The First World War 1914-18 www.icHistory.com

Great Words From The Great War. Discover: new vocabulary

Enemy

A3rion

U-Boat

Words

Shell Shock

Explore: key word definions

Skill: vocabulary development

No Man’s

Shell

a Propagand

Trigger

Troops

Bi-Plane

st Naonali

t Bayone

Ba3le

Dog Fight

Morale

Land

Empire

Rifle

Armisce

Butcher

Arllery

Casualty

Assassinate

lin Zeppe

Alliance

Definitions

Similar Words

?

When countries join together and become friends.

A

Another name for soldiers and also for a gang of monkeys.

B

The people you are fighting against.

C

A large fight in a war.

D

Someone who is very proud of their country.

P

E

A strong type of bias, designed to change the way people think.

I

F

Another word for bomb, also be found on the beach.

G

The lands taken over by a country.

H

A German airship.

B

Someone who is hurt or injured . An agreement to stop fighting.

I J

T

K

A long gun.

L

The immediate cause of something.

M

The exposed (open) land between trenches.

N

Large guns or weapons.

O

A method to win a war by killing the most soldiers.

P

A knife fixed to the end of a long gun.

Q

The planned murder of a person, often someone important.

R

A person who cuts up dead animals.

S

How a person is feeling emotionally.

T

A fight between planes in the sky.

U

A boat that moves under the water.

S

V

Mental damage caused by the horrors of war.

W

An aircraft with two wings, one in top of the other.

X

Meet The Man Who Killed Millions Discover: what happened to Archduke Ferdinand Explore: why this happened Skill: English S.P.A.G

Past tense

Punctuation

Guess Word

Define

True False

Unscramble

Investigate

Fix me

Look at the man to the left. His name is ________ Princip. It could be argued he killed over twenty _______ people. Gary Million Gavrilo Thousand

been in had by taken Empire over the Austrian-Hungarian 1908 Bosnia . ________________________________ ________________________________ ____________________________

Princip was a Bosnian nationalist. He loved his country but hated that Austria controlled it. Instead he wanted Bosnia to become part of ____________ (see map). He and six men with links to a terror group…..

..called ‘The Blue Hand’ planned to kill Archduke Franz Ferdinand, hair to the Austrian throne when he visited the Bosnian capital, Bulgaria. (use map)

The seven members line the streets with bombs waiting for the Archduke’s car to pass. When it come only one successfully throw his grenade.

The bomb missed the Archduke and his wife Sophie, but injured some of those travelling with them.

1:_________2:________3:_______

The Vienna Times

Bias in text?

1:________2:________3:________

___________________ ______

after reeching the city hall archduke ferdinand was warned that he should go home but he refused and insisted on visiting the injured at the hospital

After leaving the hospital the foolish Archduke’s driver turned down the wrong street straight into the path of the evil Gavrilo Princip.

How many SPAG errors? _____

Yes / No ? Ex “______________”

Princip stepped up to the car and fired twice, one into the abdomen of Ferdinand's pregnant wife, the second into the neck of Ferdinand. Abdomen:_________________ ____________________________

Blood squirted from the Archduke’s neck who said “Sophie, don’t die, stay alive for the children” his last words were “It is nothing, It is nothing’ What do you he meant by this? _________________________________

The assassination of the Archduke caused much anger in Austria. Imagine you are the editor of the Austrian paper the ‘Vienna Times’. Write down a catchy, dramatic headline in the box to the left.

My Guess: ______________________ ________________________________ My findings: ____________________ ____________________________ ____________________________

What happened to Gavrilo Princip?

The Great War Had a Great Many Causes.

The long and short term causes of the First World War

Discover: the causes of the war Explore: the chronology of events Skill: causa(on The British German Naval Race: c 1906 Britain had the world’s strongest navy. The German Kaiser, Wilhelm, wanted to build bigger, better and ships than Britain. This started a naval arms race and increased the rivalry between them.

The Bosnian Crisis: 1908 Austria took over Bosnia. This angered Serbia who wanted Bosnia for themselves. Serbia threatened Austria with war and formed an alliance with Russia.

-1800

Imperialism + Empires: 1880

1808

A long history of war between European powers

Napoleon I of (France) invades Prussia (old parts of Germany)

Many European countries became involved in the ‘Scramble for Africa’, each taking over parts of Africa for themselves. This created rivalry, anger and hostility.

Alliance Systems Begin: 1882 In 1882, Germany, Austria and Italy signed the Triple Alliance.

In 1907 Britain, France and Russia signed the Triple Entente.

1907

Britain. France and Russia sign the Triple Entente

Weakening Austria: c 1820 Austria had once been a European superpower. But after a number of military defeats she began to lose her strength. Austria wanted to show the world she was still powerful.

Assassination of Ferdinand: 1914 The Austrian Archduke was assassinated by Bosnian nationalists. They wanted an alliance with Serbia. Austria blamed Serbia for the murder.

Growing Nationalism: c1861 In 1861 Italy became a united country. This signalled the growth of nationalism in many European countries. People wanted to show that their country was the best and most powerful.

The Prussian victory also ended the Napoleonic Empire.

July 29th: Austria aacks Serbia

1914

July 29th: Russia mobilises to defend ally Serbia

1914

1914

The Franco Prussian War: 1870 A war between France and Germany (Prussia). Prussia won and took the border territory of Alsace Lorraine from France.

1914

1914

1914

August 1st: Germany declares war on Russia August 3rd: Germany declares war on France August 4th: Germany invades Belgium (Bri(sh Ally)

August 4th: Britain declares war on Germany Long term cause

Short term cause

Tipping Point

Trigger

A Plan Comes Together Mission: create a plan help Germany win World War 1 The German Kaiser, Wilhelm has asked his best general, YOU, to make a plan to win the war. Your biggest problem is that Germany is located between your enemies France and Russia. They will join forces and attack when the war starts. If you have to fight a war on two fronts you will probably lose. Read the information below then use the map showing Wilhelm how you will win this war.

The Triple Alliance Army Skill

Navy

Germany

9 / 10

9 / 10

8 / 10

Austria

6 / 10

4 / 10

2 / 10

Italy

2 / 10

2 / 10

4 / 10

/ 30

/ 30

Notes

27th March, 1913.

Re: A plan to win a European war General’s Name: Name of Plan: Plan Outline:

Army Size

Total:

Report to Kaiser Wilhelm II

It is preferable to use the original Microso Publisher file for this acvity. Available free via ‘contact me’ at www.icHistory.com, or email Phil at : [email protected] / 30

Germany: Germany one of the best armies in the world, with many modern weapons like the machine gun. Germany’s navy is second only to Britain's. AustriaAustria-Hungary: Hungary A large army but it is now out of date and growing weaker. Italy: The weakest of your allies with a small army and navy. It took a long time for Italy to decide who to ally with. Can you completely trust Italy?

The Triple Entente Army Size

Army Skill

Navy

Britain

2 / 10

5 / 10

10 / 10

France

6 / 10

5 / 10

6 / 10

Russia

10 / 10

6 / 10

4 / 10

Total:

/ 30

/ 30

/ 30

Notes

Britain: a very small army in 1914, but has the best navy in the world with battleships, dreadnoughts and destroyers. Also allied with Belgium. France: a fairly big, well manned but slightly out dated fighting force. Russia had the largest army in the world with millions of men ready to fight. But Russia is seen as slow due to her size and it is nicknamed the ‘Russian Steamroller’

Map Symbols Rectangular Flag

Represents an army unit

Round Flag

Represents navy unit

Black Dot

Capital City

Yellow Arrow

Represents army direction or attack

Notes: A war with France will bring Russia into a war against us and vice versa. Austria-Hungary is our most loyal ally and we must protect them at all costs. Italy says she is with us but I am not sure she can be completely trusted. The Turks / O(oman Empire hate Russia and may be talked into helping us in a war against Russia. Again this is not certain. Belgium wishes to stay neutral. Britain has promised to protect Belgium if she is invaded. Britain is allied with Russia and France but I doubt Britain really wants to go to war to help France, Russia or Belgium. But once again I am not certain of this.

BELGIUM

AUSTRIA HUNGARY

The Perfect Plan of Mr Schlieffen?

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Discover: the aims of the Schlieffen plan Explore: Explore difficulties encountered Skill: summarising text

The man and the plan: plan In 1904, France and R _ _ _ _ _ agreed that if a European war started they would join together and fight against Germany. The Germans were scared because this meant she would have enemies on t _ _ sides, France in the w _ _ _ and Russia in the e _ _ _. To solve this problem a German general named Kurt Von Schlieffen came up with a plan. This plan was named the S _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ P _ _ _ . Schlieffen’s idea involved knocking France out of the war quickly. To get to France, Schlieffen thought it would be quicker to march through neutral B _ _ _ _ _ _ because Belgium’s army was small and the Belgian borders were not as well defended as the French border. Once into northern France, Germany’s main army would link up with a smaller German army that would invade from the south. Together the two armies would surround the French capital, P _ _ _ _ , and knock France out of the war. After beating the French the plan was to transport most of the German troops to the east to fight the ‘Russian steamroller’ that would be coming to attack Germany. In sum, quickly smash through Belgium, quickly knock out Paris, then quickly head east and destroy the slowcoach Russians…. Easy!

The man:

The plan:

What happened? Gavrilo Princip assassinated Austrian Archduke Ferdinand in June, 1914. In August, Germany put the (now dead) von Schlieffen’s plan into action. But the plan did not go as expected. To Germany’s surprise the little Belgian army was ready and waiting to fight. Belgium was also supported by a small British Expeditionary Force ( B.E.F.) that had been sent out to help them. In the Battle of Mons the Belgians and the B.E.F. were able to hold back the Germans for ten days before eventually being pushed aside. Once through Belgium, the Germans marched into northern France. The Schlieffen Plan had called for the northern and southern armies to join up and encircle Paris. However, the German commanders failed to do this properly. The French commanders spotted this mistake and rushed soldiers out of Paris, many of them in taxis, to drive a wedge between the two German armies, This stopped Paris from being surrounded. The French and the B.E.F. fought back in the battle of the Marne. The exhausted German army was pushed back over the river Aisne where they set up a defensive line. Meanwhile, in the east, the Russians had mobilised in just ten days, and not the six weeks that von Schlieffen had expected. To defend Germany against Russia many German soldiers had to be moved east before France was beaten. Germany was now left fighting a war on two fronts and the Schlieffen’s plan had failed.

The hold up:

The unusual transport:

Aftermath: To protect their positions, both sides began digging trenches in the ground. Following what is known as ‘the race to the sea’, a line of trenches ran from the northern coast of Europe, all the way to the Mediterranean coast in the south. A new phase of the war had begun. This was to be know as trench warfare.

Your thoughts on the Schlieffen Plan. What problem did the Schlieffen Plan aim to solve?

The fight back: Why did Germany invade Belgium?

Give 4 reasons why the Schlieffen Plan failed

The spade: So... was the Schlieffen plan doomed to fail even before it had begun?

Yes / No

The Cartoon About A Boy And An Old Man

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Know: how to identify main features of a cartoon Understand: Understand how to interpret these features Skill: cartoon analysis and evaluation.

Message of the cartoon

(write this AFTER completing DEC process)

Describe the main features of the cartoon.

Explain what each of these features means / represents

Context: what historical event is this cartoon about?

Reliable or Not?

(Circle a score below)

Unreliable

2

A British cartoon published in the magazine ‘Punch’ August 12th, 1914. 1

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Reliable

The Blame Game

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Discover: who fought with who Skill: forming and arguing an opinion.

The Alliance Systems Triple Alliance Triple Entente F R A N C E

Austria

Serbia’s ally?

1882

Belgium’s ally?

Germany

I T A L Y

1907

Russia

Rank order the 8 causes of the war

Nationalism! People celebrating the start of the war, a common scene around Europe in 1914. Can you spot the famous face here in Munich, Germany?

Which country was to blame for the First World War?

1

Country

2

Austria

3

Belgium

4 5 6 7

Britain France Germany

8

Italy Recap: Following the Assassination of Ferdinand, Austria / Hungary attacked Serbia, Russia then mobilised her army to protect Serbia. In reply, Germany declared war on Russia and then France. Germany then invaded neutral Belgium. To protect Belgium, Britain declared war on Germany.

Russia Serbia

Blame %

Explain your score

Rank

General, It’s Time to Defend Your Trench. Mission: set up a trench defence system, organsie your men and fight off an enemy attack. Trench warfare began in Western Europe after the failure of the Schlieffen Plan. France, Belgium and the British began digging trenches on one side, while Germany did the same on the other. Eventually, these trench systems would stretch for hundreds of miles from the northern coasts of France and Belgium down to the Mediterranean Sea in the south of Europe. A trench was a very good method to defend a large area of land with the minimum amount of men. It was easier to defend a trench than to attack and capture one. However, if a trench was not defended well it could mean the loss of ground, soldier’s lives and equipment. You are going to take on the role of a German commander and organise the defence of a trench system. • • •

You may choose 13 items from the list of 20. Position any of your choices that have a symbol onto the trench map provided. Make your selection very carefully, thinking about the types of attack you may face. www.icHistory.com

The General x 1

Cavalry Soldiers x 20

This represents you.

Horses and men.

Infantry Soldiers x 40

Messengers x 4

Coat, trousers, boots and underpants.

Used to deliver messages through the trenches.

Machine Gun Bunker x 2

Maxim Machine Gun x 2

Includes soldier / gunner.

Mauser rifle x 40

Bayonets x 40 Knives that fix to the end of rifles.

Luger Pistol x 40

Hebel Flare Pistol x 4 Fires flares into the air to light up the night sky.

Sniper rifle x 4

Flame Thrower x 2

Short Range Trench Mortar x 4

Long Range Heavy Artillery x 2 ‘Big Bertha’.

Sandbags x 20

Gas Masks x 20

Barbed Wire x 7 rolls

Socks x 120 pairs Soldiers not included,

Zeppelin x 1

Fokker Tri Plane x 1

Airship filled with gas.

Armed with 2 machine guns.

It is preferable to use the original Microso Publisher file for this acvity. Available free via ‘contact me’ at www.icHistory.com, or email Phil at : [email protected]

No Man’s Land

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What happened on Christmas day 1914?

How reliable is source B ? Reasons source B may be reliable

Discover: the events of Christmas 1914 Explore: Explore why this never happened again Skill: source investigation and evaluation ‘1914 was the first Christmas of World War One. The troops had been killing each other but before Christmas neither side had been firing at mealtimes and friendly jokes were shouted across the trenches. The soldiers were sometimes so close to each other that they would throw a ration of food into the enemy’s trenches. In early December, a British general gave the order that did not allow fraternisation (talking) between the trenches as it ‘destroyed the fighting spirit in all ranks’ www.leerockwell.com A British General who visited the trenches wrote in a memorandum to his commanders. ’On Christmas Day, a friendly gathering had taken place on the ground between the German and British lines, and many officers had taken part in it. This shows what a bad state we are in and that any orders I give are useless, for I have issued the strictest orders that no fraternisation with the enemy was allowed. To finish this war quickly, we must keep up the fighting spirit and do all we can to stop this. I am trying to find the names of officers who took part in this Christmas gathering.’

P1: P2: Reasons source B may not be reliable P1: P2:

Mostly reliable

Mostly unreliable

‘’

How far does source C support E ? Points of support or corroboration

The Royal Welsh get a Barrel of Beer. Captain C. I. Stockwell, Royal Welsh Fusiliers "I think I and my men have just spent one of the most curious Christmas Days we are ever likely to see. The Saxons (Germans) opposite had been shouting in English. About 1.30 p.m the sergeant on duty suddenly ran in and said Germans were standing on their parapet without arms (guns). I ran out into the trench and found that our men were holding their rifles at the ready and that the Saxons were shouting, "Don't shoot. We don't want to fight today. We will send you some beer." We did not like to fire as they were unarmed, I climbed over the parapet and shouted, A German officer appeared and walked out into the middle of No-Man's Land, so I moved out to meet him to the cheers of both sides. We met and saluted. He introduced himself as Count something-or-other and seemed a very decent (nice) fellow. I said to the German captain, "My orders are to keep my men in the trench and allow no armistice.” He said "my orders are the same as yours, but could we not have a truce from shooting today? We don't want to shoot, do you?" I said, "No, we certainly don't want to shoot, but I have my orders to obey." So then we agreed not to shoot until the following morning.

The German View of Events: Lieutenant Johannes Niemann 133rd Royal Saxon Regiment, 1914.

P1:

“I

Points not supported or corroborated

grabbed my binoculars and looking cautiously over the parapet and saw the incredible sight of our soldiers exchanging cigarettes, schnapps and chocolate with the enemy. Later a Scottish soldier appeared with a football which seemed to come from nowhere and a few minutes later a real football match got underway. The Scots marked their goal with their strange caps and we did the same with ours. It was far from easy to play on the frozen ground, but we continued, keeping rigorously to the rules, despite the fact that it only lasted an hour and that we had no referee. A great many of the passes went wide. Us Germans really roared when a gust of wind revealed that the Scots wore no drawers (underpants) under their kilts - and we hooted and whistled every time we caught saw a posterior (bottom) belonging to one of ‘yesterday's enemies.’ But after an hour's play, when our Commanding Officer heard about it, he sent an order that we must put a stop to it. The game finished with a score of three goals to two in favour of Fritz against Tommy."

P2:

P1: P2:

Mostly supports

Does not support

Which source is more useful D or G ? Reasons source D is useful P1: P2: Reasons source G is useful P1: P2:

C is most useful

G is most useful

Quick Fire Questions ‘I went out myself on Christmas Day and exchanged some cigarettes for cigars, and this had been going on from Christmas Eve till midnight on Boxing Day without a single shot being fired. The German I met had been a waiter in London and could use our language a little. He says they didn't want to fight and I think he was telling the truth. Fancy a German shaking your flapper (hand) and then a few days later trying to plug (shoot) you. I hardly knew what to think about it, but I think they are working up a big scheme (plan) so that they can give us a doing over, but our chaps (men) are ready, and I am under the impression they will get more than they bargained for.’ A letter from British Gunner Herbert Smith, 1914.

What is corroborated in sources A,B,C and D?

What score was the football match ? (D)

What did the Scots wear under their kilts? (D)

At 8.30, I fired three shots in the air and put up a flag with ‘Merry Christmas’ on it. He put up a sheet with ‘ThankYou’ on it, and the German captain appeared on the parapet. We both bowed and saluted and got down into our respective trenches, and he fired two shots into the air, and the War was on again. Captain C.I . Stockwell. Royal Welsh Fusiliers.

How did the Welsh Captain end the truce? (F)

Altogether Now: by the Farm Musical Interlude: Listen to the song, ‘Altogether Now’, by the Farm and complete the lyrics.

Remember b _ _ _ that your forefather's d _ _ _ Lost in millions for a country's p _ _ _ _ But they never menon the t _ _ _ _ _ _ of Belgium When they stopped f_ _ _ _ _ _ _ and they were o _ _ A spirit stronger than w _ _ was working that night December 1914 _ _ _ _ , clear and bright Countries' borders were right out of sight When they joined together and decided _ _ _ _ _ fight All together now All together now, in n _ _ _ _ ‘_ _ _ _ _ All together now x 2 All together now, n _ _ _ _ ‘_ _ _ _ _ The same old story a _ _ _ _ All those t _ _ _ _ shed in vain Nothing learnt and nothing gained Only h _ _ _ remains All together now x 3 In no man's land x 3 All together now In no man's land ..... The boys had their say they said “ _ _ “ Stop the slaughter let's go _ _ _ _ let's go, let's go _ _ _ _ Let’s go _ _ _ _

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A Letter From The Trenches Explore: the conditions and experiences of a soldier living in the trenches. The date is June 30th, 1916. You are a British soldier living in the trenches. Tomorrow you will go ‘over the top’ to attack the Germans at the Somme. You are going to write a letter to a loved one, describing the conditions and your experiences living in the trenches. This letter will probably be the last one you ever write so make it a good one! Use the sources, pictures and key words provided to help you.

My dear ( create a name ) I am writing to you tonight because I know it may be the last chance I get. I want to tell you about what it has been like living in these dreadful trenches. 1: Morning. Describe your routine in the morning, how you cook and what you eat for breakfast. Use sources N, D and T to help you. Key words: Wake up, stand to, dawn, dusk, wait, attack, enemy, all clear, breakfast, bully beef, hot tea, dry biscuits, flour, bread, hungry, meat. 2: The trench. Describe the trench. What is it like, how deep is it, is it comfortable, where do you sleep? Use sources J and K to help you. Key words: Parapet, firestep, dug-out, barbed wire, sandbag, duckboard, water, mud. 3: Looking after your feet. Do you have trench foot or have you seen anyone else with it? Use sources P, K, L and S to help you. Key Words: Trench foot, wet, mud, filth, socks, dry, pain, whale oil, amputate. 4: The rats. What are they like, what do they do, how do you feel about them? Use sources C, O, X and Z to help you. Key Words: Rats, brown, black, huge, eyes, dead, sleep, kill, hate, shoot, stab. reproduce. 5: Your duties. Describe some of the work you have to do. Use sources B and E to help you. Key Words: Fix, walls, damaged, dead body, smell, sick, night patrol, listen. 6: Shell shock. Explain what caused shell shock and how it affected a soldier. Use sources A, H, I, R and P to help you. Key Words: Shell shock, crazy, artillery, shell, explosions. 7: Night time. Can you sleep with the rats and bombs, do you have dreams of home or nightmares about war? Use source X to help you. Key Words: Tired, rats, noise, bombs, scared, tin cans, dreams, and nightmares. 8: A ‘story’ from the trenches. Share a story about something you have seen in the trenches, funny, sad or both. Use source F as an example. Key Words: ? 9: How do you feel about? Describe your feelings towards, your own officers, your friends, the Germans. Use source R to help you. Key Words: Hate, love, brothers, enemy, hun. 10: Tomorrow. Describe how you feel about going ‘over the top’ the next day. Use sources R,M and W to help you. Key Words: Fear, coward, duty, brave, pray, machine guns, no man's land, dead, injured, rats. Write a last goodbye, And sign your name x

Shellshock: By 191 4 army doctors noced pa ents suffering from "sh ellshock". It was thought it wa s caused by the noise and effe cts of the bombs that explod ed 24 hours a day, for weeks, months and years on end. Ano ther cause may have been the horrible things that soldiers saw during their me in the trenches.

sh bloke (man) t home). A Sco& Getting ‘cushy’ (sen finger over the top his s put he so wanted a ‘cushy’ bad er shot off. “I’m gets his trigger fing way (of the trench) and laughing. But on the says he d!” tlan Sco d down off to bonny ets to keep his hea forg he , ches tren out of the it is working. He gets where an old sniper ves. head.” Robert Gra (shot) through the

Most soldiers in the trenches hated the food they were given. Most of what they ate was ‘bully beef’ (canned corned beef), bread and biscuits. By 1916 there was very little flour left so bread was being made with dried ground turnips. They also ate soup made pieces of horsemeat and even the rats.

Whilst asleep during the night, we were often awakened by rats runn and wait for a rat to ing over us. I would lie jump on my legs; then on my back kick my legs upwards Occasionally, I would , throwing the rat into hear a shout when the the air. rat landed on a fellow victim (another soldier).” R L Venables.

Another soldier wrote: " The rats were huge. They were so big they would eat a wounded man if he couldn't defend himself." These rats became very bold and would attempt to take food from the pockets of sleeping men. Rats would always be found on a dead body. They usually went for the eyes first and then they ate their way right into it. One soldier described finding a group of dead bodies while on night patrol: My heart pounded as we edged towards one of the bodies. His helmet had rolled off. The dead face, stripped of flesh; the skull bare, the eyes eaten and from the open mouth jumped a rat."

Fixing the trench wall, “The ground was full of dead soldiers and they became part of the trench walls. I was fixing the trench when I fell and put my arm through the stomach of a long dead French soldier. It felt soft like cheese. It was days before I got the smell out of my fingernails.” British soldier, 1915

“If a soldier wouldn’t climb the ladder when ordered to go over the top an officer would come down and shoot them for being a coward. The man was no more of a coward than you or I. He just could not move. That’s shell shock.” The Last Tommy, Harry Patch.

soldiers would be sent out Night Patrols: During the night s would set up listening into no man’s land. Small team being said in the German posts to find out what was look for and bring back trenches. Another job was to left in no man’s land. wounded soldiers who had been

There were millions of rats in the trenches. There were two types, the brown and the black rat. The brown rat was vey bad. They ate the dead soldiers, especially their eyes. They grew very large and some soldiers said they were as big as cats. Soldiers were afraid of these rats because they would run across their faces in the dark. The soldiers tried to kill them with gunfire, with the bayonet, by clubbing (hitting) them with sticks and using dogs. No matter how many rats they killed more came. A female rat could produce 800 offspring in a year.

t and dirty by cold, we r was caused to stand fo d ha Trench foot en M hes. in the trenc g able to in be t ou conditions er with ot d and wat p trench fo hours in mu ots. To sto socks or bo d t an we et f fe of eir take d to dry th ere ordere a day soldiers w es a times cks two tim so eir th eir feet. change th to in l hale oi and rub w

two to l (grow) t feel feet swel em and no ain. Your th pl to ex in ill t Iw en yone th u, is ba yo it a to n, ick w scribed u can st r to go do h foot de have thei y dead. Yo ling starts had trenc ve had to ve completel feet and the swel ve never e and go d many ha nch and it may ha ur siz an yo al in “If you ha se rm pa lo with that tre es their no y enough not to and scream one more day in y three tim ck cr lu e en m you ar heard es, but a thing. If ns. I have e lucky on pain begi one of th f) . I was ost awful that the m amputated (cut of . legs feet and ry Roberts late.” Har been too

Stand to: Every morning each man would be expected to stand on the trench fire step, rifle loaded, bayonet fixed. This was because most enemy attacks happened at dawn (sun up) or shortly after dusk (sun down). Once given the ‘all clear’ soldiers would make their breakfast.

General, will you go over the top? Mission Impossible: go over the top, attack , capture and hold a German trench system. As you have discovered, a trench system was a very effective way to defend an area of ground. One reason why the First World War lasted so long was because neither side could not find a way to successfully take and hold an enemy trench. You are now going to take on the role of a British general and consider some of the choices they had to make. In this scenario you need to imagine it is a wet and windy November in 1916. The ground between the trenches is muddy and littered with deep, waterlogged shell craters. The Germans are well protected, in their trenches, with barbed wire, machine guns, sandbags and strengthened concrete bunkers in some places. • •

Have you read the above information carefully? Select the x 10 most appropriate personnel, weapons or equipment from the list below. www.icHistory.com

The General

Infantry Soldiers x 300

This represents you.

Cavalry Soldiers x 100

Webley Bulldog Revolvers x 100

Vickers Heavy Machine Guns x 4

Light Lewis Machine Guns x 8

Weight 15KG

Weight 11KG

Lee Enfield Rifles x 300

Bayonets x 300 Knives that fix to the end of rifles.

Short Range Trench Mortars x 8

Long Range Heavy Artillery x 4

Mills Grenades x 150

Wire Cutting Soldiers x 12

Camouflage Paint (Unlimited)

Helmets x 300

Whistles x 12

Socks x 300

Poison Gas Launchers x 4

Gas Masks x 150

Sopworth Camel Biplanes x 1

Ford Light Tanks x 2

1: Scores for personnel, weapons and equipment choices. General

H Machine Gun

Trench Mortar

Gas Masks

Socks

Helmets

Grenades

Infantry

L Machine Gun

Heavy Arllery

Rifle

Whistle

Tank

Cu$ers

Cavalry

Revolver

Gas Launcher

Bayonets

Camouflage

Plane

Total Score www.icHistory.com

2: Commanding the attack. 1

In the weeks before the aack would you:

9

You order that your men should cross no man’s land

A

Spend me in the trenches….NO WAY!

A

Walking slowly in a broad line

B

Do regular inspecons of the trench

B

Running in a broad line

C

Live in the trenches with your men

C

In a ghter, spearhead formaon

2

Days before the aack you expect heavy ar#llery to:

10 During the aack you order the heavy ar#llery to:

A

Destroy the German barbed wire

A

Stop firing completely

B

Weaken the German trench defences

B

Try to aim just in front of your men

C

Shoot down Zeppelins

C

Keep firing as normal

3

You will use wire cu'ng troops:

11 During the aack you order trench mortars

A

As the first soldiers out the trenches

A

Stop firing

B

Randomly during the a$ack

B

Try to aim in just in front of the a$ack

C

Under the cover of dark before the a$ack

C

Keep firing as normal

4

You will use the biplanes to:

12 The men are being cut to pieces. Use cavalry to:

A

Observe the enemy trenches

A

Launch a cavalry charge to support the men

B

Drops bombs during the a$ack

B

Pull heavy weapons and equipment behind the lines

C

Fire machine guns during the a$ack

C

5

The weather is wet, with changeable winds

13 The first wave are all shot down. Now send a tank….

A

I will use poison gas launchers

A

Behind a new infantry a$ack

B

I will not use poison gas launchers

B

By itself

C

In front of a new infantry of a$ack

C 6

You give the order that the aack will take place:

14 The tank gets stuck in a waterlogged shell hole

A

At 300 AM

A

Leave it

B

At 700 AM

B

Send your remaining tank to pull it out

C

At 600 PM

C

Send horses to pull it out during the night me

7

Over the top they go….but some refuse!

15 What are your plans for the wounded in no man’s land?

A

Shoot them

A

Leave them

B

Shame them and send them home

B

Try to recover them under the cover of darkness

C

Try to talk with them later to find out why

C

Ask for German’s for a truce to allow you to get them

8

As they go ‘over the top’, you will

16 Your assault has failed, what next?

A

Be leading the charge at the front

A

Plan to do the same again in a few weeks

B

Watch what is happening from the trench

B

Come up with a new strategy to ‘break the deadlock’ *

C

Be in a warm, French Chateau drinking wine

C

*

Choices Score

Command Score

___________

____________

Total Score ____________

1: Teacher’s copy: suggested scoring for choices General

1

H Machine Guns

2

Trench Mortar

4

Gas Masks

2

Socks

1

Helmets

4

Grenades

5

Infantry

5

L Machine Guns

3

Heavy Arllery

3

Rifles

4

Whistles

4

Tanks

2

Wire Cu$ers

5

Cavalry

1

Revolvers

4

Gas Launchers

2

Bayonets

4

Camouflage

3

Planes

4

Total Score

2: ‘Best’ answers (based on Canadian successes).

www.icHistory.com

1

In the weeks before the aack would you:

9

You order that your men should cross no man’s land

A

Spend me in the trenches….NO WAY!

A

Walking slowly in a broad line

B

Do regular inspecons of the trench

B

Running in a broad line

C

Live in the trenches with your men

C

In a ghter, spearhead formaon

2

Days before the aack you expect heavy ar#llery to:

10 During the aack you order the heavy ar#llery to:

A

Destroy the German barbed wire

A

Stop firing completely

B

Weaken the German trench defences

B

Try to aim just in front of your men

C

Shoot down Zeppelins

C

Keep firing as normal

3

You will use wire cu'ng troops:

11 During the aack you order trench mortars

A

As the first soldiers out the trenches

A

Stop firing

B

Randomly during the a$ack

B

Try to aim in just in front of the a$ack

C

Under the cover of dark before the a$ack

C

Keep firing as normal

4

You will use the biplanes to:

12 The men are being cut to pieces. Use cavalry to:

A

Observe the enemy trenches

A

Launch a cavalry charge to support the men

B

Drops bombs during the a$ack

B

Pull heavy weapons and equipment behind the lines

C

Fire machine guns during the a$ack

C

5

The weather is wet, with changeable winds

13 The first wave are all shot down. Now send a tank….

A

I will use poison gas launchers

A

Behind a new infantry a$ack

B

I will not use poison gas launchers

B

By itself

C

In front of a new infantry of a$ack

C 6

You give the order that the aack will take place:

14 The tank gets stuck in a waterlogged shell hole

A

At 300 AM

A

Leave it

B

At 700 AM

B

Send your remaining tank to pull it out

C

At 600 PM

C

Send horses to pull it out during the night me

7

Over the top they go….but some refuse!

15 What are your plans for the wounded in no man’s land?

A

Shoot them

A

Leave them

B

Shame them and send them home

B

Try to recover them under the cover of darkness

C

Try to talk with them later to find out why

C

Ask for German’s for a truce to allow you to get them

8

As they go ‘over the top’, you will

16 Your assault has failed, what next?

A

Be leading the charge at the front

A

Plan to do the same again in a few weeks

B

Watch what is happening from the trench

B

Come up with a new strategy to ‘break the deadlock’ *

C

Be in a warm, French Chateau drinking wine

C

* Idea?

Choices Score

Command Score

___________

____________

Total Score ____________

A European War Becomes a World War Discover: the meaning of imperialism Explore: Explore why a European war became global Skill: research Countries that may support Britain

Countries that may support Germany

Countries that may support Holland

Countries that may stay neutral

Which country had the biggest empire

Why did a European become a World

in 1900?

War?

Research: choose a non European country and find out about its role in the war. The country I chose is: Was this country in any alliance or supporting either side, if so, which one? Were any soldiers sent to fight, if so, how many? Was there any fighting in this country? Did this country export any products to countries fighting the war? One other interesting piece if information about this country: www.icHistory.com

Some Battle At The Somme, 1916. Discover: what happened at the Somme

Explore: Explore If the battle was a success or a failure

www.icHistory.com

SKILL: SKILL predicting outcomes.

The Plan…..in June 1916, the British and French made a plan to attack the Germans in what would later be called the Battle of the Somme. It would begin with the biggest military barrage (bombing) ever in history with almost two million bombs being fired on the German defences. The basic plan is outlined in stages 1-5 below. Firstly, predict / guess what will happen after each stage, read the text then explain / summarise what actually happened in the battle. Were your predictions correct? Five days of shelling to kill the German soldiers in the trenches

Prediction 1: 1 What will happen to the German soldiers?

Five days of shelling to destroy the German trenches

Prediction 2: What will happen to the German trenches?

Five days of shelling to destroy the German barbed wire.

Prediction 3: 3 What will happen to the German barbed wire?

On day six, soldiers walk safely across no man’s land.

Prediction 4: 4 What will happen as the soldiers cross no man’s land?

A success: Trenches taken, lots of German dead, few British dead.

Prediction 5: Will the attack be a great success?

The Battle…. After almost two years of fighting on the Western Front, neither side had been able to successfully break the enemy trenches. In 1916, the Germans had been threatening to break through the French defences around the forts of Verdun. To help the French, the British General, Douglas Haig planned a massive attack at the Somme, in northern France, The Battle of the Somme began with a five day heavy artillery bombardment of the German trenches. The generals were so confident that the bombing would be a success that British soldiers were told to walk across no man’s land carrying heavy equipment that would help them defend the trenches once was taken. The British also had a regiment of cavalry soldiers ready to ride in to support the infantry after the advance. The soldiers did as they were ordered and walked across no man land in a 25 wide mile formation. To their horror they saw that the barbed wire was not destroyed and was even more tangled than before. Even worse for the British, the German soldiers came out from their dug outs and started firing their machine guns. A British soldier, George Coppard described what he saw, “The attack had been horribly stopped. Hundreds of dead were strung out like wreckage

washed up to a high water-mark. Quite as many died on the enemy wire as on the ground, like fish caught in the net. Some looked as if they were praying; they had died on their knees and the wire had prevented their fall. Machine gun fire had done its terrible work.” By nightfall there were 60,000 British dead or wounded, the worst ever casualty rate in British history. Despite the failure, General Haig continued to send men over the top for a another six months, until eventually the attack was stopped in the winter of 1916. There were 600,000 British and Allied soldiers killed and 450, 000 German. Only one mile of ground was taken by the British, however, the French trench line at Verdun was saved. Explain 1: 1 German Soldiers killed?

Explain 2: Trenches Destroyed?

Explain 3: Wire Destroyed?

Explain 4: A Safe Walk?

Explain 5: Successful Attack?

SKill: SKill source analysis and evaluation

/ 20

At about 7.30 o'clock this morning a vigorous (strong) attack was launched by the British Army. The front extends over some 20 miles north of the Somme. The assault was preceded by a terrific bombardment, lasting about an hour and a half. It is too early to as yet give anything but the barest particulars, as the fighting is developing in intensity, but the British troops have already occupied (taken) the German front line. Many prisoners have already fallen into our hands, and as far as can be ascertained our casualties have not been heavy.’ The Daily Chronicle newspaper published a report on the Battle of the Somme. July 3rd 1916.

Who created this source: _______________________ their job, role or position: ___________________________ Who is it for / audience: __________________________________________________________________________ When was it created:

Year:____ Century: ____ BCE

CE

Primary

Secondary

Tertiary

Where is the person who created the source from ? ___________________________________________________ What type of source is it: Letter / Speech / Diary / Other : ____________________________________________ What is the content of the source. Summarise in your own words and don’t copy out lines from the source Firstly the source says: ___________________________________________________________________________ Furthermore it reveals:___________________________________________________________________________ Additionally it illustrates :_________________________________________________________________________ Finally it shows us :______________________________________________________________________________ Why was the source created. Is there a special reason or motive ? ______________________________________________________________________________________________ Below, give your evaluation of the source, deciding if it is a reliable or unreliable. Score out of ten then choose 2 of the 5W’s and explain why they make the source reliable or unreliable. Use the information, or BIAS INDICATORS below to help!

When

Who

Is the person trustworthy?

Secondary sources may get changed over !me. The person was not there, but they can be wrien with less emo!on and using more informa!on not available at the !me..

Could the ‘audience’ influence what is said or wrien?

Unreliable

Where

Primary sources from a good eyewitness may be truthful, but they can also be confused or emo!onal. Primary sources may be recorded a long !me a#er the event so the person may have forgoen some details.

Could the person know things others do not?

1

2

3

4

Unreliable

Where a person comes from may influence the reliability of a source. For example, a German in 1942 may be biased towards a Jewish person and a Jewish person may feel angry towards Germans even today.

5

6

7

What

8

Reliable

Uses facts Balanced Softer Language Calm Clear Modest Understates Objective Corroborated

Uses opinions One sided Strong Language Emotional Confused Boastful Exaggerates Subjective X Corroborated

9

10

Why Does the person have a mo!ve or a reason to lie? Does the person have a reason to tell the truth? Could it be propaganda?

Reliable

1: Who When Where What Why, (circle) may / may not, make the source reliable because: _______________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________ Example from the source ? “______________________________________________________________________” 2: Who When Where What Why, (circle) may / may not, make the source reliable because: _______________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________ Example from the source ? “______________________________________________________________________” 3:Any other ideas why the source may or may not be reliable, e.g. is it corroborated by other information? _______________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________

Your Country Needs You…..but for what? Discover: the meaning of propaganda

Explore: different types of propaganda and how propaganda works

www.icHistory.com

Skills: empathy and creativity.

When the war began there was much celebration in Europe as men queued to join the army. Most people believed they would be “Home by Christmas”, but they were wrong. As the war dragged on beyond Christmas and the news of the horrible conditions in the trenches reached home, men became less and less willing to join the army. To try and solve this problem governments used clever types of propaganda to try and persuade people to enlist / join up. Heroic

Guilt

t Importan

Naonalisc

Shame

Proud

Anger

Fear

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Adolf Hitler and the First World War. c1899

1914

Hitler was not German but was actually born in Austria. He had a difficult childhood with an abusive father who died when Hitler was a boy. When the war began he enthusiastically volunteered to join the German army.

Hitler enjoyed the structure of army life. It was better than living alone on the streets of Austria.

1915

1916

Hitler was awarded the Iron Cross. Was this because he was brave, risked his life to deliver messages, and saved a wounded officer. Or was he actually the ‘rear end pig’, a messenger who was safe, away from the figh'ng , promoted to lance orporal because he ‘cosied up’ to the officers?

Hitler with his messenger ’friends’. He was made fun of by other soldiers and seen as a loner. They joked that he would starve in a food can factory!

1918

Blinded by mustard gas when he heard that Germany had lost the war. He blamed this on communists, Jews and backstabbing, cowardly politicians .

1919

The Treaty of Versailles: Clemenceau of France, wanted to crush Germany. American president Wilson did not. Clemenceau got what he wanted.

1920s

Hitler promised revenge…..to be con'nued!

The First World War: A look through statistics. Discover: Discover key statistics about the war Explore: how to draw conclusions from data Skills: Skills graphs and maths

Use the statistics to complete tasks below 1: Create a line graph to show the progress of the Anglo-German naval race. (graph template provided)

9: What was the most common reason for soldiers being executed in the British Army?

2: Which country deployed the most number of soldiers? 10: Which year saw the most number of executions in 3: Which country lost the most amount of soldiers in

the British Army?

relation to the number of men deployed? 11: Can you think of any reasons why this year saw the 4: Which country lost the least proportion of men in

highest number of executions?

relation to men deployed in the war?

5: Which country had the largest number of fighter aircraft

12: Can you think of any reasons for the high number of

when the war began in 1914?

executions for murder in 1918?

6: Which country increased its air force by the largest per cent during the war?

13: Can you spot a piece of data from this page that is not supported or corroborated on the following page.

7: How many combat aircraft did France have shot down, lost or damaged?

14: Create a question of your own using the statistics provided.

8: If Russian fighter ace Kozakov scored 20 kills, how many kills did the Red Baron kill?

Selected sta s cs of the First World War. Source: Stascsbrain.com Total number of men who fought in the war

65 million

Percentage of men mobilized who died

57%

Total number of casuales

37 million

Number of missing Prisoners or War

7.7 million

Numbers of wounded soldiers

19.7 million

Years of fighng

4

Number of civilian casuales

8.8 million

Total cost of the war

$186 billion

Sta s cs rela ng to France Square miles of forest destroyed

1,857

Square miles of farmland laid to waste

8,000

Houses destroyed

300,000

Factories destroyed

6,000

Schools destroyed

1,500

Churches destroyed

1,200

Farm Animals Lost

1.3 million

The Global Theatres of War.

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Trench warfare on the Western Front is the most well known area for those studying The Great War. However, there were many other places where fighting took place. In addition to the examples shown below, there was also heavy fighting in the Balkans, where Serbia lost to the Austrians, while in the Pacific island of Samoa, New Zealand troops took control of the island in a bloodless takeover.

1: The Eastern Front, Eastern Germany and Russia. When the war began in 1914, most Russians met the news with a sense of loyalty, enthusiasm and pride. Two massive Russian armies had mobilised quicker than expected and moved toward the north east German border. However, the two Russian commanders, Rennenkampf and Samsonov did not work well together. Their failure to communicate allowed the German army to split the Russian force. General Samsonov’s army was left alone and defeated at the Battle of Tannenberg. General Samsonov later committed suicide. The German army then swung about and fought Rennenkampf’s army at the Battle of the Masurian Lakes, successfully pushing them back. Further south, another Russian army was more successful, advancing into the Austrian -Hungarian Empire. However, the Russians were stopped from pushing further into Austria by the Carpathian mountains. By Christmas 1914, the situation on the eastern front was similar to that in the west, as men dug into defensive trench positions.

2: The Gallipoli Offensive The Turkish Ottoman Empire entered the war on the side of Germany in November, 1914. The sea to the west of Turkey was very important as it joined the Mediterranean and the Black Seas. The Allies wanted control of these waters. Britain and France supported by the ANZACs (Australian and New Zealand armies) attacked the Turkish coast at Gallipoli. To their surprise the attacking soldiers found no Turkish defenders waiting to fight them. However, due to hesitation, or simply poor leadership the Allies failed to move forward. This mistake allowed a well organised Turkish / German fight back under General Liman Von Sanders. The Turks and Germans pushed the invaders back onto the beaches. A second Allied invasion took place in October 1915, but this was another embarrassing failure. The failed attacks cost 250,000 casualties on both sides.

3: The Middle East and North Africa The Turkish Empire included parts of Mesopotamia (modern day Iraq). It was attacked by a joint British and Indian army. At first, the British and Indians were successful and captured the valuable oilfields in the region. After a Turkish fight back at the Battle of Kut il Imara, 8000 Anglo-Indian prisoners were taken. The British and Indians eventually moved forward to capture Bagdad (Iraq) in March 1917. The Turks later attacked the Suez Canal in Egypt. This was an important trade route between Britain and her ‘jewel in the imperial crown’, India. The British had expected this and built up strong defences. Indian and British soldiers fought off the attack before going back on the offensive themselves. Helped by the Arabs, who wanted to remove the Turks, the Anglo-Indian army moved into Palestine and by the end of 1917 captured the holy city Jerusalem. In 1918, the last Turkish army was beaten at the Battle of Megiddo.

4: Colonial Africa The fighting in Africa took place because of the growth of European Empires during the ‘Scramble for Africa’ in the 19th century. British and French colonial armies attacked Germany’s colonies in Cameroon, Togo, German South West Africa, Tanzania and Togo fell in 1914. Cameroon later fell in 1917 to British and French forces. German South West Africa was liberated by a 50, 000 strong army consisting mainly of South Africans themselves. The German colony of East Africa (Tanzania) fought a guerrilla war under the leadership of General Paul von Lettow Vorbeck. With only a force of a few thousand men he held out until November 1918, before finally surrendering to the Allies after the end of the war in Europe.

5: The Siege of Tsingtao Tsingtao was a Chinese port that was under the control of Germany. When the war began, Germany called most of its navy back to Europe, leaving the fort defended by only 600 Germans , 3000 Chinese colonial troops and a small force of Austro-Hungarian sailors. The Japanese, sent their whole naval fleet to attack the fort with over 50,000 men supported by a smaller British force. The Japanese began bombing the fort on the 31st of November, 1916. After a week of shelling the Japanese army attacked the fort which quickly surrendered. Casualties were approximately 200 for the Alliance and almost 1,500 for the Japanese. One allied ship was sunk while the Austrians and Germans scuttled (sank) their own ships.

Involved: _____________________ V _____________________ Fighting in : __________________________________________ Why scuttle their own ships? ____________________________ Point of interest: ______________________________________ _____________________________________________________ Outcome: Allies Win Alliance Win Stalemate

The Fall of Tsingtao

Involved: _____________________ V _____________________ Fighting in : __________________________________________ Define ‘guerrilla war’ __________________________________ Point of interest: ______________________________________ _____________________________________________________ Outcome: Allies Win Alliance Win Stalemate

Colonial Africa

Involved: _____________________ V _____________________ Fighting in : __________________________________________ What resource was important in this region? ______________ Point of interest: ______________________________________ _____________________________________________________ Outcome: Allies Win Alliance Win Stalemate

The Middle East and North Africa

Involved: ______________________ V _____________________ Fighting in : ___________________________________________ What does A.N.Z.A.C. mean? ____________________________ Point of interest: _______________________________________ ______________________________________________________ Outcome: Allies Win Alliance Win Stalemate

Involved: ____________________________ V ___________________________ Fighting in : _______________________________________________________ Why do you think Samsonov killed himself? ____________________________ Point of interest: ____________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ Outcome: Allies Win Alliance Win Stalemate / No Winner

SKILL: selection and deployment.

The Gallipoli Campaign

Explore: the outcomes of these conflicts

 

Colour code the Western Front on the map.

The Eastern Front

Discover: where in the world WW1 was fought

The World At War: Global Theatres.

Turning Points, 1917: why did the USA enter the First World War ? Discover: why the USA decided to join the war

Explore: Explore the significance of the Zimmerman Telegram

Skills: Skills reading for purpose and prioritisation

When the war began in 1914 the USA had stayed out / __________ as it had followed a policy of isolationism. isolationism When the news of the horrible trench warfare reached the USA, most Americans believed that staying out of this war had been the best choice. As a neutral country the USA was free to trade with Britain and Germany and it sent ships across the North Atlantic carrying food, goods and raw material that would help both sides fight the war. The British navy wanted to starve Germany out of the war by blockading the ports of Germany and her central European Allies. In response, Germany used its U-Boats / ___________ to attack and sink ships travelling across the Atlantic. Before 1915, German U-boats had always warned ships carrying passengers before sinking them, allowing passengers time to evacuate / _________ in life boats. However, in 1915 the British ship the Lusitania was sunk without a warning, killing over 120 American passengers. One year later, the French ferry, the Sussex was attacked by German U-boats this time injuring several Americans. People in the US became increasingly angry with the attacks on US citizens in neutral waters. This anger was made worse by the anti-German, propaganda being written by the British and published in America.

:

In 1916, the US President, Woodrow Wilson gave the following message to the Germans: ‘Unless the Imperial (German) Govern-

ment should now immediately declare an abandonment / ___________ of its present methods of submarine warfare against passenger and freight-carrying vessels, the Government of the United States can have no choice but to sever / ________ diplomatic relations (friendship) with the German Empire altogether’. Despite this warning the Germans planned to continue submarine warfare against all ships crossing the Atlantic. In January 1917, the German foreign secretary Arthur Zimmerman sent his infamous Zimmerman telegram to the German ambassador in Mexico.

‘We intend / __________ to begin on the first of February unrestricted submarine warfare. We try to keep the United States of America neutral. In the event of this not succeeding, we make Mexico a proposal of alliance on the following basis: make war together, make peace together, generous financial support and that Mexico is to take back (from the USA) the Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona. Please call the President's attention to the fact that the ruthless employment of our submarines now offers the prospect of compelling England in a few months to make peace." Signed, ZIMMERMANN. Zimmermann thought he was safe because he sent his telegram in code / ___________ . But, there were two problem. First, the British intercepted / ____________ the message. Second, the British had worked out the German code, so they knew what Zimmermann was planning. The British gave the telegram to the Americans, who thought it was a fraud / _________ . However. Arthur Zimmerman himself admitted it was real. Shocked by what was written in the telegram American President Woodrow Wilson to asked the US Congress to declare war on Germany. Congress supported the president and on April 6th, 1917. America entered the war. This brought much needed money, supplies, soldiers and boosted the morale of the exhausted Allied soldiers fighting in Europe.

Fake

Escape Plan

Secret End of

Stopping

Neutral

Submarines

Found

Define Isolaonism

Why did G erman U boats at tack US sh ip

s?

ram the teleg Why did e USA? anger th 1: 2:

:

Rank order the reasons for US entry into WW!:

1: 2: 3:

:

Turning Points, 1917: Russia Throws In The Towel . Discover: Discover why Russia left the war

Explore the basic ideology of the Soviet Union Skills: reading with purpose + organisation of text When war began in 1914, like in many other countries there was much excitement In Russia, The Romanov ruler at this time was this guy Tsar, Nicholas the II.

equally and there should not be a rich or poor. Everyone should the same.

Nicholas dreamt of a glorious victory and expanding his Empire in Eastern Europe. To do this he would send ...

killed. On top of this, a freezing winter of 1916 / 17, brought food shortages in Russia. The ‘black masses’ grew angry and took to protesting in the streets as shown in this painting..

trouble. In February 1917, after heavy rioting in Russia, Tsar Nicholas was forced to abdicate (step down). A new government took over in Russia made up of the upper classes (rich)…

The German government wanted to take advantage of the problems in Russia and secretly tried to make more….

Ludendorff offensive. The aim of this attack was try and win the war quickly before the Americans arrived to add more power to the Allies.

a long peace conference the new communist Soviet government signed a treaty called the Treaty of Brest Litovsk with Germany. This was a very hard….

treaty on the Soviets who gave up lands including Poland, Finland the Baltic States. This was 25 per cent of Soviet land and included almost 50 million people.. Take a look:

His ideas are known as communism. This is a system which says that all people should be treated…...

millions of Russians to fight the war in his name. Despite some early successes against the Austrians the war soon went badly for the Russians.

They suffered heavy defeats against the Germans in the Battles of Tannenberg and around the Masurian lakes. Millions of Russian soldiers were ...

‘Red Guards’ took over the city of Petrograd. Lenin said that a communist takeover of Russia was complete. From here, Russia was named the Soviet Union and have this new flag.

hungry and had very little. A new political ideology, started by a German named Karl Marx began to gain more popularity in Russia. This is what he looks like:

For hundreds of years Russia had been ruled the all powerful Romanov family. They controlled a giant empire. This is the Russian Flag in 1914:

and the working classes (poor). This rule by the new Provisional Government was called Dual Power. The Germans hoped that this new government would agree to a ceasefire ..

revolution known as the October rising, in 1917. Lenin’s political party was called the Bolsheviks. His communist …..

With the treaty officially agreed Germany was able to switch it armies in the east to help launch a major new attack in the west called the…...

and end the war but it did not. The Germans tried a new idea. They had been in contact with exiled Communist leaders such as Vladimir Lenin. Here he is:

The Bolsheviks had promised the Russians they would make peace with Germany. After only a few weeks in power the fighting on the Eastern front was stopped. Following ...

As the anger spread the, working classes began to question why they were being sent to fight and die for a rich, powerful Tsar while they were so poor ...

The Germans helped organise Lenin’s return to Russia allowing his safe passage from Switzerland, through Germany, in in a sealed train. Once back in Russia, Lenin led a second….

Those Magnificent Men And Their Flying Machines. Flying Firsts

c550

DISCOVER: DISCOVER the types of aircraft used in the war

EXPLORE: EXPLORE the roles of these aircraft Skill: Skill independent aircraft research .

Kite Flyers: just hanging around

What Roles Did Aircraft Play in the First World War?

Which Chinese (Qi) Emperor killed prisoners using kites?

Aircraft performed three main roles in the war. Each of the images below has a partner. First, try to marry each image with a partner, then write down the role of each pair below.

Top speed of this aircraft: Unknown

Leonardo Da Vinci: great ideas that never flew Find a Da Vinci invention that did work

1400

Role 1:__________________________

Top speed of this aircraft: Unknown

Otto Lilienthal: the glider How did Otto Lilienthal die?

1891

Top speed of this aircraft: Unknown

Role 2:___________________ The Wright Brothers: first powered flight How long did this first flight last?

1903

Top speed of the Kitty Hawk:

Planes Used in War: first fighters What was the nickname of Manfred Albrecht Freiherr ?

1914

Top speed of the Sopworth Camel:

The Jet Fighter: first jet fighters Which country was the first to use a jet fighter in wartime?

1942

Top speed of the Messerschmitt 262:

The Stealth Bomber : special powers What can this aircraft do that most others cannot?

1989

www.icHistory.com

Top speed of the B2 stealth bomber :

Role 3:___________________

Focus on: Fighter Planes. Below are 12 accounts about pilots and the planes in which they flew. 11 of the accounts are true, but one is made up. Can you spot which one is a fake?

1: Louis Strange of the British Royal Air Force (R.A.F.) began flying combat missions after less than four hours of practice in an aircraft. 2: When the war began, planes were not armed with weapons and it was not unusual for pilots on different sides to wave at each other as they passed. 3: As the war developed, pilots began to look for ways to kill each other. Without fixed guns on their planes they tried firing their pistols, trailing hooks and even throwing bricks at each other! 4: The first machine guns fixed to airplanes were on top of the wing. This meant pilots had to stand up to reload or fix them. When fixing a jammed machine gun, Louis Strange’s plane flipped upside down leaving him hanging on only by the machine gun. After a desperate struggle he managed to hook his legs into the plane, pull himself in and land safely. 5: The French were the first solve the problem of using machine guns more effectively in planes. Raymond Saulnier came up with the idea to fire a forward facing machine gun, that sat directly in front of the pilot’s cockpit. This gun could fire through the propellers of the planes. This was made possible by an ‘interrupter gear’ that stopped the gun firing when the propeller blade was in place. However, this didn't always work and pilots sometimes shot off their own propellers, causing their planes to crash. To help fix this problem, propeller blades were fitted with metal deflectors. 6: It was the Dutch engineer Anthony Fokker who perfected the use of the interruption gear. In a ground demonstration, for the German officers he showed how the interruption gear could fire through the propeller blade without hitting them. At first the officers thought this was a trick and they told Fokker to show them by shooting down an enemy plane. After taking to the air, Fokker came across an unarmed enemy observation plane, but he could bring himself to shoot it down. Instead he landed and told the German officers to test it for themselves. 7: A pilot was more likely to be killed from a malfunction or a training accident, rather than getting shot down by the enemy, 8: British pilots were not given parachutes because the British Government thought pilots would choose to jump out of a damaged plane, rather than try to fly it back to base. 9: One of a pilot’s biggest fears was being trapped in a burning airplane. Pilot Mick Mannock was so afraid of this that he flew with a gun so he could shoot himself in the head should this happen. 10: The average life expectancy for a pilot in 1917 was just 11 days. 11: Pilots were more likely to develop psychological / mental problems than soldiers fighting in the trenches. 12: Whilst flying an observation mission over enemy trenches, German Pilot Gunther Shutz’s engine caught fire after taking a bullet from Belgian soldiers in the trenches below. Another German pilot saw he was in trouble and flew alongside him. Shutz skillfully managed to climb out of his burning plane and into the other.

do you think Which account e up? has been mad

ry.com www.icHisto

Altogether Now: by the Farm Musical Interlude: Listen to the song, ‘Altogether Now’, by the Farm and complete the lyrics.

Remember b _ _ _ that your forefather's d _ _ _ Lost in millions for a country's p _ _ _ _ But they never menon the t _ _ _ _ _ _ of Belgium When they stopped f_ _ _ _ _ _ _ and they were o _ _ A spirit stronger than w _ _ was working that night December 1914 _ _ _ _ , clear and bright Countries' borders were right out of sight When they joined together and decided _ _ _ _ _ fight All together now All together now, in n _ _ _ _ ‘_ _ _ _ _ All together now x 2 All together now, n _ _ _ _ ‘_ _ _ _ _ The same old story a _ _ _ _ All those t _ _ _ _ shed in vain Nothing learnt and nothing gained Only h _ _ _ remains All together now x 3 In no man's land x 3 All together now In no man's land ..... The boys had their say they said “ _ _ “ Stop the slaughter let's go _ _ _ _ let's go, let's go _ _ _ _ Let’s go _ _ _ _

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Wonderful Worksheets of World War One. Mission :

Use Microsoft Publisher or Word o similar to create a 1-2 page worksheet that contains information and an activity for your classmates. The activity should take at least 15 to complete.

How your work will be judged: judged Criteria

Criteria Explained

Mark

Content

Have you used clear and relevant information, is it well researched, well written and edited, is there too much / too little information?

25%

Design and Presentation

Did you use or choose powerful images, good choice of font, colourful and thoughtfully laid out?

25%

Activity Creativity

Have you created an original activity or adapted one you have seen before. Will it be fun and interesting for your classmates to complete?

25%

Activity usefulness

Will it help learning about your topic. Is it too easy / too hard?

25%

Suggested topics: The Red Baron

The War at Sea

The Battle of Jutland

U-boats of WW1

Zeppelins and Airships

WW1 Poetry

Inventions of WW1

Dogs and their role in WW1

The Battle of Passchendaele

The Battle of Tannenberg

The Gallipoli Campaigns

The Battle of Masurian Lakes

The Treaty of Versailles

The Treaty of Brest Litovsk

Other idea? _______________

Student Name: (Score each out of 5)

Marking Grid Peer Grade 1

Peer Grade 2

Peer Grade 3

Peer Grade 4

Teacher

Total

Content Presentation Creative (activity) Useful (activity) Comments: www.icHistory.com

___ 100

Why Did The Germany and Her Allies Lose The First World War?

www.icHistory.com

Discover: Discover why Germany lost the war Explore: how economics influenced the outcome of WW1. Skills: extended writing and causation web / links.

Economics

Germany and Austria-Hungary were sandwiched between France and Russia. This meant that they needed to get many of the raw materials needed to fight the war by sea. However, the British Naval blockade was very effective at stopping those resources getting to Central Europe. Without imported food and raw materials it became harder for Germany to make weapons and machines and to feed their civilians. As the war dragged on into its fourth year, Germany and Austria-Hungary were being starved. Germany had tried to stop resources getting to Britain and France by sinking ships in the Atlantic Ocean. However, this backfired and helped bring the USA into the war. war The entry of America, a country vast in resources with millions of fresh solders was very demoralising for the Germans. They knew that if they waited for the USA to fully enter the war in 1918, they were almost certain to lose.

Military Failures

It could be argued that Germany lost the war before it had really began when the Schlieffen Plan failed in 1914. The Schlieffen plan was created so that Germany would not have to fight a war on two fronts. The failure of the plan meant Germany had to split her army and this drained much more of her resources. By 1918, the German commanders knew they could not wait for the Americans to arrive and help strengthen Britain and France. In one last attempt to win the war, German launched the ‘Ludendorff Ludendorff offensive’ in the spring of 1918. At first the Germans were very successful, moving forward up to 60 kilometres and destroying the British Fifth Army. However, the attack lacked any real direction and the French and British launched counter-attacks and pushed the Germans back. With Austria-Hungary also on the edge of defeat, the German high commanders started to understand that the war could not be won.

Anger in Germany

After four years of terrible fighting the German people were tired of war. This created anger in Germany which led to social unrest.. Angry with Kaiser Wilhelm and the military leadership, one million Germans workers went on strike in January 1918. This social unrest would grow during the year. The German leadership began to fear of a revolution as groups such as the communist, Spartacus League became more active. The BBC History website notes that ‘Germany faced the dire prospect of defeat and red revolution’. It was not only German civilian that were tired of the war but those fighting it too. On the 3rd of November, 1918, German sailors mutinied in the northern German port of Kiel. They refused to follow orders, called for an end to the war and allied themselves with the striking workers. The unrest spread to other naval bases and it also broke out into towns and villages. It was clear the government had lost the war and the support of its own people.

Why Did Germany Lose Lose the First World War? There were several reasons why Germany lost the First World War. These included economic problems, military failures and social unrest Firstly, the Germany lost the war due to economic problems. For example, the British Naval blockade stopped Germany and Austria-Hungary getting the food and raw material to allow them to feed their people and make weapons and ammunition. By 1917, Britain was producing 40, 000 more tons of explosive than Germany. Furthermore, The USA’s entry into the war gave Britain and France more of an economic advantage, strengthened by America’s money, vast resources and potentially millions of fresh soldiers. The strangling blockade weakened Germany while the USA’s entry strengthened Germany’s enemies. These two factors made it clear Germany could not continue to fight the war for much longer. ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________

The final reason Germany lost the war due to the growing anger within Germany. The German workers were tired of the poor conditions in which they were forced to work. This led to social unrest with one million workers going on strike in January, 1918. This damaged the German economy even further and sparked other strikes throughout the year. Communist groups such as the Spartacus League became more active and the threat from communist grew. A note on the BBC History website noted that ‘Germany faced the dire prospect of defeat and red revolution’. Another example of anger towards the war was shown by German sailors at the port of Kiel. They refused to follow orders and mutinied in November, 1918. They called for an end to the war and allied themselves with the striking civilians. This mutiny spread to other naval bases. Germany was not only losing on the battlefield but also the battle to keep its own people under control. The most important reason for the loss of the war was the economic problems mainly caused by the blockade. This linked to other factors such as the social problems in Germany in 1918 and lack of resources to fight the war pressured the military to attempt the failed ‘Ludendorff Offensive’.

Essay Planning Example: Why did Germany lose the First World War?

(20 marks)

Introduction: Introduction: There were several reasons why the Germany lost the First World War. These included economic problems, military

failures and social unrest. 1-2 marks

Points

Examples

Explain

Evidence

Evaluate

to support you point

the examples you have used

A “quote” or statistic?

Importance in loss of war / links?

3-5 marks

6-8 marks

9-11 marks

1212-14 marks

1515-17 marks

Naval Blockade

1: Stopped resources to Germany. 2: Couldn’t build more weapons. 3: Couldn’t make more bombs.

Britain made 40,000 more tons of explosives than Germany in 1918.

American Entry

1: More resources to help Allies. 2: More fit soldiers to help fight. 3: Demoralised Germans.

The strangling blockade was weakening Germany and Austria-Hungary while US entry strengthened Britain and France.

Firstly, Firstly, primarily primarily

Economic A Problems A

A1: Did not stop a war on 2 fronts.

Also, secondly,

Military Failures

Schlieffen plan

2: Germany forced to split army. 3: More strain on resources.

Ludendorff Offensive

1: Last attempt to win war. 2: Britain and France fought back. 3: Germany couldn’t fight on.

Links to:

‘Although the war continued for four more years, this failed attack is when Germany lost the war’ Modern Historian

Germany had needed quick victories if it was to win this war. These failed and the war became an unwinnable one of attrition. Links to:

Finally, Finally, in in addition.

Furthermore….

Conclusion: Conclusion:. The most important reason for the loss of the war was economic problems mainly caused by the blockade. This linked to other factors

such as the social problems in Germany in 1918 and lack of resources to fight the war pressured the military to attempt the failed Ludendorff Offensive.

18-20 marks

The First World War: A look through statistics. Discover: Discover key statistics about the war Explore: how to draw conclusions from data Skills: Skills graphs and maths

Use the statistics to complete tasks below 1: Create a line graph to show the progress of the Anglo-German naval race. (graph template provided)

9: What was the most common reason for soldiers being executed in the British Army?

2: Which country deployed the most number of soldiers? 10: Which year saw the most number of executions in 3: Which country lost the most amount of soldiers in

the British Army?

relation to the number of men deployed? 11: Can you think of any reasons why this year saw the 4: Which country lost the least proportion of men in

highest number of executions?

relation to men deployed in the war?

5: Which country had the largest number of fighter aircraft

12: Can you think of any reasons for the high number of

when the war began in 1914?

executions for murder in 1918?

6: Which country increased its air force by the largest per cent during the war?

13: Can you spot a piece of data from this page that is not supported or corroborated on the following page.

7: How many combat aircraft did France have shot down, lost or damaged?

14: Create a question of your own using the statistics provided.

8: If Russian fighter ace Kozakov scored 20 kills, how many kills did the Red Baron kill?

Selected sta s cs of the First World War. Source: Stascsbrain.com Total number of men who fought in the war

65 million

Percentage of men mobilized who died

57%

Total number of casuales

37 million

Number of missing Prisoners or War

7.7 million

Numbers of wounded soldiers

19.7 million

Years of fighng

4

Number of civilian casuales

8.8 million

Total cost of the war

$186 billion

Sta s cs rela ng to France Square miles of forest destroyed

1,857

Square miles of farmland laid to waste

8,000

Houses destroyed

300,000

Factories destroyed

6,000

Schools destroyed

1,500

Churches destroyed

1,200

Farm Animals Lost

1.3 million

Was General Haig a Hero, Butcher or Bungler ? Discover: the different views about Haig Explore: why these views exist Skill: forming your own view.

Haig: Hero, Butcher or Bungler? The man pictured to the left is Sir Douglass Haig. He was the British Field Marshal who commanded the fighting on the Western Front during the First World War. He is a controversial figure whose actions have created intense debate amongst historians. Some historians argue he was a ‘butcher’, the heartless general who cared little for the millions of men who died under his command. Others defend him as a hero, the man, who, under enormous pressure, and with little other choice, stayed strong and helped win the war. Or was he simply a bungler, a well meaning but out-dated general who lacked the intelligence and ideas to win a clear victory in this new type of warfare ? The Battle of the Somme was the biggest battle of World War One. Over 58, 000 men lost their lives in the first day, most of them in the first hour. The plan was simple: to bomb the Germans for five days and nights then walk to the enemy trench and kill and remaining soldiers or capture those who surrendered. The British were led by General Haig. After 5 days of bombing the German trenches were barely scratched. The British planned to attack the Germans at the strongest point. The Germans just had to shoot their machine guns, reload and shoot and shoot. The same type of attack continued from the 1st of July until November 1916 and over a million men died because of General Haig, the Butcher of the Somme.

www. wix.com/stewie96/trenches/page 1

‘My men are very happy. Several have said that they have never before been so well led and they know what they will have to do tomorrow. The enemy barbed wire has been so well cut as the bombs we have dropped been so many and powerful . All the commanders are full of confidence.‘ General Haig. June: 1916, The day before the Battle of the Somme.

‘The country must learn that our men will die. No amount of skill on the part of the higher commanders, no training, however good, on the part of the officers and men, no better weapons, however great, will allow us to win without the sacrifice of men’s lives. The people at home must be ready to see heavy casualties (dead soldiers’. General Haig. June: 1916 , written before the Battle of the Somme.

Haig was a quiet and shy man. but he was intelligent and ambitious and had great self-confidence. Perhaps his greatest weakness was his optimism, which seemed to come from his belief that he had been chosen by God to serve his country. It was probably this failure to see when he was defeated (had lost) that led to his continuing attacks on the Somme and Passchendaele. Written by the modern historian, Anthony Livesey, Great Battles of World War I : 1989. www.icHistory.com

Watch the YOUTUBE clip, taken from the BBC comedy, ‘Blackadder Goes Forth.’ Think about: 1: How Haig treats his toy soldiers. 2: The conversation between Haig and Blackadder.

Haig: “You know me, I’m not a man to change my mind. Blackadder: “Yes we've noticed that” www.youtube.com/watch?v=8fVNtHQ1tTQ

Deaths from the Battle of the Somme, taken from the British War Office Records.

British

415, 000

French

195, 000

German

600, 000

‘I do not think the generals who send is over the top know what it is like down here in the trenches. The mud,

cold and rain are terrible. The Germans are not so exhausted / tired as they think. Our men cannot fight against dry men in their trenches with machine guns.’ A New Zealand Officer who fought under General Haig. Written after the war.

“Haig looked every inch like a general. He was a very intelligent man. What would have happened if he hadn't send us over the top?’. The war would have gone on and on. This was a war of attrition and it was about who could stand it the longest.” A British soldier who fought for General Haig, ‘Why did Haig send men over the top carrying packs weighing sixty pounds (over 20kg)…the answer is that once a British soldier got into a German trench he had to keep it and he needed lots of ammunition (bullets) to keep the Germans away until help could arrive.’ "The Somme" by Peter Hart.

Time to pull down Haig’s statue? Statutes were made in Britain to celebrate Haig and his role in helping win the war. But, military historian Alan Clark records that "if the dead could march, side by side in a single past the statue , it would take them four days and nights to get past the saluting base. We believe that Haig, and his blinkered view of strategy and tactics are to blame for those deaths. We do believe that Haig tried his best for the country, but we doubt his judgment and his humanity. There is one further charge against the Field Marshal: He did not share the sufferings and hardships of his troops. British soldiers lived a horrible life in the rat-infested trenches while Field Marshal Haig and his staff lived a life of luxury in a chateau (nice house) miles behind the trenches and away from the fighting. The Express Newspaper, November 1998.

General Haig, defended by son. The son of the British commander at the Somme has defended his father on the eve of the battle's 90th anniversary. Haig who was seen as hero at the end of the war but was later labelled a ‘butcher’ by some historians. His son George Alexander Eugene Douglas Haig, has spoken out to "set the record straight". He will not take any part in events to mark the battle of the Somme on Saturday. Speaking at the family country house in Melrose, however, the 88-year-old defended his father's name. "Nobody likes to see his father labelled as a butcher and I think it's very important for the good of this country to set the record straight," he said. "I found the criticism really rather difficult and sad as his leadership was paramount / most important in winning the war. The country could not get anyone better than him and the Somme broke the backs of the Germans. It was a very, very close-run thing and because of trench warfare and the weapons available, frontal attacks were the only way so deaths were inevitable. Lord Haig also spoke with affection of family life with his father. "He was not a brutish man, he was a very kind, wonderful man and by God, I miss him," he said. The Field Marshal's state funeral in 1928 was attended by more than 100,000 people. Despite the national hero worship, Haig was blamed for the war of attrition against Germany that saw hundreds of thousands die. Some 20,000 British and Allied troops died on the first day of the 1916 Battle of the Somme, which has become synonymous with military futility. Lord Haig said he thought that now people were possibly starting to realise his father's importance. "I believe it has now turned full circle and people appreciate his contribution," he said. "But it saddens me my three sisters have not survived to see it. "They died suffering from the beastly attitudes of the public towards our father. "He was a great family man. We had some marvellous times together, fishing, and having picnics. "The only time when he could be quite strict was when he was teaching me to ride a bike” Interview recorded by BBC New, Scotland, 30th June 2006. www.icHistory.com

www.icHistory.com

‘The mud was terrible. When we tried to attack it was so slow and only the shortest gain was possible. I told general Haig that success was not possible or would cost the lives of too many men. I asked him to stop the attach but he did not.’ British General Gough, 1931.

A cartoon from a British Magazine published in1 1917.

‘I would like to congratulate you on the achievement and successes you have made in this great battle. You have pushed back the enemy back with great bravery and skill even with such terrible weather.’ A telegram sent by British Prime minister Lloyd George to the British soldiers during the Battle of the Somme in 1916.

‘The German soldiers are almost finished, tired of the war, have no confidence and ready to surrender / stop fighting any day now. It is true that the amount of ground we have gained is not great. That’s nothing. The German casualties / numbers of dead have been much more than ours.’ 1916, by Haig to the

Haig was the first general to use the tank in numbers. Although they often got stuck in the mud or broke down his willingness to use tanks shows he was open to trying new ideas. Mr P Chantler, History Teacher.

Written in December 1916, by Haig to the British Prime Minister after the Battle of the Somme

A First World War anti -Haig poster: ‘Your country needs me. Like a hole in the head. Which is what most of you are going to get.’

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5qPnLO1L8Pk

In 1918 the British and French forces under Haig's command achieved a series of victories against the German army which resulted in the winning of the war.

‘Was I stupid to fight at the Somme? Surely there can be only one opinion. If we had not attacked at the Somme the Germans would have beaten the French at Verdun and the French and British alliance would have been broken. ’ From the biography of General Haig, 1935.

www. johndclare.net

He didn't even go down to see the front line trenches to see his men and dirty his boots. A good General knows what his men are going into. Haig did not. School textbook 2001.

Published in a British newspaper: 1916.

Soldiers struggling in thick mud at the battle of Ypres.

‘Haig believed in the old ways of battle when horses would charge against the enemy and smash them. This worked before the new machine gun arrived. In the first world war Haig tried and failed again and again the same idea with men against machine guns It was a mass slaughter and a such waste of human life…….. ‘Haig was a donkey. His only idea was to kill more Germans than have Germans kill his own men. This was a terrible kind of idea and was not an idea at all. He knew he had no chance of breaking through the German trenches but he still sent men to their deaths.’ Book, British Butchers Modern Historian 1985.

‘The Somme was the muddy grave (death) of the German army’. A German Officer who fought in the battle.

Find a source of your own and add it here.

‘The battle of the Somme was the most gigantic, horrible, futile and bloody fight ever fought in the history or war’. British Prime Minister Lloyd George. Written after the war in 1921 www.icHistory.com

Source

‘Who’

Source Type

Date P or S

General Haig the Hero

General Haig the Butcher

General Haig the Bungler

Source

‘Who’

Source Type

Date P or S

General Haig the Hero

General Haig the Butcher

General Haig the Bungler

Steps to success: Haig, Hero, Butcher or Bungler? Mission: follow these ‘steps to success’ to plan and write an answer to the question above.

You are now going to start the process of writing an essay. Follow these steps carefully, logically and methodically to ensure you write the best essay you can.

Phase 1: Investigation ….. Use the 16 sources and the source table. 1

Read each source highlighting or underlining the most important line /s as you go.

2

Use the source table: summarise the source to show which theory it supports.

3

Give each source a score 1-10, based on what it says (content) and its origin (provenance). Your aim is to decide how strongly the source supports the theory. theory

4

Add up the scores for each column to see which factor is most strongly supported.

5

Decide which factor was is most important. important Does your heart agree with your findings?

6

For the highest grades you should complete further research / extra reading / find sources of your own.

Phase 2: Brainstorm …... Use the brainstorm sheet. 7

Write in the scores for Hero, Butcher Bungler arguments.

8

Brainstorm your ideas to support the strongest theory.

9

Colour code any similar or linked ideas.

10 Think of a MAIN paragraph point for similar colour coded ideas.

Phase 3: Planning your essay…...use PEEE sheet. 11

Check with your teacher. Do you have a good ideas. Any personal targets for writing essays?

12

Introduction: Answer the question. Was Haig a Hero, Butcher of Bungler? Bungler Outline main factors why.

13

Write in your 3 main paragraph points in the most sensible order. order

14

Complete your plan using the PEEE principle.

15

Write a conclusion. Summarise your main line of argument. Is it possible Haig was 100 per cent Hero, Butcher of Bungler? Finish with a fresh sentence to support the thesis statement in your introduction.

Phase 4: Write a draft essay…...use lined paper 16

Write out a draft from your plan. Ensure you use connectives...firstly, moreover, furthermore, finally etc. connectives

17

For the highest grades have you included your own findings / research / sources to show further reading

18

For the highest grades you should try and make links between factors at the end of each paragraph.

19

Check your plan has a clear shape and structure, structure leaving lines between introduction, paragraphs and your conclusion.

Phase 5: Revise your essay…..use you brain, diagram, mind map, revision cards????? 20 Find a good way to remember your essay. This doesn’t mean just reading it over and over. Can you rewrite a plan from memory? www.icHistory.com

Was General Haig a Hero, Butcher or Bungler?..... Brainstorm. Discover: Discover how to brainstorm ideas Explore: how to categorise and organize these ideas Skill: Skill forming an opinion.

Hero

Butcher

Bungler

Brainstorm ideas, the categorise them below

Paragraph 1 Main Point = ______________________________________________________

Paragraph 2 Main Point = ______________________________________________________

Paragraph 3 Main Point = ______________________________________________________

Essay Plan: Was General Haig a Hero, Butcher or Bungler? Introduction: Introduction: 1: Use a full sentence to answer the question in a ‘thesis statement’ EG; General Haig was ………..

(20 marks)

2: Outline the other factors why.

1-2 marks

Points

Examples

Explain

Evidence

Evaluate

to support you point

the examples you have used

A “quote” or statistic?

Importance of point made

3-5 marks

6-8 marks

9-11 marks

1212-14 marks

1515-17 marks

Firstly, primarily primarily

1:________________ A

A

Furthermore….

Links to:

A

Also, secondly,

2:________________

Furthermore….

Links to:

Finally, Finally, in in addition.

3:________________

Furthermore….

Links to:

Conclusion: Conclusion: 1: Explain how you have shown your thesis statement to be true. Discuss main idea together and show links

1818-20 marks

The First World War, The Great War, WW1: Puzzled?

www.icHistory.com

Discover The basic facts of World War 1 Explore : the most logical way to approach a puzzle Skills: revision, logical thinking and research Across 1 A deadly type of warfare 2 A knife that fixes to the end of a rifle 5 The trigger that started the war 10 Who is this man? ( A ) 11 The failed German plan to stop war on 2 fronts 12 Bomb 13 Psychological damage of war 14 Where generals didn't like to go 15 What Russia became in 1917 19 They helped stop trench foot 20 The biggest killer in History? ( C ) 21 This country changed alliances 23 What rats liked to these eat first 26 Farming inven1on used to defend trenches 31 Where is this? ( G ) 33 Took over Russia in 1917 34 Its sinking in 1915 angered the USA 36 Helped keep feet dry 37 What this man didn't like to get dirty ( H ) 38 What is happening here? ( B )

Down 1 The end of the war 2 A cow that is mean to people! 3 What is the famous document ? ( F ) 4 The hard treaty Germany forced on the Soviets 6 The alliance between Britain, France and Russia 7 Why a European war became a World War 8 What soldiers stood on to shoot at the enemy 9 Where these soldiers are going ( D ) 16 Soldiers in the trenches did this at dawn 17 A pointless, fu1le bloody ba9le? 18 Friendship between Germany, Austria and Italy 22 The deadliest weapon in the war 24 The treaty to punish Germany a:er the war 25 The biggest naval ba9le of the war 27 Britain’s method to strangle Germany 28 Failed A.N.Z.A.C. a9acks on Turkey 29 Worse than the black rats 30 Your country needs….. 32 Who is this….clue = USA ? ( E ) 35 German submarines

The When And What of World War One.

1917 1919 1914 1882 1914 1871 1917 1916 1907 1918 1914 1918

Review: the dates and events of WW1 Prac ce: pung years dates into centuries : Skills: melines and chronology

L

A

Ferdinand Assassinated

B

Bale of the Somme

C

Ludendorff Offensive Fails

D

Triple Alliance Signed

E

The First World War Ends

F

The USA Enters the War

G

‘Russia’ Leaves the War

H

Treaty of Versailles

I

Franco-Prussian War

J

Schlieffen Plan Fails

K

Triple Entente Signed

L

Christmas Day Truce

1871

C: 19th

C:

C:

C:

C:

C:

C:

C:

C:

C:

C:

C:

History Assessment: The First World War. Student Name : _____________________________ Class : __________

www.icHistory.com

Part A: A Skill, knowledge. Decide if the following statements are true or false by circling below. 1:Germany was totally to blame for starting the war

True

False

2: The fighting only took place in Europe

True

3: The war began in 1914. This is in the 20th century

True

False

False

4: Most of the fighting took place in Russia

True

Part B: B Skill, chronology. Read the instructions on the timeline below. 1914

1916

1914

1907

1917

1914

False

/5

5: Turkey and India fought on the same side as Austria and Germany

True

(perfect chronology bonus +2)

1918

1918

1917

False / 12 1870

COLOMBUS

First World War Timeline: Put the dates into chronological order then match with the events shown in the pictures

Part C: C Skill: Vocabulary. Insert the word that fits the definition. 1

The people you are fighting against

2

A agreement to stop fighting

3

A long gun

4

Someone who is hurt or injured

5

The exposed (open) land between trenches

6

Large guns or weapons

7

To win a war by killing the most soldiers

8

A knife that is fixed to the end of a long gun

9

A fight between planes in the sky

10

A strong type of bias, designed to change the way people think

(perfect spelling bonus +2)

/ 12

Part D: D Skill: source analysis and evaluation. Complete on the source template provided below

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‘Haig was a very professional soldier with good intelligence and like most Scottish people he was brave and stubborn. But he did not have the necessary ideas or vision to plan a great battle against some of the best generals of the war. I never met a man in such a high position who seemed to me so utterly without imagination.’ Lloyd George, in his war memoirs recorded in 1928 . He was the British Prime minister during the First World War. Who created this source: _______________________ their job, role or position: ___________________________ Who is it for / audience: __________________________________________________________________________ When was it created:

Year:____ Century: ____ BCE

CE

Primary

Secondary

Tertiary

Where is the person who created the source from ? ___________________________________________________ What type of source is it: Letter / Speech / Diary / Other : ____________________________________________ What is the content of the source. Summarise in your own words and don’t copy out lines from the source Firstly the source says: ____________________________________________________________________________ Furthermore it reveals:____________________________________________________________________________ Additionally it illustrates :_________________________________________________________________________ Finally it shows us :______________________________________________________________________________ Why was the source created. Is there a special reason or motive ? ______________________________________________________________________________________________ Below, give your evaluation of the source, deciding if it is a reliable or unreliable. Score out of ten then choose 2 of the 5W’s and

When

Who

Is the person trustworthy?

Secondary sources may get changed over +me. The person was not there, but they can be wri%en with less emo+on and using more informa+on not available at the +me..

Could the ‘audience’ influence what is said or wri%en?

Unreliable

Where

Primary sources from a good eyewitness may be truthful, but they can also be confused or emo+onal. Primary sources may be recorded a long +me a-er the event so the person may have forgo%en some details.

Could the person know things others do not?

1

2

3

4

Unreliable

Where a person comes from may influence the reliability of a source. For example, a German in 1942 may be biased towards a Jewish person and a Jewish person may feel angry towards Germans even today.

5

6

7

What

8

Reliable

Uses facts Balanced Softer Language Calm Clear Modest Understates Objective Corroborated

Uses opinions One sided Strong Language Emotional Confused Boastful Exaggerates Subjective X Corroborated

9

10

Why Does the person have a mo+ve or a reason to lie? Does the person have a reason to tell the truth? Could it be propaganda?

Reliable

1: Who When Where What Why, (circle) may / may not, make the source reliable because: _______________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________ Example from the source ? “______________________________________________________________________” 2: Who When Where What Why, (circle) may / may not, make the source reliable because: _______________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________ Example from the source ? “______________________________________________________________________” 3:Any other ideas why the source may or may not be reliable, e.g. is it corroborated by other information? _______________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________ ,17=7c, c,18=7b,19=7a, Level Indicator: 1= 1, 2=2a ,3=2b 4=2a, 5=3c ,6=3b ,7=3a ,8=4c ,9=4b ,10=4a ,11=5c ,12=5b ,13=5a ,14=6C ,15=6b ,16=6A ,17=7 c,18=7b,19=7a, 20=8. www.icHistory.com

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Part E: E Skill: sentence construction / knowledge. Answer the following using a full sentence.

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1: Why did a fight between European countries develop into a world war? (2) ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2: Give one reason why the Schlieffen plan failed (2) ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3: Why did the Zimmermann Telegram bring the USA into the war? (2) ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________

Part F: F Skill: Knowledge and understanding. List four problems faced by soldiers living in the trenches

/4

R_______________________________________________________________________________________________ T_______________________________________________________________________________________________ S________________________________________________________________________________________________ F________________________________________________________________________________________________

Part G: G Skill: Knowledge. List three major factors why the Central Powers lost the war

/3

1:__________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2:__________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3:__________________________________________________________________________________________________

Part H: Skill: Causation: Circle if the following are long term, short term causes or trigger events

/4

The Bri+sh German Naval Race

The Franco Prussian War

The assassina+on of Archduke Ferdinand

The Scramble for Africa

Long / Short / Trigger

Long / Short / Trigger

Long / Short / Trigger

Long / Short / Trigger

Part I Skill: essay. Was Haig a Hero, Butcher or Bungler? Answer on lined paper or template

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Part J: Teacher’s credits: bewish awarded by your teacher. Do to you to modify this assessment for your students?

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The original Microso Publisher file for this ac$vity is available free via ‘contact me’ at www.icHistory.com, or email Phil at : Listening [email protected] Classwork Verbal _____ 4

Assessment Score:

_____ 4

Homework

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

_____ 4

H

I

J

____ / 100

Was General Haig a Hero, Butcher or a Bungler? II N T R O

I P A R A O N E

I P A R A T W O

I P A R A T H R E E

C O N

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