The European Union at the United Nations

Palgrave Studies in European Union Politics Edited by: Michelle Egan, American University USA, Neill Nugent, Manchester Metropolitan University, UK, William Paterson, University of Birmingham, UK Editorial Board: Christopher Hill, Cambridge, UK, Simon Hix, London School of Economics, UK, Mark Pollack, Temple University, USA, Kalypso Nicolaïdis, Oxford UK, Morten Egeberg, University of Oslo, Norway, Amy Verdun, University of Victoria, Canada Palgrave Macmillan is delighted to announce the launch of a new books series on the European Union. Following on the sustained success of the acclaimed European Union Series, which essentially publishes research-based textbooks, Palgrave Studies in European Union Politics will publish research-driven monographs. The remit of the series is broadly defined, both in terms of subject and academic discipline. All topics of significance concerning the nature and operation of the European Union potentially fall within the scope of the series. The series is multidisciplinary to reflect the growing importance of the EU as a political and social phenomenon. We will welcome submissions from the areas of political studies, international relations, political economy, public and social policy and sociology. Titles include: Heather Grabbe THE EU’S TRANSFORMATIVE POWER Lauren M. McLaren IDENTITY, INTERESTS AND ATTITUDES TO EUROPEAN INTEGRATION Justus Schönlau DRAFTING THE EU CHARTER Rights, Legitimacy and Process Katie Verlin Laatikainen and Karen E. Smith (editors) THE EUROPEAN UNION AT THE UNITED NATIONS

The European Union at the United Nations Intersecting Multilateralisms Edited by

Katie Verlin Laatikainen Associate Professor of Political Science Adelphi University, USA and

Karen E. Smith Reader in International Relations London School of Economics, UK

Editorial matter, selection, introduction and conclusion © Katie Verlin Laatikainen, Karen E. Smith 2006 All remaining chapters © respective authors 2006

Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2006 978-1-4039-9534-6 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published in 2006 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 Companies and representatives throughout the world. PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave Macmillan division of St. Martin’s Press, LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. Macmillan® is a registered trademark in the United States, United Kingdom and other countries. Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European Union and other countries.

ISBN 978-1-349-54473-8 ISBN 978-0-230-50373-1 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9780230503731 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The European Union at the United Nations : intersecting multilateralisms / edited by Katie Verlin Laatikainen and Karen E. Smith. p. cm. – (Palgrave studies in European Union politics) Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. United Nations – European Union countries. 2. European Union. 3. International cooperation. 4. International relations. 5. Security, International. I. Laatikainen, Katie Verlin, 1965– II. Smith, Karen E., 1965 July 19– III. Series. JZ4997.5.E87E87 2006 341.23—dc22 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 15 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 Transferred to digital printing in 2008.

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Contents List of Tables and Figures

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Notes on the Contributors

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List of Abbreviations

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1 Introduction – The European Union at the United Nations: Leader, Partner or Failure? Katie Verlin Laatikainen and Karen E. Smith

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Part I Background and framework

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2 EU Representation and Coordination within the United Nations Mary Farrell

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Part II The Politics of National Interest and EU Policy Coordination in the UN 3 The European Powers in the Security Council: Differing Interests, Differing Arenas Christopher Hill 4 Pushing Soft Power: Middle Power Diplomacy at the UN Katie Verlin Laatikainen 5 Returned to Europe? The Central and East European Member States at the Heart of the European Union Elisabeth Johansson-Nogués

47 49 70

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Part III The EU in UN Policy Arenas

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6 Effective Multilateralism and Collective Security: Empowering the UN Sven Biscop and Edith Drieskens

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7 The EU in Geneva: Coordinating Policy in the Economic and Social Arrangements of the United Nations System Paul Taylor

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8 The European Union, Human Rights and the United Nations Karen E. Smith 9 EU-UN Environmental Relations: Shared Competence and Effective Multilateralism Chad Damro

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Part IV Conclusions

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10 Intersecting Multilateralisms: The European Union and Multilateral Institutions Knud Erik Jørgensen

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Bibliography

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Index

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List of Tables and Figures Tables 1.1 EU member-state voting cohesion during UN General Assembly roll-call votes, 1991–2000 2.1 EU coordination at the UN General Assembly and UN Security Council 2.2 EU statements at the UN 2000–05 3.1 EU states elected members of the UN Security Council, 1985–2006 4.1 Nordic cohesion on Roll-Call Votes in the General Assembly 4.2 Joint Nordic statements before the UN General Assembly and its Main Committees, 1990–2005 7.1 European Commission cooperation with UN bodies 8.1 EU statements and explanations of vote/position 8.2 Resolutions introduced by the EU

11 34 35 60 79 80 135 158 159

Figures 1.1 Organizational chart of the United Nations 5.1 Temporal evolution of the percentage of agreement between the EC/EU majority and selected CEECs (EC/EU ⫽ 100 per cent) for the period 1983–2003 8.1 EU voting cohesion in the CHR 8.2 EU voting cohesion in the Third Committee

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Notes on the Contributors Sven Biscop is a senior research fellow in the Royal Institute for International Relations (IRRI-KIIB), a Brussels-based think tank associated with the Belgian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. He is professor of European security at the University of Gent, associate lecturer in the MA in international politics at the Université Libre de Bruxelles, and cocoordinator for IRRI-KIIB of the Higher Studies in Security and Defence, co-organized with Belgium’s Royal Defence College. He has published The European Security Strategy – A Global Agenda for Positive Power (Ashgate, 2005). Chad Damro is Lecturer in Politics and Co-Programme Director of the MSc in International and European Politics at the University of Edinburgh. He received his BA in international studies and political science from the University of Wisconsin-Oshkosh, an MA in International Relations from Syracuse University, and a PhD in political science from the University of Pittsburgh. He worked in the European Program at the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) in Washington, DC. In 2000, he was an EU Fulbright Scholar at the Vrije Universiteit Brussel in Brussels, Belgium. Most recently, he was a Jean Monnet Fellow at the European University Institute’s Robert Schuman Center for Advanced Studies in Florence, Italy, in 2002–03. He has written a number of journal articles and contributions to edited volumes. His current research focuses on the European Union in international affairs and transatlantic economic (in particular trade and competition) and environmental relations. Edith Drieskens is working at the Institute of International and European Policy at Leuven University (KULeuven), Belgium. She holds masters degrees in Political Sciences, European Studies and American Studies. Her PhD research focuses on the representation behaviour of the EU member states in the UN Security Council, especially regarding the creation of multilateral economic sanctions regimes for security purposes. Mary Farrell received her PhD in 1996 from the London School of Economics, Department of International Relations. She is currently Senior Research Fellow at Centre d’Etudes et de Recherches viii

Notes on the Contributors

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Internationales, and Associate Professor at Sciences Po, Paris. She is the author of Global Politics of Regionalism and editor of the special edition of European Foreign Affairs Review, Winter 2005, on ‘Exporting the EU Model of Governance?’. Her research interests include the reform of global governance; world order and regional order; the international relations of the EU; African regional integration. Christopher Hill has held the Sir Patrick Sheehy Professorship of International Relations at Cambridge University since October 2004. From 1991 to 2004, he was the Montague Burton Professor of International Relations at the London School of Economics. He is the author of 70 scholarly articles and book chapters, as well as the author, joint author or editor of nine books, including Cabinet Decisions on Foreign Policy (CUP, 1991), and (joint editor with Pamela Beshoff), Two Worlds of International Relations: Academics, Practitioners and the Trade in Ideas (Routledge, 1994). The most recent are: (joint editor with Karen Smith) Documents on European Foreign Policy (London: Routledge, 2000); The Changing Politics of Foreign Policy (Palgrave, 2003). Elisabeth Johansson-Nogués is a researcher at the Institut Universitari d’Estudis Europeus, at Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. She holds a Master’s degree and is working on a PhD in International Relations from the same university. Her most recent publications include: ‘A “Ring of Friends”? The Implications of the European Neighbourhood Policy for the Mediterranean’, Mediterranean Politics; ‘The Fifteen and the Accession States in the UN General Assembly: What Future for European Foreign Policy in the Coming Together of the “Old” and the “New” Europe?’, European Foreign Affairs Review; and with Esther Barbé (eds) Beyond Enlargement: The New Members and New Frontiers of the Enlarged European Union, Bellaterra: Institut Universitari d’Estudis Europeus, 2003. Knud Erik Jørgensen is Jean Monnet Professor in European Politics in the Department of Political Science at the University of Aarhus. He is the editor of Cooperation and Conflict. He has previously edited (with Karin Fierke) Constructing International Relations: The Next Generation (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe Publishers, 2001); (with Thomas Christiansen and Antje Wiener) The Social Construction of Europe (London: Sage, 2001); European Approaches to Crisis Management (The Hague: Kluwer International, 1997); and Reflective Approaches to European Governance (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1997). He has published in journals such as Journal of European Public Policy, European Journal of International Relations, Cooperation and Conflict, Journal of International Relations and Development, and Journal of Common

x Notes on the Contributors

Market Studies. He has also contributed numerous book chapters. Currently he is preparing a handbook on EU politics. Katie Verlin Laatikainen (co-editor) is an Associate Professor of Political Science and International Studies at Adelphi University in New York. Adelphi has NGO status at the United Nations and she serves as its representative. She has written a number of articles and book chapters related to EU and Nordic politics. Her current research focuses on the role of the EU at the United Nations, and recent relevant publications include ‘Norden’s Eclipse: The Impact of the European Union’s Common Foreign and Security Policy on Nordic Cooperation in the United Nations’ in Cooperation and Conflict and ‘Assessing the EU as an Actor at the UN’ in CFSP Forum, vol. 2, no. 1, 2004. Karen E. Smith (co-editor) is Reader in International Relations, and Director of the European Foreign Policy Unit, at the London School of Economics and Political Science. She has written extensively on the foreign relations of the European Union. She is the author of The Making of EU Foreign Policy: The Case of Eastern Europe (2nd edition, Palgrave, 2004; 1st edition, Macmillan, 1999), European Union Foreign Policy in a Changing World (Polity, 2003), co-editor (with Margot Light) of Ethics and Foreign Policy (Cambridge University Press 2001), and co-editor (with Christopher Hill) of European Foreign Policy: Key Documents (Routledge, 2000). She is the editor of CFSP Forum, the online newsletter of the FORNET research network on European foreign policy (www.fornet.info). Paul Taylor is Professor of International Relations, and, until July 2004, Director of the European Institute, at the London School of Economics. He specializes in international organization within the European Union and the United Nations system. Most recently he has published International Organization in the Age of Globalization (London: Continuum, 2003, paperback version, January, 2005); The European Union in the 1990s (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996), and International Organization in the Modern World (London: Pinter, 1993). His earlier work includes International Cooperation Today: The European and the Universal Pattern (London: Elek Books, 1971) and The Limits of European Integration (London: Croom Helm, and New York: Columbia University Press, 1983). He has edited and contributed to a number of books on international organization, with A.J.R.Groom, and with Daws and Adamczick-Gerteis (Documents on the Reform of the United Nations, Ashgate, 1997), and was editor of the Review of International Studies between 1994 and 1997.

List of Abbreviations ACP ASEAN AU CANZ CEECs CHR CFSP COHOM COP CSD CSP DG DPA DPKO DRC EC ECHO ECJ ECOSOC EEG EFTA EP EPC ESDP EU EUPM FAO G-77 GA GATT GNI GRULAC JHA JUSCANZ IAEA ICAO

African, Caribbean and Pacific countries Association of South-East Asian Nations African Union Canada, Australia, New Zealand (caucus group) Central and East European countries Commission on Human Rights Common Foreign and Security Policy Council Working Group on Human Rights Conference of the Parties Commission on Sustainable Development Country Strategy Paper Directorate-General Department of Political Affairs Department of Peacekeeping Operations Democratic Republic of Congo European Community European Community Humanitarian Office European Court of Justice Economic and Social Council Eastern Europe Group European Free Trade Association European Parliament European Political Cooperation European Security and Defence Policy European Union European Union Police Mission (Bosnia-Herzegovina) Food and Agricultural Organization Group of 77 (developing countries) General Assembly General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade Gross National Income Latin America Group Justice and Home Affairs Japan, US, Canada, Australia, New Zealand (caucus group) International Atomic Energy Agency International Civil Aviation Organization xi

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List of Abbreviations

ICC IFAD ILO IMF IMO ISAF ITC ITU KFOR MDGs MONUC NAC NATO NYLO OAU OCHA OECD OHCHR OIC OSCE P-5 PBC PHARE PSC TEU UK UN UNAIDS UNCED UNCTAD UNDCP UNDP UNECE UNEP UNESCO UNFCCC

International Criminal Court International Fund for Agricultural Development International Labour Organization International Monetary Fund International Maritime Organization International Stabilization Force (Afghanistan) International Trade Centre International Telecommunications Union NATO Kosovo Force Millennium Development Goals United Nations Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo New Agenda Coalition North Atlantic Treaty Organization New York Liaison Office Organization of African Unity Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Assistance Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights Organization of the Islamic Conference Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe Permanent Five (Members of the Security Council) Peacebuilding Commission Poland/Hungary: Assistance for Restructuring Economies Political and Security Committee Treaty on European Union United Kingdom United Nations Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS United Nations Conference on Environment and Development United Nations Conference on Trade and Development United Nations International Drug Control Programme United Nations Development Programme United Nations Economic Commission for Europe United Nations Environment Programme United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

List of Abbreviations xiii

UNFPA UNGA UNHCR UNICEF UNIDO UNRWA UNSC US USSR WEOG WFP WHO WIPO WTO

United Nations Fund for Population Activities United Nations General Assembly United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees United Nations Children’s Fund United Nations Industrial Development Organization United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East United Nations Security Council United States Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Western Europe and Other Group World Food Programme World Health Organization World Intellectual Property Organization World Trade Organization