same order that they are listed in the original source. For example: Wahlstrom and Quirchmayr (2008) advocate for this system. According to Campbell, Fox and de Zwart (2010, p. 11), students should tread carefully when using internet resources. Students should tread carefully when using internet resources (Campbell, Fox & de Zwart 2010, p. 11).

2. How do I reference more than three authors? If there are four or more authors, you should only use the first author’s family name in the intext reference followed by the abbreviation ‘et al.’ For example: This is observed by Solomon et al. (2008) in their climate change study.

However, all the authors’ names must be included in your reference list, in the same order that they are listed in the original source.

3. How do I reference when there is no author and/or no date? When no person is mentioned, include the title of the source or the authoring/sponsoring organisation in place of the author. For example: Oral presentations, like written assessment tasks, should contain an introduction, body, and conclusion (Making the most of oral presentations 2010). Oral presentations, like written assessment tasks, should contain an introduction, body, and conclusion (Learning and Teaching Unit 2010).

When no year of publication is given, use the abbreviation n.d. which stands for ‘no date’ in place of a year, or give an approximate date preceded by a c. which stands for ‘circa’. However, be wary of using sources without dates.

4. How do I reference information from one author (Author 1) which I have found in a book or journal article by another author (Author 2)? Sometimes you will need to refer to authors whose work you encounter secondhand (i.e. mentioned in other people’s work) rather than firsthand. You should mention both authors (Author 1 and Author 2) in your in-text reference, but would only list the actual item you read (Author 2) in your reference list. For example, if you read an idea by Bate (Author 1) in a source by McInnis (Author 2) you would need to mention both authors in your in-text reference. For example: Developed by Learning Advisers and Librarians © UniSA, January 2011

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Bate (cited in McInnis 2010, p. 13) states that… One scholar (Bate, cited in McInnis 2010, p. 13) states that...

However, in the reference list you should only list McInnis (Author 2, the source you read) and not Bate (whose idea you read about in McInnis).

5. How do I reference multiple sources by the same author published in the same year? If an author has published more than one item in the same year, place a lower case letter of the alphabet next to the dates in your in-text referencing to distinguish between these separate publications. For example: Hussin argues this point eloquently (2008a) and reiterates it elsewhere (2008b).

You must also include these lower case letters in your reference list entries as well. The order in which you attach the letters is determined by the alphabetical order of the titles of these sources.

6. What if there are two authors with the same family name? Occasionally you will need to reference two different authors who share the same family name. To avoid ambiguity, include the author’s first initial after their family name in the intext references. For example: Shakespeare’s play ‘uses the technique of externalisation to anatomise an inner emotional struggle’ (Smith, E 2007, p. 17). Lacan’s work grounds ‘personal identity and its discontents in language’ (Smith, B 2010, p. 6).

7. How do I present exact quotations? Short quotations of fewer than thirty words should be enclosed in single quotation marks (‘...’) and be accompanied by an in-text reference including a page number (where possible). For example: Research indicates that ‘over a thousand autobiographies of childhood have been published in roughly the past fifteen years’ (Douglas 2010, p. 1).

Longer quotations of more than thirty words should be presented without quotation marks and indented (using Tab key) at the left. A font one size smaller should be used. For example: According to Barnett (2009, p. 219): While some authors respond to the rise of technologies in the lives of humans by articulating anxieties through figures such as the mad scientist, or tropes such as the destruction of civilisation, others see in technology a promise ... of new and exciting ways of being and expressing the human in the face of co-evolution with technology.

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The three dots after the word ‘promise’ (known as an ellipsis) show that a word or words have been left out. Always introduce quotations in your own words.

8. Where exactly do I put the full stop when quoting and/or referencing? Full stops must always be placed at the very end of a sentence, after the quotation and/or intext reference. For example: Research indicates that ‘over a thousand autobiographies of childhood have been published in roughly the past fifteen years’ (Douglas 2010, p. 1). According to Barnett (2009, p. 219), several authors see technology as providing ‘new and exciting ways of being and expressing the human in the face of co-evolution with technology’.

9. Can I reference two or more sources at the same time? Yes. Use a semi-colon to separate the items in the in-text reference, and list the items alphabetically according to their authors’ family names. For example: Social networking has had a major impact on young people (Body & Ellison 2007; Lenhart & Madden 2007).

If referencing multiple sources by the same author, present the items in chronological order (oldest to most recent) and separate them with commas. For example: Buzan (2005, 2006, 2007) is a mind-mapping expert and enthusiast.

10. Can I paste the URL of a webpage into my essay as an in-text reference? No. Follow the author-date in-text referencing conventions for all sources. If you are unsure how to reference a website because there is no author or date information, follow the guidelines provided above for referencing sources without authors or dates (FAQ 3).

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An extract from an essay using the Harvard author-date referencing system Essay extract ... The literal adaptation of a book to film is practically impossible. As Stam (2005a, p. 4) suggests: The shift from a single-track verbal medium such as the novel to a multi-track medium like film, which can play not only with words (written and spoken) but also with music, sound effects, and moving photographic images, explains the unlikelihood and ... undesirability of literal fidelity.

Comments Always provide author, year and page number(s) when quoting. Quotes longer than thirty words are indented, and are one font size smaller. Ellipsis (...) shows one or more words have been omitted.

It is puzzling, then, that readers and audiences are so critical of adaptations which take liberties, sometimes for the better, with their source material. Film adaptations of novels are frequently ‘castigated and held to an absurdly rigorous standard of fidelity’ (Stam 2005b, p. 15). If key scenes from a novel are pruned for film, audiences often react negatively. However, fidelity is not an appropriate measure for evaluating a film adaptation’s success, as numerous scholars concur (Cartmell & Whelehan 2007; Desmond & Hawkes 2006; Leitch 2008). Judging film adaptations is ultimately, Whelehan (1999, p. 9) contends, ‘an inexact science dogged by value judgments about the relative artistic worth of literature and film’. A fan of a novel might denigrate a film adaptation which alters the original book in some fashion, but their response is highly subjective and fails to take into account the practices and realities of film production (McFarlane 2007, p. 26).

The letters ‘a’ and ‘b’ have been added to the years here and above to distinguish between different sources by the same author (Stam) published in the same year.

Sometimes there are grounds for hostility. Author Alan Moore has witnessed a number of his complex graphic novels adapted into shallow Hollywood products, making him extremely critical of filmmakers and the filmmaking process (Ashurst 2009). However, this kind of attitude can be knee-jerk and reactionary. Rather than being overly pedantic about textual faithfulness, it is best to approach film adaptations as re-interpretations of their source material (Hutcheon 2006, p. 8). Moreover, new modes of production further complicate existing definitions of, and approaches to, adaptation (Moore, MR 2010, p. 180). So ...

Internet documents require the same information for the in-text reference (author and year). No page number for electronic sources unless available.

Several sources cited at once. Quotes shorter than thirty words are enclosed in single quotation marks. Always provide author, year and page number(s) when paraphrasing.

If authors or subjects have similar surnames, include first initials in reference to avoid confusion.

References Ashurst, S 2009, ‘Why Alan Moore hates comic-book movies’, Total Film, 2 February, viewed 5 December 2010, . Cartmell, D & Whelehan, I (eds) 2007, The Cambridge companion to literature on screen, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

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Online newspaper or magazine article

Edited book with two editors

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Desmond, J & Hawkes, P 2006, Adaptation: studying film and literature, McGraw-Hill, Boston.

Book with two authors

Hutcheon, L 2006, A theory of adaptation, Routledge, New York.

Book

Leitch, T 2008, ‘Adaptation studies at a crossroads’, Adaptation, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 63–77.

Journal article

McFarlane, B 2007, ‘Reading film and literature’, in D Cartmell & I Whelehan (eds), The Cambridge companion to literature on screen, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 15–28.

Chapter in an edited book

Moore, MR 2010, ‘Adaptation and new media’, Adaptation, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 179–192.

Journal article

Stam, R 2005a, Literature through film: realism, magic, and the art of adaptation, Blackwell Publishing, Malden.

Book

Stam, R 2005b, ‘Introduction: the theory and practice of adaptation’, in R Stam & A Raengo (eds), Literature and film: a guide to the theory and practice of film adaptation, Blackwell Publishing, Malden, pp. 1–52. Whelehan, I 1999, ‘Adaptations: the contemporary dilemmas’, in D Cartmell & I Whelehan (eds), Adaptations: from text to screen, screen to text, Routledge, London, pp. 3–19.

Chapter in an edited book

Chapter in an edited book

Please note: this extract is from an assignment written in the Humanities. Please refer to published work in your field for clarification on different disciplinary conventions.

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Examples of referencing using Harvard Books Basic format for books: Author’s family name, Initial(s) year, Title of book, Publisher, Place of publication. Example

An example of an in-text reference

The entry in the reference list

Book with single author

Chabon (2008, p. 108) discusses …

Chabon, M 2008, Maps and legends, McSweeney’s Books, San Francisco.

Book with two or three authors

Campbell, Fox and de Zwart (2010, p. 46) argue …

Campbell, E, Fox, R & de Zwart, M 2010, Students’ guide to legal writing, law exams and self assessment, 3rd edn, Federation Press, Sydney.

OR ... alternatives are preferable (Campbell, Fox & de Zwart 2010, p. 46).

Book with four or more authors

As suggested by Sandler et al. (1999, p. 14) …

Sandler, MP, Patton, JA, Coleman, RE, Gottschalk, A, Wackers, FJ & Hoffere, PB 1999, Diagnostic nuclear medicine, Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore.

Book with no author

... is probably the best approach (Networking essentials plus 2009, p. 30).

Networking essentials plus 2009, Microsoft Press, Redmond, Washington.

Book with no date or an approximate date

This is emphasised by Seah (n.d.) when …

Seah, R n.d., Micro-computer applications, Microsoft Press, Redmond, Washington.

OR This is emphasised by Seah (c. 2005) when …

Seah, R c. 2005, Micro-computer applications, Microsoft Press, Redmond, Washington.

Second or later edition of a book

... components of filmmaking (Bordwell & Thompson 2009, p. 33).

Bordwell, D & Thompson, K 2009, Film art: an introduction, 9th edn, Mc-Graw Hill, New York.

Translated book

Kristeva’s work (1995) has achieved great currency since its translation.

Kristeva, J 1995, New maladies of the soul, trans. R Guberman, Columbia University Press, New York.

Edited (ed.), revised (rev.) or compiled (comp.) book

Morrison (ed. 2010) questions whether …

Morrison, D (ed.) 2010, The Cambridge companion to Socrates, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Edited book with four or more editors

In their collection of essays, Barnett et al. (eds 2006) explore ...

Barnett, T, Bierbaum, N, Harrex, S, Hosking, R & Tulloch, G (eds) 2006, London was full of rooms, Lythrum Press, Adelaide.

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Book sponsored by an institution, corporation or other organisation

... towards a better tomorrow (Deni Green Consulting Services 2008, p. 5).

Deni Green Consulting Services 2008, Capital idea: realising value from environmental and social performance, Deni Green Consulting Services, North Carlton, Victoria.

Dictionaries and encyclopaedias

The Hutchinson encyclopaedia (2007, p. 233) defines ...

[If the name and date of the encyclopaedia or dictionary are included in the body of the assignment, you do not need to include a further reference in the reference list, unless it is a discipline-specific publication or a publication with listed authors]

Chapter in an edited book

... changes in global media (Burt 2010, p. 85).

Burt, R 2010, ‘All that remains of the Shakespeare play in Indian film’, in YL Lan & D Kennedy (eds), Shakespeare in Asia: contemporary performance, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 73–108.

Journals and periodicals Basic format for journal articles: Author’s family name, Initial(s) year, ‘Title of article’, Title of Journal, volume number, issue number, page range. Example

An example of an in-text reference

The entry in the reference list

Journal article with single author

... have received some support (O’Hara 2009, p. 1548).

O'Hara, MJ 2009, ‘Flood basalts, basalt floods or topless bushvelds? Lunar petrogenesis revisited’, Journal of Petrology, vol. 41, no. 11, pp. 1545–1651.

Journal article with two or three authors

Wolff and Perry (2010, p. 294) acknowledge …

Wolff, H & Perry, L 2010, ‘Trends in clean air legislation in Europe: particulate matter and low emission zones’, Review of Environmental Economics and Policy, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 293–308.

OR ... has been acknowledged (Wolff & Perry 2010, p. 294).

Journal article with four or more authors

The fact that alpha-bungarotoxin isotoxins are not derived from edited mRNAs (Chang et al. 2008, p. 3971) suggests …

Chang, L, Lin, S, Huang, H & Hsiao, N 2008, ‘Genetic organisation of alphabungarotoxins from Bungarus multicinctus (Taiwan banded krait): evidence showing that the production of alpha-bungarotoxin isotoxins is not derived from edited mRNAs’, Nucleic Acids Research, vol. 27, no. 20, pp. 3970–5. [The use of italics for Bungarus multicinctus in the article title above is a scientific convention with species and genera]

Journal article with no author

... strategy is already in use (‘Building human resources instead of landfills’ 2000, p. 28).

‘Building human resources instead of landfills’ 2000, Biocycle, vol. 41, no. 12, pp. 28– 9.

Newspaper article

As Higson (2010, p. 15) illustrates …

Higson, R 2010, ‘Conceptual artists’ war on complacency’, Australian, 16 November, p. 15. [The initial The in English language newspaper titles – i.e. The Australian – is omitted]

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Newspaper article with no author

[If a newspaper article has no author, it is most likely not appropriate to use in academic work]

Article in a popular magazine

Gray (2010, p. 17) reports in his article on Oliver Stone that ...

Gray, F 2010, ‘When Stone gets stick’, The Spectator, 16 October, pp. 16–17.

Electronic publications Basic format for electronic publications: Author’s family name, Initial(s) year, Title of document or website, Publisher or authoring body where known, date viewed, . Example

An example of an in-text reference

The entry in the reference list

Electronic book

Trochim (2006) maintains that …

Trochim, WM 2006, The research methods knowledge base, 3rd edn, Web Centre for Social Research Methods, viewed 25 November 2010, .

Journal article from an electronic journal

... poses a formidable challenge (Anderson 2008).

Anderson, KJ 2008, ‘Doing translation history in EEBO and ECCO’, Early Modern Literary Studies, vol. 14, no. 2, viewed 25 November 2010, .

Journal article accessed using an electronic database

Strayer (2010, p. 197) links this idea with …

Strayer, K 2010, ‘Reinventing the inhuman: avatars, cylons, and homo sapiens in contemporary science-fiction television series’, Literature/Film Quarterly, vol. 38, no. 3, pp. 194–204.

Journal article with a Digital Object Identifier (DOI)

... arguably the best approach (Jones & Tukey 2000, p. 412).

[When the article is accessed using a database (e.g. Academic Search Premier, ProQuest), there is no need to refer to the database or date viewed in the reference] Jones, LV & Tukey, JW 2000, ‘A sensible formulation of the significance test’, Psychological Methods, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 411–414, DOI: 1037/1082-989X.5.4.411. [A Digital Object Identifier (DOI) is a unique string of numbers and letters which provides a persistent link to an article or source. If the DOI is known, this can be used in place of the viewing date and URL]

Epub ahead of print journal article

According to McKibben et al. (2010) ...

McKibben, JM, McKay, RT, Freeman, AG, Levin, LS, Pinney, SM & Alshaikh, E 2010, ‘Redefining spirometry hesitating start criteria based on the ratio of extrapolated volume to timed forced expiratory volumes’ [published online ahead of print 24 November], Chest, DOI: 10.1378/chest.09-2198.

Online newspaper or magazine article

Perkins (2009) states that …

Perkins, M 2009, ‘Unis fail to make gains on equity’, Age, 10 November, viewed 25 November 2010, .

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... and was voted person of the year (Grossman 2010).

Grossman, L 2010, ‘Person of the Year 2010: Mark Zuckerberg’, Time, 15 December, viewed 22 December 2010, .

Website

The Department of Immigration and Citizenship (2010) offers information about …

Department of Immigration and Citizenship 2010, Department of Immigration and Citizenship, Canberra, viewed 25 November 2010, .

Document on a website

... must be included (Stevenson & Sankey 2004).

Stevenson, M & Sankey, O 2004, Preparing and writing an exegesis, Learning and Teaching Unit, University of South Australia, viewed 25 November 2010, .

Document on a website with no author

... overview of the university’s aims (Horizon 2020 2010, p. 7).

Horizon 2020 2010, University of South Australia, viewed 25 November 2010, .

Document on a website with no author but with a sponsoring body

... related to the university’s future (University of South Australia 2010, p. 7).

University of South Australia 2010, Horizon 2020, viewed 25 November 2010, .

Document on a website with no date

This is clarified by desJardins (n.d.) who identifies …

desJardins, M n.d., How to succeed in postgraduate study, Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, viewed 25 November 2010, .

Document on a website with no author and no date

[If a resource from the web has no author and no date, it is most likely not appropriate to use in academic work]

Electronic thesis (Australian Digital Theses collection)

Price (2005) argues that …

Price, K 2005, ‘Exploring what the doing does: a poststructural analysis of nurses’ subjectivity in relation to pain’, PhD thesis, University of South Australia, Adelaide, viewed 8 February 2010, Australian Digital Theses Project, .

Cochrane Library systematic review

Millward et al. (2009) review ...

Millward, C, Ferriter, M, Calver, SJ, Connell-Jones, GG 2009, Gluten- and casein-free diets for autistic spectrum disorder, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, art. no. CD003498, DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003498.pub3.

Media release on a website

... dynamic and innovative art (Young & Chamberlain 2010).

Young, MS & Chamberlain, H 2010, Meet Big Mother!, media release, Art Gallery of South Australia, Adelaide, 18 February, viewed 25 November 2010, .

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Discussion boards, lists, newsgroups

Patterson (2009) acknowledged this in a posting on the …

Patterson, S 2009, ‘Something’s got to give’, online posting, 29 January, National Association of Sceptics, viewed 8 February 2010, .

Blog

... echoed in another blog post (Alford 2009).

Alford, D 2009, ‘Stormy Mondays: Zen Tricksters salute’, Hidden track, blog posting, 26 October, viewed 25 November 2010, .

Email

Carter confirmed this by email on 1 August 2010.

[Emails are mentioned in the body of your assignment, but no reference is provided in the reference list. It is important to get permission from the email’s author before referencing it]

Podcast

... identified as his strongest films (McWeeny & Weinberg 2010).

McWeeny, D & Weinberg, S 2010, Motion/captured podcast: John Carpenter special, podcast, HitFix, 26 October, viewed 25 November 2010, .

YouTube

A short video by the Business Writing Centre and Technology Centre (2008) provides …

Business Writing Centre and Technology Centre 2008, Your writing, not someone else’s, video, YouTube, 23 January, viewed 25 November 2010, .

Social networking (Twitter tweets, Facebook updates)

On 10 September, Behrendt (2010) tweeted that ...

Behrendt, L 2010, ‘Am still trying...’, LarissaBehrendt, Twitter, 10 September, viewed 25 November 2010, .

On 8 November, Organizing for America (2010) updated their Barack Obama Facebook page with ...

Organizing for America 2010, ‘It’s time to focus...’, Barack Obama, Facebook, 8 November, viewed 25 November 2010, .

[Think carefully before including Twitter or Facebook messages in your assignment, as they might not be appropriate for academic work]

[As tweets and Facebook updates do not have titles, use the first few words of the message as a title, followed by ellipses as illustrated above]

Special publications and other materials Basic format for special publications and materials: Author’s family name, Initial(s) year, Title of item, description of item, Publisher, Place of publication. Example

An example of an in-text reference

The entry in the reference list

Unpublished conference paper

... in important new directions (Hussin 2009).

Hussin, V 2009, ‘Content and context: parts meet whole in pharmacy education simulations’, paper presented at the 11th International Pragmatics Conference, University of Melbourne, 12–17 July.

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Conference proceedings

Goodall (ed. 2009) has assembled …

Goodall, P (ed.) 2009, Refereed proceedings of the 2009 AULLA conference: the human and the Humanities in literature, language and culture, Australasian Universities Language and Literature Association.

Unpublished thesis

... self-fashioning practices (Kooyman 2009, p. 78).

Kooyman, B 2009, ‘Cinematic self-fashioning through Shakespeare: from Olivier to Kaufman’, unpublished PhD thesis, Flinders University, South Australia.

Lecture notes

... remember to smile, make eye contact, and avoid standing in front of their slide shows (Kooyman 2010).

Kooyman, B 2010, INFS 1014: Giving Oral Presentations lecture notes, University of South Australia, Adelaide, 22 October. [Verify with your tutor or topic coordinator whether or not it is appropriate to use lecture notes in academic work]

Manuscripts and archival material

The first folio of Shakespeare (1623) is held at ...

Shakespeare, W 1623, Comedies, histories, and tragedies (first folio), The British Library, London.

Government report

... arrived at this conclusion (Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission 1997, p. 19).

Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission 1997, Bringing them home: report of the national inquiry into the separation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children from their families, Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission, Sydney.

Australian Bureau of Statistics

According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics (2010), Australia has ...

Australian Bureau of Statistics 2010, Measures of Australia’s progress 2010, cat. no. 1370.0, ABS, Canberra, viewed 3 November 2010, . [See the Australian Bureau of Statistics website for guidelines on referencing different types of ABS records and resources]

Legislation: Acts, Ordinances, Regulations

... to establish the Commonwealth of Australia (Constitution Act 1900). ... inconsistent legislation was overridden (Racial Discrimination Act 1975).

Constitution Act 1900 (Cwlth)

Racial Discrimination Act 1975 (Cwlth)

Legal case

... brought the action before the High Court (Mabo and Others v Queensland 1992).

Mabo and Others v Queensland (no.2) 1992 175 CLR1.

Film (cinema)

The new film Scott Pilgrim vs. the World (Wright 2010) features ...

Wright, E (dir.) 2010, Scott Pilgrim vs. the World, motion picture, Universal Pictures.

Program on TV

The new telemovie Hawke (Freeman 2010) depicts ...

Freeman, E (dir.) 2010, Hawke, television program, Channel 10, 18 July.

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Episode of a program on TV

In the latest episode, titled ‘The Eleventh Hour’ (Smith 2010), we are introduced to ...

Smith, A (dir.) 2010, ‘The Eleventh Hour’, Doctor Who, television program, ABC Television, 18 April.

Film or TV program on video or DVD

The film Scott Pilgrim vs. The World (Wright 2010) is now available ...

Wright, E (dir.) 2010, Scott Pilgrim vs. the World, DVD, Universal Pictures.

Episode of a TV program on video or DVD

The set includes ‘The Eleventh Hour’ (Smith 2010), in which ...

Smith, A (dir.) 2010, ‘The Eleventh Hour’, Doctor Who: the complete fifth series, DVD, British Broadcasting Corporation.

Compact disk (CD)

In a recent audio play (Doctor Who: a death in the family 2010), the Doctor…

Doctor Who: a death in the family 2010, audio CD, Big Finish Productions, Berkshire.

Patent

Tadayuki, Kazuhisa and Atsushi (1999) took out a patent in Japan ...

Tadayuki, O, Kazuhisa, Y & Atsushi, N 1999, Hard butter composition and its production, Japanese Patent 99–78710.

Pamphlet or brochure

... and other useful tips (Sleeping well 2010).

Sleeping well 2010, pamphlet, Beyondblue: the national depression initiative, Hawthorn West, Vic.

Standard

... standard covering colour in chocolate (Standards Association of Australia 1996).

Standards Association of Australia 1996, Colour standards for general purposes: chocolate, AS 2700S-1996 (X64), Standards Australia, North Sydney.

Personal communication

It has been confirmed by Horrocks (2010, pers. comm. 3 September) that this practice is widespread.

[Like emails, personal communications such as conversations, group discussions, letters and faxes are mentioned in the body of your assignment, but no reference is provided in the reference list. It is important to get permission from the person being referred to before mentioning them]

Computer program

... program was developed (MathWorks 2010).

MathWorks 2010, MATLAB, ver. 7.11, computer program, The MathWorks Inc., Natick, Mass.

Image: Artwork or painting

Big Mother (Piccinini 2005) depicts …

Piccinini, P 2005, Big Mother, sculpture, held at Art Gallery of South Australia, Adelaide.

Image in another source: Artwork in a book

Theaden in Kensington, an oil painting by Bowen from 1946, is identified by Wilkins (2002, pp. 20–21) as ...

[In the reference list, reference the source where the image was located]

Developed by Learning Advisers and Librarians © UniSA, January 2011

Wilkins, L (ed.) 2002, Stella Bowen: art, love and war, Australian War Memorial, Canberra.

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Maps

According to the map (Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovations Queensland 2010), there are …

Number of Institutions

Graph or diagram

12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

Modes of Support

Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovations Queensland 2010, Queensland’s mineral, petroleum and energy operations and resources, Department of Mines and Energy Queensland, Brisbane, viewed 3 November 2010, < http://www.dme.qld.gov.au/zone_files/General_PDFs/mpeormap_ed13.pdf >. [In the reference list, reference the source where the table or graph was located]

Unrated Not Effective

Hussin, V 2007, ‘Supporting off-shore students: a preliminary study’, Innovations in Education and Teaching International, vol. 44, no. 4, pp. 363–376.

Generic Tailored websites online Email In-country materials service Online programs CD-Roms language Video, LAS book courses in-country + WebCT staff

Modes of support (Hussin 2007, p. 365)

Developed by Learning Advisers and Librarians © UniSA, January 2011

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