The EU Raw Materials Initiative - Research and Innovation in view of Critical Raw Materials for the EU -
Rare Metals as bottlenecks in the supply chain of low-carbon energy technologies Brussels, 16December 2010
European Commission Enterprise and Industry European Commission Enterprise and Industry
Antje Wittenberg Metals, Minerals, Raw Materials RMI | A. Wittenberg | 03.12.2010 | 1/26
World Metal Price
1995-2010
6.08.2010 accident in a small size Cu-mine, Chile
European Commission Enterprise and Industry
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The Raw Materials Initiative Integrated strategy based on three pillars support by R&D and innovation
European Commission Enterprise and Industry
Ensuring access to raw materials from International Markets under the same conditions as other industrial competitors
Right framework conditions within the EU
Boosting resource efficiency and recycling
in order to foster sustainable supply from European sources
to reduce the EU's consumption of primary raw materials
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Define critical raw materials
European Commission Enterprise and Industry
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Methodology 41 raw materials analysed Time horizon: 10 years A pragmatic approach Three main aggregated indicators ►
economic importance
►
supply risks
►
environmental country risks
European Commission Enterprise and Industry
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41 raw materials analysed Aluminum
Antimony
Barytes
Bauxite
Bentonite
Beryllium
Borates
Chromium
Clays (incl. kaolin)
Cobalt
Copper
Diatomite
Feldspar
Fluorspar
Gallium
Germanium
Graphite
Gypsum
Indium
Iron ore
Limestone
Lithium
Magnesite
Magnesium
Manganese Perlite
Molybdenum Nickel Platinum Group Metals (PGMs)
Rare earths (REE)
Rhenium
Silica sand
Silver
Talc
Tantalum
Tellurium
Titanium
Tungsten
Vanadium
Niobium
Zinc European Commission Enterprise and Industry
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Economic importance Importance for economic value chain and emerging (key) technologies Renewable energy: solar cells, wind turbines Energy efficiency: hybrid and electric cars, LED lighting, batteries Electronics: flat screens, mobile phones Aerospace: light weight alloys European Commission Enterprise and Industry
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Emerging technologies Raw material
Production 2006 [t]
Demand emerging tech. 2006 [t]
Demand emerging tech. 2030 [t]
Gallium
152
28
603
Indium
581
234
Germanium
100
Neodymium
Demand/ prod. 2030
Factor
0.18
3.97
22
1.911
0.40
3.29
8.2
28
220
0.28
2.20
7.9
16.800
4.000
27.900
0.23
1.66
7.2
Platinum
255
very small
345
0
1.35
Tantalum
1.384
551
1.410
0.40
1.02
2.5
Silver
19.051
5.342
15.823
0.28
0.83
2.9
Cobalt
62.279
12.820
26.860
0.21
0.43
2.1
Palladium
267
23
77
0.09
0.29
3.2
Titanium
7.211.000
15.397
58.148
0.08
0.29
3.6
Copper
15.093.000
1.410.000
3.696.070
0.09
0.24
2.7
European Commission Enterprise and Industry
Demand/ prod. 2006
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Emerging technologies
(2)
Raw material
Emerging technologies
Antimony
Antimony-Tin-Oxide (~ In-Sn-O), micro capacitors
Cobalt
Li-ion batteries, synthetic fuels
Gallium
Semi-conductors, thin layer photovoltaics, IC, WLED
Germanium
Fibre optic cable, IR optical technology
Indium
Displays, thin layer photovoltaics
Platinum (PGM)
Fuel cells, catalysts
Palladium (PGM)
Catalysts, seawater desalination
Niobium
Micro capacitors, ferroalloys
Neodymium (REE) Permanent magnets, laser technology Tantalum European Commission Enterprise and Industry
Micro capacitors, medical technology
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US-Report • Permanent magnets (used in wind turbines and electric vehicles) • Advanced batteries (used in electric vehicles) • Thin-film semiconductors (used in photovoltaic power systems) • Phosphors (used in high-efficiency lighting systems) European Commission Enterprise and Industry
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US
European Commission Enterprise and Industry
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European Commission Enterprise and Industry
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Critical raw materials High supply risks High share of the worldwide production ►
China (antimony, fluorspar, gallium, germanium, graphite, indium, magnesium, REE, tungsten)
►
Russia (PGM)
►
Congo (cobalt, tantalum)
►
Brazil (niobium, tantalum)
Low substitutability ►
REE, PGM
Low recycling rates ►
When used in very low concentrations
European Commission Enterprise and Industry
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e an ng e M ao n i t nt Be ne to d e s sa n L imli caSi
0,10 0,60
Va na di
Tu
ng
n
se
European Commission Enterprise and Industry 1,10 s te
um
1,60 2,10 2,60
Ra
re
Ea
r th
s
l li u m Ma gn es i um An ti m on y Ge rm an i um
Ga
di u m Be ry ll i Ni um ob iu m
In
M Gr ap F lu h i t or e sp ar
PG
Zi T C o n c i t an pp ium A lu Nie r m c ke Te in u l l lu m ri u I B a m T ro n an ux ta R h Mitoe lu m B oe n iu ly b d ra t m en e um Co ba l C h L itth r o iu m m M a iu m gn es i te
Environmental country risk Ranking of eligible raw materials according to their environmental country risk
REE
3,10 3,60 4,10
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Risk analysis Clays
European Commission Enterprise and Industry
Zinc
RMI | A. Wittenberg | 03.12.2010 | 15/26
Risk analysis Lithium
European Commission Enterprise and Industry
REE
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Critical raw materials 5,0 Rare Earths 4,5
4,0 PGM 3,5
Supply Risk
3,0 Germanium 2,5
Antimony
Niobium
Magnesium Gallium
Indium
2,0
Tungsten Fluorspar
Barytes
1,5
Beryllium
Graphite Cobalt
Tantalum
1,0
0,5
Diatomite
Perlite
Talc 0,0 3,0
4,0
Clays
5,0
6,0
Magnesite
Rhenium
Lithium Limestone Borate Gypsum Bentonite Silica Silver Copper Feldspar Titanium
Tellurium Iron
7,0
8,0
Chromium Vanadium
Molybdenum Manganese Zinc Nickel Aluminum Bauxite 9,0
10,0
Economic Importance
European Commission Enterprise and Industry
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14 critical raw materials Graphite
Fluorspar
Platinum Group Metals (PGM)
Rare Earth Elements (REE)
European Commission Enterprise and Industry
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European Commission Enterprise and Industry
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R&D - preliminary findings
European Commission Enterprise and Industry
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Material Flows raw materials avilibility ► Primary
raw materials – bas metal and by-product relationship (e.g. Zn – In)
► Recovery ► Urban
European Commission Enterprise and Industry
rate and reclyling
mining and landfills
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Thank you for your attention ! References: Report on critical raw materials: http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/raw-materials/critical/index_en.htm Report on best practices in area of land use planning, permitting and geological knowledge: http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/raw-materials/sustainable-supply/index_en.htm Natura 2000 guidelines: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/management/guidance_en.htm Trade raw materials activity report 2009: http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2010/june/tradoc_146207.pdf Communication on the EU 2020 Flagship Initiative Innovation Union: http://ec.europa.eu/research/innovation-union/pdf/innovation-union-communication_en.pdf
European Commission Enterprise and Industry
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Recommendations Two types of recommendations
follow-up and further support
policy-oriented recommendations (areas where measures should be undertaken)
European Commission Enterprise and Industry
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Follow up and further support Up-date the list every 5 years and enlarge the scope Improve the availability and quality of statistical information and prepare a Yearbook Carry out further studies, e.g. competition to land use, « cradle-to-grave » LCAs, emerging technologies Establish a sub-group of the Raw Material Supply Group on criticality European Commission Enterprise and Industry
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Policy-oriented
(2)
Recycling ►
Improve collection
►
Prevent illegal exports of End-of-Life products
►
Promote research
Substitution ►
Promote research
Material Efficiency ►
Minimise the raw material used
►
Minimise raw material losses
European Commission Enterprise and Industry
RMI | A. Wittenberg | 03.12.2010 | 25/26
1,E+02
European Commission Enterprise and Industry
hed stone Gr av S ands el an d pe Mon b bl es ume Lim ntal s t one estones a Clay ggr egat e s and s shale Calc s areo us m Dolomi t e a s si Mar b le an ve st one d t ra vert in e Gr Sand anit st o n e Mar b S l la e t a e Natu ral b nd t raver it ume t ine n / as pha Gr an lt it e tot al Othe Sil ic Gy r che mi ca psum an a sands l and d fer tili anhydrit e ser m Mar b l e ag inerals greg ates Kaol in Chal k Fir ec Kaol la y initi c cl ays Prec Abra ious sives / sem i- pr e cious Nat ural Bent onit e p st on es (e hosphat e cl . in s Prec ds. diam ious meta onds) ls Ir on tot al (excl . roa sted Mixtu i ron pyr it e r es o f e. g s) s Alum l ag i nium Unr o Nick asted el i Lead ron pyri te , zi nc s and t in Ot he Co r non -f erro pper us m etal tot al
Crus
volume [kg] 1,E+10
Construction Materials Industrial Minerals Metals
1,E+09
1,E+07 1,E+06
1,E+06 1,E+05
1,E+05 1,E+04
1,E+03
value [tds. €]
NE Extractive Industry EU27 1,E+08
1,E+07
1,E+08
1,E+04
1,E+03
1,E+02
volume [kg]
value [tds €]
EU 2007, Eurostat last up date 09/09/2010
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Efficiency & recycling
3rd pillar
Huge potential of EU’s Urban Mines Tackle illegal shipment of waste to third countries through a more harmonised enforcement of Waste Shipment Regulation Develop best practices in the area of collection and treatment of key waste streams Develop eco-design measures aimed at fostering more efficient use of raw materials in products European Commission Enterprise and Industry
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Increase resource efficiency
3rd pillar
The Commission plans to publish a Roadmap on how to move towards a resource efficient Europe by summer 2011. The roadmap will set out specific resource efficiency objectives, and how to meet them, based on actions up to 2020 with a time perspective of up to 2050.
European Commission Enterprise and Industry
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Promote research
2nd pillar
Under FP7 new funding opportunities have recently been created for projects on: ► Advanced
underground technologies for intelligent mining
► Substitution
of critical raw materials
► Coordination
of activities in Member States in the area of the industrial handling of raw material
European Commission Enterprise and Industry
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