The French Global Environment Facility

Strategic Programming Framework

2013-2014

The French Global Environment Facility

Strategic Programming Framework

2013-2014

T h e F re n c h G l o b a l E nv i ro n m e nt Fa c i l i t y

S t ra t e g i c P r o g ra m m i n g F ra m e wo r k 2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 4

Summary Introduction

P. 04

A

Summary review of achievements over the period 2011-2012

P. 05

B

The mission and mandates of the FFEM

P. 07

 he FFEM’s mission is to protect the global environment in support of the French T policy of cooperation and development B.2 The results of the FFEM confirm the positioning, missions and areas of intervention B.1

C

Guidelines by topic area C.1 C.2 C.3 C.4 C.5 C.6

D

Sustainable agriculture Sustainable urban territories Biodiversity financing mechanisms Sustainable energy in Africa Integrated coastal and marine zone management (ICMZM) Forests

Developing consultation and partnerships with the private sector, civil society and research D.1 Strengthening multi-player partnerships D.2  Contributing to French influence and to the promotion of French private-sector players D.3 Continued support to civil society initiatives: French and international NGOs and local authorities D.4 Developing links with research through the Scientific and Technical Committee D.5 Strengthening links with the research community D.6 Promoting new project implementation methods

E

Pursuing the FFEM’s support and advisory mission to supervisory bodies, particularly the Global Environment Facility and the Multilateral Fund for the Implementation of the Montreal Protocol E.1 E.2 E.3

F

Enhancing FFEM visibility by capitalising on and communicating its experiences F.1 F.2 F.3

G

Capitalise on its experiences Continued development of communication on experience Consolidate the FFEM’s image and enhance its visibility

Continuous improvements in financial and accounting management G.1 G.2

3

The Global Environment Facility The Multilateral Fund for the Implementation of the Montreal Protocol French government departments

The alerting system Disbursements and commitments

Annexes

P. 07 P. 08 P. 12 P. 13 P. 18 P. 21 P. 25 P. 29 P. 32 P. 34 P. 34 P. 34 P. 35 P. 36 P. 36 P. 37

P. 38 P. 38 P. 39 P. 40 P. 41 P. 41 P. 41 P. 42 P. 43 P. 43 P. 44 P. 45

T h e F re n c h G l o b a l E nv i ro n m e nt Fa c i l i t y

S t ra t e g i c P r o g ra m m i n g F ra m e wo r k 2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 4

Introduction This Strategic Programming Framework (SPF) guides the activities of the French Global Environment Facility (FFEM) for the years 2013 and 2014. This new SPF is designed as a road map framing the choice of the operations that the FFEM could finance, notably at the sectoral and geographic levels. It is the result of a collegial reflection among the six member institutions of the FFEM (Ministries for the Economy, Foreign Affairs, Sustainable Development, Research, Agriculture and the Agence Française de Développement) and its Scientific and Technical Committee. It describes the mission and mandates of the FFEM as well as the guidelines for the period 2013-2014, which are divided into the following six topic areas: • sustainable agriculture; • sustainable urban territories; • biodiversity financing mechanisms; • sustainable energy in Africa; • integrated coastal and marine area management; • forests1. The development of partnerships, in particular with the private sector, civil society and research, remains a strategic priority for the FFEM.

1

The processing and undertaking of activities in the forest sector over the period considered are conditional upon, in particular, new commitments that would be made by France under REDD+. However, they may also be financed through other topic areas such as “sustainable agriculture”, “sustainable energy in Africa” and “biodiversity financing mechanisms”.

4

T h e F re n c h G l o b a l E nv i ro n m e nt Fa c i l i t y

S t ra t e g i c P r o g ra m m i n g F ra m e wo r k 2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 4

A Summary review of achievements over the period 2011-2012

Approved by the Steering Committee of the FFEM in March 2011, the Strategic Programming Framework 2011 – 2012 was the operational translation of the recommendations of the scientific and management audit of the FFEM carried out in 2010. It concerned the objectives by subject and by region, the improvement of the project cycle (logical framework, indicators and impact measurements, etc.), the development of partnerships, co-financing and administration support activities, the capitalisation of experience and communication. In 2011 and 2012, the FFEM continued its mission of promoting innovation in the areas of global environment and sustainable development in developing countries. Between January 2011 and April 2012, 22 new projects were undertaken, for a total amount of 34.65 million €. In geographical terms, the commitments in sub-Saharan Africa and in the Mediterranean region stand at 30.49 million €. In the rest of the world (Latin America, Asia Pacific and Eastern Europe), the total commitment stands at 4.16 million €. The commitments over the same period have already exceeded the objectives in the climate change sector and 20.90 million € have already been pledged as part of the fast-start financing of forests, out of a projected total amount of 30 million €, which corresponds to an implementation rate of 70%. The Secretariat of the Facility continued and strengthened its activities of support and advice for the development of French positions regarding the environment and development, in particular for the Montreal Protocol on substances that deplete the ozone layer, for the Multilateral Fund (MLF), which is the financing mechanism and for the Global Environment Facility (GEF) among its ministerial member institutions (Ministry for the Economy and Finance, Ministry for Foreign Affairs, Ministry for Sustainable Development, Ministry for Research and, recently, the Ministry for Agriculture). It also strengthened its synergies with the AFD (pooling of evaluations and communication). Finally, the Scientific and Technical Committee played an essential role in the improvement of methods and in the capitalisation and forward planning of the Facility (evaluation of projects and discussion seminars). >

5

T h e F re n c h G l o b a l E nv i ro n m e nt Fa c i l i t y

S t ra t e g i c P r o g ra m m i n g F ra m e wo r k 2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 4

A In 2011, in accounting and financial terms, the percentage of disbursements to net cumulative commitments rose steadily compared to previous years. Through advance programming on project ideas and the implementation of standardised processing and monitoring methods, project portfolio expenses were kept under control and its implementation was strengthened. The ambitious objective of achieving a percentage of cumulative disbursements to projects (65%) compared to net cumulative commitments was achieved and even exceeded (66%) at the end of 2011. The FFEM contributed to the strategies and international commitments of France in the areas of global environment. The activities of the FFEM made it possible to support French administrations for the development and implementation of new concepts in the area of global environment and the definition of France’s strategies and positions in international forums such as the Global Environment Facility. The FFEM’s active contributions to the United Nations Climate Change Conference in Durban, to the World Water Forum in Marseille and to the sustainable development conference for the 20th anniversary of the Earth Summit in Rio de Janiero are testament to that.

6

T h e F re n c h G l o b a l E nv i ro n m e nt Fa c i l i t y

15

S t ra t e g i c P r o g ra m m i n g F ra m e wo r k 2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 4

B

The mission and mandates of the FFEM “The French Government decided in 1994 to create the French Global Environment Facility, hereafter referred to as ‘the FFEM’. […] The FFEM is one of the major instruments supporting the French policy of cooperation and development regarding climate change, biodiversity, international waters, desertification and land degradation, protection of the ozone layer and persistent organic pollutants.” Extract from the State-AFD Framework Convention of 14 Mai 2012

B.1  The FFEM’s mission is to protect the global environment

in support of the French policy of cooperation and development

The FFEM’s actions are in line with the major guidelines set by the French government regarding the environment and the “green economy”, the principles of the Environmental Charter as well as the national Sustainable Development Strategy and its international component. The FFEM’s activities are in line with the guiding principles set out by the French government regarding the environment and the “green economy”, with the principles of the national sustainable development strategy and its international component. They are also consistent with the French framework document on cooperation and development and with the decisions of the CICID, which met in 2009, particularly on its sectoral strategies for “development, energy and climate”, “water”, “combating desertification” and “environment”. Finally, the FFEM’s activities are consistent with the multilateral agreements on the environment (MAE) to which France is a Party. The FFEM is an additional instrument for French foreign assistance and comes wholly under the ODA accounting system. FFEM aid is not tied and it seeks synergies with other public or private organisations involved in cooperation and development or environmental projects, both in France and abroad, and particularly the Global Environment Facility. The guidelines in regard to the stratospheric ozone layer are based on those of the Vienna Convention and its Montreal Protocol.

7

T h e F re n c h G l o b a l E nv i ro n m e nt Fa c i l i t y

B

S t ra t e g i c P r o g ra m m i n g F ra m e wo r k 2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 4

B.2 The results of the FFEM confirm the positioning, missions

and areas of intervention

B.2 The results of the FFEM confirm the positioning, missions and areas of intervention

B.2.1

Relevance of the positioning of the FFEM’s activities

The conclusions of the four-yearly evaluation for 2007-2010 confirmed the relevance of the positioning of the Facility’s activities on global environment problems related to the sustainable development of developing countries. They also emphasised the fundamental innovation concept that is specific to the Facility and insisted on the reproducibility of these activities in order to strengthen their impact. Recent changes to the environmental financial architecture marked by a significant increase in climate and environment funds reinforces this distinctive character of the FFEM.

B.2.2

Areas of intervention of the Facility

The FFEM’s role over the 2013-2014 period is first confirmed as a financing tool for France’s contribution to the major conventions on the global environment by concentrating on six areas of intervention: those related to biodiversity, the climate, international waters, land degradation, chemical pollutants and the ozone layer, whose link with the climate seems to have sparked a growing interest at the international level. Therefore, the fundamental areas of intervention of the FFEM, corresponding to the production of global public goods as defined in the major international conventions or related internationals forums, concerning: • the fight against climate change with, among others, a specificity for adaptation; • the preservation and management of biodiversity and natural resources; • the protection of international continental and marine waters; • the fight against desertification and land degradation, including desertification and deforestation; • the fight against chemical pollutants, in particular mercury; • the elimination of substances that deplete the stratospheric ozone layer (ODS). This topic area is specifically handled by the FFEM Secretariat. The implementation of projects financed by the bilateral share of French contributions to the MLF are based on the procedures set up by the MLF Executive Board, in which the FFEM Secretariat participates as a member in the name of the Directorate-General for the Treasury.

8

T h e F re n c h G l o b a l E nv i ro n m e nt Fa c i l i t y

15

S t ra t e g i c P r o g ra m m i n g F ra m e wo r k 2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 4

Over the period considered, the previous sectoral commitment objectives are confirmed, namely a minimum of 35% to biodiversity and 35% to climate change, 20% to all other topic areas (desertification, international waters, chemical pollutants).

B

B.2 The specific themes such as forests (divided into deforestation, forest degradation as part of The results of REDD+), food safety and spatial planning are included in the fundamental areas of interventhe FFEM confirm tion. In order to ensure an improved visibility of the particular themes, the FFEM may develop the positioning, specific presentations depending on communication requirements. missions and areas of intervention

B.2.3

Geographic priorities of the Facility

In accordance with the guidelines defined by the French government, the priority of Africa and the Mediterranean region is maintained, with a minimum commitment objective of 60% of the Facility on these regions. The geographic areas of intervention concern the developing countries - less advanced countries or emerging countries - eligible for public development aid. With the exception of Wallis and Futuna, French overseas authorities are not eligible for public aid for development, according to the rules established by the Development Assistance Committee (DAC) of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). The FFEM will apply these criteria. However, the FFEM’s participation in the financing of regional projects for the global environment, including those of French overseas authorities, is not contradictory with the strategy of the Facility. In the interest of the effective use of public money, it was therefore decided that the regional projects financed by the FFEM may benefit the overseas authorities included in the targeted regions, provided that this benefit does not exceed 25% of the contribution of the Facility.

B.2.4

Operating principle of the Facility

Collegiate operating Projects and programmes are essentially prepared, presented, monitored and assessed by one or two of the Steering Committee’s member institutions. The FFEM Secretariat supports the project processing procedure. The scientific and technical committee suggests the strategic guidelines for each topic area, supplies its opinion on project identification notes and contributes to monitoring and assessment of projects and programmes. The steering committee validates projects at the identification and commitment stages. This division of responsibilities between the member institutions (and steering committee), the STC and the Secretariat, as defined in the State-AFD agreement of 14 May 2012, is the keystone of the FFEM.

9

T h e F re n c h G l o b a l E nv i ro n m e nt Fa c i l i t y

B

S t ra t e g i c P r o g ra m m i n g F ra m e wo r k 2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 4

Financial contribution to projects Financing from the FFEM is complementary to funds provided by the beneficiary or beneficiaries and other partners. The FFEM finances a minority share of project costs. It does not finance overheads or the operating costs of institutions or organisations. In exceptional circumstances, expenditures of this type may be considered to enable the implementation of activities planned, provided that these expenditures are fully covered, once the project comes to an end, by other sources of financing, in accordance with the eligibility criteria on economic and financial viability after the project.

B.2 The results of the FFEM confirm the positioning, missions and areas of intervention

Overall, the co-financing conditions defined in the SPF for 2009-2010 remain valid, the essential point being that they must contribute explicitly to project objectives and must be included in its logical framework. The FFEM contributes a minority share of 30%, which may rise to 50% of total project financing in some exceptional and fully justified cases.

Discussions on financing for innovative projects The FFEM will make every effort to explore possibilities for promoting its specific contributions nationally (among both public and private sector players) and internationally. These discussions may in particular help to build up robust synergies with research and development assistance communities by drawing on French know-how. In order to broaden the potential for innovative responses to global environment challenges and problems involving new methods or new players, a new Innovation Facility for the Private Sector (IFPS) will be tested in 2013-2014 in the area of climate change based on calls for projects.

B.2.5

Operation eligibility criteria for financing by the Facility

All the projects presented to the FFEM must demonstrate that they allow for meeting the following eight criteria: • contributions to the preservation of the global environment • contributions to local development • innovative nature or contributes to disseminating or changing the scale of innovations • demonstrative nature and reproducibility • economic and financial sustainability after the project • ecological and environmental viability • social and cultural acceptability • appropriate institutional framework

10

T h e F re n c h G l o b a l E nv i ro n m e nt Fa c i l i t y

15

S t ra t e g i c P r o g ra m m i n g F ra m e wo r k 2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 4

B The first two criteria (contributions to preservation of the global environment and local development) relate to FFEM objectives; the other criteria relate to project quality. The innovation criterion (innovative nature or contributes to disseminating or changing of the scale of innovations) is the link between these two groups since innovation is at once a strategic objective (promoting innovation) and a quality criterion. The FFEM does not finance research as such. However, certain research activities may be financed by the Facility within the following limits: • they form a minority part or component of a development project; • they are exclusively targeted research activities.

B.2.6

The FFEM’s human and financial resources

Besides the resources of the member institutions and the CST, the FFEM secretariat currently has a staff of 11 people: one Secretary General, one coordinating assistant, four engineers, one management officer specialised in budgetary and general affairs, two management officers also assisting the engineers, one communication officer, one “external” consultant in charge of consulting activities for the guidelines submitted by the Parties to the Montreal Protocol, on the MLF and on the missions for eliminating ozone-depleting substances.

11

B.2 The results of the FFEM confirm the positioning, missions and areas of intervention

T h e F re n c h G l o b a l E nv i ro n m e nt Fa c i l i t y

S t ra t e g i c P r o g ra m m i n g F ra m e wo r k 2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 4

C Guidelines by topic area

Six topic areas were identified on the basis of the contributions of the Ministries for Foreign Affairs, Sustainable Development, Research and Agriculture, as well as the AFD: • sustainable agriculture • sustainable urban territories • biodiversity financing mechanisms • sustainable energy in Africa • integrated coastal and marine area • forests.

management

The angles and approaches to be researched over the course of the next several years, in line with international current events, particularly the Rio+20 Conference and the priority topics of the FFEM, are presented below. In addition, in order to allow the FFEM to provide a dynamic contribution to the commitments made at the Rio+20 Conference, particularly the adoption of the 10 Year Framework of Programmes on sustainable consumption and production, special attention will be paid to the integration of “sustainable consumption and production” approaches in the projects to be selected.

12

T h e F re n c h G l o b a l E nv i ro n m e nt Fa c i l i t y

15

S t ra t e g i c P r o g ra m m i n g F ra m e wo r k 2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 4

C

C.1 Sustainable agriculture

C.1.1

C.1 Sustainable agriculture

Action principles of the Facility

Agriculture must meet the challenge of feeding a global population estimated at 9 billion people by 2050 while responding to the challenges of the preservation of natural resources and of climate change. The FFEM’s agricultural development projects must allow for defending this comprehensive approach to sustainable agriculture challenges with the aim of contributing to global food safety. To this end, it is necessary to: • Develop a political and institutional framework favourable to the sustainable development of agriculture and food safety at the national level (States) and local level (communities). Apply inclusive principles of governance (including producers, public powers, private sector and civil society) for the development of this framework. • Make land security possible for agricultural producers, particularly through the application of the Voluntary Guidelines on the land management adopted formally by the Global Food Safety Committee May 2012. • Support small-scale farming and family farming in order to combat poverty and maintain urban-rural balances. The structuring of sectors and support to producer organisations will be especially favoured. • Develop the multifunctionality of agriculture and the territorial dynamics it generates that meet not only environmental but also economic and social challenges, including in terms of employment and local dialogue. As such, there will be a focus on the territorial approaches that promote products and know-how with strong local bases, potentially resulting from rare and local varieties and breeds, as well as a set of production practices via, for example, labels referring to quality linked to geographical origin may generate enhanced added value on a local level. • Mobilise tools for the organisation of rural and natural space in order to optimise the ecological functions of production and regulation in order to strengthen resilience to climate change and to allow for the preservation of biological heritage. • Encourage collaboration and synergies in agricultural research for the development and networking of scientific knowledge and practices. Applied research and outreach activities must meet the needs of producers and the capacities of States. The development of joint work between producer organisation, non-governmental organisation, the private sector and research institutions within the framework of national and regional processes is necessary. >

13

T h e F re n c h G l o b a l E nv i ro n m e nt Fa c i l i t y

C

S t ra t e g i c P r o g ra m m i n g F ra m e wo r k 2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 4

• Meet requirements in terms of adaptability and reproducibility. There are many examples of “good agricultural practices”. The challenge is also to tap into these successful experiences, capitalise on them, transpose them and adapt them on a larger scale.

C.1 Sustainable agriculture

• Develop methods for monitoring and measuring the dual performances of farming systems relating to the production of agricultural commodities and the production of environmental amenities on the scale of dynamic rural territories and small agricultural regions. • Make the projects sustainable by ensuring a positive social impact in a context of development. The projects chosen for this topic area must also meet the challenges of one or more of the three conventions of Rio and/or the Convention on persistent organic pollutants. Concerning the management of water, no international conventions have entered into effect, but the EU framework directive remains a reference.

C.1.2

Objectives of the operations financed by the Facility

The projects backed by the FFEM must meet an objective of improving agricultural practices (or a set of practices) for developing or strengthening the sustainability of agriculture. These projects shall address current international challenges relating to agriculture and food safety and at least one of the FFEM’s priority areas of activity: biodiversity, climate, water, lands/soil and persistent organic pollutants; the latter area is addressed across the board.

Developing the link between biodiversity and agriculture At the international level, discussions take place mainly within the framework of the Convention on Biological Diversity (including the Nagoya Protocol), the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (ITPGRFA) and the Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture of the FAO (CGRFA). Sustainable agriculture must allow for addressing the dual challenge regarding the sustainable “preservation” and “use” of biodiversity. The FFEM could make it possible to finance projects taking into account this dual challenge. On the scale of agricultural parcels, farms and regions, the improvement of the biodiversity of production systems (diversified rotations, use of local species, agro-forest systems, preservation of biodiversity-rich interstitial areas – green and blue belts, hedges, prairies, limitation of the use of toxic substances for fauna and flora, promotion of domestic biodiversity) must allow for addressing this challenge regarding biodiversity that is both preserved and developed. Projects for the sustainable intensification of agricultural areas and space and land management that allow for, notably, reducing deforestation due to the extension of agricultural zones and therefore reducing the impact on biodiversity, may also be financed by the FFEM.

14

T h e F re n c h G l o b a l E nv i ro n m e nt Fa c i l i t y

S t ra t e g i c P r o g ra m m i n g F ra m e wo r k 2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 4

Three major questions for agriculture in the target countries of the FFEM have emerged: conservation (including in situ) and improvement of local varieties and breeds (regions, countries, group of countries); access to resources (including seeds) and the organisation of this access, taking into account local socio-economic constraints. Therefore, conservation, improvement and access must be developed as part of agro-ecological projects while ensuring sufficient levels of production and high sanitary quality, adaptation to local pedoclimatic and social conditions, improved agricultural techniques and an adapted level of diversity. The FFEM could finance innovative projects to this end.

Combating desertification and land degradation and supporting the sustainable agricultural development of affected areas The Convention to Combat Desertification defines desertification as land degradation in arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid areas resulting from various factors, including climatic variations and human activities (particularly inappropriate agricultural practices). Among the three Rio Conventions, it is the only one that gives explicit priority to Africa and to have make a link from the start between the sustainable management of natural resources and the improvement of the living conditions of vulnerable populations. The FFEM’s projects must promote a sustainable development of agro-ecosystems, particularly in dry areas, and, more generally, be in line with integrated strategies for the planning and development of rural territories in these areas. In particular, they may address the following challenges: • development and dissemination of agricultural techniques for the conservation of waters, soils and trees (for example, physical development of spaces to reduce erosion from runoff waters, improve the collection of water in soils and renew the fertility of soils, agro-forestry, assisted natural regeneration, etc.) and adaptation of these sustainable agricultural techniques to the ecological, agronomical and socio-economic contexts of dry areas; • support for diversity in production systems and the combination of agricultural and non-agricultural strategies; • development of management, notably spatial management, through drainage basins and ecosystems; • make mobility and pastoral systems secure; • environmental monitoring and early alert systems in connection with agricultural challenges (forecasting/management of climate risks, droughts, etc.); • strengthen the sustainability of oasis agricultural systems; • community management of natural resources and increasing the accountability of rural populations (with the example of the organisation of rural timber markets), etc. • in territories where knowledge of soils is inadequate, the acquisition of scientific data on the status of soils could be promoted by FFEM projects in terms of the prerequisites for establishing and making possible other types of projects.

15

C C.1 Sustainable agriculture

T h e F re n c h G l o b a l E nv i ro n m e nt Fa c i l i t y

S t ra t e g i c P r o g ra m m i n g F ra m e wo r k 2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 4

Managing the quantity and quality of water

C

During the 6th World Water Forum in Marseille organised in 2012, the question of water and food safety was the subject of many debates. It was found that all agricultural water players (direct and indirect) are concerned and must be mobilised around clear and operational objectives, mainly the integrated management of water resources (IMWR):

C.1 Sustainable agriculture

• s ustainably increase the productivity of ecosystems through an improved mobilisation of resources on the scale of drainage basins (use of substitution reservoirs, mobilisation of alternative resources such as the re-use of treated wastewater for gardening, etc.) through the consumption of less water (changes in agricultural practices, technical innovation, selection of varieties, etc.) and the reduction of pollution (point and non-point). • reduce agricultural pollution (nitrates and pesticides in particular) in water resources to limit the negative impacts on human health and the ecology of aquatic environments. Exposition to dangerous concentrations of chemical pollutants is a factor that affects the health of populations and labour productivity (particularly labour productivity) on the one hand and the fauna and flora of aquatic ecosystems on the other hand. • improve the territorial governance on different scales in order to obtain an improved integration of all the stakeholders of a territory and an effective solidarity between territories.

Producing biomaterials and bioenergies by respecting the prioritisation of uses The “prioritisation of uses” is a principle that involves favouring the mobilisation of agricultural land for food production. The production of renewable raw materials on lands unsuitable for food production may allow for the production of biomaterials and bioenergies while respecting this principle. Certain texts, in particular the Directive 2009/28/EC (known as “REN”), promote the use of production from degraded or highly contaminated land and the production of non-irrigated plants grown in arid areas unsuitable for food production to combat desertification. In addition, losses and waste throughout the production to consumption chain result in pressure on soils and other natural resources while limiting the revenues of the various stakeholders. The FFEM could support projects aimed at developing these new uses of lands unsuitable for food production as well as the deployment of technologies that can be used in agricultural farms and allowing for the promotion of co-products, by-products, residues and waste as biomaterials or bioenergies (provided that an adequate amount of organic material continues to be returned to the soil). These projects could correspond to one or more of the FFEM’s areas of activity because they involve supporting sustainable agricultural activity (a source of revenue for rural communities) and meeting objectives on the limiting of greenhouse gas emissions (climate) and an improved management of natural resources: water, biodiversity, soils.

16

T h e F re n c h G l o b a l E nv i ro n m e nt Fa c i l i t y

S t ra t e g i c P r o g ra m m i n g F ra m e wo r k 2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 4

Strengthening the adaptation of agriculture to climate change and reducing agricultural greenhouse gas emissions while ensuring a sustainable development The 17th Conference of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in Durban (December 2011) allowed the Parties to exchange views on a specific work programme on agriculture, focusing on both mitigation and adaptation and whose scope will be submitted to the Conference of Parties at the end of 2012. Sustainable agriculture must allow for responding to the dual challenge of the adaptation and mitigation of climate change. The FFEM could contribute to financing projects useful to the work programme on agriculture and to taking into account this dual challenge at different levels by promoting: • the testing and dissemination of agricultural practices, techniques and processes allowing to meet this triple challenge and likely to serve as an example in the development of national adaptation and mitigation plans. As an example, the FFEM could support the dissemination of techniques for agro-ecology, agro-forestry, drainage basin management, improved rice field management, seeds adapted to new climate conditions, the dissemination of bio-digesters, etc ; • the identification of tools and devices for estimating and monitoring greenhouse gas emissions, carbon sequestration in soils or crops and vulnerabilities in the agricultural sector (MRV – Measuring, Reporting and Verification) ; • the identification of development tools for managing and sharing climate risks (index-based insurance, disaster funds and their effectiveness) ; • the implementation of pilot payment mechanisms for “climate” agricultural services (PES), e.g. through carbon storage.

C.1.3

Specific eligibility criteria

The FFEM Steering Committee will give preference to projects that meet a maximum number of these objectives, offer diagnoses and are based on voluntary certification systems. For this topic area, it is particularly important to respect geographic priorities, in particular the African continent. Agricultural challenges are playing an increasingly important role in debates on issues regarding the topic of combating deforestation, internationally (REDD+ mechanism) as well as nationally (French conference on tropical forests of 11 and 12 January 2012). Therefore, it seems necessary to reflect on the possible linkages between certain “sustainable agriculture” projects and certain “forest” projects. In the same manner, consistency with “sustainable energy” projects is required, the latter of which address the question of energy production. Concerning projects for fighting land degradation and desertification and/or the management of water resources, it would be useful to find synergies with the activities carried out by territorial authorities (decentralised cooperation) and water agencies through the financing possibilities made possible by the Oudin Law (several tens of millions of euros, 25 million per year for water agencies alone).

17

C C.1 Sustainable agriculture

T h e F re n c h G l o b a l E nv i ro n m e nt Fa c i l i t y

C C.2 Sustainable urban territories

S t ra t e g i c P r o g ra m m i n g F ra m e wo r k 2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 4

C.2 Sustainable urban territories The projects identified under this topic area fall within the scope of international agreements on climate change, on persistent organic pollutants and on biodiversity. In the past, the FFEM financed several projects concerning sustainable cities, notably in the sectors of urban transportation, through changing the engines of the fleet of vehicles or via support for the territorial integration of underway lines (Hanoi, Cairo), the energy efficiency of buildings (Lebanon, China, Morocco) by supporting changes to thermal regulations and the management of waste, liquids (Fes authority) or solids (Africompost multi-country project). However, the urban topic area still represents a small proportion of FFEM activities, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa.

C.2.1

Strategic areas

Area 1: S  trategic urban planning as a tool to combat climate change Land use control is one of the major challenges in southern cities and is one of the main levels for implementing conditions for sustainable urbanisation. Urban planning, which allows local authorities to organise their territory and control expansion, is one of the indispensable conditions for making cities less vulnerable to climate change. Experience shows that uncontrolled urbanisation (which is the main form of urbanisation in southern cities) is always a vulnerability factor: urban sprawl, urbanisation of areas at risk, coastal development, low density, etc. Urban planning must allow for reducing cities’ impact on climate change (energy efficiency, transportation, housing, density, water management, mobilisation of ecosystems and vegetated surfaces, etc.) in addition to (and this is mainly the case in sub-Saharan Africa) making cities less vulnerable and allowing them to adapt. Beyond urban planning itself (local responses are fairly well-known), priority must be given to the implementation process by ensuring that the territory discussion and organisation process leads to results in the field. To do so, projects must seek to strengthen local project management as much as possible. This involves either integrating the climate dimension in the strategic planning exercise as a cross-cutting dimension within the framework of sectoral planning (risk exposure plan, transportation planning, green plan, etc.), or dealing with the fight against climate change in the context of comprehensive territorial planning (climate plan, strategic plan, agenda 21). This exercise, which should be prioritised from the angle of adaptation in regard to African countries, may include the completion of an initial assessment prior to the strategic planning.

18

T h e F re n c h G l o b a l E nv i ro n m e nt Fa c i l i t y

S t ra t e g i c P r o g ra m m i n g F ra m e wo r k 2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 4

Area 2: The management of climate risks In essence, population density makes cities particularly sensitive to climate risks, particularly in regard to flooding (river or coastal). There are two types of risks: • the rising of coastal waters, exposing coastal cities to risks of recurrent flooding or potential submersion in the short or medium term, a risk which is increased by current urban dynamics which involve the prioritisation of coastal urbanisation. This risk requires taking into account questions of coastal management (erosion – protection), drainage basin management and groundwater management (salinisation); • the management of exceptional climatic events (cyclones, drought, flood, landslides, etc.), related primarily to rainfall, by taking into account three phases: anticipation (urban planning to prevent the urbanisation of at-risk areas, preparation of risk exposure plans, etc.), managing the crisis and reducing its impacts (alert, drainage, protection and consolidation systems, etc.) and feedback (not rebuilding exactly as before, changing standards in light of experiences, etc.). Unlike the previous area (which may include a climate risk management component), the relevant territory is not necessarily a community. This territory must be consistent with the nature of the risk studied (e.g. the drainage basin for flooding risks). The entry is necessarily sector-based. However, the role of public authorities is still critical and projects should prioritise the implementation of locally sustainable public policies. This area gives preference to coastal areas and includes managing the risks of submersion, flooding, cyclones, droughts, etc.

Area 3: The environmental approach of urban renovation (impoverished housing districts) The renovation of impoverished districts is a priority issue in southern cities: living conditions are poor in these neighbourhoods. The form and organisation of these districts contribute to the vulnerability of cities and are an unsustainable type of urban development. Sustainable urban renovation implies having a comprehensive approach for these districts: housing (vulnerability and energy efficiency), transportation (public transportation as “soft links”), vulnerability to risks (flooding, landslides, etc.), energy use (public lighting, cooking, etc.) and environmental quality (parks, water surfaces, green belts). It may involve support for the preparation of new technical and organisational models or an approach by sector (fuel wood, energy, transportation, building materials, waste, etc.) provided that there is an established potential for rescaling. New technological and economic models could be developed, particularly in LDCs characterised by urban sprawl with low levels of project management, where new concepts must be invented in regard to networks (transportation, water, energy, waste), with econeighbourhoods focused on job market development.

19

C C.2 Sustainable urban territories

T h e F re n c h G l o b a l E nv i ro n m e nt Fa c i l i t y

C

S t ra t e g i c P r o g ra m m i n g F ra m e wo r k 2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 4

Area 4: Waste management Priority will be given to the implementation of projects reducing methane emissions, waste recovery and recycling and the fight against pollution.

C.2 Sustainable urban territories

The management of urban waste is an important lever for reducing greenhouse gases. Technologies geared at reducing greenhouse gas emissions are widespread in countries in the North and in certain emerging countries; this is less true in the least developed countries and in countries with intermediate income levels. Waste management projects may also have an important impact in regard to reducing Persistent Organic Pollutants (POP), primarily in industrial cities in southern countries.

C.2.2

Characteristics of the projects

Partnerships bringing together local and international players are required. Several themes to be integrated in general discussions on the urban topic area may be mentioned: • vulnerability to natural risks (notably flooding), • the energy efficiency of buildings, construction materials, including the implementation of norms and regulations, • land management and urban planning, the fight against urban sprawl; • the mobilisation of ecosystems and their functions in urban settings and the immediate vicinity; • energy in informal/impoverished neighbourhoods, • the management of waste and recycling, • water management. All of these topics imply that the projects include the strengthening of local project management, an essential condition to their sustainability. The amount of the FFEM’s commitment will need to be adjusted according to the authorities receiving support: an amount that is too high could be a major constraint when seeking co-financing at the level of certain authorities.

20

T h e F re n c h G l o b a l E nv i ro n m e nt Fa c i l i t y

C.2.3

S t ra t e g i c P r o g ra m m i n g F ra m e wo r k 2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 4

C

Geographic areas and partnerships

The FFEM’s financing will be targeted in priority in operations in “Priority poor countries” (without, however, excluding operations outside this area). In the urban topic area, local/international partnerships and project management support are one of the sustainability conditions for financed projects. Several types of players can be mobilised:

C.2 Sustainable urban territories

• financing agencies, in their role as co-financiers of operations financed by the FFEM and strategy partners in keeping with those of the FFEM (EU, World Bank, regional banks, bilateral); • decentralised cooperation, particularly active in the urban topic area, with which the AFD has strong relations and who has a leading role to play in strengthening local capabilities as well as in the implementation of exchanges of experience with cities in the South on subjects that directly concern the FFEM (agenda 21, building material norms, eco-neighbourhoods, training); • the Partenariat Français Pour la Ville et les Territoires (PFVT, or French Partnership for the City and Territories), a network created in 2010 that brings together all French urban cooperation players located abroad (private, consultants, public institutions, elected officials, decentralised cooperation, researchers) and led by the AFD. It could provide support to the FFEM in identifying projects via its members; • embassies and AFD agencies as well as networks of players such as CGLU*, Cities Alliance, AIMF**, which are potential intermediaries for allowing project ideas to emerge.

C.3 Biodiversity financing mechanisms C.3.2

C.3 Biodiversity financing mechanisms

Action principles of the Facility

The FFEM’s activity in this topic area are in line with the three primary objectives of the Convention on Biological Diversity and, in particular, target 20 of the Aichi objectives for 2020 on the mobilisation of financial resources. The FFEM will support operations for setting up financing mechanisms for biodiversity conservation by linking (as far as possible) economic mechanisms with the strengthening of regulatory and legal frameworks. >

*CGLU: United Local Cities and Governmentss **AIMF: International Association of Francophone Mayors

21

T h e F re n c h G l o b a l E nv i ro n m e nt Fa c i l i t y

C

S t ra t e g i c P r o g ra m m i n g F ra m e wo r k 2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 4

The FFEM’s objective is not to create new mechanisms but rather to adapt financing mechanisms proven to work in certain situations or regions to the requirements of other developing countries. The mechanisms to be prioritised should focus more on long-term financing needs for biodiversity management. This will involve prioritising the emergence of sustainable methods for financing ecosystems building on the value of these ecosystems and stimulating virtuous processes of use and management. The projects should carefully seek a balance between the consolidation of regulatory frameworks and innovation through the implementation of innovative financing mechanisms aimed at mobilising additional resources. This balance, which is difficult to establish, must contribute to ensuring the demonstrative nature and reproducibility of projects.

C.3 Biodiversity financing mechanisms

To the extent possible, the projects to be supported should seek complementarity between multiple mechanisms in order to maximise synergies (e.g. use of trust funds for setting up Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) on the ground, or PES contributing to a trust fund for financing long-term conservation activities or revenues from product certification mechanisms used to contribute to a conservation trust fund, or a company involved in operations to compensate for its impacts on biodiversity with access to a trust fund for financing long-term conservation activities.

C.3.2

Strategic areas

For the period 2013-2014, the FFEM will attempt to carry out projects in the following topic areas without necessarily developing a project for each area, but rather by seeking synergies between multiple mechanisms.

Area 1: Payments for Ecosystem Services The FFEM should support payments for ecosystem services (PES) mechanisms, which are still underdeveloped in the current portfolio of projects. To the extent possible, the FFEM should support mechanisms for ensuring the most direct contractual agreements possible between suppliers and service users. At the same time, the FFEM should be vigilant in regard to questions and criticisms of the negative environmental and socio-economic effects of these mechanisms: securitisation of land and land commoditisation in certain communities, poor redistribution of generated revenues, assessment of real impacts on biodiversity, direct and indirect effects, etc.

Area 2: Trust funds for the conservation of biodiversity Support for the creation of biodiversity conservation trust funds still seems to be useful. The FFEM’s support should not necessarily seek innovation in this case, as trust funds have been set up for over 15 years now; instead they should concentrate on strengthening and finding measures for improving these mechanisms. Progress is possible, notably in regard to:

22

T h e F re n c h G l o b a l E nv i ro n m e nt Fa c i l i t y

S t ra t e g i c P r o g ra m m i n g F ra m e wo r k 2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 4

• tools for assessing the effectiveness of trust funds • socially and environmentally responsible (SER) investment strategies (ensuring that support programmes, selected by trust fund managers to place their capital, respect SER investment standards) • the analysis of the effectiveness of trust funds in regard to biodiversity conservation (ability to evaluate financed projects, using calls for competition for protected areas in order to identify the best projects, ability to support innovative approaches for protected areas, comparison with other biodiversity financing channels). The FFEM could develop cooperative projects with groups of partners who are experts in the area, in the same vein as Conservation Finance Alliance.

Area 3: N agoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits The FFEM should support projects on the ground that allow for implementing the provisions of the Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilisation (ABS) by ensuring the transmission of practical lessons for building national and regional policies and regulations. The FFEM should give preference to approaches that make it possible to link value generation (concerning sectors supported by field activities) with the construction and institutional reinforcement in compliance with the requirements of the Nagoya Protocol (bureau in charge of applying the Protocol, establish the status of genetic resources, standard agreement for sharing benefits, etc.). Partnerships with other players could allow for ensuring proper coordination between these two levels. Special attention may be paid to the followup given to the NPIF (Nagoya Protocol Implementation Fund, managed by the GEF). To the extent possible, the FFEM should identify projects that ensure a qualifiable leverage effect in terms of mobilising additional private financing for the development and conservation of biodiversity.

Area 4: E cological norms and standards of products usable by private companies The FFEM should contribute to implementing ecological norms and standards usable by private companies who invest and modify their production or supply procedures with the aim of ensuring positive impacts on biodiversity. These norms and standards could take the form of ecolabels and certifications. These mechanisms could make it rather simple to assess the leverage effect with regard to additional financing for conservation. >

23

C C.3 Biodiversity financing mechanisms

T h e F re n c h G l o b a l E nv i ro n m e nt Fa c i l i t y

S t ra t e g i c P r o g ra m m i n g F ra m e wo r k 2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 4

France has know-how and can provide added value to these mechanisms by promoting the lessons and experiences of many existing schemes (IGP/AOP*, fair trade, bio label, natural park label, etc.). The FFEM should again concentrate its support on strengthening the effectiveness of these mechanisms and on the conditions for their development/coordination on significant scales for the conservation of ecosystems. It could, on the one hand, contribute to reinforcing the assessment of the direct and indirect effects and/or the ecological footprint of a label and, on the other hand, the economics of label assessment procedures to ensure that they can be backed by the operators of the sectors concerned while remaining profitable.

C C.3 Biodiversity financing mechanisms

Area 5: Compensation for biodiversity loss The FFEM could also support projects aimed at establishing practical methodologies for providing compensation for the net loss of biodiversity as part of private investment projects (major developments, mines, infrastructures, etc.). These projects have the advantage of being able to provoke considerable, easily measurable leverage effects in the mobilisation of additional resources for the conservation of biodiversity. However, these approaches lead to several questions and present multiple risks. The methodologies are not very solid at this stage and the impacts on biodiversity are uncertain. There seem to be significant risks to the FFEM’s reputation and, as such, the FFEM should only focus on these projects within the framework of coalitions of reputable partners in the area of biodiversity conservation (other co-financiers, environmental NGOs, etc.) and by including, if possible, a public institutional strengthening component. As for the ABS, the FFEM should seek projects that combine local activities and intervention projects with institutional strengthening efforts. The challenge will be to properly assess the additionality of the FFEM’s concessional financing in comparison with private investors’ obligations to limit the risk of deadweight and to ensure that the latter fully carry out their environmental responsibility by their own funds. The FFEM could develop cooperative projects with groups of partners who are experts in the area, e.g. the Business and Biodiversity Offset Programme (BBOP).

C.3.3

Geographic areas and partnerships

The FFEM’s geographic scope of operation for this topic area is considerable. However, the FFEM should give special attention to not concentrating only on emerging countries where these mechanisms are customarily developed and should also attempt to work on adapting these mechanisms in LDCs where there are less of them (shortage of institutional and legal capabilities, human resources and markets, which may limit their development in these countries). The FFEM shall prioritise partnerships with non-governmental organisations, programmes and alliances dedicated to financing mechanisms (Conservation Finance Alliance, BBOP Programme, etc.) as well as large private philanthropic foundations that contribute to biodiversity conservation, with whom cofinancing projects may be sought.

24

*IGP / AOP: Protected Geographical Indication / Protected designation

T h e F re n c h G l o b a l E nv i ro n m e nt Fa c i l i t y

S t ra t e g i c P r o g ra m m i n g F ra m e wo r k 2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 4

C

C.4 Sustainable energy in Africa

C.4.1

C.4 Sustainable energy in Africa

A changing energy context

The global energy context is undergoing fundamental changes under the combined effects of peak oil production, climate change and the growing demand from emerging countries. Current energy systems are unsustainable. The massive use of fossil energies results in the depletion of hydrocarbon resources and deteriorates the climate balance due to greenhouse gas emissions. The increased cost, volatility and scarcity of oil weaken the energy supply of countries that are overly dependent on this resource. To be sustainable, energy strategies must diversify energy mixes and better integrate the specificities of developing countries, characterised by the lack of access to energy of a large portion of their population. If energy was absent from the millennium development goals announced in 2000, it is now recognised as a determining factor for sustainable and inclusive economic development. The United Nations thus launched the Sustainable Energy for All (SE4All) initiative at the beginning of 2012 in order to support the development of these countries’ energy sectors by taking into account these new constraints and opportunities. The target objectives include the development of energy access, renewable energies and energy efficiency. France also plays an active role in the Europe-Africa Partnership on Energy and the Paris-Nairobi initiative, supported jointly with Kenya, both of which aim in particular at developing innovative solutions in areas that are underserved by conventional networks. The energy challenges remain enormous. The International Energy Agency (IEA) estimates that 1.4 billion people in the world do not have electricity and 2.7 billion cook using traditional biomass methods. Sub-Saharan Africa is home to the majority of needs, as less than one third of its population has access to energy services and more than three fourths of families use traditional biomass for cooking their food. These countries, with fragile economies, are also among the most vulnerable to external shocks, whether the price of fossil energies or climate shocks. Therefore, a wider use of renewable sources of energy and increased energy efficiency in these countries will contribute to the increased sustainability and resilience to shocks of their economies without limiting economic aspirations and the growth in the energy demands of the world’s poorest inhabitants. In addition, the development of green energy in Africa is likely to help develop local resources and provide local jobs and new potential sources of income.

25

T h e F re n c h G l o b a l E nv i ro n m e nt Fa c i l i t y

C

C.4.2

S t ra t e g i c P r o g ra m m i n g F ra m e wo r k 2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 4

Strategic areas

Three energy sub-sectors are likely to be supported by the FFEM in Africa2 in order to support the development of sustainable energy.

C.4 Sustainable energy in Africa

Area 1: Powerful renewable energies The transition of energy systems should build upon a diversified portfolio of renewable energies adapted to local contexts. In particular, hydroelectricity is a very competitive means of electricity production and the non-exploited resources in developing countries remain significant: less than 10% of Africa’s estimated potential is currently developed. Energy from biomass, wind power or geothermal power are also means of generating energy that are currently profitable, but few projects exist in Africa. The costs of other technologies, in particular photovoltaic solar power or concentrated solar thermal power (CSP), are dropping but a framework of regulatory and institutional incentives are still required for their development. In this context, the FFEM’s resources can support the development of powerful renewable energies. In particular, this topic area contains the development of network-connected production facilities of more than 1MW using renewable sources of energy and hybrid systems (renewable and diesel). Biofuels also fall under this sub-sector and consistency with the “sustainable agriculture” projects is required3. FFEM competitions may finance analyses of renewable resources, studies or technical assistance and capacity building service for projects demonstrating new economic and technological models. Aid for preparing the master plan for the development of renewable energies (national and regional regulation, structuring of the energy sector, pricing and taxation) and support for bioenergy development plans may also be considered.

Area 2: Access to energy The provision of energy services, in particular electricity, is a lever in the fight against poverty, notably for women and children, as it generate savings by taking the place of other, more costly energy vectors and paving the way for new services with high added-value, such as telecommunications, information, quality lighting, clean water, quality health care, etc. In addition, in countries where wood represents more than 80% of energy use, another important topic area for fighting poverty is the sustainable provision of household fuels. Developing access to energy is thus the second area of interest. In particular, the FFEM can support the development of rural electrification and the agro-food chain using renewable energies and an improved management of domestic ligneous fuels.

2

The projects will concern all of Africa, including Mediterranean countries and South Africa.

26

3 

Bioenergy projects should, in particular, respect the principle of prioritisation of uses (details laid down in the “sustainable agriculture” chapter C.1), which involves prioritising the mobilisation of agricultural land for food production.

T h e F re n c h G l o b a l E nv i ro n m e nt Fa c i l i t y

S t ra t e g i c P r o g ra m m i n g F ra m e wo r k 2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 4

C With regard to energy access, rural electrification and agro-food production mobilising renewable energies, multiple configurations are possible: • individual household equipment projects, which generally rely on photovoltaic technology, possibly integrated into comprehensive electrification plans combining different forms of electrification; • equipping secondary centres with isolated power stations using renewable energies and local networks; • the implementation of new independent producers of electricity from renewable energies to be supplied to the national network and which, once connected, allows for electrifying new villages; • projects using local renewable energy resources and aimed at developing income-generating activities, or access to essential goods (water, health, education, etc.). A wide technological selection of decentralised electricity exists for these isolated production units, notably mini-hydroelectricity, bioelectricity, wind power or photovoltaic power. Hybrid technologies and the development of innovative isolated networks are also new options for improving the electricity supply in isolated areas. The FFEM can participate in supporting secondary infrastructure projects and the preparation of the electrification master plan. It may also finance the technical assistance required for implementing these new electrification blueprints and work to improve private players’ involvement in energy access. The FFEM can also support projects for producing more or less refined biofuels (e.g. PVOs) and producing heat, or combined heat/electricity generation from biomass, including biogas. The challenges linked to access to household fuels used for cooking in many countries (wood-energy) should also be considered. In keeping the FFEM projects for the forestREDD+ topic area, the FFEM shall contribute to improving upstream resources through the management of timber, forest or agricultural resources and the development of agricultural and forest residues by contributing to the assessment of demand and supply basins, sourcing procedures for large urban centres and the definition of a strategy for household fuels (e.g. plans for fighting deforestation in ecologically fragile areas). The coordinated management of local resources would allow for choosing the best type of fuel (forest wood, very short rotation coppis, woody plants produced on agricultural land, by-products, residues, waste from other activities, including agro-food activities). The FFEM can also work to improve the energy efficiency of the use wood-energy and the development of multiple uses for the same energy source by mobilising a complete environmental assessment of the solutions considered.

27

C.4 Sustainable energy in Africa

T h e F re n c h G l o b a l E nv i ro n m e nt Fa c i l i t y

C

S t ra t e g i c P r o g ra m m i n g F ra m e wo r k 2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 4

Area 3: Energy efficiency in industry, construction and households The FFEM’s activities in the energy sector can target energy efficiency: reducing energy consumption with equal productivity. The FFEM’s challenge is to contribute to identifying new economic models that can be replicated.

C.4 Sustainable energy in Africa

The industry sector, or local craft industries in certain areas, offer important sources of energy savings, notably by modernising energy-consuming industries (steel plants, petrochemicals, metalworking, textile, etc.) and production units and recovering agro-industrial waste. Apart from training the relevant players, the FFEM’s contribution could be the implementation of industrial audits, benchmarking of consumption and providing aid to sectoral programming to allow the characterisation and use of sources of energy savings. The construction sector also offers many opportunities for savings, both in new construction as well as in existing buildings. The FFEM can contribute to thermal diagnostics, consumption monitoring and the implementation of thermal regulations or equipment standards in support of investment programmes. Promoting local insulation materials is also an area of development. Investments in this topic area are often diffuse and involve a high number of projects with a low unit value. In order to support them, co-financiers such as the AFD set up lines of credit that may be accompanied by technical assistance services from the FFEM.

C.4.3

Ensuring that the FFEM’s activity is an extension of other tools

Aera 1: Continuity in instruments In order to have a greater impact on the sector, the FFEM’s activity must be in line with other available financing instruments. In particular, the existing mechanisms at the level of the ADEME and the Directorate-General for the Treasury (FASEP, RPE) must also be taken into account.

Aera 2: Identifying new projects In order to efficiently guide its activity, the FFEM may use existing mechanisms for identifying projects such as the recent calls for projects of the Directorate-General for the Treasury and the calls for interest of the ADEME. The FFEM is also planning a call for projects for the private sector.

28

T h e F re n c h G l o b a l E nv i ro n m e nt Fa c i l i t y

S t ra t e g i c P r o g ra m m i n g F ra m e wo r k 2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 4

C

C.5 Integrated coastal and marine zone management Integrated coastal and marine zone management, or ICMZM, covers a continuum of the basin draining through the exclusive economic zone (EEZ) to the high seas. It integrates the two approaches related to Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) and Integrated Sea and Marine Zone Management. The former is based on international recommendations following, notably, the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development in Rio de Janiero, as well as Community recommendations, with the Recommendation of the Parliament and of the European Council of 30 May 2002 concerning the implementation of Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) in Europe. The latter is a result of the Grenelle I and II laws and their implementing decree. Its aim is to “coordinate all sectoral policies applying to the sea or the coastal zone for the purpose of the integrated management of spaces”. Generally, the ICMZM requires supporting and strengthening institutions with a clear and solid mandate on managing the Sea/Land interface in order to ensure the coordination of players, the effectiveness of management measures, the continuity of activities and the long-term restoration of environmental quality. Institutions with mandates that are appropriate for the various parts of the territory as well as real regulatory powers are either difficult to find or take a long time to create (which should be taken into account in the type of support that the FFEM can provide with project aid that is, by definition, limited). Moreover, the FFEM’s added value consists of carrying out local projects of a moderate size in order to obtain concrete and visible results; it is then possible to evaluate the results to ensure that lessons and good practices can be shared. The FFEM’s aim is not to support institutions with very broad mandates covering large spaces and which do not allow for carrying out activities combining global environmental protection and local development via concrete projects. The question of the sustainability of the activity, which is often difficult to address, should, at a minimum, require that each intervention be accompanied by at least one long-term financing strategy, which the FFEM may help to strengthen within the framework of a project.

29

C.5 Integrated coastal and marine zone management

T h e F re n c h G l o b a l E nv i ro n m e nt Fa c i l i t y

C

C.5.1

C.5 Integrated coastal and marine zone management

S t ra t e g i c P r o g ra m m i n g F ra m e wo r k 2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 4

Strategic areas

Area 1: Governance support • S  upport for integrated management tools (ICZM, marine spatial planning, etc.) • This strategic area can be adapted through a regional scheme linked to a local integrated management project • On the high seas, the challenges are linked more to questions of governance and knowledge of the environment. Provided that it demonstrates its link to an integrated and operational project, an FFEM activity on the high seas could involve strengthening knowledge of the environment, making it possible to define concrete tools (or measures) for monitoring and managing these environments.

Area 2: Small insular States - sustainable islands • Specific challenges related to this territorial scale (capacities of the States concerned, endemism of terrestrial and marine species, challenges regarding food safety and the monitoring of fresh, brackish and sea water, etc.) • High vulnerability to pressure such as solid waste, of which only a small proportion is channelled into the recycling sector and wastewater, which, if collected, is often not treated. This is exacerbated by the increase in population and tourism, limited amount of surface area available and natural resources to be preserved (underground or surface water resources, marine environment) • This vulnerability is also related to global changes and, in particular, the varying degrees of these insular species’ exposure to natural hazards such as flooding, cyclones, tsunamis, landslides, etc. This territorial scale, which is highly variable in reality, can be particularly adapted to an approach such as integrated and collaborative management, in which authorities play an essential role in managing sectoral planning (liquid and solid waste, etc.) and cross-sectoral planning (risk management, climate plan, etc.).

30

T h e F re n c h G l o b a l E nv i ro n m e nt Fa c i l i t y

C.5.2

S t ra t e g i c P r o g ra m m i n g F ra m e wo r k 2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 4

C

Characteristics of the projects

The projects selected within the framework of this topic area should include at least the following characteristics: • they focus primarily on sensitive environments such as mangroves, lagoons and coral reefs, • the pressures on the environment and their impacts have been identified: erosion of the inland component, endangered species, invasive species, land-based waste and pollution, fishing, damage to coastal and marine biodiversity, mining issues, etc., • they mobilise tools for the integrated management of ecological, economic and social challenges (marine spatial planning, bay contract, inclusive governance, etc.). These projects rely primarily on local partnerships (authorities, NGOs, etc.), include capacitybuilding components and long-term strategies for financing integrated tools to ensure their continued existence.

C.5.3

Geographic areas and partnerships

Overall, the geographic areas and partnerships remain open according to the quality of the projects. However, as the FFEM has a mandate to support as much as possible the regional integration and cooperation of French departments and overseas territories, priority will be given to projects that link these departments and territories located in the Caribbean, the Indian Ocean and the South Pacific. The Mediterranean region is also a priority for ICMZM projects. In terms of partnerships, it is the quality of the project and the analysis of needs that must determine which partnerships should be prioritised. However, the FFEM pays close attention to all projects that make it possible to support activities that form an integral part of the work plans for regional sea conventions as well as projects that offer an ecosystem-based management of marine environments as part of balanced collaborations between the various players in the marine environment, including environmental organisations and regional fishing organisations.

31

C.5 Integrated coastal and marine zone management

T h e F re n c h G l o b a l E nv i ro n m e nt Fa c i l i t y

S t ra t e g i c P r o g ra m m i n g F ra m e wo r k 2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 4

C C.6 Forests

C.6 Forests The projects supported by the FFEM in the forest sector are original in that they can suggest possible answers to multiple international conventions, reflecting the diversity of the products and services provided by forests:

•U  nder the Convention on Biological Diversity, because forest projects help preserve the exceptional biodiversity found in forests. •U  nder the Convention to Combat Land Degradation, because maintaining the forest cover helps to preserve soils •U  nder the Convention on Climate Change, because forests play a central role in regulating climate cycles, i.e. via their carbon storage capacities.

From its beginning, the FFEM has supported the forestry sector. Its projects focus primarily on the planet’s large forested areas (Congo Basin, Amazon), without neglecting other forested areas: Mediterranean forest, dry forests in West Africa and climax forests in Latin America where relations between humans and forests involve a fragile balance.

Following the commitments made by France during the Copenhagen Summit, the FFEM has received additional resources (30 million euros) that may be mobilised during the period 2011-2012 and dedicated to implementing projects contributing to the launch of the REDD+ mechanism, as a supplement to the FFEM’s ordinary rhythm of commitment for the conversation and sustainable management of forests. Therefore, between 2010 and 2012, the FFEM should have committed a total of 37 million euros in REDD+ quick-start funding.

The FFEM should have mobilised all of these resources between now and the end of 2012 and the portfolio of forest projects will be particularly well furnished and will cover many domains (protected areas, forest developments, non-wood forest products, wood energy, etc.) in connection with the preparation of partner countries for the REDD+ mechanism.

32

T h e F re n c h G l o b a l E nv i ro n m e nt Fa c i l i t y

S t ra t e g i c P r o g ra m m i n g F ra m e wo r k 2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 4

C C.6 Forests

For the period 2013-2014, in the event that no new commitments were made by France in regard to forests covered by the FFEM, it would be appropriate to prioritise the proper implementation of launched forest projects, to review the first lessons learned from REDD+ projects from the FFEM’s 2010-2012 portfolio and to integrate forest problems, in particular REDD+, in a portion of the projects that will be developed as part of the topic areas, notably “sustainable agriculture”, “sustainable energy in Africa” and “biodiversity financing instruments”.

In addition, the first contacts established with the EU’s REDD+ facility, backed by the European Forest Institute (EFI), can be deepened. This will make it possible to better integrate future forest projects backed by the FFEM in the European cooperation landscape and to better align them with the REDD+ strategies of partner countries while still maintaining the FFEM’s specific aim of promoting concrete and innovative activities.

In the event that France makes new REDD+ commitments, the FFEM may once again process and undertake actions in the forest sector according to a strategy that should then be specified accordingly.

33

T h e F re n c h G l o b a l E nv i ro n m e nt Fa c i l i t y

D

S t ra t e g i c P r o g ra m m i n g F ra m e wo r k 2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 4

Developing consultation and partnerships with the private sector, civil society and research

D.1 Strengthening multi-player partnerships Partnerships with multiple players are fundamental to the FFEM’s identity and activities; they contribute to French influence. They concern the public sector, the private sector, civil society, NGOs and local authorities, research establishments, financing agencies and international agreements on the environment. Previous FFEM experience shows that these partnerships need to become more operational. In general, the FFEM will engage in more in-depth discussions on promoting its activities and disseminating knowledge in Europe (European Commission, European Investment Bank, bilateral agencies) and internationally (GEF, Clean Technology Fund, adaptation funds, Green Fund, Multilateral Fund, Access Benefit Sharing fund, etc.). The activities supported by the FFEM will take the activities of other financing agencies into consideration as well as the national strategies of developing countries, in the interests of the quality, efficiency and predictability of assistance, as provided for by the Paris Declaration on the effectiveness of development assistance. Programmes and projects supported by the FFEM may involve supplies of equipment and services, capacity building, training and measurements of results and impacts. The FFEM’s sectoral strategies and projects will be built up in partnership with stakeholders with an interest in the topic areas supported by the FFEM. These will be multi-player partnerships with public, private, national, European and multilateral institutions.

D.2 Contributing to French influence and to the promotion of

French private-sector players

The private sector is taken to include not only companies supplying equipment and services but also private enterprise foundations.

34

T h e F re n c h G l o b a l E nv i ro n m e nt Fa c i l i t y

15

S t ra t e g i c P r o g ra m m i n g F ra m e wo r k 2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 4

Given the challenges facing the global environment and stakeholders, several proposals are made to strengthen the levers available to the FFEM to involve the private sector: • closer integration of the French private-sector in FFEM discussions upstream and closer targeting of FFEM communication towards businesses; • broadening and strengthening networks of FFEM partners, both private-sector (businesses, professional organisations, EpE, enterprise foundations, etc.) and public-sector bodies working for private-sector development (DG Treasury project support office, UbiFrance, ADEME, Oséo, etc.); • support to innovative financing projects for biodiversity conservation or climate change action (innovative funds, compensation for biodiversity conservation, etc.); • strengthened links between the FFEM and non-governmental organisations and foundations in the context of their activities with the private sector, both French and local.

D.3 Continued support to civil society initiatives:

French and international NGOs and local authorities

At the 2004 Monterrey conference, France undertook to double the amount of ODA handled through NGOs. In response to French biodiversity strategy directives, CICID 2009 policy guidelines and the wishes of many NGOs in the North and South, the FFEM financed and implemented two innovative small-scale initiatives programmes from 2006 to 2010, concerning over a hundred projects. The third programme, involving 2 million €, was renewed in partnership with the IUCN in 2011. These programmes are essentially intended for the Least Advanced Countries of French-speaking Africa. Their goal is to encourage the emergence of local initiatives that contribute on the spot to MAE implementation (biodiversity, climate change, fight against desertification), strengthen the capacity of civil societies of the South to influence national and local policies on the global environment and help to capitalise on experience with environmental micro-projects. The first assessment report recommended the continuation of the programme, with some changes to improve the effectiveness and relevance of activities of this type. In its second small-scale initiatives programme, the FFEM is focusing in particular on the involvement of civil society and decentralised local authorities in the implementation of projects in each of its intervention niches. For the third programme, emphasis was placed on strengthening the capacities of civil-society organisations by concentrating efforts on five African countries with significant environmental challenges but a low capacity to present projects: Burkina Faso, Ghana, Togo, Cameroon and Democratic Republic of the Congo. Concerning local authorities, the FFEM will pursue and strengthen operations that involve their areas of competence through decentralisation approaches that also draw on French know-how among French local authorities (municipalities, competitiveness clusters, nature parks, coastal and lakeshore conservation agency, etc.).

35

D D.2 Contributing to French influence and to the promotion of French private-sector players D.3 Continued support to civil society initiatives: French and international NGOs and local authorities

T h e F re n c h G l o b a l E nv i ro n m e nt Fa c i l i t y

D D.4 Developing links with research through the Scientific and Technical Committee D.5 Sengthening links with the research community

S t ra t e g i c P r o g ra m m i n g F ra m e wo r k 2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 4

D.4 Developing links with research through the Scientific and

Technical Committee

The STC: a driving role in the production of FFEM knowledge and know-how. The STC issues its opinions on the quality of projects presented. Its role is also to contribute to the definition of methodologies developed during the project processing phase and to the development of strategies linking global environment issues with sustainable development. The strengthening of the STC began in 2010 and its key role in the construction of the Facility’s knowledge and know-how was confirmed in regard to the following three areas: • the consideration of projects proposed to FFEM (each identification note will now be reviewed by two different consultants: based on these two opinions, the CST member in charge of the topic area corresponding to the project prepares the final opinion transmitted to the Steering Committee); • the monitoring and assessment of projects; • leading the FFEM’s strategic discussions concerning, in particular, its areas of intervention and its global environment subjects linked to sustainable development. The CST constitutes one of the specific features of the FFEM and allows it to maintain its scientific credibility, its innovative nature and its ability to carry out reproducible projects. In general, the CST missions carried out in 2011 and 2012 will be continued in 2013 and 2014. Therefore, annual strategic discussion seminars will be organised to develop a global environment topic and specify the specific position of the FFEM.

D.5 Strengthening links with the research community The FFEM has to meet a dual challenge at all times: • bringing innovative project and programme input to the project portfolio upstream from project processing; • downstream, working on seeding and replication of innovations in development projects, with other French or local players. To meet these challenges, the FFEM has initiated a partnership with the Fondation pour la Recherche sur la Biodiversité (FRB) and will need to engage more closely with research on technological and industrial innovations, economic analyses, support to the formulation of public policies and methodologies for indicators to measure results and impacts. A wide range of players in public and private research are concerned. Besides the MESR, these include the ANR, CIRAD, IRD, INRA, ONF, IOW, BRGM, IFREMER, ADEME, CSTB, FRB, CEMAGREF attentiveness clusters, but also academic research centres and schools of economics (Paris, Toulouse, etc.).

36

T h e F re n c h G l o b a l E nv i ro n m e nt Fa c i l i t y

15

S t ra t e g i c P r o g ra m m i n g F ra m e wo r k 2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 4

In particular, the FFEM will develop links with the ANR, in order to promote French research on topics at the intersection between science and technology. It supports research studies with a view to their appropriation by companies and their dissemination. One of the crucial issues for the ANR is to hybridise research and business activities and generate closer links between science and enterprise. The nature of its objectives, governance and methods and the innovative projects it promotes place the FFEM in a position to promote these links. It has been agreed to strengthen these in 2013 through an annual meeting for strategic discussions between the ANR and the FFEM to take stock of a global environment topic and specify the FFEM’s specific position as well as develop a shared programming of projects.

D.6 Promoting new project implementation methods The FFEM Steering Committe will test a new project implementation procedure in 2013-2014, based on calls for projects. Its objective will be to broaden the range of projects eligible for FFEM grants and the scope for innovative responses to global environment challenges and problems that involve new methods or new players. A specific study will be launched on procedures for launching and managing these calls for projects. Based on experience with the small-scale initiatives programme, the establishment of a selection committee involving the member institutions and ex-post assessments and on AFD experience with calls for projects, particularly for NGOs, a note on policy for implementing calls for projects will be drawn up beforehand. This will, in particular, set out ideas on projects to be called for, on the process for defining these ideas (for example, related to marine resources, construction timber, etc.) and the means and methods required. Discussions with the STC and possibly the FRB (Foundation for Research on Biodiversity) and the AFD would be useful for this purpose.

37

D D.5 Sengthening links with the research community D.6 Promoting new project implementation methods

T h e F re n c h G l o b a l E nv i ro n m e nt Fa c i l i t y

E

S t ra t e g i c P r o g ra m m i n g F ra m e wo r k 2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 4

Pursuing the FFEM’s support and advisory mission to supervisory bodies, particularly the Global Environment Facility and the Multilateral Fund for the Implementation of the Montreal Protocol The FFEM Secretariat will pursue its role in supporting guidelines and decisions of the Executive Boards of the Global Environment Facility (GEF) and Multilateral Fund for the Implementation of the Montreal Protocol for protection of the ozone layer. These advisory missions help to boost the FFEM’s image and know-how on the international scene and contribute more in-depth knowledge and experience of multilateral organisations to bilateral activities.

E.1 The Global Environment Facility Replenishment of the GEF’s resources for the four years from 1/07/2010 to 30/06/2014 amounts to US $ 4.3 billion, to which France is contributing €215.5 million. The FFEM Secretariat, with its experience in topic areas and projects and as an administrator of public funds for sustainable development and the global environment, will pursue its activities to support the Ministry for the Economy, Finance and Industry in two areas: • advice on strategy documents issued by the GEF Executive Board; • advice on projects processed by the GEF. To carry out these tasks, Secretariat will draw on available AFD competence or on external consultants as required. Joint FFEM-GEF financing will be sought for financial years 2013-2014, within the limit of the 20% FFEM contribution. These arrangements must ensure visibility for FFEM activities and, if possible, involve French partners, including research, public and private institutions and enterprises, local authorities, NGOs and foundations. To drive these synergies, shared missions and specific contacts will be established between the GEF and FFEM Secretariats.

38

T h e F re n c h G l o b a l E nv i ro n m e nt Fa c i l i t y

15

S t ra t e g i c P r o g ra m m i n g F ra m e wo r k 2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 4

E

E.2 The Multilateral Fund for the Implementation of the

Montreal Protocol

The FFEM Secretariat is involved in multiple areas as part of its activities aimed at eliminating substances that deplete the ozone layer. One of these activities consists of supporting the Directorate-General of the Treasury by serving as a member of the MLF Executive Board, which sets its guidelines and directives and selects projects. Against this backdrop, in 2011 the FFEM Secretariat assumed, for the second consecutive year, chairmanship of the group of the most important European donors (Germany, France, Italy, United Kingdom) and contributed to the success of important negotiations. During the 23rd meeting of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol (Bali, November 2011), replenishment of the Multilateral Fund amounted to US $ 450 million for 2012-2014. France’s share was established at 7.811% for this period, including an annual French contribution of €7.5 million for the 2012-2014 period. The second area of activities consists of identifying and processing projects. In 2011, the MLF Executive Board approved a new demonstration pilot project on the management and destruction of residual ozone depleting substances in Mexico that will be co-financed on the bilateral share of French contributions, amounting to €371,205. The FFEM Secretariat has also began more general discussions on the use of the bilateral portion in 2011-2012. The following lines of action will be pursued: majority intervention in Africa and cooperation with other executive agencies, in particular UNIDO and UNEP. The FFEM Secretariat will contribute to meetings of the ozone coordination network, particularly the joint meeting of French-speaking, English-speaking and Portuguese-speaking African countries. It will take part as a member in meetings of the Multilateral Fund Executive Board. Finally, on the European level, as part of its advisory activities regarding the guidelines submitted by the Parties to the Montreal Protocol, it will participate in meetings between the parties to the Montreal Protocol, to open-ended working groups (OEWG) and to international thematic meetings of strategic interest. It will support the Ministry for the Economy and supervisory bodies in the necessary preparatory work. The FFEM Secretariat will provide its support for discussions and activities aimed at improving the coordination of Montreal Protocol activities and those of the Kyoto Protocol and, to the extent possible, with the Stockholm Convention. For all of these activities, the Secretariat will continue to receive support from a specialised international consultant. Finally, the FFEM Secretariat may extend the experience gained in Montreal Protocol implementation and in monitoring all MLF activities to various issues such as the Green Fund, chemicals management addressed by the SAICM (Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management) and the future mercury agreement.

39

E.2 The Multilateral Fund for the Implementation of the Montreal Protocol

T h e F re n c h G l o b a l E nv i ro n m e nt Fa c i l i t y

E E.3 French government departments

S t ra t e g i c P r o g ra m m i n g F ra m e wo r k 2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 4

E.3 French government departments The FFEM plays a specific role in supporting the member institutions and other government departments by contributing to: • the definition and implementation of the strategic documents (DOS) that set out CICID sectoral strategies, the framework partnership documents (DCP), already mentioned, making up reference frameworks, and the intervention frameworks by country (CIP), department (CID) and sector (CIS); • the definition of geographical or thematic priorities; • preparation of board meetings (besides the GEF and MLF) of the AF and the CTF; • preparation of board meetings of the future Green Fund for Climate and the pilot ABS fund once these and the membership of their respective boards have been established. To contribute to these strategic definitions and board meeting preparations, the FFEM Secretariat and member institutions will need to produce relevant analytical and synoptic documents (assessments, capitalisation on thematic areas, indicators etc.) drawing on projects supported by the FFEM.

40

T h e F re n c h G l o b a l E nv i ro n m e nt Fa c i l i t y

15

S t ra t e g i c P r o g ra m m i n g F ra m e wo r k 2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 4

F

Enhancing FFEM visibility by capitalising on and communicating its experiences Capitalise on experiences by drawing on lessons from its pilot and innovative experiences in order to generalise and disseminate new methods or practices is a strong point of the FFEM’s communication.

F.1 Capitalise on its experiences Methodologies will be developed for measuring results and impacts, defining indicators and conducting capitalisation and communication activities. Likewise, specific projects of regional interest that include communication components may be implemented jointly with embassies and/or the AFD. One of the FFEM’s capitalisation activities will be to carry out an independent assessment once all projects have been terminated. In order to reinforce capitalisation, the FFEM will aim to carry out activities to evaluate results and analyse lessons from the projects carried out for each of the topic areas established by this Strategic Programming Framework.

F.2 Continued development of communication on

experience

The FFEM has become a major cooperation and development instrument in the global environment topic areas. Its policy for disseminating its experience and activities needs to be actively pursued, while highlighting its role and value for responsible and sustainable official development assistance and its contributions to the ecological image of France. Communication is an essential strategic component of FFEM activities. It disseminates the FFEM image, mission and activities and contributes in particular to the promotion of innovation and the reproducibility of the activities it finances. It involves the member institutions, the scientific and technical committee and the FFEM Secretariat in particular. >

41

T h e F re n c h G l o b a l E nv i ro n m e nt Fa c i l i t y

S t ra t e g i c P r o g ra m m i n g F ra m e wo r k 2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 4

F F.2 Continued development of communication on experience F.3 Consolidate the FFEM’s image and enhance its visibility

Communication necessarily draws on the capitalisation of experience, which in turn depends on closer involvement and stronger appropriation by the FFEM’s partners. The FFEM will build closer links with European and private sector players for this purpose.

F.3 Consolidate the FFEM’s image and enhance its visibility The FFEM’s success depends not only on its know-how but also on communicating that knowhow. After 17 years of existence, the FFEM needs to modernise its image in order to strengthen its identity as a player in French development policy for the global environment. The new FFEM logo will visually enhance its identity in the forthcoming commitment period. Information about the new logo will help to anchor the FFEM’s position, develop its reputation and forge closer relationships with target audiences. Discussions will be organised with the member institutions to launch communication on the new logo during a national or international event.

42

T h e F re n c h G l o b a l E nv i ro n m e nt Fa c i l i t y

15

S t ra t e g i c P r o g ra m m i n g F ra m e wo r k 2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 4

G Continuous improvements in financial and accounting management

G.1 The alerting system An alerting system has been implemented to facilitate monitoring of project life cycles and to help with active management of the portfolio. The following deadlines have been decided on: • a maximum of 24 months between project identification and commitment; • a maximum of 18 months between commitment and signing the agreement; • a maximum of 12 months between signing the agreement and the first payment; • alert sent to the beneficiary(is) of the agreement after the 60th month following the 1st payment; • maximum of 72 months between the first and last disbursement. The situation is reviewed in detail at each Steering Committee meeting to allow members to decide whether or not to cancel “anomalous” projects and/or reduce the initial commitment. In 2011, two identified projects were cancelled by the Steering Committee, amounting to a total of 2.295 million €, and a launched project was cancelled, amounting to a total of 1 million €.

43

T h e F re n c h G l o b a l E nv i ro n m e nt Fa c i l i t y

G G.2 Disbursements and commitments

S t ra t e g i c P r o g ra m m i n g F ra m e wo r k 2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 4

G.2 Disbursements and commitments After a transition period to adjust the FFEM’s strategies and tools, commitments and disbursements have now stabilised, as reflected in the results and indicators. The accounting and financial system is audited to a high standard thanks to the methods and competent staff supplied by the AFD. The annual disbursement objective for the year n will be to reach 20% of the amount remaining to be paid on signed and unsigned conventions on 31 December of the year n-1 (on average, one disbursement of a grant over a five-year period). In the interest of reaching calm decisions, ensuring good cooperation within the Steering Committee and staggering costs, the Steering Committee will continue to identify and commit to no more than 12 projects at each meeting, unless exceptional exemptions are granted. As an initial approach, the average project implementation time after signature of the agreement is five years, with annual disbursements of 20%.

44

T h e F re n c h G l o b a l E nv i ro n m e nt Fa c i l i t y

S t ra t e g i c P r o g ra m m i n g F ra m e wo r k 2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 4

List of annexes

Annex 1 Country of FFEM intervention

Annex 2 Resources - uses of 31-12-2010

Annex 3 Resources - uses of 31-12-2011

Annex 4 List of projects co-financed by the FFEM from 01/01/2009 to 02/04/2012

Annex 5 Steering Committee, Scientific and Technical Committee, FFEM Secretariat

41 45

T h e F re n c h G l o b a l E nv i ro n m e nt Fa c i l i t y

S t ra t e g i c P r o g ra m m i n g F ra m e wo r k 2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 4

Annex 1 Country of FFEM intervention Least developed countries

Low Income Countries (GNI per capita < $1,005 in 2010)

Lower middle-income Upper middle-income countries and territories countries and territories TOTAL en euros (GNI per capita $1,006(GNI per capita $3,976$3,975 in 2010) $12,275 in 2010)

Afghanistan Angola Bangladesh Benin Bhutan Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Central African Republic Comoros Democratic Republic of Congo Djibouti Eritrea Ethiopia Gambia Guinea Equatorial Guinea Guinea-Bissau Haiti Kiribati Laos Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mozambique Myanmar Nepal Niger Uganda Rwanda Solomon Islands Samoa Sao Tomé and Principe Senegal Sierra Leone Somalia Sudan Tanzania Chad Timor-Leste Togo Tuvalu Vanuatu Yemen Zambia

Democratic Republic of Korea Kenya Kyrgyzstan South Sudan Tajikistan Zimbabwe

Armenia Belize Bolivia Cameroon Cape Verde Cisjordan and Gaza Strip Republic of Congo Côte d’Ivoire Egypt El Salvador Fiji Georgia Ghana Guatemala Guyana Honduras India Indonesia Iraq Kosovo 1 Morocco Marshall Islands Federated States of Micronesia Moldova Mongolia Nicaragua Nigeria Uzbekistan Pakistan Papua-New Guinea Paraguay Philippines Sri Lanka Swaziland Syria *Tokelau Tonga Turkmenistan Ukraine Vietnam

* Territory (1) This is without prejudice to the status of Kosovo under the terms of international law

46

South Africa Albania Algeria * Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Azerbaijan Belarus Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brazil Chile China Colombia Cook Islands Costa Rica Cuba Dominican Republic Dominica Ecuador Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Gabon Grenada Iran Jamaica Jordan Kazakhstan Lebanon Libya Malaysia Maldives Maurice Mexico Montenegro * Montserrat Namibia Nauru Niue Palau Panama Peru Serbia Seychelles Saint Lucia * Saint Helena Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Suriname Thailand Tunisia Turkey Uruguay Venezuela *Wallis and Futuna

T h e F re n c h G l o b a l E nv i ro n m e nt Fa c i l i t y

S t ra t e g i c P r o g ra m m i n g F ra m e wo r k 2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 4

Resources - uses on 31-12-2010

Annex 2

1 - Resources

TOTAL in euros

134 155 135 Allocations 1st and 2nd agreements 67 000 000 Allocation 3rd agreement Allocation 2007-2010 70 200 000 2010 adjustment 95 000 000 total AP 366 355 135 2002 Regulation (15 000 000) 2010 Regulation (18 428 190) Sub-total 332 926 945 Cash income as of 31/12/2010 21 159 741 TOTAL 354 086 686 2 - Uses 219 878 778 28 117 4651 11 080 447 259 086 686

Net project commitments Secretariat running costs Specific service provision (1) TOTAL 3 - Available for commitment (1-2)

95 000 000

(1) includes: specific non-project services, project preparation, ex-post assessments, CST, FAAEC.

Resources - uses on 31-12-2011 1 - Resources

Annex 3 TOTAL en euros

134 155 135 Allocations 1st and 2nd agreements 67 000 000 Allocation 3rd agreement Allocation 2007-2010 70 200 000 Allocation 2011-2014 95 000 000 total AP 366 355 135 2002 Regulation (15 000 000) 2010 Regulation (18 428 190) S/total 332 926 945 Cash income as of 31.12.11 21 209 319 TOTAL 354 136 264 2 - Uses Net project commitments (1) Secretariat running costs (2) Specific service provision (3) TOTAL 3 - Available for commitment (1-2)

240 668 764 30 530 506 11 832 778 283 032 049 71 104 215

(1) Includes amount from terminated agreements carried over into total disbursements. Net commitments (240.67 M€) = gross commitments (253.90 M€) - RAV cancellations (13.23 M.€) (2) Includes the provisional operating budget for 2012 (2.6 M€) (3) includes: specific non-project services, project preparation, ex-post assessments, CST, FAAEC.

41 47

T h e F re n c h G l o b a l E nv i ro n m e nt Fa c i l i t y

S t ra t e g i c P r o g ra m m i n g F ra m e wo r k 2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 4

Annex 4

Identification Launch Project name date date 02/04/2009 31/03/2011 Save Our Species (SOS) 02/04/2009 25/11/2011 Conservation Project in Northern Kenya 02/04/2009 03/07/2009 Support to improve urban transport in Cairo 02/04/2009 Bangkok - Sustainable city 02/04/2009 03/07/2009 Climate mapping for the Maldives 03/07/2009 02/04/2010 Sustainable forest management in Amapa State (Brazilian Amazon) 03/07/2009 02/04/2010 Data management capacity building for assessment and monitoring of transboundary water resources in the countries of Eastern Europe, the Caucasus and Central Asia (EECCA) 03/07/2009 27/11/2009 Decision-making support for sustainable hydropower in the Mekong Basin 03/07/2009 27/11/2009 Decentralised negotiated management of natural and land resources in the Sahel 03/07/2009 27/11/2009 Protection of Jordan’s plant biodiversity 27/11/2009 08/07/2010 Support to innovative financing for biodiversity conservation (RedLAC) 27/11/2009 02/04/2010 Contribution to the Chaambi National Park management plan 27/11/2009 02/04/2010 Support to ecocertification for logging concessions in Central Africa (ECOFORAF) 27/11/2009 09/07/2010 “Rural Carbon” and capacity building project for the provinces of Yunnan and Sichuan 27/11/2009 09/07/2010 Support to energy efficiency in SMEs in Turkey 27/11/2009 26/11/2010 Adaptation to climate change in the Quirimbas National Park 2009 02/04/2010 09/07/2010 Regional programme for sustainable land-use management and climate change adaptation in the Sahel and West Africa (PRGDT) 02/04/2010 09/07/2010 Water resource monitoring and forward studies tool for the Congo River basin 02/04/2010 26/11/2010 Development of reference material for the jatropha access sector 02/04/2010 06/07/2011 Support to the development and structuring of the jatropha farming/biofuel (oil and biodiesel) sector in West Africa 02/04/2010 26/11/2010 Managing conservation areas in West Africa 02/04/2010 09/07/2010 Forests and climate change adaptation in West Africa (ACFAO) 02/04/2010 26/11/2010 Regional technical platform for REDD+ development in the Guiana Shield countries 02/04/2010 09/07/2010 Sustainable planning of the electricity sector in the Greater Mekong countries 09/07/2010 31/03/2011 Biodiversity conservation and development: sustainable development in the Balkan mountain region 09/07/2010 06/07/2011 Forest structure and dynamics in central Africa: “towards logging rules and procedures that take the ecological functions 25/11/2011 of tree populations into account and the variability of environmental conditions” (DYNAFFOR) 09/07/2010 26/11/2010 Support for the organisational structure of Mediterranean Solar Plan projects (PSM) 09/07/2010 26/11/2010 Programme for large scale dissemination of low carbon technologies financed by the carbon markets 26/11/2010 31/03/2011 Strengthening the marine protected areas network in the Mediterranean MedPAN 26/11/2010 RESCCUE (Restoration of Ecosystem Services against Climate Change Unfavourable Effects) 26/11/2010 Conservation and sustainable management of the Gran Chaco 26/11/2010 02/04/2012 Support to banks for financing the sustainable management of humid tropical forests 26/11/2010 06/07/2011 Capacity building and access to remote sensing data for forest monitoring in central and west Africa 21/02/2012 26/11/2010 06/07/2011 African Carbon Asset Development (ACAD) 26/11/2010 25/11/2011 Support programme for defining strategies for low-carbon development and development resilient to climate change 2010 31/03/2011 31/03/2011 Small-scale initiatives programme 3 31/03/2011 06/07/2011 Sustainability of co-management mechanisms and community conservation of biodiversity in Guatemala’s system of protected areas 31/03/2011 02/04/2012 International programme on cooking stoves 31/03/2011 06/07/2011 Afri-Compost 31/03/2011 06/07/2011 Integrated and joint management of the water resources of the aquifer systems of Iullemeden, of Taoudeni/Tanezrouft and of the Niger River - GICRESAIT - 31/03/2011 02/04/2012 Development of a fair gold-mining sector in West Africa 31/03/2011 06/07/2011 Optimise the production of goods and services through Mediterranean wood ecosystems in a context of global change 25/11/2011 25/11/2011 31/03/2011 06/07/2011 Development of the REDD+ potential and self-development mechanism for the sustainable development of the Magdalena Rio Grande 31/03/2011 25/11/2011 Pilot project to combat deforestation and the degradation of the Miombo forest in the Gilé National Reserve and its periphery 06/07/2011 25/11/2011 FRB flagship programme “biodiversity modelling and scenarios” 06/07/2011 02/04/2012 LIVELIHOODS Fund 06/07/2011 Support to the sustainable development of the Ha Long Bay and its region 06/07/2011 25/11/2011 Preservation of Lake Chad - contribution to the Lake development strategy 25/11/2011 Contribution to the management and conservation of the marine environment in the southwest zone of the Indian Ocean: support to local innovations and partnerships 25/11/2011 Establishment of the long-term financing fund for the network of protected marine and coastal areas of the Mid-American Reef (MAR Fund) 25/11/2011 Experimental platform for the management of rural territories of Legal Amazonia (PETRA) 25/11/2011 Certified natural products for preserving biodiversity and supporting local development in southern Africa 25/11/2011 Contribution to the capital of the Banc d’Arguin and coastal and marine diversity trust fund (BACOMAB) 2011 02/04/2012 SEP - Sustainable Development 02/04/2012 Promotion of the systemic management of fishing and other uses of the marine environment surrounding a network of Protected Marine and Coastal Areas in the north of Tunisia 02/04/2012 Holistic Forest Conservation Programme (PHCF) in Madagascar 02/04/2012 Integrated REDD+ programme in the forest region in the southwest of the CAR 02/04/2012 Integration of the tropical wood sector of Central and Western Africa into FLEGT and REDD+ mechanisms 02/04/2012 Programme to develop a market for buildings that are low-carbon and adapted to climate change in Africa (Nubian Vault) 2012 TOTAL 2009 / 2012 (on 2 april)

48

Legend: AF Africa AL Latin America AS Asia

EE Eastern Europe ME Mediterranean PA Pacific

T h e F re n c h G l o b a l E nv i ro n m e nt Fa c i l i t y

S t ra t e g i c P r o g ra m m i n g F ra m e wo r k 2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 4

List of projects co-financed by the FFEM from 01/01/2009 to 02/04/2012

Region Zone Topic area Africa / Regional Kenya Egypt Thailand Maldives Brazil

AF AF ME AS AS AL

Biodiversity Biodiversity Climate change Climate change Climate change Biodiversity

Amount for identified projects (in a) 1 000 000 1 500 000 1 000 000 1 500 000 1 500 000 1 600 000

Number of identified projects

Net amount for projects Members launched (in a) institution

1 1 000 000 1 1 500 000 1 1 000 000 1 1 1 500 000 1 1 600 000

MEDDE AFD AFD AFD AFD MEDDE

Europe / Regional EE International Waters 800 000 1 800 000 Asia / Regional AS International Waters 800 000 1 800 000 Africa / Regional AF Land Degradation -POP 750 000 1 750 000 Jordan ME Land Degradation -POP 1 000 000 1 1 000 000 Latin America / Regional AL Biodiversity 983 000 1 983 000 Tunisia ME Biodiversity 900 000 1 900 000 Africa / Regional AF Biodiversity 1 500 000 1 1 500 000 China AS Climate change 1 000 000 1 1 000 000 Turkey ME Climate change 1 500 000 1 1 500 000 Mozambique AF Climate change 1 000 000 1 1 000 000 18 333 000 16 16 833 000 Africa / Regional AF Land Degradation -POP 2 000 000 1 2 000 000 Africa / Regional AF International Waters 1 300 000 1 1 300 000 Africa / Regional AF Climate change 2 500 000 1 1 400 000 Africa / Regional AF Climate change 1 100 000 Africa / Regional AF Biodiversity 1 305 000 1 1 305 000 Africa / Regional AF Climate change 1 640 000 1 1 640 000 Latin America / Regional AL Climate change 1 000 000 1 1 000 000 Asia / Regional AS Climate change 1 000 000 1 1 000 000 Eastern Europe / Regional EE Biodiversity 1 200 000 1 1 200 000 Africa / Regional AF Biodiversity 2 540 300 1 1 250 000 1 290 300 Mediterranean / Regional ME Climate change 750 000 1 750 000 Asia / Regional AS Climate change 1 350 000 1 1 350 000 Mediterranean / Regional ME International Waters 750 000 1 750 000 Pacific / Regional PA Climate change 2 000 000 1 Latin America / Regional AL Climate change 1 500 000 1 Africa / Regional AF Climate change 2 700 000 1 2 700 000 Africa / Regional AF Climate change 3 350 000 1 1 600 000 1 750 000 Africa / Regional AF Climate change 2 000 000 1 2 000 000 Africa / Regional AF Climate change 1 500 000 1 1 500 000 30 385 300 18 26 885 300 Africa / Regional AF Biodiversity 2 000 000 1 2 000 000 Guatemala AL Biodiversity 1 496 000 1 1 496 000 Africa / Regional AF Climate change 2 000 000 1 2 000 000 Africa / Regional AF Climate change 1 000 000 1 1 000 000 Africa / Regional AF International Waters 499 380 1 499 380 Africa / Regional AF Land Degradation -POP 900 000 1 900 000 Mediterranean / Regional ME Climate change 1 350 000 1 1 350 000 1 300 000 1 300 000 Colombia AL Climate change 1 460 000 1 1 460 000 Mozambique AF Climate change 2 000 000 1 2 000 000 Africa / Regional AF Biodiversity 1 000 000 1 1 000 000 Africa / Regional AF Climate change 1 200 000 1 1 200 000 Vietnam AS International Waters 1 000 000 1 Africa / Regional AF International Waters 800 000 1 800 000 Africa / Regional AF International Waters 1 000 000 1 Latin America / Regional AL International Waters 1 060 000 1 Brazil AL Biodiversity 2 000 000 1 Africa / Regional AF Biodiversity 900 000 1 Mauritania AF Biodiversity 1 200 000 1 24 165 380 18 17 005 380 Africa / Regional AF Biodiversity 1 500 000 1 Tunisia ME Biodiversity 1 000 000 1 Madagascar AF Climate change 1 500 000 1 Central African Republic AF Climate change 1 500 000 1 Africa / Regional AF Climate change 1 500 000 1 Africa / Regional AF Climate change 1 000 000 1 8 000 000 6 0 80 883 680 58 60 723 680

MEDDE AFD MAE-AFD AFD AFD MEDDE AFD AFD AFD AFD MAE MAE-AFD MEDDE AFD MEDDE AFD MAE AFD MAE AFD MEDDE-AFD AFD MEDDE AFD MEDDE AFD MAE-AFD AFD AFD MAE-MEDDE MEDDE MAE MEDDE MAE-MEDDE MAE MEDDE MEDDE MAE AFD MESR MINEFI AFD MAE-AFD MAE-AFD MEDDE MAE-MEDDE MEDDE-AFD AFD MAE-AFD MEDDE AFD AFD MAE-MAAF MAE-MEDDE

49

T h e F re n c h G l o b a l E nv i ro n m e nt Fa c i l i t y

S t ra t e g i c P r o g ra m m i n g F ra m e wo r k 2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 4

Annex 5 Steering Committee, Scientific and Technical Committee, FFEM Secretariat List of Steering Committee members and deputy members (on 31 July 2012) Ministry of the Economy and Finance Directorate General of the Treasury (DG Treasurer)

•A  rnaud Buissé

(Chairman of the Steering Committee) Deputy Director for international financial affairs and development

• F rédéric Glanois

Head of the Office - for Development Assistance and Multilateral Development Institutions

• T homas Gosset

Head of the Project Assistance Office

•E  lise Delaître

Office - for Development Assistance and Multilateral Development Institutions

Ministry of Foreign Affairs

Directorate General of Globalisation, Development and Partnerships

• F rançois Gave

Deputy Director, Environment and Natural Resources

•P  hilippe Martinet

Deputy Director, Climate and Energy

•M  arie-Anne Mortelette

Sub-directorate, Environment and Natural Resources

•M  atthias Hansen

Sub-directorate, Climate and Energy

Ministry of Ecology, Sustainable Development and Energy

European and International Affairs Directorate

•M  arine de Carné

Deputy Director for Climate Change and Sustainable Development

•R  omain Dissaux

Assistant to the Head of the Office for Global Affairs

Ministry of Higher Education and Research Directorate General for Research and Innovation

•A  ry Bruand

Scientific Director - “Environment, Planet-Universe, Space”

•S  imon Tillier

Desk Officer - “Bio-resources, Ecology, Agronomics”

Ministry of Agriculture, Agri-Food and Fisheries

Sub-directorate, International Exchanges

•H  élène Le Hénaff

Deputy Director of International Exchanges

•P  hilippe Decesse

Sub-directorate of International Exchanges

French Development Agency

• J ean-Bernard Véron

Advisor to the Director for Strategy

•B  ernard Esnouf

Head of the strategic steering division of the Strategy Directorate

Bold : sitting members

50

T h e F re n c h G l o b a l E nv i ro n m e nt Fa c i l i t y

S t ra t e g i c P r o g ra m m i n g F ra m e wo r k 2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 4

List of members of the scientific and technical committee •M  ichel Griffon, Président du CST

Scientific Advisor to the Director General ANR - National Research Agency

• M  arc Bied-Charreton

Professor - Chairman of the French Scientific

Committee on Desertification University of Versailles Saint Quentin Yvelines

• L ucien Chabason

Advisor to the Directorate IDDRI

•P  atrick Duncan

 esearcher R Chizé Biological Studies Centre - CNRS

• P  hilippe Freyssinet

 eputy Director General D ANR - National Research Agency

•A  nne Gouyon

Agro-economist - founding partner of BeCitizen

• M  ichel Hamelin

Energy-climate expert

•A  lain Karsenty

 ocio-economist S CIRAD - “Environment and Societies”

•D  oyle McKey

Professor of Ecology,

University of Montpelier II

• L ouis-Alexandre Romaña Expert in international waters

• J acques Varet

Advisor to the Chairman BRGM

List of members of the ffem secretariat FFEM Secretariat FFEM/French Development Agency

5 rue Roland Barthes - 75598 Paris cedex 12 Tél. : 33 (0) 1 53 44 42 42 - Fax : 33 (0) 1 53 44 32 48 Email : [email protected] Web : www.ffem.fr

• F rançois-Xavier Duporge

•D  enis Vasseur Climate Change [email protected]

• L aurence Alligbonnon

AGeneral Budgetary Affairs /

Monitoring of Financing Agreements Assistance to Engineers [email protected]

Secretary General [email protected]

•D  ominique Boirard

Coordinating Assistant [email protected]

• E  lisabeth Carpentier

• J acqueline Mattioli • J ulien Calas Biodiversity [email protected]

• D  idier Simon

Land and Forest Degradation [email protected]

• J anique Etienne

International Waters, POP [email protected]

General and Budgetary Affairs [email protected]  eneral Budgetary Affairs / G Monitoring of Disbursements Assistance to Engineers [email protected]

•V  alérie Fakir

Communication [email protected]

•B  éatrice Vincent External Expert

Protection of the ozone layer Montreal Protocol [email protected]

51 51

printed on 100% recycled paper

Secrétariat du Fonds Français pour l’Environnement Mondial FFEM / Agence française de Développement 5 rue Roland Barthes 75598 Paris Cedex 12 Tél. : 33 (0) 1 53 44 42 42 - Fax : 33 (0) 1 53 44 32 48 Contact : [email protected] - Web : www.ffem.fr Cover photographs:

AFD : E.Thauvin, N.Hertkorn, E.Debroise

MINISTÈRE DE L ENSEIGNEMENT SUPÉRIEUR ET DE LA RECHERCHE