The Growth of Civilizations 1. 2. 3. 4.

Classical Greece - 2100 BC – 150 BC Rome and Early Christianity – 750 BC – AD 500 The Americas – 1000 BC – AD 1500 Empires of China and India – 350 BC – AD 600

The Americas 1000 BC to Ad 1500

•1. North America •2. Meso America •3. South America •As advanced civilizations developed in Rome, other civilizations developed in the Americas •Early American civilizations all found ways to adapt to the varied environments of the Americas •Some developed sophisticated governments and engineering that rivaled those of the ancient Romans

1000 BC- AD1500

Early Human Migrations

1000 BC- AD1500

1. North America  Kennewick Man – 9,000 year old human

skull found along the Columbia River  Gives us clues to some questions about early Americans

1000 BC- AD1500

Cultures of North America

•Arctic and the Subarctic, Far West, Eastern Woodlands, Desert West, Great Plains

1000 BC- AD1500

Cultures of the Desert West  Hohokam- 300 BC to AD

1500 –adobe-mixtures of clay and straw for homes

Anasazi – 100 BC to Ad  Cliff Palace at Mesa Verde

Anasazi cliff dwelling

1300 –adopted the puebloaboveground structure used for homes

1000 BC- AD1500

The Mound Builders •Hopewell – 200 BC to Ad 500 – some form of organized labor

 Mississippian – built some

of the earliest cities in North America

1000 BC- AD1500

Other Cultures in North America Inuit – Arctic Region -

no vegetation for foodfishing instead

 Plains Indians –

treeless grasslands

The Iroquois – Forest Environment formed a confederacy

1000 BC- AD1500

Sculpture from the Americas

• Origins of the Peoples of the Americas?

1000 BC- AD1500

The “Mother Culture” of Meso- America

 Olmec-predated just about every other civilization in

Meso- America.  First to use writing system and first to use pyramids; the one to give rise to later cultures in that region.

1000 BC- AD1500

2. Meso American Civilizations •Mayan Aztec

1000 BC- AD1500

•The Olmec Civilization was small to the Mayan civilization, which had its height in 1000 BC consisted of 10 million in over 40 cities.

1000 BC- AD1500

Lands of the Mayans

The Yucatan Peninsula

1000 BC- AD1500

Mayan Cultivation of Maize

•Slash and Burn-farming method •Involves burning vegetation to clear •It for planting

Chichen-Itza - Pyramid

1000 BC- AD1500

•Mayan cities such as Michen-Itza and Tikal were some of the more spectacular cities, containing pyramids, temples, and great palaces.

1000 BC- AD1500

Chichen-Itza - Observatory

•Mayans made advances in astronomy. They observed the movements of the sun, moon, and planets. Calendar system – 365 days farming schedule

1000 BC- AD1500

Chichen-Itza - Ball Court

1000 BC- AD1500

Overview of Tikal (Guatemala) Temple of the Masks

1000 BC- AD1500

Tikal Jungle View at Sunset

Tikal - Main Court

1000 BC- AD1500

•Mayan cities functioned as city states, each had its own ruler and government. •Trade linked the cities. •Warfare also linked other cities. •Mayan cities never united.

•Tikal: Temple of the Masks

1000 BC- AD1500

1000 BC- AD1500

Tikal - Wall Mask of the Rain God Chac, God of Rain

Quetzalcoatl:

1000 BC- AD1500

The God of Wisdom & Learning

Mayan Glyphs sky

king

house

1000 BC- AD1500

child

city

Mayan Mathematics •The Mayans developed a complex writing system, glyphs, or symbols. They also created a number system, using the concept of zero for the first time.

Mayan Glyphs

1000 BC- AD1500

1000 BC- AD1500

Mayan Underground Granaries: Chultunes

1000 BC- AD1500

Mayan Drinking Cup for Chocolate

1000 BC- AD1500

Pakal: The Maya Astronaut

1000 BC- AD1500

•The Aztecs, just a small group of farmers from northwest Mexico, created the most powerful empire in Meso America.

1000 BC- AD1500

Lands of the Aztecs

•What land did they conquer?

1000 BC- AD1500

Aztec View of Tenochtitlan

•The Capital City of the Aztecs. Covered five miles and had a population of 200,000. One of the largest cities in the world at the time.

1000 BC- AD1500

Tenochtitlan: The “Venice” of the Americas

1000 BC- AD1500

Aztec Chinampa or Floating Garden: 15ft. to 30ft. wide

1000 BC- AD1500

Tenochtitlan - Chinampas

•Tenochtitlan was built on swampy island in the middle of a lake. To create more farm land they build floating gardens

1000 BC- AD1500

Aztec Writing

•They kept written records similar to Mayans but not as advanced.

Aztec Math

•They also used Math. Conquered People were required to pay a tribute, a tax.

1000 BC- AD1500

Aztec Sun Stone -- Calendar

•They created a 260-religious calendar and a 365-day solar calendar. They also calculated movements of planets.

The Aztecs Were Fierce Warriors

1000 BC- AD1500

•Achievements in the Arts and Sciences. Artisans made bright feathers into headdresses, shields, and wartime costumes. Metalworkers fashioned gold and silver.

1000 BC- AD1500

Aztec Gold

Aztec Sun Motifs

1000 BC- AD1500

1000 BC- AD1500

Aztecs Sacrifice Neighboring Tribes to the Sun God-needed human blood

1000 BC- AD1500

Heart Sacrifice on an Aztec Temple Pyramid

1000 BC- AD1500

Wall of Skulls, Tenochtitlan

1000 BC- AD1500

Sacrificial Statue, Tenochtitlan

1000 BC- AD1500

Ruins of the City Center, Tenochtitlan

Aztec Codex

1000 BC- AD1500

(15c Manuscript)

•Lasted a short period of time, 200 years. Contact with the Europeans brought an end to the empire.

1000 BC- AD1500

•The Codex Mendoza :The Founding of Tenochtitlantwenty years after the Spanish Conquest it contains the history of the city

1000 BC- AD1500

3. South America

•Many years after earlier civilizations such as the Chavin, Moche, and Nazca, the Inca Civilization brought the entire Andes Mountain region into one empire.

Lands of the Incas

1000 BC- AD1500

•They began as a small tribe in the Andes, but by the early 1500’s their empire extended almost the entire Pacific coast throughout the Andes.

1000 BC- AD1500

Cuzco: Ancient Capital of the Inca (11,000 ft. above sea level)

Machu Picchu

1000 BC- AD1500

•Pachacuti –leader of the Inca used political alliances and military force to gain control. •The emperor had most of the power

.

Machu Picchu

1000 BC- AD1500

1000 BC- AD1500

Incan Suspension Bridges

•The first known bridges spanned cannons, and rivers. Woven out of fibers and vines.

1000 BC- AD1500

Incan Terrace Farming

•Terraces increased the amount of land available for agriculture.

Incan Digging Sticks

1000 BC- AD1500

1000 BC- AD1500

The Quipu: An Incan Database

•Keep track of moving goods they used set of colored and knotted cords.

1000 BC- AD1500

Over 100 Different Types of Potatoes Cultivated by the Incans

Produce from a Typical Incan Market

1000 BC- AD1500

Incan Ceramic Jars

Peanut

Cacao God

1000 BC- AD1500

Potato

Cacao Pod

Squash

Maize in Incan Pottery & Gold Work

1000 BC- AD1500

Inca Gold & Silver

•Artisans made intricate ornaments out of gold and silver.

1000 BC- AD1500

Incan Mummies

1000 BC- AD1500

•The Incas lasted only about 100 years. •The arrival of the Spanish in Peru in 1532 marked the end.