The Book of Extended Abstracts

The 3rd International CUA Graduate Students Symposium ‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬ University ...
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The 3rd International CUA Graduate Students Symposium

‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬

University of Mohaghegh Ardabili

‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬

June 5-6, 2016

‫ خردادماه‬71-71

The Book of Extended Abstracts The Youth View The 3rd International Caucasus Universities Association Graduate Students Symposium 05-06 June 2016, Ardabil, Iran

Organized by: University of Mohaghegh Ardabili The Caucasus Universities Association

Sponsored by: Ardabil University of Medical Sciences Islamic Azad University, Ardabil Branch University of Applied Science and Technology

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‫‪The 3rd International CUA Graduate‬‬ ‫‪Students Symposium‬‬

‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬

‫‪University of Mohaghegh Ardabili‬‬

‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬

‫‪June 5-6, 2016‬‬

‫‪ 71-71‬خردادماه‬

‫‪2‬‬

The 3rd International CUA Graduate Students Symposium

‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬

University of Mohaghegh Ardabili

‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬

June 5-6, 2016

‫ خردادماه‬71-71

The Youth View The 3rd International Caucasus Universities Association Graduate Students Symposium Caucasus and Beyond, with Its Language, Literature, Arts, Economy, Sociology, Science, History and Culture

The symposium aims to increase the cultural interaction between postgraduate students in CUA member universities, exchange ideas related to literature in the region, and promote students for future planning together. It is held in Ardabil in remembrance of Shah Ismail Khataei by the University of Mohaghegh Ardabil and Caucasus University Association with the contribution of Abroad Turkish Citizens and Relative Communities, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Ardabil Branch, and the Ardabil University of Applied Sciences and Technology.

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The 3rd International CUA Graduate Students Symposium

‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬

University of Mohaghegh Ardabili

‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬

June 5-6, 2016

‫ خردادماه‬71-71

Organizing Committee: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Goudarz Sadeghi Hashjin (University of Mohaghegh Ardabili) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ahmad Yousefian Darani (University of Mohaghegh Ardabili) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Reza Abdi (University of Mohaghegh Ardabili) Prof. Dr. Ghadir Golkarian (Near East University) Prof. Dr. Gürkan DOĞAN (Ardahan University) Prof. Dr. Orhan SÖYLEMEZ (Ardahan University) Prof. Dr. Roin KAVRELİŞVİLİ (Ardahan University)

Scientific Committee: Prof. Dr. Yousef Abbaspour (University of Mohaghegh Ardabili) Prof. Dr. Erdoğan ALTINKAYNAK (Ardahan University) Prof. Dr. Ercan ALKAYA (Fırat University) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ahmet ALİ ASLAN (Ardahan University) Assist. Prof. Dr. Mustafa ASLAN (Yıldırım Beyazıt University) Assist. Prof. Dr. Erdal AYDOĞMUŞ (Ardahan University) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Tamilla ALİYEVA (Ardahan University) Assist. Prof. Dr. Vedi AŞKAROĞLU (Ardahan University) Assist. Prof. Dr. Samet AZAP (Ardahan University) Prof. Dr. Ayabek BAYNİYAZOV (Ardahan University) Assist. Prof. Dr. Âdem BALKAYA (Kafkas University) Prof. Dr. Hakkı BÜYÜKBAŞ (Ardahan University) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nergis BİRAY (Pamukkale University) Prof. Dr. Alpaslan CEYLAN (Ardahan University) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Talip DOĞAN (Yıldırım Beyazıt University) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mitat DURMUŞ (Kars Kafkas University) Prof. Dr. Gürkan DOĞAN (Ardahan University) Assist. Prof. Dr. Şakir EŞİTTİ (Ardahan University) Assist. Prof. Dr. Ufuk ERDEM (Ardahan University) Assist. Prof. Dr. Fatih EGE (Ardahan University) Assist. Prof. Dr. Nasrin EGHBALİ (University of Mohaghegh Ardabili) Assist. Prof. Dr. Abdullah ELCAN (Ardahan University) Prof. Dr. Ülkü ELİUZ (Karadeniz Technical University) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mehmet EROL (Kilis 7 Aralık University) Prof. Dr. Ahmet Evren ERGİNAL (Ardahan University) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Abdullah Eren (Ordu University) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ranetta GAFFAROVA (Ardahan University) Assist. Prof. Dr. Hanzade GÜZELOVA (Ardahan University) Prof. Dr. Ghadir GOLKARIAN (Near East University)

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The 3rd International CUA Graduate Students Symposium

‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬

University of Mohaghegh Ardabili

‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬

June 5-6, 2016

‫ خردادماه‬71-71

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Türkan GÖZÜTOK (Karabük University) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ahmet İÇLİ (Ardahan University) Assist. Prof. Dr. Meheddin İSPİR (Kafkas University) Prof. Dr. Ahmet KARTAL (Eskişehir Osmangazi University) Prof. Dr. Roin KAVRELİŞVİLİ (Ardahan University) Prof. Dr. Alaaddin KARACA (Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University) Prof. Dr. Ceval KAYA (Ardahan University) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ferhat KARABULUT (Celal Bayar University) Prof. Dr. Zekeriya KARADAVUT (Akdeniz University) Prof. Dr. Emel KEFELİ (İstanbul 29 Mayıs University) Prof. Dr. Filiz KILIÇ (Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli University) Assist. Prof. Dr. Mehmet KILDIROĞLU (Ardahan University) Prof. Dr. Ramazan KORKMAZ (Ardahan University) Assist. Prof. Dr. Levent KÜÇÜK (Ardahan University) Prof. Dr. Muhsin MACİT (Anadolu University) Dr. Seiffollah MODABBER (University of Mohaghegh Ardabili) Assist. Prof. Dr. Nurgül MOLDALIEVA (Ardahan University) Dr. Faroug NASİRİ (University of Mohaghegh Ardabili) Prof. Dr. Mohammad NARİMANİ (University of Mohaghegh Ardabili) Assist. Prof. Dr. Mayrambek OROZOBAYEV (Ardahan University) Prof. Dr. M. Hanefi PALABIYIK (Atatürk University) Prof. Dr. Hossein SHAYEGİ (University of Mohaghegh Ardabili) Prof. Dr. Ma’refat SİYAHKOUHİAN (University of Mohaghegh Ardabili) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Makbule SARIKAYA (Ardahan University) Prof. Dr. Orhan SÖYLEMEZ (Ardahan University) Assist. Prof. Dr. Chinara SASYKULOVA (Ardahan University) Prof. Dr. İbrahim ŞAHİN (Eskişehir Osmangazi University) Assist. Prof. Dr. Fatih ŞAYHAN (Ardahan University) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Bahattin ŞİMŞEK (Ardahan University) Assist. Prof. Dr. Oğuz ŞİMŞEK (Ardahan University) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Muammer Mete TAŞLIOVA (Yıldırım Beyazıt University Assist. Prof. Dr. Mehmet TERZİ (Artvin Çoruh University) Prof. Dr. Vahit TÜRK (İstanbul Kültür University) Prof. Dr. Enver TÖRE (Artvin Çoruh University)

5

The 3rd International CUA Graduate Students Symposium

‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬

University of Mohaghegh Ardabili

‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬

June 5-6, 2016

‫ خردادماه‬71-71

Secretariat: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Reza Abdı (University of Mohaghegh Ardabili) Fatma AKTEMUR (Ardahan University) Roya Rassizadeh (University of Mohaghegh Ardabili) Amin Anvarzadeh (University of Mohaghegh Ardabili) Ali Afzal Ghaffarı (University of Mohaghegh Ardabili) Gülşah BEYOĞLU (Ardahan University) Academic Candan TÜMER (Ardahan University) Ress. Asst. Emine GÜVEN (Ardahan University) Ress. Asst. Fatih KURTULMUŞ (Ardahan University) Academic Eser KARADENİZ (Ardahan University) Hilal KILIÇLIOĞLU (Ardahan University) Ress. Asst. Ferhat UZUNKAYA (Ardahan University)

Sponsors: Ardabil University of Medical Sciences Islamic Azad University, Ardabil Branch University of Applied Sciences and Technology Presidency for Turks Abroad and relative Communities

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The 3rd International CUA Graduate Students Symposium

‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬

University of Mohaghegh Ardabili

‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬

June 5-6, 2016

‫ خردادماه‬71-71

Invited Speakers: Dr. Hasan Ameli, Department of Theology, Islamic Azad University; The Leadership Delegate in the Province; and Friday Prayer Leader of Ardabil Dr. Majid Khodabakhsh, Ardabil Provincial Governer Prof. Dr. Ramazan Korkmaz, Head of Caucasus Univerisities Association; Rector of Ardahan University Associate Prof. Dr. Goudarz Sadeghi Hashjin, Chansellor of University of Mohaghegh Ardabili Mustafa Isen, Member of Turkish Parliment Prof. Dr. Yurdal Jihangir, Girne University Assistant Prof. Dr. Sajjad Hosseini, Mohaghegh Ardabili University

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The 3rd International CUA Graduate Students Symposium

‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬

University of Mohaghegh Ardabili

‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬

June 5-6, 2016

‫ خردادماه‬71-71

Message of the Chancellor of the University of Mohaghegh Ardabili As academicians, we are already blessed with the creative and transcending views of the youth in the universities and this event provides a yet more pluralistic view of the youth in that it is attended by several young researchers form a variety of contexts. In the meantime, the focus, on Caucasus and its history, is a regional one which interests and affects all of us. Being charming from a dual and even multiple perspectives, we value the event as an exceptional opportunity to listen, discuss, share and interact. On behalf of our academic community, I welcome all our revered visitors from different parts of the Caucasus region and respect the concern the CUA initial leaders had felt to establish the association and the mission they are following to promote regional solutions to the regional challenges with the help of predominantly young views. Our history, culture and the young’s examination of them, paves the way for a better understanding of the current confusing situation in the world and the region and is hoped to promote still more convergence among the apparently different nations. I wish all the participants a sweet stay in Ardabil and I hope all papers presented add to the overall theme of the symposium. I do appreciate all those who helped make this event a possibility.

Goudarz Sadeghi Hashjin

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The 3rd International CUA Graduate Students Symposium

‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬

University of Mohaghegh Ardabili

‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬

June 5-6, 2016

‫ خردادماه‬71-71

Message of the Head of Caucasus Universities Association Kırgızistan’ın başkenti Bişkek’te 20 Mayıs 2016’da yapılan VI. Olağan Kongresi’nde katılım protokülü imzalayan üniversiteler ile birlikte üye sayısı 13 ülkeden 120’e ulaşan Kafkasya Üniversiteler Birliği (KÜNİB) yeni bir bilimsel toplantıyı tertiplemenin mutluluğunu yaşamakta. İlkini Nahçıvan’da, ikincisini Tebriz’de gerçekleştirdiğimiz “Kafkasya’ya Genç Bakışlar” başlıklı sempozyumumuz bu sene tarihî bir karakter olan Şah İsmail Safavî adına, 5-6 Haziran 2016’da onun doğum yeri olan Erdebil’de gerçekleşecek. Tam ismi ile Ebu’l-Muzaffer bin Haydar bin Cüneyd es-Safevi olan ve Hatayi mahlasıyla şiirler yazan Şah İsmail, günümüz İran İslam Cumhuriyeti’nin önemli kültür merkezlerinden olan Erdebil’de doğdu. (17 Temmuz 1487) Safevî tarikatının şeyh ailesinin çocuğu olan İsmail, Safevî Hükümdarı olduktan sonra Kafkasya, İran ve Anadolu’nun içlerine kadar geniş bir coğrafyada etkili bir siyaset ve kültür adamı olarak tanındı. Otuz yedi (37) yıllık kısa ömründe önemli siyasî başarılar elde etti. Hatayi mahlası ile aruz ve hece ile şiirler yazdı. Çocukluğunda ve gençliğinde yaşamış olduğu zorluklar şiirine de aksetti. Azerbaycan edebiyatının tanınmış şairlerinden Nesimi’den Fuzuli’ye kadar olan dönemde şiirleri önemli kitleler tarafından takip edilir oldu. Özelikle hece ölçüsü ile yazdığı şiirler Anadolu’da gelişen halk ve tekke edebiyatını etkiledi. Şah Hatayi'm eydür Bağdad'dır vatan İkilikten geçip birliğe yeten Erenler yanında kıyl ü kal tutan Yolu dikenlidir hardan sayılır dizelerinin sahibi Şah İsmail’in aziz hatırasına tertip edilen “Uluslararası Kafkasya’ya Genç Bakışlar III” başlıklı sempozyumda İran, Türkiye, Gürcistan, Azerbaycan, Ukrayna, Moldova (Gagauzeli), Beyaz Rusya, Kazakistan ve Kırgızistan’dan ellinin üzerinde bildiri sunulacaktır. Bu bildiriler, Kafkasya coğrafyasını tarihî, kültürel, dinî, ekonomik, sosyolojik, arkeolojik gibi pek çok bilim dalında inceleyen araştırma sonuçlarıdır. Genç bir sanatkâr ve devlet adamının adına yapılan bu toplantıda, onun yaşadığı ve hayatını vakfettiği coğrafyaya “genç bakışların” çok daha anlam yükleyeceğine inancım sonsuzdur. Sunulacak olan bu bildiriler en kısa zamanda kitap halinde basılacaktır. Bütün katılımcılara, ev sahipliğini yapan Erdebil Üniversitesi yönetimine, emeği geçenlere ve elbette faaliyeti maddî olarak destekleyen T.C. Başbakanlık Yurtdışı Türkler ve Akraba Topluluklar Başkanlığı’na şahsım ve Başkanlığını yürüttüğüm Kafkasya Üniversiteler Birliği adına şükranlarımı sunuyorum. Saygılarımla, Prof. Dr. Ramazan Korkmaz KÜNİB Başkanı ve Ardahan Üniversitesi Kurucu Rektörü

9

The 3rd International CUA Graduate Students Symposium

‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬

University of Mohaghegh Ardabili

‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬

June 5-6, 2016

‫ خردادماه‬71-71

Table of Contents Title

Page

Symposium Scehdule

15

Oral and Poster Presentations Extended Abstracts Acute Effect of Glutamine Supplementation on Serum Levels of LDH after Eccentric Resistance Exercise in Untrained Young Men Akram ebadi, sheykhlouvand

Marefat

siahkohian,

Babak

nakhostin

rohi

and

Mohsen

Acute Effect of Glutamine Supplementation on Serum Levels of CPK after Eccentric Resistance Exercise in Untrained Young Men Akram ebadi, sheykhlouvand

Marefat

siahkohian,

Babak

nakhostin

rohi

and

21

25

Mohsen

Project-Based According to Functional Knee Braces by Plastic Design Amin Ghannadiasl, Kazem Shakeri and Nasim Nakhlband saei

29

The Effect of Opening Position in the Rectangular Concrete Beams on the Size and Weight of Steel Consumption

37

Numerical Integration Using Daubechies’ Wavelets by Linear Least square method

45

Amin Ghannadi Asl, Arezoo Gharibi Asl and Soheil Soleymanzade moghaddam

Amin Anvarzadeh and Mina Salimi

11

The 3rd International CUA Graduate Students Symposium

‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬

University of Mohaghegh Ardabili

‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬

June 5-6, 2016

‫ خردادماه‬71-71

The Optimization of Consumption steel T-Shaped Concrete Beams by Genetic Algorithms

53

Amin Ghannadi asl, Arezoo Gharibi asl and Soheil Soleymanzade moghaddam

Wahhabism in Republic of Azerbaijan

57

Power Flow Solution in a Larg Scale Power System Including IPFC

63

A Study of Domestication and Foreignization Strategies in the Persian Translation of "IL GROTTESCO QUOTIDIANO" Laleh Mousavi and Tohid Siami

70

Comparison of PID Type Controller Performance in Microgrid Frequency Deviation Enhancement Using MFO Algorithm

78

Morteza Ebrahimi, Parisa Baghghal Asgari and Naser Rahmani

Elham Mokaramian, Hossein Shayeghi and Abdolah Younesi

Maryam Houshyari, Hossein Shayeghi and Abdollah Younesi

Analysis of the Relationship Between Social Capital and Job Satisfaction in Organizations

87

Masoud Darabi and Nasrin Azizian Kohan

Entanglement of Non-inertial Fermions is not Invariably Suitable for Superdense coding

92

Mehrnoosh Farahmand, Hosein Mohammadzadeh, Hossein Mehri-Dehnavi and Robabeh Rahimi

Thermodynamic Entropy Due to Lorentz Violation Mehrnoosh Farahmand and Hosein Mohammadzadeh

New Approach for Solution of Volterra-Fredholm Integral Equations

11

99

The 3rd International CUA Graduate Students Symposium

‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬

University of Mohaghegh Ardabili

‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬

June 5-6, 2016

‫ خردادماه‬71-71

Mina Salimi and Amin Anvarzadeh

106

Haar Wavelet Method For Solving One-dimensional Burger’s equation

111

The impact of Russian and Chechen conflicts on the Caucasus crisis

116

M.Zarebnia and R.Parvaz

Morteza Ebrahimi, Sed Ali Mortazavi Emami Zavare, Fahime Oleiki and Mehdy Jahantab

The America's Role in the Georgia Crisis

123

Morteza Ebrahimi, Somayeh Abbasi and Hamzeh Ganji

Qarabag, Reasons of the Formation and Prolongation of the Crisis

129

Morteza Ebrahimi, Naser Rahmani and Parisa Asgari

Determine and Evaluate the Aerobic and Anaerobic Threshold Heart Rate of Maximum Heart Rate Threshold in Sedentary Female

135

Negar Asghari Moghaddam, Marefat Siahkouhian and Nasrin Azizian

The Effect of Noticing and Input Enhancement in Reading on Speaking Skill by Intermediate Learners Reza Abdi and Golnaz Tarbali

12

141

The 3rd International CUA Graduate Students Symposium

‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬

University of Mohaghegh Ardabili

‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬

June 5-6, 2016

‫ خردادماه‬71-71

The Effect of Collaboration Conditions on Learning Requesting Functions

147

Reza Abdi and Rokhsareh Haghjoo

The Effect of Teaching Compositional, Semi-compositional, and Noncompositional Idioms on Intake of EFL Learners

153

Reza Abdi,Ghazal Farangizade

Exercise and Diabetes: A Review of the Evidence

160

Sajjad Azizkhah Alanagh, Marefat Siahkohian and Afshin Dalir

Optimal Design of PI Controller for Load Frequency Control in a TwoArea Power System with DFIG Based Wind Turbine

166

Samira Fallahi, Hossein Shayeghi and Abdolah Younesi

Macroscopic Quantum Tunneling in Superconductor-InsulatorSuperconductor Josephson Junction

173

Sanaz Zohouri Kakhki and Mohammad Hamdipour

The Effect of Planning on Iranian Intermediate EFL Learners' Mastery of Writing Skill

178

Sara Mirazi and Asgar Mahmoudi

Task Scheduling in Cloud Computing Using Particle Swarm Optimization

192

Shahram Jamali,Fatemeh Alizadeh and Soheila Sadeqi

Forecast Record-Distance Running and Speed of Both the 100m and 10,000m Record Soheil Mosavi, Marefat siahkohian, Hamed mosavi and Akram ebdi

13

199

The 3rd International CUA Graduate Students Symposium

‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬

University of Mohaghegh Ardabili

‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬

June 5-6, 2016

‫ خردادماه‬71-71

The Effect of Submaximal Exercise Combined with Weight Training and Muscle Hypertrophy Limits Blood Flow to the Arm

203

Soheil Mosavi, Marefat siahkohian and Hamed mosavi and Akram ebdi

The Effect of Combination of Strength Arm Muscles Following Exercise Maximum Congestion Backlash

209

Soheil Mosavi, Marefat Siahkohian, Lotfali bolboli and Hamed Mosavi

A study of domestication and foreignization strategies in the Persian translation of "IL GROTTESCO QUOTIDIANO"

214

Tohid Siami and Laleh Mousavi

Physical pr1operties and mechanical behavior under compressive loading of Green Walnut

223

Zahra Basati, Salman Habibi and Vali Rasooli-Sharabian

Some Physical and Mechanical Properties of Hawthorn Fruit Zahra Basati, Salman Habibi and Vali Rasooli-Sharabian

14

234

The 3rd International CUA Graduate Students Symposium

‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬

University of Mohaghegh Ardabili

‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬

June 5-6, 2016

‫ خردادماه‬71-71

The Symposium Schedule June 5, 2016 Time

Hall 1

Hall 2

Hall 3

LalehMousavi, Tohid Siami

Akramebadi, MarefatSiahkohian, Babak Nakhostinrohi

A study of domestication and foreignization strategies in the Persian translation of "IL GROTTESCO QUOTIDIANO"

Acute effect of glutamine supplementation on serum levels of LDH after eccentric resistance exercise in untrained young men

RaminMoharami, ZhilaEbrahimi

SajjadAzizkhahAlanagh, Marefat Siahkohian, AfshinDalir

Adaptation status and poetry of Seyyed Ashraf Aldin Gilani& Ali Akbar Saber

Exercise and Diabetes: A Review of the Evidence

Tamar LOMADZE

Reza Parvaz,MohammadZarebnia

Amir MasoudShokri,FarhadSattar i,SoghraMirershadi

Pre-election Discourse in Georgia

Haar Wavelet Method For Solving One-dimensional Burger’s equation

Nonlinear Optical Properties of Perovskite Nanoparticles

Sevda GEÇEN 11:50 12:10

Ortadoğu'daKadınOlmak: SabırTaşı Romanı Üzerine Yakın Okuma

Shabnam GOLKARIAN 12:10 12:30

14:30 14:50

The impact of identity; manifestation of culture in the built environment, and consequences of lack of identity. Case study (IranTehran)

15

The 3rd International CUA Graduate Students Symposium

‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬

University of Mohaghegh Ardabili

‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬

June 5-6, 2016

‫ خردادماه‬71-71

June 5, 2016 - Continued Mahdi Rahmatinia

Akbar FarhadiVarkaneh, GhaderNajarbashi, BahmanSeifi

Solving One-dimensional Burger’s equation

The entanglement properties of a spin chain Heisenberg XY model

MasoomehShabani,Ahmad YousefianDarani

MehrnooshFarahmand, HoseinMohammadzadeh,Ho sseinMehri

The Persian Root Shen in the Georgian Language and Toponymy

On weak McCoy modules over commutative rings

Entanglement of noninertial fermions is not invariably suitable for superdense coding

Rıza OYLUM

ÖzgeNur ÖĞÜTÇÜ

Aslıhan AYTAÇ

RomanlardaŞah İsmail: Üç Roman ÜzerindenKarşılaştırmalıBir Analiz

Relations Between Iran and South Caucasus Countries in the post-Sanctions Era: Energy and Transportation Corridors

THE HISTORICAL AWARENESS IN THE NOVEL 'BASKIN' BY TÖLÖGÖN KASIMBEKOV

Ahmet KESKİN

AslanYavuz ŞİR, Bilgay DUMAN

HalilFatih ALAGÖZ

Iran’s Energy and Security Policy Towards Its

CengizAytmatov’un ‘Yüzyüze’ ÖyküsündeBaşkişininBenlik Algısı, The Protagonist's Sense of Self in the Novel 'Face To Face' by CengizAytmatov

Tamta AMIRANASHVILI 14:50 15:10

The Problem of Intertextuality – William Shakespeare and Aldous Huxley’s Brave New World” Nino ZEDGİNİDZE

15:10 15:30

16:00 16:20

16:20 16:40

HAK-MUHAMMED-ALİ DEDİM: ŞAH HATÂYÎ ŞİİRİNDE ESTETİK BİR DİNAMİK OLARAK NİYAZ (I MENTIONED ALLAHMUHAMMAD-ALİ: INVOCATION AS AN ESTHETICS DYNAMIC in SHAH HATÂYÎ’S POETRY)

16

The 3rd International CUA Graduate Students Symposium

‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬

University of Mohaghegh Ardabili

‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬

June 5-6, 2016

‫ خردادماه‬71-71

June 5, 2016 - Continued Nuriman ABDÜREŞİD

16:40 17:00

Şah İsmail Hatayî’nınŞiirlerindenÇin-ü TürkistanBölgesinebir “Gezinti”

17:00 17:20

Teona KVANTCHİANİ

İpek YILDIZ

Ethnodemographic and cultural situation in Tetritskaro district of Georgia

AhmetMithatEfendi’nin “Kafkas” AdlıRomanındaMillîKimlikÜ zerine /On the National Identity of “Caucasian Novel” of AhmetMithatEfendi

Salome BERIDZE

Fazıl ÖZDAMAR

Toward The Ancient Georgian- Iranian Toponymy Conections

THE EFFECTS OF THE FOLKTALES TO THE CREATION OF POEM: AŞIK ABBAS AND HAN ÇOBAN POEMS

June 6, 2016

9:309:50

Hall 1

Hall 2

Tamuna TCHITCHAGUA

Morteza Ebrahimi, SomayehAbasi, HamzehGanji

Armenian Diasporas in Georgia

Studying the role of the USA in Georgia`s crisis

17

Hall 3

The geographical landscape and archaeological analysis of pre-historic settlement patterns of East of Azerbaijan based on the first part of archaeological surveys of Namin

The 3rd International CUA Graduate Students Symposium

‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬

University of Mohaghegh Ardabili

‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬

June 5-6, 2016

‫ خردادماه‬71-71

June 6, 2016 - Continued MasoudDarabi, SajjadPaydar, BehnamArefi, Mehdi GhorbaniGharazaki

Zahra Basati, Salman Habibi,ValiRasooliSharabian

Ossets in Georgia: History and Modernity

solution to attract sports tourism

Physical properties and mechanical behavior under compressive loading of Green Walnut

Ana RAMAZASHVİLİ

SadeghFarahmand Amin, KambizPushaneh

Zahra Basati, Salman Habibi,ValiRasooliSharabian

Alternative Flea Market in Tbilisi

Relationship in the adaptability rate of personenvironment and stress between primary stage teachers in districts1،2 Ardabil based on Personenvironment adaptation model

Some physical and mechanical properties of Hawthorn fruit

Fatma TOPDAŞ

EbrahimZareImani, Amin GhorbaniGoshaehOlya, AlialnaghiMostafaei

ANAR RIZAYEV’İN ‘AK LİMAN’ VE ‘BEŞ KATLI EVİN ALTINCI KATI’ ADLI ROMANLARINDA SİMGESEL BİR DEĞER: MEKÂN

Routing in Vehicle Networks Based the Location of Returning Message in the Route

Ketevan TSIMINTIA 09:5010:10

10:1010:30

11:0011:20

18

FaridehManafi, Reza AlipanahMoghadam

Evaluation of MDA and SOD in secondary iron overload model

The 3rd International CUA Graduate Students Symposium

‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬

University of Mohaghegh Ardabili

‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬

June 5-6, 2016

‫ خردادماه‬71-71

June 6, 2016 - Continued Amin Ghannadiasl, KazemShakeri, NasimNakhlbandsaei

FaridehManafi, Zahra Farzanehsheikhahmad,Ara shMehripiryvatlo,Reza AlipanahMoghadam

Camasbname’denMasallar aŞahmaran: TürkiyeSahasıMasallarında Şahmaran Tipi veAnlatıları

Project-based according to functional knee braces by plastic design

Estimation of catalase in Serum as a Biomarker for antioxidative Stress in Patients with Esophageal Cancer

Emrah SEFEROĞLU

Amin GhannadiAsl, ArezooGharibiasl, SoheilSoleymanzadeMogad dam

Sam Rahimnejad,Mohammad Reza Rahimnejad

BEN’DEN BİZ’E: BAHTİYAR VAHAPZADE’NİN ŞİİRLERİNDE MİLLİ KİMLİK İNŞASI

The effect of opening position in the rectangular concrete beams on the size and weight of steel consumption

Effect of Bacopamonnieri extract on the motor activity change due social isolation-induced stress

Maryam Houshyari, HosseinShayeghi, AbdollahYounesi

Seyyed Saied Disnad, Samira MahmoudiNia

Comparison of PID Type Controller Performance in Microgrid Frequency Deviation Enhancement Using MFO Algorithm

Effects of erythropoietin in the prevention of cell damage and necrosis in the liver induced by ischemiareperfusion in rats

Seçkin SARPKAYA 11:2011:40

11:4012:00

Emine GÜVEN

12:0012:20

ON THE MATTER OF TRANSLATİON AMONG TURKİSH DİALECTS AND ABOUT PROPER NOUNS

19

The 3rd International CUA Graduate Students Symposium

‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬

University of Mohaghegh Ardabili

‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬

June 5-6, 2016

‫ خردادماه‬71-71

June 6, 2016 - Continued Alev UYSAL

14:2014:40

14:4015:00

15:0015:20

15:2015:40

EVALUATİON OF CONCEPTUAL AND SYMBOLİC PLANE OF THE HATAYİ-LOVE-POWER TRİANGLE AT İSKENDER PALA’S NOVEL “ŞAH&SULTAN”

Aysel OSOYDAN ÖZE DÖNÜŞ GÖSTERGELERİ: ŞEHRİYAR’IN HEYDERBABA’YA SELAM ŞİİRİ

Erdem TAZEGÜL

ZENCAN AĞZI ÜZERİNE BİR İNCELEME

Erkan BEDER

Hakan ÇALIK

Andrei MAXIMCHYK

TopraktanAteşeBirAşkınSe rgüzeşti

REFLECTED IMAGE OF GEOGRAPHY ON POETRY: CAUSCASUS IN MIKAIL MUSFIK’S POEMS

Trophies of the Russian– Turkish and RussianPersian wars of the XVIII– XIX centuries in the collection of the Caucasian Military History Museum

Emel ŞENGÖNÜL

Sema ORUÇ

Ömer TEMİZKAN

CengizAytmatov’un "BeyazGemi"sindeModerni zmEleştirisi

JOURNEY FROM HOMELAND TO FOREIGN LAND IN POETRY OF ELMAS YILDIRIM

Türkiye’de “Öteki” ve “Yerli” BirHalkOlarakKaraçayBalkarlar

Akif XANSULTANLI

Taha Tuna KAYA

Erasti ELIJARASHVILI

GürcistandaBorçalıBölgesi ndeAşıklıkGeleneklerininT arihi

AN EVALUATION ON POEMS OF HATAYÎ IN CÖNK 6706 REGISTERED IN SIVAS - ZIYA BEY LIBRARY

Political Aspects of Caucasian Regional Security in 21st Century:The History and Reality

21

The 3rd International CUA Graduate Students Symposium

‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬

University of Mohaghegh Ardabili

‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬

June 5-6, 2016

‫ خردادماه‬71-71

Acute Effect of Glutamine Supplementation on Serum Levels of LDH after Eccentric Resistance Exercise in Untrained Young Men Akram ebadi Soheil mosavi Marefat siahkohian Babak nakhostin rohi Mohsen sheykhlouvand Physical education,Mohaghegh Ardebili, Iran Physical education,Mohaghegh Ardebili, Iran Physical education,Mohaghegh Ardebili, Iran Physical education,Mohaghegh Ardebili, Iran

Abstract L-Glutamine is the most abundant amino acid in human muscle protein synthesis is and can Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) is one of biochemical degradation of muscle cells in blood serum reduce. Increased serum Lactate Dehydrogenase and exercise extrovert is more pronounced among nonathletes. The aim of this study is acute influence of L-Glutamine supplementation on serum levels of LDH after eccentric resistance exercise in young men. Methods: 16 randomly selected young man (age: 22.35±2.27yr; body mass: 69.91± 9.78kg; height: 177.08±4.32cm) disabled and the two groups (n=8) control group (n=8) were divided that all subjects were obtained twice in the 8th with maximum dominant leg begins to warm up, then in 3 sets of 15 teeth with 70%1 RM performed knee flexion. Test the positive side move to the zero angle of the knee joint did and the motion negative (eccentric contraction of the quadriceps) was carried out by subjects. Also, rest for 3 minutes between each session was considered. The active group received L-Glutamine acute. Blood samples were taken from the subjects after 24 hours and data using spss software and analyzed by parried sample T test (P≤0.05). Results showed that acute consumption of L-Glutamine in the active group (P = 0.001) were significant and in the control group (P = 0.17), no significant effect was observed. This study showed that acute consumption of L-Glutamine can be Lactate Dehydrogenase is reduced and muscle damage.

Keywords: Lactate Dehydrogenase, L-Glutamine ,eccentric exercise

21

The 3rd International CUA Graduate Students Symposium

‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬

University of Mohaghegh Ardabili

‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬

June 5-6, 2016

‫ خردادماه‬71-71

Introduction Many athletes use a variety of dietary supplements to improve their performance and minimizing risk of injures to provide them with an advantage over their opponent (2). DOMS and impaired muscle function are the common consequences of excessive EE (1). Glutamine is the most abundant amino acid within the human body (4). Multiple roles of dietary protein and key amino acids such as glutamine create a variety of potential applications for hard-training athletes (4). Increase intramuscular glutamine levels have been directly linked to influencing muscle cell volume (9), which enhances protein synthesis, and increases muscle size. By increasing muscle mass, the contractile force of a muscle can be increased (2).During exercise, increases and decreases in plasma glutamine levels have been demonstrated and these variations are reflected by the type, duration, and intensity of exercise (6). Exercise induced muscle damage to muscle fibers resulting in an inflammatory response (7) and myofibrillar damage along the Z-band (8). In general, DOMS continues to increase after exercise and peaks between 24 and 48 h after exercise). The reasons behind DOMS have been a steady interest for many sports scientists for a long time. Although several factors including lactic acid, connective tissue damage surrounding muscles, muscle temperature, muscle spasm, inflammatory responses, free radicals, and nitric oxides have been suggested for causing DOMS, there is no clear explanation Previous literatures have speculated that the cause of DOMS is due to structural muscle damages and perturbation of calcium homeostasis or acute inflammatory responses to exercise .The EMG spectrum from eccentric, concentric muscle contractions and increased serum levels of muscle proteins such as creatine kinase (CK) in humans were studied as a factor of mechanical damage of muscle fiber and functional change of metabolic tissue (9,10). Prophylactic and therapeutic nutritional interventions involving protein, protein hydrolysate, mixed amino acids, selective amino acids, and branched-chain amino acids have been demonstrated to be effective in reducing some or all of the symptoms of muscle damage following isolated eccentric muscle actions (11,13), resistance exercise (14),downhill running (15), and endurance exercise (17).

Method 16 randomly selected young man (age: 22.35±2.27yr; body mass: 69.91± 9.78kg; height: 177.08±4.32cm) disabled and the two groups (n=8) control group (n=8) were divided that all subjects were obtained twice in the 8th with maximum dominant leg begins to warm up, then in 3 sets of 15 teeth with 70%1 RM performed knee flexion. Test the positive side move to the zero angle of the knee joint did and the motion negative (eccentric contraction of the quadriceps) was carried

22

The 3rd International CUA Graduate Students Symposium

‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬

University of Mohaghegh Ardabili

‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬

June 5-6, 2016

‫ خردادماه‬71-71

out by subjects. Also, rest for 3 minutes between each session was considered. The active group received L-Glutamine acute. Blood samples were taken from the subjects after 24 hours and data using spss software and analyzed by parried sample T test (P≤0.05).

Results and Discussion LDH one of the tiny blood factors that are indicative of muscle damage in the hours after intense exercise significant increase in the blood and muscle. Extreme eccentric muscle exercises cause more damage, and enzymes in the plasma to enter into the muscle cells and thus can be identified muscle damage after exercise. Research a lot about that eccentric exercise causes muscle damage and destruction there. The sports supplements can reduce muscle damage and its value in plasma research also shows that the amino acid intake can prevent further muscle damage. Glutamine is the most abundant amino acid in human muscle that can damage and destroy muscle cells after eccentric exercise prevent the aim of this study is that acute consumption of glutamine what the outcome will be. Results showed that athletes who use non-acute 0.1 grams of glutamine per kg of body weight had decreased blood lactate dehydrogenase which indicates muscle damage is low (p = 0.001). This increase was observed in the group that had consumed glutamine (p = 0.17). The results showed that acute consumption of glutamine supplementation of 0.1 grams per kilogram of body weight nonathletes reduce muscle damage and muscle damage can be prevented.

References 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

O’Reilly K, Warhol M, Fielding R, Frontera W, Meredith C, Evans W. Eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage impairs muscle glycogen repletion. J Appl Physiol. 1987;63:252–6. [PubMed] Waddell D, Fredricks K. Effects of a Glutamine Supplement on the Skeletal Muscle Contractile Force of Mice. Am J Undergraduate Res. 2005;4:11–8. Rahmani Nia F, Farzaneh E, Damirchi A, Shamsi Majlan A. Effect of L-Glutamine Supplementation on Electromyographic Activity of the Quadriceps Muscle Injured By Eccentric Exercise. Iran J Basic Med Sci; 2013; 16: 808-812. Lowery L, Forsythe CE. Protein and overtraining: potential applications for free-living athletes. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2006;3:42–50. [PMC free article] [PubMed] Cruzat VF, Rogero MM, Tirapegui J. Effects of supplementation with free glutamine and the dipeptide alanyl-glutamine on parameters of muscle damage and inflammation in rats submitted to prolonged exercise. J Cell Biochem Funct. 2010;28:24–30. [PubMed] Babij P, Mattews SM, Rennie MJ. Changes in blood ammonina, lactate, and amino acids in relation to workload during bicycle ergometer exercise in man. Eur J Appl Physiol. 1983;50:405– Newsholme EA. Why is L-glutamine metabolism important to cells of the immune system in health, post-injury, surgery, or infection. J Nutr. 2001;131:2515–2522. [PubMed]

23

The 3rd International CUA Graduate Students Symposium

‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬

University of Mohaghegh Ardabili

‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬

June 5-6, 2016

8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18.

19. 20. 21. 22.

‫ خردادماه‬71-71

Clarkson P, Hubal M. Exercise-induced muscle damage in humans. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2002;81:52–69. [PubMed] Low SY, Taylor PM, Rennie MJ. Response of glutamine transport in cultured rat skeletal muscle to osmotically induced changes in cell volume. J Physiol. 1996;492:877–85. [PMC free article] [PubMed] Joohyung Lee, College of Physical Education, Kookmin University, 77 Jeongneung-ro, Seongbukgu, Seoul 136-702, Korea, Tel: +82-2-910-4782, Fax: +82-2-910-4789, Merletti R, Lo Conte L, Sathyan D. Repeatability of Electrically-evokedMyoelectric Signals in the Human Tibialis Anterior Muscle. J Electromyogr Kines. 1995;5:67–80. [PubMed] Zhou Y, Li Y, Wang R. Evaluation of exercise-induced muscle damage by surface electromyography. J Electromyogr Kines. 2011;21:356–62. [PubMed] Buckley JD, Thomson RL, Coates AM, et al. Supplementation with a whey protein hydrolysate enhances recovery of muscle force-generating capacity following eccentric exercise. J Sci Med Sport. 2010;13:178–81. [PubMed] R. B., fc. W. OGILVIE, AND J. A. SCHWANE. Eccentric exercise-induced injury to rat skeletal muscle. J. Appl. Physiol.: Respirat. Environ. Exercise Physiol. These experiments were designed to study skeletal muscle p54( 1): 80- 93, 1983.Nosaka K, Sacco P, Mawatari K. Effects of amino acid supplementation on muscle soreness and damage. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2006;16:620–35. [PubMed] Kraemer WJ, Ratamess NA, Volek JS, et al. The effect of amino acid supplementation on hormonal responses to resistance training overreaching. Metabolism. 2006;55:282–91. [PubMed] Etheridge T, Philp A, Watt PW. A single protein meal increases the recovery of muscle function following an acute eccentric exercise bout. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2008;33:1–6. [PubMed] Phillips T , Childs AC , Dreon DM , Phinney S , Leeuwenburgh C University of Florida, Biochemistry of Aging Laboratory, College of Health and Human Performance, Center for Exercise Science, College of Medicine, Gainesville 32611, USA. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise [2003, 35(12):2032-2037] Greer BK, Woodard JL, White JP, et al. Branched-chain amino acid supplementation and indicators of muscle damage after endurance exercise. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. W. J. Evans, C. N. Meredith, J. G. Cannon, C. A. Dinarello, W. R. Frontera, V. A. Hughes, B. H. Jones, H. G. Knuttgen Journal of Applied Physiology Published 1 November 1986 Vol. 61 no. 5, 18641868 DOI: Nosaka K , Clarkson PM Exercise and Sports Science, Department of Environmental Science, Yokohoma City University, Japan. International Journal of Sports Medicine [1996, 17(2):120127] Vinicius Fernandes Cruzat1, Marcelo Macedo Rogero2 and Julio Tirapegui1, Effects of supplementation with free glutamine and the dipeptide alanyl-glutamine on parameters of muscle damage and inflammation in rats submitted to prolonged exercise. Article first published online: 2 NOV 2009 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.1611

24

The 3rd International CUA Graduate Students Symposium

‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬

University of Mohaghegh Ardabili

‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬

June 5-6, 2016

‫ خردادماه‬71-71

Acute Effect of Glutamine Supplementation on Serum Levels of CPK after Eccentric Resistance Exercise in Untrained Young Men Akram ebadi Soheil mosavi Marefat siahkohian Babak nakhostin rohi Mohsen sheykhlouvand Physical education,Mohaghegh Ardebili, Iran Physical education,Mohaghegh Ardebili, Iran Physical education,Mohageg Ardebili, Iran Physical education,Mohaghegh Ardebili, Ira

n Abstract Glutamine is the most abundant amino acid in human muscle protein synthesis is and can Creatine kinase (CPK) is one of biochemical degradation of muscle cells in blood serum reduce. Increased serum Creatine kinase and exercise extrovert is more pronounced among non-athletes. The aim of this study is acute influence of glutamine supplementation on serum levels of CPK after eccentric resistance exercise in young men. Methods: 16 randomly selected young man (age: 22.35±2.27yr; body mass: 69.91± 9.78kg; height: 177.08±4.32cm) disabled and the two groups (N=8) control group (N=8) were divided that all subjects were obtained twice in the 8th with maximum dominant leg begins to warm up, then in 3 sets of 15 teeth with 70%1 RM performed knee flexion. Test the positive side move to the zero angle of the knee joint did and the motion negative (eccentric contraction of the quadriceps) was carried out by subjects. Also, rest for 3 minutes between each session was considered. The active group received glutamine acute. Blood samples were taken from the subjects after 24 hours and data using spss software and analyzed by parried sample T test (P≤0.05). Results showed that acute consumption of glutamine in the active group (P = 0.04) were significant and in the control group (P = 0.36), no significant effect was observed. This study showed that acute consumption of glutamine can be Creatine kinase is reduced and muscle damage. Keywords: Glutamine, Creatine kinase, eccentric exercise

25

The 3rd International CUA Graduate Students Symposium

‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬

University of Mohaghegh Ardabili

‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬

June 5-6, 2016

‫ خردادماه‬71-71

Introduction Many athletes use a variety of dietary supplements to improve their performance and minimizing risk of injures to provide them with an advantage over their opponent (2). DOMS and impaired muscle function are the common consequences of excessive EE (1). Glutamine is the most abundant amino acid within the human body (4). Multiple roles of dietary protein and key amino acids such as glutamine create a variety of potential applications for hard-training athletes (4). Increase intramuscular glutamine levels have been directly linked to influencing muscle cell volume (9), which enhances protein synthesis, and increases muscle size. By increasing muscle mass, the contractile force of a muscle can be increased (2).During exercise, increases and decreases in plasma glutamine levels have been demonstrated and these variations are reflected by the type, duration, and intensity of exercise (6). Exercise induced muscle damage to muscle fibers resulting in an inflammatory response (7) and myofibrillar damage along the Z-band (8). In general, DOMS continues to increase after exercise and peaks between 24 and 48 h after exercise). The reasons behind DOMS have been a steady interest for many sports scientists for a long time. Although several factors including lactic acid, connective tissue damage surrounding muscles, muscle temperature, muscle spasm, inflammatory responses, free radicals, and nitric oxides have been suggested for causing DOMS, there is no clear explanation Previous literatures have speculated that the cause of DOMS is due to structural muscle damages and perturbation of calcium homeostasis or acute inflammatory responses to exercise .The EMG spectrum from eccentric, concentric muscle contractions and increased serum levels of muscle proteins such as creatine kinase (CK) in humans were studied as a factor of mechanical damage of muscle fiber and functional change of metabolic tissue (9,10). Prophylactic and therapeutic nutritional interventions involving protein, protein hydrolysate, mixed amino acids, selective amino acids, and branched-chain amino acids have been demonstrated to be effective in reducing some or all of the symptoms of muscle damage following isolated eccentric muscle actions (11,13), resistance exercise (14),downhill running (15), and endurance exercise (17).

Method 16 randomly selected young man (age: 22.35±2.27yr; body mass: 69.91± 9.78kg; height: 177.08±4.32cm) disabled and the two groups (n=8) control group (n=8) were divided that all subjects were obtained twice in the 8th with maximum dominant leg begins to warm up, then in 3 sets of 15 teeth with 70%1 RM performed knee flexion. Test the positive side move to the zero angle of the knee joint did and the motion negative (eccentric contraction of the quadriceps) was carried out by subjects. Also, rest for 3 minutes between each session was considered. The active group

26

The 3rd International CUA Graduate Students Symposium

‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬

University of Mohaghegh Ardabili

‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬

June 5-6, 2016

‫ خردادماه‬71-71

received L-Glutamine acute. Blood samples were taken from the subjects after 24 hours and data using spss software and analyzed by parried sample T test (P≤0.05).

Results and Discussion CPK one of the tiny blood factors that are indicative of muscle damage in the hours after intense exercise significant increase in the blood and muscle. Extreme eccentric muscle exercises cause more damage, and enzymes in the plasma to enter into the muscle cells and thus can be identified muscle damage after exercise. Research a lot about that eccentric exercise causes muscle damage and destruction there. The sports supplements can reduce muscle damage and its value in plasma research also shows that the amino acid intake can prevent further muscle damage. Glutamine is the most abundant amino acid in human muscle that can damage and destroy muscle cells after eccentric exercise prevent the aim of this study is that acute consumption of glutamine what the outcome will be. Results showed that acute consumption of glutamine in the active group (P = 0.04) were significant and in the control group (P = 0.36), no significant effect was observed. This study showed that acute consumption of glutamine can be CPK is reduced and muscle damage.

References 1. O’Reilly K, Warhol M, Fielding R, Frontera W, Meredith C, Evans W. Eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage impairs muscle glycogen repletion. J Appl Physiol. 1987;63:252–6. [PubMed] 2. Waddell D, Fredricks K. Effects of a Glutamine Supplement on the Skeletal Muscle Contractile Force of Mice. Am J Undergraduate Res. 2005;4:11–8. 3. Rahmani Nia F, Farzaneh E, Damirchi A, Shamsi Majlan A. Effect of L-Glutamine Supplementation on Electromyographic Activity of the Quadriceps Muscle Injured By Eccentric Exercise. Iran J Basic Med Sci; 2013; 16: 808-812. 4. Lowery L, Forsythe CE. Protein and overtraining: potential applications for free-living athletes. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2006;3:42–50. [PMC free article] [PubMed] 5. Cruzat VF, Rogero MM, Tirapegui J. Effects of supplementation with free glutamine and the dipeptide alanyl-glutamine on parameters of muscle damage and inflammation in rats submitted to prolonged exercise. J Cell Biochem Funct. 2010;28:24–30. [PubMed] 6. Babij P, Mattews SM, Rennie MJ. Changes in blood ammonina, lactate, and amino acids in relation to workload during bicycle ergometer exercise in man. Eur J Appl Physiol. 1983;50:405– 7. Newsholme EA. Why is L-glutamine metabolism important to cells of the immune system in health, post-injury, surgery, or infection. J Nutr. 2001;131:2515–2522. [PubMed] 8. Clarkson P, Hubal M. Exercise-induced muscle damage in humans. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2002;81:52–69. [PubMed]

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June 5-6, 2016

‫ خردادماه‬71-71

9. Low SY, Taylor PM, Rennie MJ. Response of glutamine transport in cultured rat skeletal muscle to osmotically induced changes in cell volume. J Physiol. 1996;492:877–85. [PMC free article] [PubMed] 10. Joohyung Lee, College of Physical Education, Kookmin University, 77 Jeongneung-ro, Seongbukgu, Seoul 136-702, Korea, Tel: +82-2-910-4782, Fax: +82-2-910-4789, 11. Merletti R, Lo Conte L, Sathyan D. Repeatability of Electrically-evokedMyoelectric Signals in the Human Tibialis Anterior Muscle. J Electromyogr Kines. 1995;5:67–80. [PubMed] 12. Zhou Y, Li Y, Wang R. Evaluation of exercise-induced muscle damage by surface electromyography. J Electromyogr Kines. 2011;21:356–62. [PubMed] 13. Buckley JD, Thomson RL, Coates AM, et al. Supplementation with a whey protein hydrolysate enhances recovery of muscle force-generating capacity following eccentric exercise. J Sci Med Sport. 2010;13:178–81. [PubMed] 14. R. B., fc. W. OGILVIE, AND J. A. SCHWANE. Eccentric exercise-induced injury to rat skeletal muscle. J. Appl. Physiol.: Respirat. Environ. Exercise Physiol. These experiments were designed to study skeletal muscle p54( 1): 80- 93, 1983.15. Nosaka K, Sacco P, Mawatari K. Effects of amino acid supplementation on muscle soreness and damage. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2006;16:620–35. [PubMed] 16. Kraemer WJ, Ratamess NA, Volek JS, et al. The effect of amino acid supplementation on hormonal responses to resistance training overreaching. Metabolism. 2006;55:282–91. [PubMed] 17. Etheridge T, Philp A, Watt PW. A single protein meal increases the recovery of muscle function following an acute eccentric exercise bout. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2008;33:1–6. [PubMed] 18. Phillips T , Childs AC , Dreon DM , Phinney S , Leeuwenburgh C University of Florida, Biochemistry of Aging Laboratory, College of Health and Human Performance, Center for Exercise Science, College of Medicine, Gainesville 32611, USA. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise [2003, 35(12):2032-2037] 19. Greer BK, Woodard JL, White JP, et al. Branched-chain amino acid supplementation and indicators of muscle damage after endurance exercise. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 20. W. J. Evans, C. N. Meredith, J. G. Cannon, C. A. Dinarello, W. R. Frontera, V. A. Hughes, B. H. Jones, H. G. Knuttgen Journal of Applied Physiology Published 1 November 1986 Vol. 61 no. 5, 1864-1868 DOI: 21. Nosaka K , Clarkson PM Exercise and Sports Science, Department of Environmental Science, Yokohoma City University, Japan. International Journal of Sports Medicine [1996, 17(2):120-127] 22. Vinicius Fernandes Cruzat1, Marcelo Macedo Rogero2 and Julio Tirapegui1, Effects of supplementation with free glutamine and the dipeptide alanyl-glutamine on parameters of muscle damage and inflammation in rats submitted to prolonged exercise. Article first published online: 2 NOV 2009 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.1611

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‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬

University of Mohaghegh Ardabili

‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬

June 5-6, 2016

‫ خردادماه‬71-71

Numerical Integration Using Daubechies’ Wavelets by Linear Least square method

Amin Anvarzadeh Mina Salimi Department of Applied Mathematics, Mohaghegh University of Ardabil, iran Department of Applied Mathematics, Mohaghegh University of Ardabil, iran

Abstract In this paper, we use a method based on Daubechies wavelets for obtaining numerical solution of definite integral. This approximation depends on pure scaling functions expansion. The Method transforms definite integrals to a system of algebraic equations. We apply least square method for solving linear system. In order to illustrate the efficiency and accuracy of the method a few test examples are given.

Keywords: Numerical integration, Daubechies’ wavelets.

1.Introduction

Integration of a function on bounded interval is an important operation for many applied science problems such as physical problems. There are several numerical approximating method for numerical integration of a function. Most procedure for approximating value of definite integral are based on use the polynomial that approximate the function. Daubechies’ wavelets are bases function that satisfy certain mathematical requirements and are used for approximation of a function and also the Daubechies wavelets bases are orthonormal bases that having compact support on [0,D-1], where the parameter D is called the Daubechies number or wavelet genus. The basic scaling function represented by  (x ) and basic wavelet function represented by   x  such that they both satisfy the following two-scaling relations respectively

 x  

D 1

a   2x  l  ,

(1)

l

l 0

29

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 x  

‫ خردادماه‬71-71

D 1

b   2x  l  ,

(2)

l

l 0

alD01 are

Where the coefficients

called filter coefficients, and bl   1 aD 1l [1]. And the l

Daubechies orthonormal basis is formed by [2]

ij  x   2

j

2

2

j



x l ,

(3)

and



j



 ij  x   2 2  2 j x  l .

(4)

Denoted the set of orthogonal functions by {ij  x  , l  Z} for a particular j, generates a space V j  L2  R  and W j  L2  R  is orthogonal complementary in V j 1 . Let P j denote the orthogonal

projection L2  R  V j . Then the vector space V j have the following conditions defining a multiresolution analysis [2,3]: (i)

V j  L2  R  and  V 2 V 1 V 0 V 1 V 2  

(ii)

f  x   Pj f  x   min f  x   g  x  , where g  x  V j

(iii)

f  x  V j  f  2x  V j 1 for all j  Z .

(iv)

The projection Pj f  x  converges to f  x  when j tends to infinity: lim Pj f  x   f  x  or j 0V j is dense in L2  R 

j 

such that

Pj f  x  





C j 1,l  j 1,l  x  

l 



d

j 1,l  j 1,l

x  ,

(5)

l 

where the coefficients c j ,l and d j ,l are as follows: 

c j ,l 

 f  x 

j ,l

 x  dx

,

(6)



and 

d j ,l 

 f  x 

j ,l

 x  dx

.

(7)



31

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‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬

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‫ خردادماه‬71-71

2.Method Let  be the basic scaling function of Daubechies number D and assumes that  is known at the , m  0,1,,  D  1 2q , for some chosen q  N . Pure scaling function 2q expansions of a function f(x) can be written as follows [4]: dyadic rationals m 

c

f x  

j , l  j ,l

x  ,

x R ,

(8)

l 

at th e grid pint x  x k  k r , k Z , 2 where r  N corresponds to some chosen resolution of the real line and 

 f  x 

c j ,l 

j ,l

 x  dx

.

(9)

(10)



when x  a, b  for a, b  N , we impose the resolution 2r on interval a, b  , i.e. b a

, k  0,1,, 2r  1 . 2r so (8) takes the following form [5]: xk  k

2 j b 1



f x  

(11)

c j ,l  j ,l  x  , x  a, b .

(12)

l 2 j a D  2

So f(x) at grid point x k  k 2 j b 1

b a 2

 b a  f k r   c j , l  j ,l 2  l 2 j a D  2 



r

, k  0,1,, 2r  1 and r  j can be written as follows:

 b a  k r  , 2  

(13)

if we use (3), so (13) takes the following form: 2 j b 1

j b a  b a    f k r   2 2 c j ,l   2 j k r  l  , 2  2    j l 2 a D  2



(14)

which can be written in matrix form as follows: fr 2

j 2

(15)

AC

where

 b a  f r   f  0  , f  r  , f  2   

 2 b  a     ,, f r  2 





T

 2 r  1 b  a      ,    2r  

31

(16)

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‫ خردادماه‬71-71

   (2 j a  D  2)  A   j 1 j 1   ( (2  1)b  a (2  1)  2D  4 )  2 



c  c j ,2 j D  2 , c j ,2 j D 3 ,, c j ,2 j b 1



T

  (2 b  1)    ,  (b  a )  ( ) 2 2r (2 j (b a )  D  2) j

.

(17)

(18)

Note that when we overhaul the system shown in (15) we find that the matrix A is not a square matrix. Therefore we can’t solve the system shown in (15) , then we will use linear least square method to solve above system to obtain column-vector C. Linear least squares method is a

procedure to determine the best fit line to data. The linear least square problem is formally defined as follows: Given a real m  n matrix A and a real vector b, find a real n-vector x such that the function: r (x )  Ax  b , is minimized[6]. At end of this section we denoting the integrals of  (x ) by r(x) which written as [7]: x



r  x   φ  y  dy .

(19)

0

Let f  x  V j , x  a,b  for a, b Z , we can expand this function by (12). Integration both side of Eq. (12) from x=a to x=b and using integration theorem yields 2 j b 1

b

b

a

j a l 2 a D  2

f  x dx    2

c j ,l  j ,l  x  dx

2 j b 1



j 2

b



c j ,l  (2 j x  l )dx

l 2 j a D  2

2

2 b 1



j 2

u

a

j

b



c j ,l 2 j  u  du .

l 2 j a D  2

(20)

a

Using definition of r(x) shown in (19), Eq. (20) can be written as follows: b

f  x dx  2

2 j b 1

j 2



c j ,l  r (2 j b  l )  r (2 j a  l )  .  

(21)

l 2 j a D  2

a

which can be written in matrix form as follows: b

f  x dx  2

j 2

RC .

(22)

a

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June 5-6, 2016

‫ خردادماه‬71-71

where matrix C is the same shown in (15) and R is as follows:

 

 

T

 r 2 j b  a   D  2  r  D  2       j r 2 b  a  D  1  r D  1        (23) R   .   r  2   r 2 j a  b   2     j   r 1  r 2  a  b   1   The system shown in (22) can be computed when we obtain the column-vector C from the system shown in (15). Then we use least square method to find the inverse of a matrix A. In other

 

 



words we use pseudo inverse. Denoting A   A T A



1

A T as a pseudo inverse of the matrix A[6].

Then column-vector C computed as follows: C 2

j

2

f rA .

(24)

so (22) takes the following form: b

f  x dx  2

j

Rf r A  .

(25)

a

Hence Eq. (25) is used to evaluate the values of definite integral of a function using Daubechies’ wavelets by linear least square method. In this section we employ the error analysis for the Daubechies’ wavelets bases by linear least square method described above to evaluate an approximation value of definite integral and obtain upper bound of the absolute error. Lemma1. Let A be m  n ( m  n ) and full rank matrix. Then the minimum-norm solution to

the underdetermined system Ax=b is given by x  (AT A )(1) AT b ,

(26) T

note that the matrix (A A )

( 1)

A

T

is pseudo inverse of A.

proof. The proof is given in [8]. Lemma 2. In Eq. (6), d j ,l  C 2

 j  D 1 /2

maxI j ,l

p f     , where

1 C  p!

D 1

x

  x  dx , and

p

0

p D

. 2 Proof. The proof is given in [5]. b



Lemma 3. Let f(x)  L2 ( ) be a continuous functions difined for a  x  b , H  f (x )dx and a

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‫ خردادماه‬71-71

b



H j  PV j f (x )dx Then: a

E j  H  H j C 2

 j ( D 1) 2

.

(27)

Proof. The absolute error may be defined as: b 

Ej 

2 j b 1

 

d i ,l i ,l (x )dx ,

(28)

j a i  j l 2 D  2

which d i ,l are defined in (7). So Ej

2

b



2 j b 1

 

d i ,l  i ,l (x )

 (

j a i  j l 2 D  2





2 j b 1



2 j b 1

 





2 j b 1

   

d i ,l d m , k

i  j l 2 j D  2 m  j k 2 j a D  2





2 j b 1

 

d m ,k  m ,k (x ))dx

m  j k 2 j a D  2

d i ,l

2



b

i ,l  m , k



(x )dx dx



a

(b  a )

(29)

i  j l 2 j a D  2

by using lemma 2 in Eq. (27), it takes the form

Ej

2





2 j b 1

 

i  j l 2 j a D  2 



C

  max

2 j b 1

2 i ( D 1)

2

ij





2 i D 1 p C 2 2   maxI j ,l f     (b  a )

I j ,l



2 p f     (b  a )

l 2 j a D  2



p  C 2 maxI j ,l f    

 12 2 2

2 j ( D 1) 2 2( D 1) 2

,

(30)

taking the square root of (30) yields





p  C maxI j ,l f     2 j ( D 1) 2 .

(31)

Hence E j  C 2 j ( D 1) 2 .

(32)

34

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‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬

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Hence the accuracy in the numerical integration using Daubechies’ wavelets bases by linear least square method improves as we increase j or D.

In order to show the numerical result, the following examples are introduced and the approximate value are obtained for j=9,11 and D=4,6,8. In Table 1- 3 the relative errors with respect to the exact value are shown. Example1. 1



x 2  5x  12dx

0

(see Table 1). Table 1-Relative error above method with respect exact value. J D=4 D=6 D=8 9

1.7668E

-

9.3151E – 08

0.0000E + 00

1.1760E

-

6.1369E - 09

0.0000E + 00

07 1 1

08

Example2. 1

 sin(x

2

)dx

0

(see Table 2). Table 2-Relative error above method with respect exact value. J D=4 D=6 D=8 9

2.9132E- 06

1.43151E



1.1272E – 09

1.10215E - 08

0.0000E + 00

06 1 1

1.2403E

-

07

Example3. 3

 1

1 (x  1)3

dx

(see Table 3).

35

The 3rd International CUA Graduate Students Symposium

‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬

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Table 3-Relative error above method with respect exact value. J D=4 D=6 D=8 9

6.7668E - 03

6.3151E – 03

6.1137E - 03

1

3.4012E - 03

3.2769E - 03

3.0147E - 03

1

From Tables 1-3 it can be noticed that above method for numerical integration of definite integrals using Daubechies wavelet by linear least square methods have acceptable accuracy and the approximate value of definite integral is improved by increasing j and D.

References 1. Williams, J.R and Amaratunga, K. (1994), “Introduction to Wavelets in Engineering”, International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, 37, pp. 2365-2388. 2. Dabechies, I. (1992), “Ten Lectures on Wavelets” SIAM, Philadelphia. 3. Goswami, J.C. and Chan, A.K. (2011), “Fundamentals of Wavelets, Theory, Algorithms and Applications”, John Wiley and Sons Inc, New York. 4. Nielsen, M. (1998). “Wavelets in scientific computing”, Ph.D. Thesis (Dissertation), Technical university of Denmark. 5. Hashish, H., Behiry, S.H. and EL-Shamy, N.A. (2009). “Numerical integration using wavelets”, Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computation, 211, pp. 480-487. 6. Datta, B.N. (1995) “Numerical Linear Algebra and Applications”, Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, USA. 7. Jin, F. and Ye, T.Q. (1997), “Instability Analysis of Prismatic Members by Wavelet-Galerkin Method”, Advanced in Engineering Software, 30, pp. 361-367. 8. EL-Beshbeshy, W.S. (2005). “Wavelet Solution for Solving Partial Differential Equations, Ph.D. Thesis, Mathematical and Physical science Dept., Faculty of Engineering, Mansoura University, Egypt.

36

The 3rd International CUA Graduate Students Symposium

‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬

University of Mohaghegh Ardabili

‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬

June 5-6, 2016

‫ خردادماه‬71-71

Project-Based According to Functional Knee Braces by Plastic Design Amin Ghannadiasl Kazem Shakeri Nasim Nakhlband saei Faculty of Engineering, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Iran Faculty of Engineering, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Iran MSc student, Faculty of Engineering, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Iran

Abstract Design is according to a kind of modern methods of structural design. Now days this method have been developed in order to improve the performance of earthquake-resistant structures. Though often design codes use force to analyze for the seismic effects buildings in earthquake. On the other hand deformation and shift control are essential in the design of structures. In this paper, plastic design has been studied on performance form structural steel design with knee bracing system. Therefore, several structures with different heights with knee bracing system against lateral loads according to Iranian Earthquake Design codes and the tenth issue of national building codes is considered as the basic structures. And again based on performance with the methods of plastic design are designed. Basic structures and designed structures are based on the performance under analysis inelastic Pushover. It can be seen that the method of operation under severe earthquakes, create mechanism of surrender purposes, but the method of force the number of plastic hinges are creating in columns. Finally, it can be concluded with design structural based on functional can be taken a new step to improve seismic performance.

Keywords: Functional design, knee braces, deformation of the building

1. Introduction Earthquake resistant design of structures is one of the most important factors of the modern societies. Scientists studying the destructive effects of past earthquakes on structures are trying to dissolve the deficiencies of the design methods of buildings. The destructive effects and abundant

37

The 3rd International CUA Graduate Students Symposium

‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬

University of Mohaghegh Ardabili

‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬

June 5-6, 2016

‫ خردادماه‬71-71

damages caused by major earthquakes during the twentieth century, made the government agents, experts, and engineers to think about a proper solution for confronting this natural phenomenon. Among the new methods for design of structures, performance-based design method can be noted, which is developed today in order to improve the performance of earthquake resistant structures. The conducted researches during the recent years indicate the superiority of the performancebased design method over the force-based design method. In this paper, the performance-based design method for structures with knee-bracing system is fully explained. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the performance-based design methods against the force-based design methods. Seo and Kim have conducted studies titled seismic design of steel structures with knee braces. Recently, Aristizabal Ochoha has conducted researches on the knee-bracing systems. Naeimi and Bozorg have also studied the seismic performance of knee-bracing systems and Shaban Abdolmohammadi has evaluated the performance-based design method for steel moment resisting frames in a study.

2. Method 1-1- Performance-based design of steel structure with knee-bracing system in this paper is done in such a way that first we consider a structure with 5 stories and a defined plan. This structure has the knee-bracing system in both directions. The structure is considered to be located in Ardabil city and on the soil type II. The structure is a residential and parking building, so is placed in the category of the buildings of medium importance. 1-2- The studied structure is modeled in ETABS 2015 software and is analyzed by using the equivalent static analysis method. The analyzed structure in this step is then again analyzed using the nonlinear static (pushover) analysis method. The aim of this effort is to evaluate the output of the two different methods and to compare them. Nonlinear static analysis:

1-3- After performing the equivalent static analysis and designing the steel structure members, the preparations for the nonlinear static analysis (pushover analysis) is provided. For this, first we define the nonlinear static load cases in ETABS 2015. We perform the command “Define Menu>Load Cases”. In this menu we click the “Add New Case” button and define the nonlinear static load case “PUSHG1” according to Figure (1). By doing this, the gravity loads are in fact applied to the structure and the nonlinear analysis under seismic loading begins at this final state. After the gravity loads are applied to the structure, the software modifies the stiffness matrix of structure according to the applied gravity loads. The gravity load case “PUSHG2” is also defined according to Figure (2).

38

The 3rd International CUA Graduate Students Symposium

‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬

University of Mohaghegh Ardabili

‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬

June 5-6, 2016

Figure (1): Definition of gravity load PUSHG1

‫ خردادماه‬71-71

Figure (2): Definition of gravity load PUSHG2

We click the “Modify/Show” button in front of the term “Results Saved” and in the opened box first we choose “Final State Only” and then check the box “Save Positive Displacement Increments Only”. After defining the gravity loads we define the lateral loads. The lateral loads are defined both positive and negative in directions of X and Y following the gravity loads. Definition of nonlinear hinge properties: In order to observe or change the nonlinear hinge properties we perform the command “Define menu>Section Properties>Frame/Wall Nonlinear Hinges…”. Different types of nonlinear hinges can be defined among which axial load, moment of inertia about strong and weak axis, shear in strong and weak axis and the interaction between force and moments are most widely used. After defining the required nonlinear hinge properties in this study, the hinges are assigned to the members. For this purpose, according to the performance and the type of hinge that might be formed in the members, the appropriate nonlinear hinges are assigned to them. In the present step, in addition to linear static loads the analysis is also performed for nonlinear static loads. The nonlinear analysis is commonly progressed to the destruction of structure, however, different criteria are defined for destruction of structure including the criteria of hinges rupture, the criteria of the mechanism formation and the criteria of nonlinear displacement (deformation) for which an ultimate limit state must be determined in order to limit the amount of displacement. According to the seismic rehabilitation standard of existing structures, this ultimate limit state is equal to the target displacement.

39

The 3rd International CUA Graduate Students Symposium

‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬

University of Mohaghegh Ardabili

‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬

June 5-6, 2016

‫ خردادماه‬71-71

3. Results and Discussion The results of investigating the story displacements in the equivalent static analysis model shows that the structural drift limitation is not achieved and also the demand to capacity ratio of line members such as beam and column in stories is not suitable, hence, modification of the lateral displacement and strengthening of members are required. In the nonlinear static (pushover) analysis model, as displayed in Figures 4 and 5, with increasing the lateral loading in places in which the hinge occurs in the cross section, the hinge formation sign is appeared.

Figure (4): Formation of plastic hinge in frame A Figure (5): Formation of plastic hinge in frame D

The studied structure meets the target displacement determined based on rehabilitation standard and also the desirable rehabilitation objective.

41

The 3rd International CUA Graduate Students Symposium

‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬

University of Mohaghegh Ardabili

‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬

June 5-6, 2016

‫ خردادماه‬71-71

Figure (6): Pushover Curve - Base Shear vs Monitored Displacement Table(1) Base Shear vs Monitored Displacement Monitored Displ

Base Force

cm

N

0

0.002

1

Step

A-B

B-C

C-D

D-E

>E

A-IO

IO-LS LS-CP

0

339

0

0

0

0

339

0

0

-0.307

57207.9

339

0

0

0

0

339

0

0

2

-0.616

114415.8 339 2

0

0

0

0

339

0

0

3

-0.926

171623.7 339 7

0

0

0

0

339

0

0

4

-1.235

228831.7 339 6

0

0

0

0

339

0

0

5

-1.544

286039.8 339 3

0

0

0

0

339

0

0

6

-1.854

339

0

0

0

0

339

0

0

343247.9

41

The 3rd International CUA Graduate Students Symposium

‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬

University of Mohaghegh Ardabili

‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬

June 5-6, 2016

Step

‫ خردادماه‬71-71

Monitored Displ

Base Force

cm

N

A-B

B-C

C-D

D-E

>E

A-IO

IO-LS LS-CP

8 7

-2.163

400456.2 339 4

0

0

0

0

339

0

0

8

-2.472

457664.6 339 2

0

0

0

0

339

0

0

9

-2.782

514873.1 339 4

0

0

0

0

339

0

0

10

-3.091

572081.8 339 3

0

0

0

0

339

0

0

11

-3.4

629290.7 339 1

0

0

0

0

339

0

0

12

-3.71

686499.7 339 8

0

0

0

0

339

0

0

13

-4.019

743709.0 339 7

0

0

0

0

339

0

0

14

-4.328

800918.5 339 9

0

0

0

0

339

0

0

15

-4.638

858128.3 339 8

0

0

0

0

339

0

0

16

-4.947

915338.4 339 3

0

0

0

0

339

0

0

17

-5.256

972548.7 339 9

0

0

0

0

339

0

0

18

-5.566

1029759. 339 45

0

0

0

0

339

0

0

42

The 3rd International CUA Graduate Students Symposium

‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬

University of Mohaghegh Ardabili

‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬

June 5-6, 2016

‫ خردادماه‬71-71

Monitored Displ

Base Force

cm

N

19

-5.875

20

Step

A-B

B-C

C-D

D-E

>E

A-IO

IO-LS LS-CP

1086970. 339 45

0

0

0

0

339

0

0

-6.184

1144181. 339 8

0

0

0

0

339

0

0

21

-6.494

1201393. 339 51

0

0

0

0

339

0

0

22

-6.636

1227646. 338 75

1

0

0

0

339

0

0

23

-6.951

1279957. 336 75

3

0

0

0

339

0

0

24

-7.475

1346793. 335 76

4

0

0

0

339

0

0

25

-7.784

1383974. 335 49

4

0

0

0

336

3

0

26

-8.359

1449542. 332 17

7

0

0

0

335

4

0

27

-8.976

1496216. 331 79

8

0

0

0

335

4

0

28

-9.278

1516819. 331 1

8

0

0

0

334

5

0

References 1. Jinkoo Kim, Youngill Seo, “Seismic design of steel structures with buckling-restrained knee braces”, Journal of Constructional steel research 59, p.1477-1497, July 2003. 2. Aristizabal-Ochoa, J. D., “Disposable knee bracing: improvement in seismic design of steel frames”, J. Structure. Engineering, ASCE, 1986, 112, (7), 1544-1552

43

The 3rd International CUA Graduate Students Symposium

‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬

University of Mohaghegh Ardabili

‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬

June 5-6, 2016

‫ خردادماه‬71-71

3. Naeemi, M. and Bozorg, M. (2009). Seismic Performance of Knee Braced Frame. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, No. 50, PP. 976-980 4. Shaban Abdolmohammadi, Moein, (1393), “Evaluation of performance-based design of steel moment resisting frames” M.Sc. Thesis, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil. 5. Mousavi, Hashem, Aghaeipour, Tohid, (1393) “Comparison of strength- and performance-based design methods in studying of vulnerability and strengthening of steel buildings” Zanjan university.

44

The 3rd International CUA Graduate Students Symposium

‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬

University of Mohaghegh Ardabili

‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬

June 5-6, 2016

‫ خردادماه‬71-71

The Effect of Opening Position in the Rectangular Concrete Beams on the Size and Weight of Steel Consumption Amin Ghannadi Asl Arezoo Gharibi Asl Soheil Soleymanzade moghaddam Engineering, Mohaghegh Ardabili, Iran Engineering, Mohaghegh Ardabili, Iran Engineering, Mohaghegh Ardabili, Iran

Abstract In the construction of moderns buildings, many pipes and ducts are necessary to accommodate essential services like water supply, sewage, air-conditioning, electricity, telephone, and computer network usually these pipes and ducts are placed underneath the sofitt of the beam and, for aesthetic reasons, are covered by a suspended ceiling, thus creating a dead space that adds to the overall building height depends on the number and depth of ducts to be accommodated. To avoid increasing the height of the ceiling and dead weight floor, it is better that pipes and ducts pass from the beams of ceiling for this purpose beams should be designed in the form of opening. In this paper, opening position is beam height. Also in this article is investigated, the effect of the presence or absence of openings in the beam height on the tensile, compressive and shear steel in reinforced concrete beams. For this purpose, the program is provided by matlab. The results show that changes in crosssectional dimensions and position of opening cause to change the amount of area tensile, compressive and shear steel, and the total weight of the steel in reinforced concrete sections.

Keywords: reinforced concrete beam with opening, the amount of used steel.

1. Introduction In modern building construction, transverse openings in reinforced concrete beams are often provided for the passage of utility ducts and pipes. These ducts are necessary in order to

45

The 3rd International CUA Graduate Students Symposium

‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬

University of Mohaghegh Ardabili

‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬

June 5-6, 2016

‫ خردادماه‬71-71

accommodate essential services such as water supply, electricity, telephone, and computer network. These ducts and pipes are usually placed underneath the soffit of the beam and for aesthetic reasons, a recovered by a suspended ceiling, thus creating a dead space. In each floor, the height of this dead space adds to the overall height of the building depending on the number and depth of ducts. Therefore web openings enable the designer to reduce the height of the structure, especially with regard to tall building construction, thus leading to a highly economical design. The presence of transverse openings will transform simple beam behaviour into a more complex behaviour, as they induce a sudden change in the dimension of the beam’s cross section. However, as the opening represents a source of weakness, the failure plane always passes through the opening. The ultimate strength, shear strength, crack width and stiffness may also be seriously affected. Furthermore, the provision of openings produces discontinuities or disturbances in the normal flow of stresses, thus leading to stress concentration and early cracking around the opening region. Similar to any discontinuity, special reinforcement or enclosing of the opening close to its periphery, should therefore be provided in sufficient quantity to control crack widths and prevent possible premature failure of the beam. This section presents the classification of Reinforced Concrete (RC) beams with circular openings based on the opening’s size and position.

The method used in this paper:

1.

The algorithm for the design of concrete beams with openings based on regulations Iran.

2.

To avoid from this, it considered that shear force is limited according to regulations Iran to prevent increasing the diameter of the hole.

46

The 3rd International CUA Graduate Students Symposium

‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬

University of Mohaghegh Ardabili

‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬

June 5-6, 2016

‫ خردادماه‬71-71

Figure 1: Rectangular concrete beam design algorithm

Figure 2: Rectangular concrete beam design with compressive bars algorithm

3.

The use of shear force to obtain stirrups area and Rebar reinforcement.

47

The 3rd International CUA Graduate Students Symposium

‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬

University of Mohaghegh Ardabili

‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬

June 5-6, 2016

‫ خردادماه‬71-71

Figure 3: shear resistance Vs provided by shear reinforcement at an opening Shear across the failure plane are those by the sides of the opening within the distance of  b  do  :

Vs  Where

Av f yv S

(b d o )

b is width of beam width and d 0 is diameter of opening Av is area of shear stirrups and

f yv is yield strength of stirrups. According to references of (2).

Results and Discussion As can be seen by increasing the diameter of the hole due to limitations intended to diameter hole cut in the area of tensile steel was low at the beginning of beam and in the middle of beam with increases bending and decreases of shear it will increases. But the area of compressive steel beam is zero because diameter hole is small. Also in the area of shear steel will increases at the beginning of beam and in the middle of beam with increases bending and decreases of shear it will decreases also this method is true for the weight of shear steel at the beam. And also by increasing the diameter of the hole can be seen that the total amount of steel consumption increases.

48

The 3rd International CUA Graduate Students Symposium

‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬

University of Mohaghegh Ardabili

‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬

June 5-6, 2016

‫ خردادماه‬71-71

Figure 4: The area of tensile bars (mm2), according to length (mm)

Figure 5: The area of compression bars (mm2), according to length (mm)

49

The 3rd International CUA Graduate Students Symposium

‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬

University of Mohaghegh Ardabili

‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬

June 5-6, 2016

‫ خردادماه‬71-71

Figure 6: stirrups area and Rebar reinforcement (mm2/mm), according to length (mm)

-4-1

Figure 7: The weight of stirrups area and Rebar reinforcement (kg/m), according to length (mm)

51

The 3rd International CUA Graduate Students Symposium

‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬

University of Mohaghegh Ardabili

‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬

June 5-6, 2016

‫ خردادماه‬71-71

Figure 8: The weight of tensile steel (kg/m), according to length (mm)

1140 1130 1120 1110 1100 1090 1080 1070 0

50

100

150

200

Figure 9: The total weight of steel (kg/m), according to diameter (mm)

51

The 3rd International CUA Graduate Students Symposium

‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬

University of Mohaghegh Ardabili

‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬

June 5-6, 2016

‫ خردادماه‬71-71

References Concrete beam book by civil engineering regulations Iran. Concrete beam whit openings analysis and design by M. A. Mansur and Kiang- H wee tan. The artical of Reinforced concrete beams with web openings: A state of the art review A. Ahmed, M.M. Fayyadh, S. Naganathan, K. Nasharuddin.

52

The 3rd International CUA Graduate Students Symposium

‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬

University of Mohaghegh Ardabili

‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬

June 5-6, 2016

‫ خردادماه‬71-71

The Optimization of Consumption steel T-Shaped Concrete Beams by Genetic Algorithms Amin Ghannadi asl Arezoo Gharibi asl Soheil Soleymanzade moghaddam Engineering, Mohaghegh Ardabili, Iran Engineering, Mohaghegh Ardabili, Iran Engineering, Mohaghegh Ardabili, Iran

Abstract Optimization theory is method studies to find their optimal. The "optimal" as a technical term implies quantitative measurements and mathematical analysis, while best things are the less accuracy and more for everyday use. In this paper, by providing appropriate algorithm for the design of T-shaped concrete beams and also optimized by genetic algorithm want to get the best rate of consumption steel. In this article, the numerical results use to optimize the T-shaped concrete beams. Keywords: genetic algorithm, optimization, T-shaped concrete beam. 1. Introduction Genetic algorithm is one of the methods of stochastic optimization based on the concept of natural selection and genetic that inspired evolution of humans. This method uses the approximate population of possible solutions to issues offer is expressed. Genetic Algorithm produced by repeating the generation and development-focused people by the fitness function. For this purpose, the initial population consisted of people randomly and then to The development of any of the people using the fitness function evaluates and then jump on the genetic operators such as integration and has practiced And higher qualified people to form a new population creates. This will continue until the conditions of termination algorithm. This method can be used in a wide range of issues in various fields such as engineering, mathematics, and surgery.

53

The 3rd International CUA Graduate Students Symposium

‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬

University of Mohaghegh Ardabili

‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬

June 5-6, 2016

‫ خردادماه‬71-71

In this paper, by providing appropriate algorithm for the design of T-shaped concrete beams and also optimized by genetic algorithm want to get the best rate of consumption steel.

2. The method used in this paper:

1.

The algorithm for the design of concrete T shape beams based on regulations Iran.

Figure 10: T shape concrete beam design algorithm

54

The 3rd International CUA Graduate Students Symposium

‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬

University of Mohaghegh Ardabili

‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬

June 5-6, 2016

‫ خردادماه‬71-71

Figure 11: T shape concrete beam design with compressive bars algorithm 2. Results and Discussion We conclude from this graph, genetic algorithms, rather than trial and error, much earlier finds the optimal level, and this issue is more with increased span length.

Chart Title 80000 60000 40000 20000 0 0

5

10

15

the try error

20

25

30

35

genetic

Figure 12: Genetic and the try error according to length (m)

55

The 3rd International CUA Graduate Students Symposium

‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬

University of Mohaghegh Ardabili

‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬

June 5-6, 2016

‫ خردادماه‬71-71

GA was able to repeat fewer, roughly the same cost, optimizes cross section.

Chart Title 5 4 3 2 1 0 0

5

10

15

20

the cost of try error

25

30

35

the cost of genetic

Figure 13: The cost of genetic and the try error according to length (m)

References Concrete beams based on regulations Iran. Space truss weight optimization using genetic algorithms, the artical by Ehsan Mahmoudi Koochaksarai.

56

The 3rd International CUA Graduate Students Symposium

‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬

University of Mohaghegh Ardabili

‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬

June 5-6, 2016

‫ خردادماه‬71-71

Wahhabism in Republic of Azerbaijan Morteza Ebrahimi Parisa Baghghal Asgari Naser Rahmani Assi. Professor, Department of Political Science, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran. M.Sc. Student, Department of Humanities, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran. M.Sc. Student, Department of Humanities, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran.

Abstract After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the Muslim republics of the central Asia and Caucasus where considered as a new objectives for the diversion radical movements specially Wahhabism. In this geographic set republic of Azerbaijan considered as one of main objective countries for many reasons and the leader of Wahhabism groups were engaged in missionary activity in this country. The main reasons for activity of this groups are, although the Azerbaijan is a Muslim country with majority of Shiite, but nowadays it is in a bad situation in area of religion and religiosity and religion community of this country is in a type of intellectual confusion. The three cases which can be considered as main reasons for formation of this situation are, first is religious and ideological vacuum which is legacy of communist rule. Second is selecting the Secular model as type of political system in a Muslim country which is follower of Ahle Bait (PBUT), and the third is lack of attention and emphasis on religion and the religion of the majority community and insists on equality of all religions from perspective of type and amount of activity and propaganda from the government.

Keywords: Wahhabism, Caucasus, Religion vacuum, Republic of Azerbaijan.

1. Introduction Republic of Azerbaijan with 86 600 square kilometers area is the most important country in the South Caucasus. This land belonged to Iran till 200 years ago. But in the war of Iran and Russia by the treaty of Golestan and TurkmenChay joined to Russia. After the collapse of the Soviet Union in October 1991 Republic of Azerbaijan has announced independent and as an independent political unit in international arena has recognized. Nowadays one of the most important radical movement

57

The 3rd International CUA Graduate Students Symposium

‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬

University of Mohaghegh Ardabili

‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬

June 5-6, 2016

‫ خردادماه‬71-71

that has been obstacle for Muslims success in all over the world and has lend lots of sorrow for Islamic world is Wahhabism. At the moment Republic of Azerbaijan is one of the countries that has become a place for action and prowl of this radical movement. This article examines the role of Wahhabism and Wahhabism threat for Azerbaijan and the regions.

2. Discussion Intellectual and political history of Wahhabism Ahmad ibn Hanbal (164-241H.q): Ahmad ibn Hanbal, the founder of the Hanbali sect and had been considered as one of the thought leaders of Hadith, was born in Rabi al awal 164 AH in Baghdad. Ahmad ibn Hanbal was a jurist who travel a lot, and in the pursuit of knowledge and tradition to Hijaz, Yemen, Kufa and Basra travelled. And gathered lots of Hadiths. And put them in a series called documentary of Ibn Hanbal. Ahmad had many masters, in fiqh and hadith, So that Ibn Khallikan considers him one of the companions and special students. Of Imam Shafi.' Ibn Hanbal after 77 years of living in the twelfth of Rabi al-Awwal 241 AH, after a nine-day course of the disease died in Baghdad a , and his body was buried in the tomb of bab al Hor. His life history, testifies that Ahmed resistance in his beliefs, drew emotions of people to him. And gradually he became the imam of belief among Sunnis and could publish Sunni beliefs as were valid to him. He was the founder of his school called "Hanbali"

Ibn Taymiyyah: Ahmad Ibn Taymiyyah, was born five years after the fall of the Abbasi Caliphate in Baghdad, in a district called Horran in Sham. This city in the years before his birth and his childhood was invaded by the Mongol. So, people of the city, including Abdul Halim Ibn Taymiyyah’s parents were forced to leave the city to go to Damascus. Ahmad ibn Taymiyyah as a jurist, Hanbali narrator, aroused against all liberal and modernist. Some of the reasons that scholars objected to ibn Taymiyyah were as followers: 1. 2. 3. 4.

Considering a body for God Considering a place/location for God as an object God is alike objects and creatures Denying the Spiritual magnificent of prophet Mohammad after his death

58

The 3rd International CUA Graduate Students Symposium

‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬

University of Mohaghegh Ardabili

‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬

June 5-6, 2016

‫ خردادماه‬71-71

5. Denying prophets pilgrimage and intercession 6. Insulting the prophet’s 7. Most important calling all the Muslims infidel Actually he believed that any action that hadn’t be done in prophet’s time shouldn’t be done after him .ibn Taymiyyah derived 3 rules from the general principles. 1. No benefactor person or friends of friends of God should be a means to get closer to God, 2. Don’t refuge to any one for help , living or dead 3. Shouldn’t be bowed to any ones grave or tomb specially prophets In fact, they believe that funeral and mourning is forbidden because dead man can’t do anything not spiritual and worldly affairs.

Muhammad ibn Abdul Wahhab Muhammad ibn Abdul Wahhab was born in 1115 AD in Uyayna. Muhammad's father had taught religious affairs justice in Uyayna. Mohamad was interested in interpretation books and hadith and fiqh opinions from his childhood and had been taught Hanbali tradition by his father, who was a Hanbali scholar. Abd al-Wahhab studied religious science and starred judging as a career. Muhammad son of Abdul Wahhab after the end of the introductory courses went to the Medina for studying. During in his studying he had told some words that had some special ideas behind them. So that his teachers were worried about his future and told he will mislead people if started for proselytism. Mohammad ibn abd al wahhab was brought in tribal society and because of his father’s hanbali beliefs and his job that was judging became interested in hanbalis figh and whom that had studied it specially ibn taymiyyeh and his student ibn gayim and also ibn addaolhadi .so for getting more information about these persons and informing of the cultural social and political atmosphere of Syria and Iraq that were ruled by the Ottoman Empire traveled to those areas.

Religions in Azerbaijan Islam Republic of Azerbaijan has been one of the most important Islamic centers of the ancient years, and still have ethnic links with Islamic history and shiee art. More than five thousand places according with the Shiite Islamic architecture there is in this republic. Three hundred institutions and religious consensus in the country that operate legally and are supervised by DQIDK. There are also three hundred mosques in the country that are acting in cultural and religious features legality, but twenty percent of them do not work. Baku Islamic University and the Sumgait Islamic University are those academic centers that Field of "Islamic theology" taught there.

59

The 3rd International CUA Graduate Students Symposium

‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬

University of Mohaghegh Ardabili

‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬

June 5-6, 2016

‫ خردادماه‬71-71

The rise of Wahhabism The Religious vacuum created in Azerbaijan in the years after independence, was a good time to propagate other religions and sects emerging and attract an audience among people who had lived seventy years in irreligious, People who were strongly eager for speaking out, after getting their freedom, were walking after their awake mettle, and lived like an arid desert waiting for water. On the other hand ruinous war in Karabakh and political chaos in Azerbaijan in early years of independence as well as the crisis in Chechen in the North Caucasus (in later years) the opportunity to advertise and spread of different religions and sects such as Wahhabism, in the Republic created.

History of Wahhabism attendance in Republic of Azerbaijan Wahhabis in the early 90's by Arab charities help have found their way to Azerbaijan. Abu Bakr Mosque (the largest Wahhabi mosque in Azerbaijan where followers of the Wahhabi doctrine often gather in this mosque) with the financial assistance of the Kuwaiti charitable foundations established in Baku in 1998 and its supervision was given to "Suleiman gamat" who was educated in Saudi Arabia In these years some Arab charities were expelled from Azerbaijan. But for the activity of Abu Bakr Mosque hadn't made limits and because of that some members of the mosque and publications accused haji gamat to cooperating with the government. At this time‫"د‬Ali Khan Musa of" one of the members of the Abu Bakr mosque was known as one of the figures. In this time, Wahhabis call him Ekhwan. Wahhabis as the third largest group of foreign missionaries using the pristine religious and ideological atmosphere of Azerbaijan entered on the scene of Azerbaijan. And missionaries of the Wahhabi sect from 1995 began onwards to promote the Wahhabism and destruction of other religions, especially Shi'a Islam. The followers of the Wahhabi sect gradually expanded its activities in the Republic of Azerbaijan and began to brainwashing in this country.

Wahhabi active groups in Republic of Azerbaijan The early years of the twentieth century due to the rapid spread of this cult in Azerbaijan ,The other paths of this cult parallel to each other has spread and growth. Four main groups that nowadays are active in Azerbaijan include: Jihad Population, Salafis, migration population (excommunication) and the Brotherhood that each branch had its own president and its own principles and beliefs associated.

61

The 3rd International CUA Graduate Students Symposium

‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬

University of Mohaghegh Ardabili

‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬

June 5-6, 2016

‫ خردادماه‬71-71

Wahhabis major fields of activity Nowadays Azeri Wahhabis and followers of this religion that are acting by support of Arabia and other Arab countries financial help by the name of charity units , With the establishment IN war refugee camps and penetration into the education system of the country , tend to propagandize their religion. As ANS Press reported that studies on the schools has shown that the influence of radical religious movements among students is expanding.

Azeri rulers fight against Wahhabism Azerbaijani Governors after 11 September 2001 and knowing the nature of these groups who could face the rule of Azerbaijan with a huge challenge, revised on their decisions, and considered some restrictions on them to prevent their growth .Although it seems nowadays the fight against this movement has got a Steep slope. The two cases are mentioned below: 1. In November 2005, on the eve of parliamentary elections in Azerbaijan, politicians of this county were talking about the threat of political stability of Azerbaijan from the Wahhabism more and more. This concern was justified based on the evidence, and one of the evidence was in relation of sending 14 ton of religious publications to Baku ,in Azerbaijani , Russian , Arabic , Uzbek-Kazakh languages for the Muslim Council of the Caucasus from the Muslims Commission of Kuwait. The government banned these book, because in many of them Wahhabism was advertised and Sunni and Shiite, Islam branches, were against each other. 2. In 2014 lham Aliyev during his visit to Iran and his meeting with the Supreme Leader, showed his concern about Wahhabism, and said that (religious extremism) is as the cause of common concern between the two countries states and called for greater ties with the Islamic Republic of Iran.

3.Conclusion Wahhabism at the beginning of its activity in Azerbaijan introduced itself as submissive and supportive of policies of the ruling system. And bye the praising of the sovereignty of that country , by urging on the continuation of its campaign, their followers were increasing, and after strengthening its position, there is a threat to the stability and security of this country and these are the exactly the same process that in other countries have experienced before. Unfortunately the America and the Zionist regime support, is a key factor in the spread of the cult of the Wahhabi sect in Azerbaijan. The fears of forming Shia government in the neighbourhood of Islamic Republic of Iran

61

The 3rd International CUA Graduate Students Symposium

‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬

University of Mohaghegh Ardabili

‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬

June 5-6, 2016

‫ خردادماه‬71-71

according to the historical, cultural and religious commonalities between the two countries has caused to create rifts and divisions between the two nations more and more. Azerbaijan Sunni Muslims that make up about 25% of the population, in the absence of Wahhabi influence are not considered a new threat to the Azerbaijani government and the Shia community. But high sentiments among the ethnic groups in the Caucasus and non-Azeri of most Sunnis living in sensitive border areas has caused the movements of anti-Shiite Wahhabis, create the risk of violent facing between the followers Sunni and Shia. So Baku recently realized the danger of Wahhabism, and monitored its activities, and Wahhabism tactics in this field is blowing in religious conflicts and sectarian strife.

References 1.What is happening in Azerbaijan? WWW.hawzah.net 2.Nosrati, Ahmad, danger of Wahhabism in Azerbaijan, 1392: WWW.arannews.com 3.Representative of the Supreme Leader in Hajj and pilgrimage areas, recognizing Saudi Arabia, released Hiram, without date, unwarranted, Page 108 4.Qazet newspaper, 525 5.Ansari, Reza, October, Religion in Azerbaijan: Winter 1392, WWW.qafqaz.ir 6.Mobaleghi, Ahmad, history of religions: Page 1430 7.Goli, Hassan Wahhabi threat to Azerbaijan, Journal Aran, sixth year: Number 15 and 16 springsummer 1387 8.Abdullahi, Aref, presence of Wahhabism in Azerbaijan, scientific research Journal of Caucasus, fifth year, Number: 17-18, Summer 93 9.Ansarimehr, Reza, Religion in the Republic of Azerbaijan, winter 1392, www.gafgaz.ir 10.Commonwealth of Independent States and Baltic republics, pages 15, 148, 11.How the Wahhabi sect was founded and what is the difference between the Wahhabis and Sunnis? www.mashreghnews.ir 12. Davitashvili ,Zurab, translation: Amirahmadian, Bahram, Ethnic - geographical backgrounds and political crisis in the Caucasus, Humanities institution And cultural studies, Human Sciences Comprehensive Portal ,No. 145-146

62

The 3rd International CUA Graduate Students Symposium

‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬

University of Mohaghegh Ardabili

‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬

June 5-6, 2016

‫ خردادماه‬71-71

Power Flow Solution in a Larg Scale Power System Including IPFC Elham Mokaramian Hossein Shayeghi Abdolah Younesi Technical Engineering Department, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran Technical Engineering Department, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran Technical Engineering Department, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran

Abstract Abstract: In this paper a power injection model (PIM) of interline power flow controller (IPFC) by applying the Newton-Raphson method is discussed. This model is incorporated into NewtonRaphson power flow to study the effects of IPFC parameters in the power flow study. The IPFC has much more flexible topologies, consists of at least two converters, and can be used to control power flows of a group of lines. It can be anticipated that the IPFC may be used to solve the complex transmission network congestion management problems that transmission companies are now facing in the transmission open-access environment. The Newton-Raphson power flow solution method with IPFC model is a useful tool for operation and control of power systems.

Keywords: Interline power flow controller (IPFC), Newton-Raphson power flow, Power injection model (PIM), Loss minimization

1. Introduction Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) is a technology based concept that can provide a full dynamic control over active and reactive power flow on transmission systems based on the key control variables such as transmission line impedance, phase angle and terminal voltages [1]. The latest generation of FACTS controllers are unified power flow controller (UPFC) and interline power flow controller (IPFC). It is found that, in the past, much effort has been made in the modeling of the

63

The 3rd International CUA Graduate Students Symposium

‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬

University of Mohaghegh Ardabili

‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬

June 5-6, 2016

‫ خردادماه‬71-71

UPFC for power flow analysis [2]-[4]. The IPFC is conceived for the compensation and power flow management of multi-line transmission system. Like the STATCOM, SSSC and UPFC, the IPFC also employs the voltage sourced converter as a basic building block [5]. A simple model of IPFC with optimal power flow control method to solve overload problem and the power flow balance for the minimum cost has been proposed [6]. This paper investigates the performance of IPFC in a power system network. A detailed mathematical model of IPFC which will be referred as IPFC power injection model has been presented. This model is helpful in understanding the impact of IPFC on power system. Further, the IPFC injection model can easily be incorporated in the steady state power flow model. The proposed model is used to demonstrate the features of IPFC. This paper shows that the IPFC has the capability of regulating bus voltages, active power flow, reactive power flow and minimizing the power losses simultaneously [7]. HV1 HV2

dc link Cdc

+ -

System data Measured Vdc

IPFC CONTROLER

Control para Measured para

2. INTERLINE POWER FLOW CONTROLLER A. Operation Principles of IPFC In its general form, the IPFC employs a number of dc to ac converters, each providing series compensation for a different line. The converters are linked together at their dc terminals and connected to the ac systems through their series coupling transformers [8]. The simplest IPFC consists of two back-to-back dc-to-ac converters, which are connected in series with two transmission lines through series coupling transformers and the dc terminals of the converters are connected together via a common dc link. With this IPFC, in addition to providing series reactive compensation, any converter can be controlled to supply real power to the common dc link from its own transmission line [9].

B. Mathematical Model of IPFC

64

The 3rd International CUA Graduate Students Symposium

‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬

University of Mohaghegh Ardabili

‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬

June 5-6, 2016

‫ خردادماه‬71-71

In this section, a mathematical model for IPFC which will be referred to as power injection model is derived. This model is useful to study the impact of the IPFC on the power system network and can easily be incorporated in the power flow algorithm [7]. Usually, in the steady state analysis of power systems, the VSC may be represented as a synchronous voltage source injecting an almost sinusoidal voltage with controllable magnitude and angle. Based on this, the equivalent circuit of IPFC is shown in Fig.2. In this circuit, is the complex (n=j, k) controllable series injected voltage.  

V

Z se  R se n

n

 jX

se n

se n

V

se n

 se

n

(n=j, k) is the series transformer impedance [10]. V , i

complex bus voltages at the buses i, j and k respectively, defined as

V

m

V

m

V

j

and

V

k

are the

 m (m= i, j and k).

Therefore, the current source can be expressed as

I se

n

  j b se

V

n

(1) se n

Now, the current source ( complex power injected at

s

inj ,i

I se

i

) can be modeled as injection powers at the buses i, j and k. The n

th

bus is

  V i ( Isen )* n  j ,k

(2) Subtitle (1) in (2)

s

inj ,i

  V i ( j b se n  j ,k

V

n

(3)

)* se n

After simplification, the active power and reactive power injection at

i

th

bus are

P

 RE (S

inj ,i

)   (V n  j ,k

V b

sein

sin(i   sein ))

(4)

inj ,i

Q

 IM (S

inj ,i

)   (V

V b

sein

cos(i   sein ))

(5)

inj ,i

n  j ,k

i

i

sein

sein

The complex power injected at

S

inj ,n

n

th

bus (n=j,k) is (6)

V n (Isen )*

Substitute (1) in (6)

65

The 3rd International CUA Graduate Students Symposium

‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬

University of Mohaghegh Ardabili

‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬

June 5-6, 2016

s

inj ,n

‫ خردادماه‬71-71

V n ( j b se

V

in

(7)

)* se in

After simplification, the active power and reactive power injections at

P

inj ,i

 RE (S

inj ,n

)  V

Q

inj ,i

 IM (S

inj ,n

) V

sein

b

sein

sin(n   sein )

V b

n

sein

sein

n

th

bus are (8)

cos(n   sein )

(9)

Based on (4), (5), (8), and (9), power injection model of IPFC can be seen as three dependent power injections at buses i, j and k. As IPFC neither absorbs nor injects active power with respect to the ac system, the active power exchange between the converters via the dc link is zero, i.e.

Re(Vseij I*ji  Vseik I*ki )  0

(10)

Where the superscript * denotes the conjugate of a complex number. If the resistances of series transformers are neglected, (10) can be written as



m i , j , k

Pinj ,m  0

(11)

3. IMPLEMENTATION OF IPFC MODEL IN NR METHOD A. Power Balance Equations with IPFC The IPFC power injection model can be incorporated into NR power flow algorithm by addition of power injections to the corresponding power mismatch equations. The power balance equations can be expressed as:

Pi  Pi 0  Pinj ,i Qi  Qi0  Qinj ,i Pn  Pn0  Pinj ,n Q n  Q n0  Qinj ,n

66

The 3rd International CUA Graduate Students Symposium

‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬

University of Mohaghegh Ardabili

‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬

June 5-6, 2016

‫ خردادماه‬71-71

Where the superscript ‘0’ denotes the power mismatch without IPFC and n=j, k.

4. Results and Analysis In this section, numerical results are carried out on IEEE 57-bus system [19] to show the robust performance and capabilities of IPFC model. In the test system, bus 1 is considered as slack bus, while bus 2, 3, 6, 8, 9 and 12 as generator buses and other buses as load buses. For all the cases, the convergence tolerance is 1e-7 p.u. System base MVA is 100. The inductive reactance of the coupling transformers are taken to be 0.01 p.u. Beginning, the power flow solution i.e. bus voltages, line flows and line losses of 57-bus system are calculated using Newton-Raphson method without IPFC. Next, for the same system the power flow solution is obtained using NR method with IPFC. The one converter of IPFC is embedded in a line between the buses 13-14 which is considered as 1st line and the other converter of IPFC is placed in a line between the buses13-15 which is considered as 2nd line and bus 13 is selected as common bus for two converters. The bus voltages, line flows and line losses of test system without and with IPFC (parameters Vse= 0.3 p.u and θse=- 120) are shown in Table I, II and III respectively

Table 1 LINE FLOWS WITHOUT AND WITH IPFC Active power flow From-To

Reactive power flow

(MW)

(MVAR)

Without

With

Without

IPFC

IPFC

IPFC

13-14

-0.089

-0.534

0.259

0.268

13-15

-0.485

-0.595

0.127

0.170

67

With IPFC

The 3rd International CUA Graduate Students Symposium

‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬

University of Mohaghegh Ardabili

‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬

June 5-6, 2016

‫ خردادماه‬71-71

Table 2 Line Losses without and with IPFC Total active power losses (P.U) without IPFC 0.240

Total reactive power losses (P.U)

with IPFC 0.212

without IPFC

with IPFC

1.167

1.016

5. Conclusion In this paper, a power injection model of IPFC has been presented. This model is incorporated in NR power flow solution method to study the effects of IPFC parameters in power flow studies.It is shown that there is a possibility of regulating bus voltage, active and reactive power flow and minimizing the power loss with proper IPFC parameters.. The strong multi line control capability of IPFC plays an important role in power systems. The NR power flow solution method with IPFC model is a useful tool for planning, operation and control of power systems.

References 1.Shea, John. "Understanding FACTS-concepts and technology of flexible AC transmission systems [Book Review]." Electrical Insulation Magazine, IEEE 18.1 (2002): 46-46. 2. Fuerte-Esquivel, C. R., and E. Acha. "Unified power flow controller: a critical comparison of Newton-Raphson UPFC algorithms in power flow studies." Generation, Transmission and Distribution, IEE Proceedings-. Vol. 144. No. 5. IET, 1997. 3. Noroozian, M., et al. "Use of UPFC for optimal power flow control." Power Delivery, IEEE Transactions on 12.4 (1997): 1629-1634. 4. Fuerte-Esquivel, C. R., E. Acha, and H. Ambriz-Perez. "A comprehensive Newton-Raphson UPFC model for the quadratic power flow solution of practical power networks." Power Systems, IEEE Transactions on 15.1 (2000): 102-109. 5. Gyugyi, Laszlo, Kalyan K. Sen, and Colin D. Schauder. "The interline power flow controller concept:

68

The 3rd International CUA Graduate Students Symposium

‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬

University of Mohaghegh Ardabili

‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬

June 5-6, 2016

‫ خردادماه‬71-71

a new approach to power flow management in transmission systems." Power Delivery, IEEE Transactions on 14.3 (1999): 1115-1123. 6. Teerathana, S., and A. Yokoyama. "An optimal power flow control method of power system using interline power flow controller (IPFC)." TENCON 2004. 2004 IEEE Region 10 Conference. Vol. 100. IEEE, 2004. 7. Babu, AV Naresh, and S. Sivanagaraju. "Mathematical modelling, analysis and effects of interline power flow controller (IPFC) parameters in power flow studies." Power Electronics (IICPE), 2010 India International Conference on. IEEE, 2011. 8.Gyugyi, Laszlo, Kalyan K. Sen, and Colin D. Schauder. "The interline power flow controller concept: a new approach to power flow management in transmission systems." Power Delivery, IEEE Transactions on 14.3 (1999): 1115-1123. 9. Shea, John. "Understanding FACTS-concepts and technology of flexible AC transmission systems [Book Review]." Electrical Insulation Magazine, IEEE 18.1 (2002): 46-46. 10. Zhang, Yankui, Yan Zhang, and Chen Chen. "A novel power injection model of IPFC for power flow analysis inclusive of practical constraints." Power Systems, IEEE Transactions on 21.4 (2006): 15501556.

69

The 3rd International CUA Graduate Students Symposium

‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬

University of Mohaghegh Ardabili

‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬

June 5-6, 2016

‫ خردادماه‬71-71

A Study of Domestication and Foreignization Strategies in the Persian Translation of "IL GROTTESCO QUOTIDIANO" Laleh Mousavi Tohid Siami MA student,, Department of Humanities, Mohaghegh Ardabili, Iran Headmaster of literature and foreign language Department of Humanities, Mohaghegh Ardabili, Iran

Abstract The purpose of the present study was to investigate the use of Venuti’s domestication and foreignization strategies in the translation of the book "il grottesco quotidiano" from Italian into Persian. All cases of domestication and foreignization were identified and organized as single lexical items, expressions and idiomatic expressions. The data then were analyzed according to the criteria introduced by Venuti. In this study, Newmark's methods are also used for translating culture-specific concepts. The results of the data analysis revealed domestication to be the dominant strategy in rendering culture-bound lexical items or expressions.

Keywords:domestication,foreignization,culture-bound lexical items orexpressions,Venuti,Newmark, il grottesco quotidiano

1. Introduction The terms foreignization and domestication were introduced into translation studies (TS) by Lawrence Venuti (1995). Generally speaking, domestication designates the type of translation in which a transparent, fluent style is adopted to minimize the strangeness of the foreign text for target language readers, while foreignization means a target text is produced which deliberately breaks target conventions by retaining something of the foreignness of the original (Shuttleworth & Cowie 1997:59).

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The 3rd International CUA Graduate Students Symposium

‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬

University of Mohaghegh Ardabili

‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬

June 5-6, 2016

‫ خردادماه‬71-71

The conflict between domestication and foreignization as opposite translation strategies can be regarded as the cultural and political rather than linguistic extension of the time-worn controversy over free translation and literal translation (Wang Dongfeng 2002:24). That is to say, only when there are differences in both linguistic presentation and cultural connotation, domestication and foreignization exist. The present paper seeks an objective way to test the plausibility and practical applicability of the domestication/foreignization in the translation of culture specific lexical items and idiomatic expression in the Persian Translation of "IL GROTTESCO QUOTIDIANO."

2. Theoretical Foundations Domestication is a translation strategy of using “a transparent, fluent, ‘invisible’ style in order to minimize the foreignness of the target text (TT)” (Munday 2008: 144). By contrast, foreignization is not transparent and it eschews fluency for a more heterogeneous mix of discourses in order to signify the difference of the foreign text (Venuti 1995). The domestication vs. foreignization dichotomy is comparable to another age-old dichotomy, namely that between free and literal translation. However, those two dichotomies are not synonymous. The free vs. literal dichotomy refers to linguistic form, while the domestication vs. foreignization dichotomy concerns the two cultures involved, i.e. whether an ST is adapted to the target culture, or the foreign cultural elements are preserved. In the German culture of the Classical and Romantic periods, Friedrich Schleiermacher proposed two paths that ‘der eigentliche Uebersetzer’ can take: “Either the translator leaves the author in peace, as much as possible, and moves the reader towards him; or he leaves the reader in peace, as much as possible, and moves the author towards him.” (1813: 241–242). The first path is similar to Venuti's foreignizing translation, whereas the second path is similar to Venuti's domesticating translation. Schleiermacher sees foreignization and domestication as binary opposites, and he explicitly claims they must not be mixed; the translator has to opt for one or the other method and then be consistent in its use. Combining the two methods would lead to unreliable results; the author and the reader could completely miss each other (Schleiermacher 1813: 47). By contrast, Venuti states that domestication and foreignization are ‘heuristic concepts designed to promote thinking and research’ rather than binary opposites (Munday: 145–146). Both Schleiermacher and Venuti advocate foreignizing translation, but for different reasons. Schleiermacher advocates foreignizing method because it puts the language in motion (1813: 69). Schleiermacher is explicitly against the domesticating method because he thinks that the thought

71

The 3rd International CUA Graduate Students Symposium

‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬

University of Mohaghegh Ardabili

‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬

June 5-6, 2016

‫ خردادماه‬71-71

and its expression cannot be separated. There is no way to make a foreign author speak the domestic language as if it were his own. The reason Venuti is opposed to domestication is not because it is impossible, but because it is unfair. According to Venuti (1995: 20), domestication involves ‘an ethnocentric reduction of the foreign text to target-language cultural values.’ Another negative consequence of domestication, according to Venuti, is that it makes the translator invisible because the translation reads like an original. Venuti therefore prefers foreignization as a form of resistance to the ‘violent, ethnocentric’ (Anglo-American) cultural values. In the contemporary international translation field, it was Eugene Nida who first advocated domestication (Yang 2010: 78). Nida differentiated between ‘formal’ and ‘dynamic’ (functional) equivalence. While ‘formal equivalence’ strives to preserve form as well as content, ‘dynamic equivalence’ aims at producing in translation an equivalent effect on the target readers that the original text had on the original readers. Nida preferred ‘dynamic equivalence,’ mostly because he was dealing with Bible translation, where the most important thing is to successfully carry the message through, disregarding the form of the message. Both domestication and foreignization implicate manipulation of the text. Whether one or the other strategy will be applied depends on variables such as the purpose of the translation (Skopos), the status of the receiving literary system (polysystem theory), i.e. the power relations between the source and the target literary systems, and other variables of the historical, social and cultural setting in which the translation takes place. In order to see why a certain strategy is used in a certain context, we have to turn to the analysis of real translations in the following sections of the paper.

3. Methods of translation Newmark (1988b) mentions the difference between translation methods and translation procedures. He writes that, "while translation methods relate to whole texts, translation procedures are used for sentences and the smaller units of language". He goes on to refer to the following methods of translation:   

Word-for-word translation: in which the SL word order is preserved and the words translated singly by their most common meanings, out of context. Literal translation: in which the SL grammatical constructions are converted to their nearest TL equivalents, but the lexical words are again translated singly, out of context. Faithful translation: it attempts to produce the precise contextual meaning of the original within the constraints of the TL grammatical structures.

72

The 3rd International CUA Graduate Students Symposium

‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬

University of Mohaghegh Ardabili

‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬

June 5-6, 2016

 

  

‫ خردادماه‬71-71

Semantic translation: which differs from 'faithful translation' only in as far as it must take more account of the aesthetic value of the SL text. Adaptation: which is the freest form of translation, and is used mainly for plays (comedies) and poetry; the themes, characters, plots are usually preserved, the SL culture is converted to the TL culture and the text is rewritten. Free translation: it produces the TL text without the style, form, or content of the original. Idiomatic translation: it reproduces the 'message' of the original but tends to distort nuances of meaning by preferring colloquialisms and idioms where these do not exist in the original. Communicative translation: it attempts to render the exact contextual meaning of the original in such a way that both content and language are readily acceptable and comprehensible to the readership (1988b: 45-47).

4. Methodology Different scholars have analyzed the strategies and procedures involved in the translation of CSIs , suggesting various classifications of such strategies. For the purpose of this paper, we draw upon one of the pioneers in this field, Newmark (1988). He suggests a number of procedures for translating CSIs, namely transference, naturalization, cultural equivalence, functional equivalence, descriptive equivalence, synonymy, through-translation, shift or transposition, modulation, recognized translation, translation label, compensation, componential analysis, reduction and expansion, paraphrase, couplet, and notes. The Cultural specific concepts were culled from the ST and TT and were classified based on The following categories: Toponyms, Anthroponyms, Means of transportation, Date, Food and Drink, Idioms, Measuring system, Scholastic reference. 5. Data Analysis The collected data were analysed according to the following criteria. Transference: According to Newmark, "Transference is the process of transferring a SL word to a TL text as a translation procedure" 1. When the translators face the following cases, they should use the method of transference: name of all living or dead people, geographical names, name of the periodical and newspapers, plays, films, etc.

Newmark (1988, p.81)

73

1

The 3rd International CUA Graduate Students Symposium

‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬

University of Mohaghegh Ardabili

‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬

June 5-6, 2016

Source language

‫ خردادماه‬71-71

Target language

Floro d'Avanza

‫فلَرٍ داٍ ًتسا‬

San martino di Costrozza

‫سي هرتيٌَ دی کاسترتسا‬

CSCs1

Method of translation

Anthroponym

Toponym

Word –for word

Word –for word

Naturalization: "This procedure succeeds transference and adapts the SL word first to the normal pronunciation, then to the normal morphology of the TL". Source language

Target language

CSCs

Teresa

‫ترزا‬

Anthroponym

Method of translation Word –for word

La Carta

‫کارت پستال‬

Object

Word –for word

La Limonata calda

‫ليوًَاد گرم‬

Drink

Word –for word

Cultural Equivalent: This strategy is "an approximate translation where a SL cultural word is translated by a TL cultural word" 2. Source language In bianco Il vino

Target language ‫برًج سفيذ‬

CSCs Food

‫هشرٍبات الکلی‬

Drink

Method of translation Communicative translation Communica tive translation

Functional equivalent: According to Newmark, functional equivalent "applied to cultural words, requires the use of a culture-free word, sometimes with a new specific term"1.

Cultural specific concepts 1 Newmark (1988, p.83)

74

2

The 3rd International CUA Graduate Students Symposium

‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬

University of Mohaghegh Ardabili

‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬

June 5-6, 2016

Source language Una buona bottiglia

‫ خردادماه‬71-71

Target language ‫بطری‬

CSCs Drink

‫یک‬

Method of translation Literal translation

‫ًَشيذًی عالی‬ Descriptive equivalent: In this strategy the translator uses some descriptions to clarify the meaning for his audience. Using this strategy enable us to have a correct perception of CSIs by using other words and phrases. Source language Il luogo rinomato

Target language

CSCs Religious celebration

‫هکاى هقذس‬

Method of translation Literal translation

Componential analysis: Componential analysis is defined as "comparing an SL word with a TL word which has a similar meaning but is not an obvious one-to-one equivalent, by demonstrating first their common and then their differing sense components. Normally the SL word has more specific meaning than the TL word"2 Source language

Target language

Means of transportation

‫اتَبَس‬

Pullman

CSCs

Method translation Communicative translation

of

Synonymy: According to Newmark, synonymy is defined as a "near TL equivalent to a SL word" 3. Source language L'uovo

Target language

CSCs Food

‫تخن هرغ‬

Method translation Word-for word

of

Modulation: In this strategy the translators try to create the message of the SL in the TL in conformity with the current norms of the TL. 4

1

Newmark (1988, p.83) 2 Newmark (1988, p.114) 3 Newmark (1988, p.84) 4 Newmark (1988, p.88)

75

The 3rd International CUA Graduate Students Symposium

‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬

University of Mohaghegh Ardabili

‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬

June 5-6, 2016

Source language Un aspetto sinistro

‫ خردادماه‬71-71

Target language

CSCs concept

‫چْرُ شَم‬

Method of translation Literal translation

Paraphrase: "This is an amplification or explanation of the meaning of a segment of the text” 1. Source language Convogliare verso sè quel fiume di miele

Target language

CSCs

‫ٍرق را بِ ًفع‬

Idiom

Method of translation Idiomatic translation

‫خَد برگرداًذ‬

Through-translation: It concerns mostly the literal translation of common collocations, names of organizations and some popular phrases. Source language Una scenata L'ansante

Target language

CSCs

‫جارٍ جٌجال‬

Concept

Method of translation Literal translation

‫ًفس‬

Concept

Literal translation

‫ًفس‬

‫زًاى‬

References English 1.Baker, Mona. 1998. Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies. London and New York: Routledge. pp.240-242. 2.Lefevere, André, ed. (1992). Translation/History/Culture: A Sourcebook. Edition 2003, Taylor & Francis e-Library. London – New York: Routledge. 3.Munday, Jeremy (2008). Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and Applications. 2nd Edition. 4.London – New York: Routledge. 5.Newmark, Peter (1988). Approaches to Translation. New York – London: Prentice Hall 6.International. 7.Nida, Eugene. 2001. Language and Culture-Contexts in Translation. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign 8.Language Education Press.

Newmark (1988, p.90)

76

1

The 3rd International CUA Graduate Students Symposium

‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬

University of Mohaghegh Ardabili

‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬

June 5-6, 2016

‫ خردادماه‬71-71

9.Schleiermacher, Friedrich (1813). Ueber die verschiedenen Methoden des Uebersezens. 10.Reproduced in Das Problem des Übersetzens 1963, ed. Hans Joachim Störig. Stuttgart: Henry Goverts Verlag, 38–69. 11.Shuttleworth, M. & M. Cowie. 1997. Dictionary of Translation Studies. Manchester, UK: St Jerome Publishing. 12.Venuti, Lawrence (1995). The Translator’s Invisibility: A History of Translation. London - New York: Routledge. 13.Venuti, Lawrence (1998a). The Scandals of Translation: Towards an Ethics of Difference. London New York: Routledge. 14.Venuti, Lawrence (1998b). Strategies of translation. Baker, Mona, ed. Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies. Edition 2003, Taylor & Francis e-Library. London – New York: Routledge, 240– 244. ‫فارسی‬ )‫ دیروز و امروز (دانشگبه فردوسی مشهد‬،‫ " نظریه ترجمه‬،‫ علی‬،‫ خساعی فر‬-15 ‫ اجتمبعی به بررسی مسئله برابری در ترجمه ادبیبت داستبنی از انگلیسی به‬-‫ "رویکردی نشبنه شنبختی‬،1386 ،‫ توحید‬،‫ صیبمی‬-16 .‫رسبله دوره دکترای زببنشنبسی همگبنی‬،"‫فبرسی‬ ،22 ‫ شمبره‬,6 ‫ دوره‬،‫ مطبلعبت ترجمه‬،"‫ "برخورد بب هم آیی هب در ترجمه هبی انگلیسی به فبرسی‬،1387 ‫ تببستبن‬،‫ گیتی‬،‫ کریم خبنلویی‬-17 9 -22 ‫از صفحه‬ 55-63‫ صص‬،32 ‫ شمبره‬،‫ سبل نهم‬،‫ مترجم‬،"‫ "تعبدل در ترجمه‬،1379 ،‫ منصور‬،‫ کوشب‬-18 12-15 ‫ صص‬،74 ‫ شمبره‬،‫ سبل چهبردهم‬،)‫ علی (مترجم‬،‫ خساعی فر‬،"‫ "استراتژیهبی ترجمه‬،1374 ،‫ الرنس‬،‫ ونوتی‬-19 .‫ پبیبننبمه کبرشنبسی ارشد‬،"‫ در ایران‬80 ‫ "بومی سبزی و بیگبنه سبزی در ترجمه ادبیبت کودک در دهه‬1391 ،‫ سلمب زینب‬،‫ یسدی‬-20

77

The 3rd International CUA Graduate Students Symposium

‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬

University of Mohaghegh Ardabili

‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬

June 5-6, 2016

‫ خردادماه‬71-71

Comparison of PID Type Controller Performance in Microgrid Frequency Deviation Enhancement Using MFO Algorithm Maryam Houshyari Hossein Shayeghi Abdollah Younesi Electrical Engineering Department, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran Electrical Engineering Department, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran Electrical Engineering Department, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran

Abstract This paper deals with an MFO algorithm based design of load frequency different PID type controller for a microgrid consisting of solar photovoltaic, diesel engine generator, fuel cell with the equaelectrolyzer and ultra-capacitor has been considered for simulation studies. The intermittent nature of solar power may cause serious problem of frequency fluctuation. Therefore, IPD and PDPI controllers designed for the purpose of minimization of frequency deviation and results are compared with PID controller. Control gains of the different controllers are optimized using Mothflame optimization algorithm. Performance study of the power system is carried out under different perturbation condition. It is found that MFO based optimized PDPI controller is very superior to PID and IPD controllers in terms of settling time, overshoots and some performance indexes.

Keywords: Microgrid, Load frequency control, MFO algorithm, PID controller.

1.Introduction Any country in the world, electricity is one of the most demanding forms of energy in every one's daily life. In recent years the increasing concerns about the limited fossil fuel resources, their impact on the environment, especially the global warming and the harmful effects of carbon emissions have created a new demand for clean and sustainable energy sources [1]. The gap between power

78

The 3rd International CUA Graduate Students Symposium

‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬

University of Mohaghegh Ardabili

‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬

June 5-6, 2016

‫ خردادماه‬71-71

generation and demand is widening day-by-day which has forced electric power utilities to supply power to the customers erratically. Not only this, there are many places in the world which are yet to be electrified due to energy shortage issue. Moreover, growing concern on deteriorating environmental condition has led the electrical power utilities round the world to search renewable energy sources based power generation technologies. Renewable energy sources based power generation technologies are clean, sustainable and environment friendly [2]. Solar power generation is one of the most promising renewable power generation technologies. Fuel cell also has potential to be considered as one of the green power sources of the future. However, renewable energy sources are mostly intermittent, so they can’t supply quality power constantly. This problem solved by combining more renewable energy sources together with non-renewable or storage devices [3]. Currently, the microgrid power system is expected to create the smart power system for rural and isolated areas due to some advantages such as high quality and reliability, increasing efficiency, reducing costs, and environmentally friendly etc. The oscillations of load demand lead to mismatch between the power generation and load demand resulting in mismatch in system frequency (f) from the nominal value. In the past, many researches have been proposed for controlling the oscillations of the frequency in microgrid. Many control strategies have been proposed in the literature. In [4], optimization of controller parameters proposed. Also in Refs. [5-6] variable structure control and in [7] energy storage controllers have been reported The Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controller has its widespread acceptance in the industrial processes due to its simplicity in understanding and its applicability to a large class of process having different dynamics [9]. Thus, in this paper type PID controllers designed simultaneously, for any renewable / non renewable energy sources. Type PID controllers are IPD and PDPI controllers presented in [10]. In the recent years, optimization techniques are being used to obtain the optimal solutions efficiently to the problems related to the operation and control of hybrid power system. Thus, the main motivation of the present work triggers from the use of this novel Moth-Flame Optimization (MFO) for optimizing controllers parameters for frequency regulation of the proposed hybrid power system. The main inspiration of this optimizer is the navigation method of moths in nature called transverse orientation. The statistical results on the benchmark functions show that this algorithm is able to provide very promising and competitive results [11]. In this paper, a microgrid consisting of Photovoltaic (PV), Diesel Engine Generator (DEG), Fuel Cell (FC), Aqua Electrolyzer (AE) and Ultra-Capacitor (UC) is proposed. The power system frequency deviates for sudden changes in load or solar PV power. The controllers are installed before the sources to alleviate this frequency deviation. The gain of the type PID controller is optimized using

79

The 3rd International CUA Graduate Students Symposium

‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬

University of Mohaghegh Ardabili

‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬

June 5-6, 2016

‫ خردادماه‬71-71

MFO algorithm to mitigate frequency deviation owing to sudden generation/load change and dynamic performance of PID controller compared with the IPD and PDPI controller.

2.Proposed Microgrid System The generalized block diagram of the studied microgrid is shown in Fig. 1. The system consists of diesel generator, FC, aqua electrolyzer, solar thermal and Ultra-Capacitor.The mathematical models with first order transfer functions, fuel cell, aqua electrolyzer, PV system, diesel engine generator are shown in this section. Nominal system parameters of the investigated microgrid model are presented in [1]. Cont roll er

DEG

Cont roll er

AE

Cont roll er

FC

Cont roll er

UC

PV

a.

b.

PL

Fig 1. Block diagram of the hybrid power system

A. Diesel Generator Diesel generator can be used for emergency power supply. With sudden increase in load, it is necessary that a diesel engine prime. Moreover, it has a fast dynamic response and have a good capability of fluctuation rejection. The operation of DEG block may be given by simple transfer functions as stated in Eqs. (1). G DEG (S) 

(1)

K DEG T DEG s  1

B. Solar PV system Photovoltaic (PV) system converts the solar radiation coming from the sum into electrical energy. The output power of the system is given by:

PPV  S {1  0.05(T a  25)}

(2)

Where, ɳ is conversion efficiency factor ranging from 9% to 12%, S (=4084 m 2) is the measured area a is ambient temperature in degree Celsius. The transfer function of the PV system is given as [12]: G PV (S ) 

C.

PPV 1   1  ST PV

(3)

Aqua Electrolyzer

81

The 3rd International CUA Graduate Students Symposium

‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬

University of Mohaghegh Ardabili

‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬

June 5-6, 2016

‫ خردادماه‬71-71

AE apart from being used as a device to produce hydrogen for a FC unit, it also serves as the controllable load. With the help of proper controller action, AE absorb the rapidly fluctuating output power from wind turbine generators and solar photovoltaic power system. The transfer function model of aqua electrolyzer can be expressed by [12]: G A E (s ) 

K AE 1  sT A E

(4)

D. Fuel Cell Energy of fuel directly into electrical energy without classical combustion. Because of high efficiency and reliability, modularity, fuel flexibility, having no geographical limitations and being environment friendly, FC are seen as very prominent alternative to be used along with intermittent sources like wind turbine generator and solar photovoltaic that can be used in interconnected and islanded micro grid. For low frequency domain analysis it is represented by a first order lag transfer function model given as [19]: G FC (s ) 

K FC 1  sT FC

(5)

E. Ultra-Capacitor Ultracapacitors are electrochemical type capacitors which are used to store electrical energy during surplus generation and deliver high power within a short duration of time duration of time during the peak-load demand. Similarly the transfer function of the ultracapacitor can be represented as a first order lag: GUC (s ) 

F.

(6)

K UC 1  sTUC

Adopted Control Strategy

In this paper, type PID controllers are equipped for diesel generator, fuel cell, aqua electrolyzer, and ultracapacitor. Input to each controller is the sum of the error in supply demand and product of frequency deviation of power system and the gain. PID controller is one of the most commonly used conventional controllers used by the process industries. It is, easily, realizable and it offers superior performance in eliminating steady state errors and improving overall system dynamic response [13]. The architecture of the considered type PID controller is depicted in Fig. 2.

OUTPUT

INPUT

(a)

OUTPUT

INPUT

INPUT

OUTPUT

(c)

(b)

Fig. 2. Type PID controller; (a) PID Controller, (b) IPD Controller, (c) PDPI Controller.

81

The 3rd International CUA Graduate Students Symposium

‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬

University of Mohaghegh Ardabili

‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬

June 5-6, 2016

‫ خردادماه‬71-71

3.Moth-Flame Optimization Algorithm Moth-Flame Optimization (MFO) algorithm is a novel nature-inspired algorithm. The main inspiration of this algorithm is the navigating mechanism of moths in nature called transverse orientation [11]. Moths fly in night by maintaining a fixed angle with respect to the moon, a very effective mechanism for travelling in a straight line for long distances. However, these fancy insects are trapped in a useless/deadly spiral path around artificial lights. In this paper, the MFO algorithm are used to verify the performance of PID controller IPD and PDPI. In this paper, we consider the ITSE performance criteria, of frequency deviation as the objective function. The fitness function is the objective function we want to minimize. By minimizing the fitness function we get the optimal parameters of PID, IPD and PDPI controllers.

4.Simulation Results and Discussions MFO algorithm has been applied to optimal tune the different gains of the traditional controllers incorporated in the studied microgrid, of Fig. 1 for frequency stabilization. In the present work, the performance of ‘‘PID controller’’ is compared with ‘‘IPD and PDPI controller’’and the effectiveness of the proposed IPD and PDPIcontroller is examined by simulation studies under two perturbation conditions like (a) 1% step increase in load demand and 2% step in solar PV power, (b) 1% random change in load demand. Results (overshoot and settling time) presented in Table 1.

A. Performance analysis with 1% step increase in load demand and 2% step in solar PV power: A step disturbance of 0.01 p.u. is applied to the load demand at t= 0.5 s. The profile of Δf for the different system configurations are shown in Fig. 3(a). From this Figures, it may be noted that the proposed ‘‘IPD and PDPI controllers’’ system configuration outperforms the other system configuration (i.e. ‘‘PID controller’’) in terms of settling time and overshoot. The power output of the diesel generator are shown in Figs. 4(a) for PID, IPD and PDPI controllers. Diesel power plot shows that for ‘‘PDPI controller’’, the power input is less, which is better, as the diesel generator is an nonrenewable energy source. Now, a step disturbance of 0.02 p.u. is applied to the solar PV power. The profiles of Δf for the different system configurations are shown in Fig. 3(b). From this Figures, it may be noted that the proposed ‘‘IPD and PDPI controllers’’ system configuration is better the other system configuration in terms of settling time and overshoot. The power output of the diesel generator shown in Figs. 4(b). Figs. 4(b) shows similar results, alike while the 1% step increase load demand.Results (settling time and overshoot) presented in Table 1.

82

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‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬

University of Mohaghegh Ardabili

‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬

June 5-6, 2016

‫ خردادماه‬71-71

Table 1. Analysis of different controllers sytem with 1% step increase in load demand Disturbances at Disturbances at

Load Demand

Controller OS

TS(sec)

Controller OS

TS(sec)

PID

0.01

1.8236

PID

0.011

7.8982

IPD

0.0054

1.9274

Solar PV Power IPD

5.7718e

10

PDPI

0.0063

1.9274

PDPI

8.1944e-4 6.2491

Fig.3. Frequency deviation-(a) Change in load demand; (b) Change in photovoltaic power, Solid (PDPI Controller), Dashed-dotted (IPD Controller); Dashed (PID Controller)

Fig.4. Diesel power output deviation -(a) Change in load demand; (b) Change in photovoltaic power, Solid (PDPI Controller), Dashed-dotted (IPD Controller); Dashed (PID Controller) B. Performance analysis with random change in load demand The effect of load variation is undertaken into account as random load change as an input disturbance in the proposed microgrid to examine the performance of different system configurations. Due to this random load variation, the nature of Δf is shown in Fig. 5. Even due to the randomness of the variation in load demand, the proposed ‘‘IPD and PDPI controllers’’ system configuration is giving better performance than the other system configuration.

83

The 3rd International CUA Graduate Students Symposium

‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬

University of Mohaghegh Ardabili

‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬

June 5-6, 2016

‫ خردادماه‬71-71

Fig. 5. Frequency deviation with 1% random in load demand. , Solid (PDPI Controller), Dashed-dotted (IPD Controller); Dashed (PID Controller) C. Performance analysis based on performance indices The values of IAE and ISTE, as defined in Eqs. (7)-(8), are calculated for the three system configurations at the end of developed program. The values of these performance indices are featured in Table 2 on sample basis corresponding to 1% step increase in load demand. From this Table, it may be noted that the proposed ‘‘IPD controller’’ system configuration is the best configuration for the studied microgrid over ‘‘PID controller’’ model in terms of system stability. 

IA E 



f dt

(7)

0



ITSE 

 t . f

2

.dt

(8)

0

Table 2. Values of different with 1% step increase in load demand. Controller Performance Index PID(×10-6)

IPD(×10-6)

PDPI(×10-6)

IAE

3200

1600

2200

ITSE

13.27

3.0666

5.3891

84

The 3rd International CUA Graduate Students Symposium

‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬

University of Mohaghegh Ardabili

‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬

June 5-6, 2016

‫ خردادماه‬71-71

5.Conclusion The microgrid requires a control system for the purpose of minimization of frequency deviation. In this paper, in order to reduce frequency deviation under varying condition of load and solar PV power, IPD and PDPI controllers has been designed for the proposed system using MFO algorithm. It has been that the proposed controllers outperform the PID controller. IPD and PDPI system configuration works very well under normal condition and it can tolerate satisfactorily the load variation as well as intermittent solar PV power condition. Under small random load system configuration also behaves well.

Refrences 1.Das, D. C., Roy, A. K., & Sinha, N. (2011, December). PSO based frequency controller for wind-solardiesel hybrid energy generation/energy storage system. In Energy, Automation, and Signal (ICEAS), 2011 International Conference on (pp. 1-6). IEEE. 2.Shankar, G., & Mukherjee, V. (2016). Load frequency control of an autonomous hybrid power system by quasi-oppositional harmony search algorithm. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 78, 715-734. 3.Pena, R., Cárdenas, R., Proboste, J., Clare, J., & Asher, G. (2008). Wind–diesel generation using doubly fed induction machines. Energy Conversion, IEEE Transactions on, 23(1), 202-214. 4.Perera, A. T. D., Attalage, R. A., Perera, K. K. C. K., & Dassanayake, V. P. C. (2013). A hybrid tool to combine multi-objective optimization and multi-criterion decision making in designing standalone hybrid energy systems. Applied Energy, 107, 412-425. 5.Nandar, C. S. A. (2013). Robust PI control of smart controllable load for frequency stabilization of microgrid power system. Renewable energy, 56, 16-23. 6.Bhatti, T. S., Al-Ademi, A. A. F., & Bansal, N. K. (1997). Load frequency control of isolated wind diesel hybrid power systems. Energy conversion and management, 38(9), 829-837. 7.Mendis, N., & Muttaqi, K. (2013). An integrated control approach for standalone operation of a hybridised wind turbine generating system with maximum power extraction capability. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 49, 339-348. 8.Senjyu, T., Nakaji, T., Uezato, K., & Funabashi, T. (2005). A hybrid power system using alternative energy facilities in isolated island. Energy Conversion, IEEE Transactions on, 20(2), 406-414. 9.Das, D. C., Roy, A. K., & Sinha, N. (2012). GA based frequency controller for solar thermal–diesel– wind hybrid energy generation/energy storage system. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 43(1), 262-279. 10.Vukic, Z., & Kuljaca, O. (2002). Lectures on pid controllers. Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing University of Zagreb. 11.Mirjalili, S. (2015). Moth-flame optimization algorithm: A novel nature-inspired heuristic paradigm. Knowledge-Based Systems, 89, 228-249.

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‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬

University of Mohaghegh Ardabili

‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬

June 5-6, 2016

‫ خردادماه‬71-71

12.Lee, D. J., & Wang, L. (2008). Small-signal stability analysis of an autonomous hybrid renewable energy power generation/energy storage system part I: time-domain simulations. Energy Conversion, IEEE Transactions on, 23(1), 311-320. 12.Shayeghi, H., Jalili, A., & Shayanfar, H. A. (2008). Multi-stage fuzzy load frequency control using PSO. Energy Conversion and Management, 49(10), 2570-2580.

86

The 3rd International CUA Graduate Students Symposium

‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬

University of Mohaghegh Ardabili

‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬

June 5-6, 2016

‫ خردادماه‬71-71

Analysis of the Relationship Between Social Capital and Job Satisfaction in Organizations Masoud Darabi Nasrin Azizian Kohan MA student of sports management (Physical Education and Sports Science, Mhaghegh Ardabili, Iran) Assistant professor of sports management (Physical Education and Sports Science, Mhaghegh Ardabili, Iran)

Abstract Social capital is an important social issue a means to achieve other forms of capital, including economic, human and cultural capital. One of the impressionable important of social capital, is job satisfaction. Thus, the present study was to understand the importance of social issues and accepting these assumptions that job satisfaction in different organizations،under the influence of social capital people employed at the organization. pays off to explain the theoretical and empirical literature on social capital and its impact on job satisfaction and in this explained present research at home and abroad through the meta-analysis examined. The theoretical framework is based on the theory of Putnam, Bourdieu, Coleman's social capital and Fisher, Hapax, Hersey and Blanchard on job satisfaction and a combination of several other theories in this area is, and the effect of independent variables, including dimensions of social capital is measured on dependent variable job satisfaction. The methods used in this study, is documents and is a kind of meta-analysis. meta-analysis the findings of the research conducted indicates that the dimensions of social capital variables (trust, partnership, cooperation, solidarity, empathy and mutual respect, social networks) and the dependent variable of job satisfaction, there is a significant and positive relationship.

Keywords: social capital,job satisfaction,partnership,empathy,Cooperation 1.Introduction In the traditional view of management development, financing, economic, physical and human resources played a most important role, but in the current era for development, executives more than the economic capital, physical and human need, they need social capital, for without the use of capital other capital improvements will be done. In a society that lacks sufficient social capital other funds are wasted. Thus, social capital is considered as a guiding principle for achieving development and Successful managers are able to communicate with the community to meet the production and

87

The 3rd International CUA Graduate Students Symposium

‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬

University of Mohaghegh Ardabili

‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬

June 5-6, 2016

‫ خردادماه‬71-71

development of social capital]1[The role of social capital, physical capital and financial organizations is very important. If organizations do not have the social capital in the community, other funds will be value added]2[Therefore, managers should pay much attention to the attitude of the staff, because the attitudes, behavior and can affect people of potential employees to their actual capabilities]3[. Job satisfaction least three reasons is very important for managers. (1) There is ample evidence that dissident leave the Organization. (2) Studies show that happy employees of better health and live longer. (3) Job satisfaction is a phenomenon that transcends the boundaries of organizations and companies and its effects in the private lives of employees can also be seen outside the organization]4[. From one side, social capital concepts in the present age is the key to the success of staff and On the other side, job satisfaction, increasing productivity and providing better service to the Clientele]5[. Because, according to the original dimensions of social capital, trust, social norms, social awareness and community involvement and civic and connecting people with each other, If more people in an organization and their career planning and process involved, have higher social awareness and the social norms of cooperation and trust more commonplace, have higher job satisfaction from their work and higher job satisfaction, A more efficient organization and successfully lead its members and physical and mental well-being and finally helps community mental health [6]. Considering the importance and the role that social capital plays in creating job satisfaction on the other side the importance of job satisfaction, the study is designed to investigate the factors affecting job satisfaction in terms of social capital. This study issue is examination of the impact of social capital on job satisfaction based on previous research.

2.Method

This study is a documentary research using meta-analysis methods based on investigation and previous internal and abroad research in recent years, deals the subject.

Meta-analysis of previous research A. Research conducted abroad: Wing Chun Chang (2009) in an article entitled evaluation of social capital and personal satisfaction in Taiwan to the conclusion that Partnerships with nonprofit organizations and religious participation and charities and social services was positively associated with the level of personal satisfaction. Other results of this research are:

88

The 3rd International CUA Graduate Students Symposium

‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬

University of Mohaghegh Ardabili

‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬

June 5-6, 2016

‫ خردادماه‬71-71

Social capital has inversely related with age. Social capital is positively related to net income. Partnerships with nonprofit organizations and religious participation is positively related to the amount of social capital. It states that social capital is complementary friendly and religion behaviors [7]. Yamaguchi, Ikushi (2012) in a study by an examination of self-determination, Organizational social capital, Job satisfaction and organizational commitment in both Japan and America countries Concluded that social capital has a profound impact on job satisfaction and organizational commitment [8]. Boas and Wind (2012) in his study exploring the relationship employment- based social capital, Job stress, Burnout and intent to leave among child protections workers concluded that social capital indicators (trust, understanding and mutual respect, cooperation) are effective in reducing job stress and job satisfaction. It is much more pronounced for older workers [9].

B. Research conducted Inside: Safarzadeh (2010) by examining the effect of social capital indicators on occupational activities Staff, first, addressed to measure the social capital among faculty members and in examining the relationship and its impact on job satisfaction concluded that social capital has a direct and significant impact on physical activity faculty members' job [10]. Aryan nasab (2011) in a study aimed to evaluate the impact on job satisfaction District 3 Education Teachers of Qom, components of social capital (trust, participation, support, social interaction and network membership) should be considered. Came to the conclusion that a significant relationship between these components with teacher's job satisfaction. The results show that about 65% of changing teachers' job satisfaction by variable Social capital can be explained [11].

3.Results and Discussion Given the number of components and different aspects of the review, the results are very numerous and varied. Here even the opportunity to provide a detailed summary of the results is not. As mentioned, different research results are compared to distinguish different aspects here is what the outcome of the investigation. Here and in aggregate findings can be related to admission of error and

89

The 3rd International CUA Graduate Students Symposium

‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬

University of Mohaghegh Ardabili

‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬

June 5-6, 2016

‫ خردادماه‬71-71

taking advantage of the scale Likert judge on the status of work environments. According to the final status of social capital in each of the aspects described as follows: The top 60 percent: good or high condition Between 40 and 59 percent: state average Below 40 percent: unfavorable or down

Relationship between social capital and job satisfaction In general, social capital theory with an emphasis on listed and analysis of the benefits of social ties at different levels, gives a new analysis of satisfaction at work. With regard to the collection and analysis of the theoretical foundations that were cited in this section, social capital variables as the basis for job satisfaction was chosen analysis. If you check this variable can be used to form and subject matter were testing relevant theory to accommodate the requirements and conditions of the studied population. 

Significantly between the social capital and employees' job satisfaction and the relationship between the two variables are directly related. With the increase of social capital, i.e. employees, their job satisfaction increases.  There is a significant relationship between cohesion and job satisfaction there. Satisfaction with distinct social organizations in order to destroy jobs and are harmful for satisfaction. The results indicated that the success of individual features it depends on the organization's social status. Employees who earn higher social capital that is placed at the center of social networks, may during their working life enjoy their professional development. Social needs of fundamental human need they tend to have intimate relationship with your colleagues and also be accepted by the group. Thus improving cooperation between people makes improving job satisfaction and increase the motivation of individuals. Human relations and solidarity probably more than any other factor in job satisfaction is important, people interested work with people they like and can cope with them. They will work good for president. And when he does not like, leave your job. Build trust and friendly relations is the first step the responsibility of the authorities is in the workplace, which is a part of society. If organization officials create trust among employees and also note the informal relations and programs need to increase informal and friendly relations between their employees, Meanwhile, organizations can reduce costs, and also increase their productivity.

91

The 3rd International CUA Graduate Students Symposium

‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬

University of Mohaghegh Ardabili

‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬

June 5-6, 2016

‫ خردادماه‬71-71

The proposed model for explaining the relationship between social capital and job satisfaction

References 1- Alvani, M, Shrvani,A, social capital (concepts, theory and applications), Mani Press, 2006 2-Field, John, Social Capital, Routledge Taylor Francis Group, London and New York, 2004 3- Robbins, Stephen IP-2004, Organizational Behavior, translation Arabs and Mohammad Ali Parsaeian, Tehran: Cultural Research Bureau. Fifth Edition. 4- Stoner, James, Freeman, Edward, management, leadership and control, translated by Mohammad Erabi and Ali Parsaeian. Tehran, Institute for Trade Studies and Research,2004 5- Delve, cultural pathology examination of the organizational culture and approach, strategy, culture, 2008 6- Taj bakhsh, K, trust and democracy and the development of social capital, Tehran, Shiraz Publishing,2005 7-Chang Y. Gender differences in relationship between social capital and individual smoking and drinking behavior in Taiwan, Journal homepage, social science & medicine, 67, pp 1321-1330, 2009 8-Yamaguchi, Ikushi, A Japan- us cross-cultural study of relationship among organizational social capital, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment, International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 20012 9-Boyas, Javier, Leslie H. Wind, Exploring the relationship employment- based social capital, Job stress, Burnout and intent to leave among child protections workers. An age-based path analysis model children and youth services Review, vole 34, pp 50-62, 2012 10-Safarzadeh, H., Ahmed Sharif, M, Zackery, A, the effect of social capital indicators on occupational activities of faculty members, Journal of Educational Technology, Issue 2, Pages 152-145, 2010 11-Aryayi Nasab, Z, to investigate the impact on job satisfaction District 3 Qom, Master Thesis, 2010

91

The 3rd International CUA Graduate Students Symposium

‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬

University of Mohaghegh Ardabili

‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬

June 5-6, 2016

‫ خردادماه‬71-71

Entanglement of Non-inertial Fermions is not Invariably Suitable for Superdense coding Mehrnoosh Farahmand Hosein Mohammadzadeh Hossein Mehri-Dehnavi Robabeh Rahimi Department of Physics, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, 5619911367, Ardabil, Iran Department of Physics, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, 5619911367, Ardabil, Iran Department of Physics, Babol University of Technology, 47148-71167, Babol, Iran. Department of Physics, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

Abstract Two particles, even being far from each other have quantum correlation as a result of the existence of entanglement in between them. Therefore, information can be shared by entangled particles, sitting in separate places. Superdense coding is one of the quantum protocols that relies on entanglement. In this paper, we study superdense coding with an non-inertial observer in beyond single mode approximation. We investigate the probability of success for superdense coding and quantum correlation of the state. Entanglement behavior is studied considering an entanglement measure so called logarithmic negativity. Comparing logarithmic negativity with probability of superdense coding is shown these quantities have different behaviors, particularly, when the beyond single mode approximation is strong.

Keywords: superdense coding, entanglement, non-inertial frame

1.Introduction Entanglement has central importance in quantum information theory. Since world is relativistic and many implementations of quantum information tasks require relativistic systems, relativistic effects in quantum information have been exposed in vast domain of researches.

92

The 3rd International CUA Graduate Students Symposium

‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬

University of Mohaghegh Ardabili

‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬

June 5-6, 2016

‫ خردادماه‬71-71

Entanglement treatments and its application in quantum information processing have been investigated for non-inertial observers in single mode approximation (Mehri-Dehnavi at al., 2011; Mehri-Dehnavi at al., 2015). It has been shown that entanglement in infinite acceleration limit is nonzero between spinor modes in single mode approximation (Alsing, at al., 2006). For exploitation of how entanglement is played a role in presence of Rindler horizon, the results have been extended to beyond single mode approximation (Bruschi, at al., 2010). The main purpose of this research is to study superdense coding (Bennett, at al., 1992) with an noninertial observer in beyond single mode approximation. We compare the probability of success in superdense coding with the logarithmic negativity (Peres, at al., 1996). It is shown these quantities have different behaviours in beyond single mode approximation. 2.Superdense coding Superdense coding process (Bennett, at al., 1992; Rahimi, at al,. 2006) begins with a pair of entangled two-level particles that is shared between Alice, as sender, and Bob, as receiver. An EPR pair (Einstein, at al., 1935) or a Bell state, in the two-dimension Hilbert space of the two particles is used, that is a maximally entangled. Suppose Alice and Bob share a Bell state, 〉



( 〉 〉

〉 〉),



, as follows (1)

where subscripts A and B show Alice's qubit and Bob's one, respectively. Alice has a two-bit message, 00, 01, 10, or 11, that she wants to send it to Bob. Alice operates one of the four unitary operators, on her qubit. Therefore, the initial Bell state, Eq. (1), transforms to one of the four orthonormal Bell states. Then Alice transmits her manipulated qubit for Bob. Bob performs a measurement in the Bell-basis, that is yielded one of the four distinctive results, based the outcome, the initial two-bit message is distinguishable. So in the super dense coding a classical two-bit message is encoded by one of the four Bell states, by the sender, and the receiver decodes this quantum state by a suitable measurement and achieves the original information.

93

The 3rd International CUA Graduate Students Symposium

‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬

University of Mohaghegh Ardabili

‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬

June 5-6, 2016

‫ خردادماه‬71-71

3.Superdense coding in non-inertial frame Alice and Bob, as two inertial observers, start the process by sharing a maximally entangled twoqubit state, an EPR pair, such as Eq. (1). Consider Alice remains at rest and Bob accelerates uniformly. The Minkowski vacuum and one particle modes from Bob's view point is expanded in terms of the corresponding Rindler vacuum and one particle modes in the regions I and II (Alsing, at al., 2006; Bruschi, at al., 2010), as follows. 〉











where

〉 〉

(

(

〉 ,

〉 ,

)) with

(2) 𝜔 (

) is the parameter equal to acceleration,

and

which indicated the presence probability of particle in right or left Rindler regions, respectively, are the complex numbers that satisfy cases that

and

,

and

-. For simplicity, we only consider the

are real. Therefore, the initially shared state, Eq. (1) can be rewritten in terms of

left and right Rindler regions such as follow 〉





where 〉



















〉+,

(3)

〉 . Alice applies one of the operators, 〉

*







*





to her qubit as follows 〉+,

*







〉+,

*







〉+,

*







〉+.

(4)

Suppose Alice has been used the operator I which does not change the state (3). Then the Alice’s manipulated qubit is sent to Bob. Now Bob has both qubits in his position. The Rindler region I and II

94

The 3rd International CUA Graduate Students Symposium

‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬

University of Mohaghegh Ardabili

‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬

June 5-6, 2016

‫ خردادماه‬71-71

are causally disconnected and no information propagates between them. Bob is constrained to move in the region I, thus the density matrix is obtained by tracing out the region II, as follows 〉〈

*

〉〈

〉〈

〉〈

(

〉〈

〉〈 )+.

(5)

Bob performs a Bell-basis measurement to decode the classical information, and gets the following results Table 1 The Results of measurement in Bell-basis by Bob 〈 Probability finding Bell states

of in the

|

(



| )



|



|

(

)



|



|

(

)



|



|

(

)

The results of Table 1 show that the probability of success for superdense coding is (

) . Thus the measurement by Bob on the density matrix after tracing out the region

II depends on the acceleration parameter, r, and the presence probability of particle in the left or in the right Rindler regions. If , then single mode approximation is achieved. The probability of success for superdense coding as a function of the acceleration parameter, r, and the presence probability of particle in the right Rindler region, is shown in Figure. 1. This function is decreasing with respect to increasing r and with respect to decreasing . We employ the logarithmic negativity to quantify the entanglement of in Eq. (5), (Peres, at al., 1996). the logarithmic negativity is defined as (

where

)



(

),

is the partial transpose of the density matrix

and

(

) are the eigenvalues of

partial transpose of density matrix . Thus the logarithmic negativity for Eq. (5), is given by

95

The 3rd International CUA Graduate Students Symposium

‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬

University of Mohaghegh Ardabili

‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬

June 5-6, 2016

(

)

‫ خردادماه‬71-71

{

}.

(6)

Figure 14 The probability of success in terms of the acceleration parameter, r, and the presence probability, .

Figure 15 The logarithmic negativity in terms of the acceleration parameter, r, and the presence probability, .

96

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‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬

University of Mohaghegh Ardabili

‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬

June 5-6, 2016

‫ خردادماه‬71-71

Figure. 2 shows the logarithmic negativity as a function of the acceleration parameter, r, and the presence probability of particle in the right Rindler region,

. In the single mode approximation,

, the logarithmic negativity is a descending function of acceleration, r. So long as the particle is in the right Rindler region, i.e. it has a small probability to be in the left Rindler region, and for small value of acceleration, then the logarithmic negativity has similar behaviours to the probability of success with respect to the acceleration and with respect to the presence probability of particle in the right Rindler region. It is clear that the logarithmic negativity is decreasing with increasing r and with decreasing

. However, if the particle has larger probability of being in the left Rindler region

and for large value of the acceleration, the logarithmic negativity has different behaviours with respect to the probability of success. The logarithmic negativity is an increasing function of r, and a descending function of

.

4.Results and Discussion c.

We investigated the superdense coding by an accelerated observer in beyond single

mode approximation. The probability of success is dependent to acceleration. d.

In Single mode approximation, qr =1, and for r=0, probability of success is

maximum, i. e. P=1, where is given the original superdense coding (Bennett, at al., 1992). In this situation the logarithmic negativity is also maximum, N=1. By increasing the acceleration, the probability of success and the logarithmic negativity are decreasing functions of the acceleration, as expected. In beyond single mode approximation, by increasing the acceleration, the probability of success is always decreasing with respect to increasing the acceleration and with respect to decreasing the presence probability of particle in right Rindler region. The logarithmic negativity behaves the same for the small values of acceleration and the large values of presence probability of particle in right Rindler region. Nevertheless, when the particle has larger probability of being in the left Rindler region and for the large values of the acceleration, the logarithmic negativity has different behaviors to the probability of success with respect to the acceleration and with respect to the presence probability of particle in the right Rindler region. Therefore, the logarithmic negativity is not a reliable measure for these ranges of the acceleration and the presence probability of particle in right Rindler. In fact, the logarithmic negativity is not shown suitable entanglement for superdense coding,

97

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‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬

University of Mohaghegh Ardabili

‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬

June 5-6, 2016

‫ خردادماه‬71-71

at least, for the special ranges of the acceleration and the presence probability of particle in the right Rindler region.

References 1.Alsing, P. M., Fuentes-Schuller, I., Mann, R. B., & Tessier T. E. (2006). “Entanglement of Dirac fields in noninertial frames”. Phys. Rev. A 74, 032326. 2.Bennett, C. H., & Wiesner, S. J. (1992). “Communication via one-and two-particle operators on Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen states”. Phys. Rev. Lett. 69, 2881. 3.Bruschi, D. E., Louko, J., Mart ́n-Mart ́nez, E., Dragan, A., & Fuentes, I. (2010). “The Unruh effect in quantum information beyond the single-mode approximation”. Phys. Rev. A 82, 042332. 4.Einstein, A., Podolsky, B., & Rosen, N. (1935). “Can quantum-mechanical description of physical reality be considered complete?”. Phys. Rev. 47, 777. 5.Mehri-Dehnavi, H., Mirza, B., Mohammadzadeh, H., & Rahimi, R. (2011). “Pseudo-entanglement evaluated in noninertial frames”. Ann. Phys. 326, 1320. 6.Mehri-Dehnavi, H., Rahimi, R., Mohammadzadeh, H., Ebadi, Z., & Mirza, B. (2015). “Quantum teleportation with nonclassical correlated states in noninertial frames”.Quantum Inf. Process. 14, 1025. 7.Peres, A. (1996). “Separability criterion for density matrices ”. Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 1413. 8.Rahimi, R., Takeda, K., Ozawa, M., & Kitagawa, M. (2006). “Entanglement witness derived from NMR superdense coding”. J. Phys. A 39, 2151.

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‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬

University of Mohaghegh Ardabili

‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬

June 5-6, 2016

‫ خردادماه‬71-71

Thermodynamic Entropy Due to Lorentz Violation Mehrnoosh Farahmand Hosein Mohammadzadeh Department of Physics, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, 5619911367, Ardabil, Iran Department of Physics, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, 5619911367, Ardabil, Iran

Abstract Quantum effects of gravity in the early universe can be led to the existence of the present particles. We consider a free mass-less scalar field on a spatial lattice has been included in the early universe, so that all modes of the field are in vacuum state. Such scalar field model represents a modified dispersion relation as Lorentz violation which displays a quantum gravity model. The vacuum state in the presence of Lorentz violation can be appeared as particle creation. In this paper, the particle production due to Lorentz violation is shown as an entropic increase. Therefore, in this approach the source of the current entropy content of the universe should be directly related to particle creation stemming from Lorentz violation.

Keywords: particle creation, Lorentz violation, thermodynamics entropy

1.Introduction In a gravity dominant regime with enormous density of the field, such big-bang and black hole theories, quantum effects are important. A quantum gravity model is a deviation from standard dispersion relation, i. e. Lorentz violation. In fact, the modified dispersion relation is achieved by the process of discrete modeling the spacetime on a lattice (Amelino-Camelia, 2013). Study of quantum field theory in curved spacetime is shown that the initial vacuum state represents created particle due to interaction between quantum field and gravitational field (Birrell, at al., 1984). We use Lorentz violation model with a time dependent Lorentz violation parameter to study how the present state containing particle is appeared. Also, we employ thermodynamics to

99

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‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬

University of Mohaghegh Ardabili

‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬

June 5-6, 2016

‫ خردادماه‬71-71

understanding the current entropy source of universe .We show that the source of the current entropy content of the universe is directly related to created particle stemming from Lorentz violation.

2.Free scalar field on a spatial lattice We consider a mass-less free scalar field in 1+1 dimensions without loss of generality. The KleinGordon equation is such as follow. ̈

,

(1)

where exhibits the dispersion relation for plane waves as 𝜔

.

(2)

Letting Eq. (1) on a spatial lattice, we have ̈

(

)

(

)

( )

.

(3)

where a is the space discrete-time continuum lattice. We will have a symmetric Brillouin zone, , considering a plan-wave solution on the lattice as follows. .

(4)

Substituting the solution in Eq. (3) yields 𝜔

.

(5)

Thus, the dispersion relation for the lattice model is as follows 𝜔

(

Eq. (6) for 𝜔

).

(6)

, is yielded (

),

(7)

where in the limit , implies the standard dispersion relation, i. e. Eq. (2). Adding second term of the Talor extension of the cos-function in Eq. (6), represents a modified dispersion relation as follows. 𝜔

.

(8)

111

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‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬

University of Mohaghegh Ardabili

‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬

June 5-6, 2016

‫ خردادماه‬71-71

3.Production entropy Let us consider a deviation from the standard dispersion relation such Eq. (8), as quantum gravity effect (Amelino-Camelia, 2013). We assume the back ground structure of space time is flat. For the early times, , the dispersion relation is 𝜔 , where is the Lorentz violation parameter. For the late times, , the dispersion relation has the standard form, Eq. (2). The natural solutions are , but since the dispersion relation is different for two asymptotic regions, the definitions of basis are not the same. Thus, the initial vaccum state and the final vacuum state are not equivalent, in analogy with other scenarios of quantum field theory in curved space time (Birrell, 1984). According to above interpretation, we choose a time evolution of the Lorentz violation parameter as follows (Khosravi, 2011) ( )

.

(9)

Substituting the operators Gordon equation leads to

,

( )

and

-

into 𝜔 and

in Eq. (7), and letting

( ), the Klien

.

(10)

The solution of Eq. (9) is (√

( )

)

(

)

(√

)

(

).

(11)

where is the hypergeometric function. Eq. (10) for the far past time, in-region and the far future time, out-region are as follow 2F1

( )



(

),

111

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‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬

University of Mohaghegh Ardabili

‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬

June 5-6, 2016

‫ خردادماه‬71-71



( )

(

(

) (

)

(

) (

)

(

)

( ) (

)

( ) (

)

(

)), (12)

where

is the Gamma function and √

(𝜔

𝜔

),



(𝜔

𝜔

),



Also, 𝜔

𝜔 .



(

(13)

. The solution of in-region and out-region are related as follow

)

(

)

(

),

(14)

( ) ( ), ( ) ( ) and where Therefore, the created particle is in the following form

( ( (

)

)) (

.

and

are the Bogoliubov coefficients.

(15)

)

Then the initial vacuum state converts to an exited state which the context of the particle is given by Eq. (15). Considering the vacuum state in the infinity future as a two mode squeezed state, the reduced density matrix will be as

|

|



〉〈

.

(16)

112

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‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬

University of Mohaghegh Ardabili

‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬

June 5-6, 2016

‫ خردادماه‬71-71

The density matrix of the created particle can be written in the thermal form such as follows



(

)

〉〈

.

(17)

Therefore, the created entanglement mode pairs are in a thermal equilibrium with an equilibrium temperature as follows

(

)

.

(18)

It has been shown the production entropy of the created particle is given by

,

(19)

where T is the equilibrium temperature assigned to created particle, Eq. (18). Substituting Eq. (18) into Eq. (19) yields

.

/,

(20)

where is given by Eq. (15). Regarding to the definition of 𝜔 √ , there is an upper bound on the k, for positive value of , in the event that the Eq. (20) is always valid for negative value of . The case corresponding to , as expected.

113

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www.uma.ac.ir/links/tgss

Figure 16: The production entropy with respect to k for , the solid line, and for , the dotdashed line.

Figure 17: The production entropy with respect to k for , the solid line, with the upper bound and for , the dotdashed line, with the upper bound .

The 3rd International CUA Graduate Students Symposium University of Mohaghegh Ardabili June 5-6, 2016

‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬ ‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬ ‫ خردادماه‬71-71

Figure 1 shows the production entropy with respect to k for two different negative values of . The production entropy has maxima, where for each Lorentz parameter is different. Increasing the Lorentz parameter, the maximum value of the production entropy forward to larger value of k. Figure 2 represents the production entropy with respect to k for two different positive values of . It is worth mentioning that for each case, valid values of k are less than the upper bound on the k.

4.Results and Discussion We investigated the effects of Lorentz violation by a time dependent modified dispersion relation. In the past infinity, The vacuum state in the presence of Lorentz violation can be represented the created particles in the absence of Lorentz violation in the future infinity.The particle production due to Lorentz violation was shown as an entropic increase. Therefore, in this approach the source of the current entropy content of the universe was directly related to particle creation stemming from Lorentz violation.

References 1.Amelino-Camelia, G. (2013). “Quantum spacetime phenomenology” Living Rev. Relativity, 16 (5), 137. 2.Birrell, N. D., & Davies, P. C. W. (1984). Quantum fields in curved space (No. 7). Cambridge university press. 3.Khosravi, N. (2011). “Particle creation from vacuum by Lorentz violation”. General Relativity and Gravitation, 43(5), 1417.

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‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬

University of Mohaghegh Ardabili

‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬

June 5-6, 2016

‫ خردادماه‬71-71

New Approach for Solution of Volterra-Fredholm Integral Equations Mina Salimi Amin Anvarzadeh Department of Applied Mathematics, Mohaghegh University of Ardabil, iran Department of Applied Mathematics, Mohaghegh University of Ardabil, iran

Abstract In this paper we analyze two methods to approximate of the solution of the mixed volterra-fredholm integral equations, by making use of the expression of a function of a basis spline and schauder. The first is collocation method and second one is fixed point method. We analyze some problems of convergence and stdy the error in each approximation. Numerical results show the theoretical statements.

Keywords: Volterra-Fredholm equation, collocation method, fixed point method. spline, schauder basis Introduction Let us consider the following Volterra–Fredholm linear integral equation of the second kind: (1) * + ; , - , ) , Where ; ( and u: , , with f and ( ) known function satisfying (1). When modeling real problems, one has frequently to deal with Eq. (1) which has the theoretical and computational features of both Volterra and Fredholm equations. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------106

The 3rd International CUA Graduate Students Symposium University of Mohaghegh Ardabili June 5-6, 2016

‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬ ‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬ ‫ خردادماه‬71-71

)and are posed in order to obtain a unique solution of (1) in C[a,b], Suitable conditions on ( under the assumption that f C[a,b] (for proofs in particular Banach spaces, with different conditions ), refer, for example, to [6,1]). on ( However, in this paper, to state some results about the convergence of the proposed methods, we will assume the following conditions:

From a numerical point of view it is well known that Volterra equations are generally solved through iterative methods. On the contrary direct methods are more suitable to the solution of Fredholm equations (see for example [2] and [3]). We tried to afford the solution of (1) both through an iterative as well as through a direct numerical method. The aim of this paper is to analyze and compare these two different numerical methods. We can reduce (1) to two equivalent compact forms:

(2),(3) where operators

and

are defined as follows:

(4),(5) and I is the identity operator in C[a,b]. The structure of (2) and (3) suggests the idea of constructing and comparing two different classes of methods: collocation direct methods and iterative fixed point methods (normally referred in particular to non linear equations). Both kinds of methods are proposed for a particular class of approximating functions. Namely, the first method (in the following called CSp) is a collocation method based on a linear spline class approximation; the second one (in the following called FPSc) is a fixed point method built on Schauder linear bases. We compare the two methods in terms of both efficiency and adaptability to the peculiarities of the integral model under -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------107

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‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬

University of Mohaghegh Ardabili

‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬

June 5-6, 2016

‫ خردادماه‬71-71

consideration. Convergence analysis is carried out in both cases.some preliminaries about the particular linear splines class and to the description and analysis of the numerical collocation method. describe the Schauder basis correlated to the fixed point method and to study the related convergence problems. numerical results for both methods are given. some final remarks on the comparison between the two methods and some open problems. we present a numerical model suitable to (1) based on a collocation method using approximating splines, in particular the so called variation-diminishing Schoenberg (VDS) splines [12]. Firstly, let us recall some background on linear VDS splines (see for example [8]). If we define , ̃the values ̅ , approximating the function u in ( defined in (6 ), is zero in a set of collocation points

(

(6) )are determined imposing that rn, ) chosen in [a,b]: (7)

and solving the linear system(7).

we present a numerical model suitable to (1) based on a fixed point method with Schauder bases. Firstly we recall some necessary background on linear Schauder bases. we define the operator

,

-

,

- defined as it follows: (8)

Under the hypotheses of existence and uniqueness of the solution of (1) it is well known that the fixed point theorem assures a unique fixed point for the operator

For the collocation method we consider: _ the mesh points as equidistant points in [0,1] with double nodes in 0 and 1, _ the mesh points all simple in (0, 1) as the approximation points, _ the collocation points as a set of distinct points of the same number of the approximation points. For the fixed point method we consider the subset of [0,1] defined as --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------108

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‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬

University of Mohaghegh Ardabili

‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬

June 5-6, 2016

‫ خردادماه‬71-71

supporting the Schauder basis in C[0, 1].

We denote R1 and R2 respectively the max(jerrj) in the fixed point and in the collocation methods, being err the set of errors related to the approximation of the unknown function in a suitable subset of points in [0, 1]. Numerical results: Example. = 15, ( )

and ( )

(

)

For the fixed point method an algorithmic instability is experienced, while in the collocation case the equations are more sensitive to the lack of stability of the collocation system. This last effect is currently under study.

References 1. S. András, Weakly Singular Volterra and Fredholm–Volterra Integral Equations, Mathematica, vol. XLVIII, Studia Babes-Bolyai, 2003. pp 147–155. 2.K.E. Atkinson, The Numerical Solution of Integral Equations of the Second Kind, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1997. 3. K.E. Atkinson, H. Weimin, Theoretical Numerical Analysis, Springer-Verlag, New York, 2001. 4. M.I. Berenguer, M.A. Fortes, A.I. Garralda Guillem, M. Ruiz Galán, Linear Volterra integro differential equation and Schauder bases, Appl. Math. Comput. 159 (2004) 495–507. 5. M.I. Berenguer, M.V. Fernández Muñoz, A.I. Garralda Guillem, M.Ruiz Galán, Numerical Treatment of Fixed Point Applied to the Nonlinear Fredholm Integral Equation, Fixed Point Theory Appl. 2009, p. 8. (Article ID 735638). -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------109

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‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬ ‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬ ‫ خردادماه‬71-71

6. F. Caliò, E. Marchetti, V. Muresan, On some Volterra–Fredholm integral equation, IJPAM 31 (2006) 173–184. 7. F. Caliò, E. Marchetti, V. Muresan, Theoretical and numerical results about some weakly singular Volterra–Fredholm equations, Rev. Anal. Numer. Theor. Approx. 37 (2008) 27–36. 8. F. Caliò, E. Marchetti, An algorithm based on q.i. modified splines for singular integral models, Comput. Math. Appl. 41 (2001) 1579–1588. 9.C. Dagnino, V. Demichelis, E. Santi, A Nodal Spline Collocation Method for Weakly Singular Volterra Integral Equations, Mathematica, XLVIII, BabesBolyai, 2003. pp. 71–81. 10. M. Domingo, A.I. Garralda Guillem, M. Ruiz Galán, Fredholm integral equations and Schauder bases, Monogr. Semin. Mat. Garcia Galdeano 31 (2004) 121–128. 11. D. Gamez, A.I. Garralda Guillem, M. Ruiz Galán, Nonlinear initial-value problems and Schauder bases, Nonlinear Anal. 63 (2005) 97–105. 12. T. Lyche, L.L. Schumaker, Local spline approximation methods, J. Approx. Theory 15 (1975) 294– 325. 13. A. Palomares, M. Ruiz Galán, Isomorphisms, Schauder bases and numerical solution of integral and differential equation, Numer. Funct. Anal. Optim. 26 (2005) 129–137. 14. P. Rabinowitz, Numerical integration based on approximating splines, JCAM 33 (1990) 73–83. 15. Z. Semadeni, Product Schauder bases and approximation with nodes in spaces of continuous functions, Bull. Polish Acad. Sci. 11 (1963) 387–391.

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‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬

University of Mohaghegh Ardabili

‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬

June 5-6, 2016

‫ خردادماه‬71-71

Haar Wavelet Method For Solving One-dimensional Burger’s equation M.Zarebnia R.Parvaz Department of Mathematics and Applications, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, 56199-11367, Ardabil, Iran Department of Mathematics and Applications, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, 56199-11367, Ardabil, Iran

Abstract

In this paper, the haar wavelet collocation method is implemented to find numerical solution of the Onedimensional Burger’s equation. The method is based on haar wavelet for space integration and finite difference formulae for time integration. The numerical results have been compared with the exact solution

Keywords: One-dimensional Burger’s equation, Haar wavelet, Finite difference, Collocation .

1.Introduction One-dimensional Burger’s equation is used in fluid dynamics, for more details see (Johnson, R.W.). In recent years, many different methods have been used to estimate the solution of the Onedimensional Burger’s equation; see, for example,( Yang, H.Q., & Przekwas, A.J.). We consider the Onedimensional Burger’s equation as follows: (

)

( )

with the initial condition and the boundary conditions

where

(

)

( )

(

)

() (

( ) )

()

( )

is the coefficient of kinematic viscosity.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------111

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‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬

University of Mohaghegh Ardabili

‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬

June 5-6, 2016

‫ خردادماه‬71-71

The balance of this paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, the haar wavelet collocation method for the numerical solution of the One-dimensional Burger’s equation is described. In Section 3, the results of numerical experiments are presented. A summary is given at the end of the paper in Section 4.

2. Haar wavelet collocation method In the first step we define the haar wavelet family for

( )

( )

, ,

{

,

- as follows

) )

( )

where ( ) In the above formulae we consider defined as ( )

,

{

,

and

)

, Also

is

( )

In the next step, by using finite difference scheme we can find

( (

where formula (

)

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

( )

). The nonlinear term in Eq. (7) can be approximated by using the following

(

)

( )

Substituting the approximate Eq. (8) in Eq. (7) and rearranging the terms and simplifying we get ( ) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------112

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‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬

University of Mohaghegh Ardabili

‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬

June 5-6, 2016

‫ خردادماه‬71-71

with (

)

(

)

(

)

and

To continue we define the approximation for ( ) where

( )

( )



( )

as follows

are haar wavelet. Now we introduce the following notations. ∫

()

( )



()



()

(

)

For this collocation method we define the following collocation points.

We integrate Eq. (12) from ( )

)

)

(

)

(

)

to .



Again, we integrate of Eq. (15)from (

(

( )

to . ∑

By using boundary conditions we can find

( ) as

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------113

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‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬

University of Mohaghegh Ardabili

‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬

June 5-6, 2016

‫ خردادماه‬71-71

(

)

(

Therefore we can rewrite

)



and

(

)

( (

(

)

(

(

)

(

)

(

)

as follows

)

(

)



))

(



( )

( )

(

)

)

Now with Substituting (12), (18) and (19) into (9), we obtain system of equations. Solving this system we get the unknown the Haar coefficients. We note that if , , -, , - must be changed into , - before applying above method.

3. Numerical example Consider the One-dimensional Burger’s equation with assume that exact solution is ( where

in the interval ,

(

)

-. In this case we

) (

)

. For this example we consider boundary conditions as (

)

(

)

The initial condition is taken from the exact solution. Table 1 shows in different times with , , and . Table 1 shows that the solution obtained by our method is close to the exact solution.

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The 3rd International CUA Graduate Students Symposium

‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬

University of Mohaghegh Ardabili

‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬

June 5-6, 2016

‫ خردادماه‬71-71

Table1 Numerical result time

time

0.1

0.6

0.2

0.7

0.3

0.8

0.4

0.9

0.5

1

4. Conclusion In this paper, the haar wavelet method is used to solve the one-dimensional Burger’s equation. The method is tested on problem. And the obtained numerical results are compared with the exact solution. Also, obtained results showed that this approach can solve the problem effectively.

References 1.Johnson, R.W. (1998). The Handbook of Fluid Dynamics, CRC Press, Springer. 2.Yang, H.Q., & Przekwas, A.J. , (1999) , Numerical solution of one-dimensional Burgers equation: explicit and exact-explicit finite difference methods, Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics,103 (2) 251-261.

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‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬

University of Mohaghegh Ardabili

‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬

June 5-6, 2016

‫ خردادماه‬71-71

The impact of Russian and Chechen conflicts on the Caucasus crisis Morteza Ebrahimi Sed Ali Mortazavi Emami Zavare Fahime Oleiki Mehdy Jahantab AssiProfessor,Department of Political Science, University of Mohaghegh Ardebili, Ardabil, Iran. Department of Education and Theology of, University of Esfahan, Iran M.Sc.Department of Humanities, University of Mohaghegh Ardebili, Ardabil, Iran. Department of Member of the ahl-Bayt World Assembly, Tehran, Iran

Abstract The collapse of the former Soviet Union caused a geopolitical vacuum in the Caucasus, Central Asia. In such a way that it make it competitive in terms of regional and international powers. The presence of regional and trans-regional powers take impact on the region behavioral pattern. The question that lies ahead is that what is the impact of conflicts of Chechnya and Russia on Caucasus region crisis? The aim of this study is to engage the Caucasus with a historical attitude and the rule of regional and trans-regional powers in Caucasus crisis and specially Chechnya. In the North Caucasus, Chechnya declared independence from Russia in 1991 and this was the most important developments, which later led to a long war with the central government. It seems that the wrong policies of Moscow and local governments are the main cause of violence in Chechnya. However, operating inland should be considered. Russians historically have always been against Muslims. Russians lose a part of its territory with losing Chechnya, because if this first strong and incompatible republic with the independence of Russia managed, turn immediately to reach the other republics of the Caucasus and elsewhere in the region is symmetrical

Keywords: Chechnya, Caucasus, Russians, Caucasus crisis 1.Introduction The Caucasus region is one of the oldest centers of human civilization. Caucasus land, the land of diverse people, different geographical landscapes, in the northwest neighborhood of Iran, despite of religious and cultural common interests was separated after the signing of the Treaty of Golestan --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------116

The 3rd International CUA Graduate Students Symposium University of Mohaghegh Ardabili June 5-6, 2016

‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬ ‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬ ‫ خردادماه‬71-71

and Turkmenchay during the reign of Fath Ali Shah Qajar from Iran. (Amirahmadian, 1376) By collapsing of Russian empire and invasion of small and big regional and international powers to fill the vacuum resulting from the collapse in the first place Caucasus changed, but its adjacent areas, including North West border areas of Iran, effected by the impact of these developments. Whether or not the South Caucasus North Caucasus both were the center of different tensions and conflicts. Chechens violent tensions with Russia and their independence-seeking, the quarrel between Kabardinoes and Balkars, Karachays and Cherkessiya ... all shows the instability of area (Kazemzade, 1393). In new security studies has added many dimensions to the concept of security, and security has become a "multidimensional” concept that has included economic and environmental topics till money and military threats.( Vaezi, 1382) This problem has caused this research explores the regional powers and their role in creating unrests and insecurities in the North Caucasus region, particularly Chechen.

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‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬

University of Mohaghegh Ardabili June 5-6, 2016

‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬ ‫ خردادماه‬71-71

2.Results and Discussion Following the end of the Cold War, world geographical situation had changed, subsequently developments in the Middle East was considered more important than the past., separatist efforts in Georgia and Chechen, which also makes the region susceptible to new conflicts, Non-peaceful changes and Beyond the law in some countries governance structures, and organized crime gangs and trespassers bands Beside many other security problems, disrupted normal life in the region. And the possibility of positive interaction among regional countries and economically productive activities neighbors is minimized (Vaezi: 1382, p. 2). Some of the questions that is ahead of the Caucasus region is that where is the root of insecurity? , what role Chechen-Russian’s conflict in zone crisis play? In this study with historical view to Caucasus region, as well as the strategic importance of the Caucasus region's security issues and the role of regional and Trans-regional powers in the Caucasus conflict in Chechnya, were investigated.

Geographical situation and Caucasus's geo-strategically importance Caucasus's Mountains are dividing Caucasus region into two distinct parts, North Caucasus and South Caucasus. Nowadays, South Caucasus includes three independent countries of Azerbaijan, Georgia and Armenia and the Republic of Karabakh, Nakhichevan, Ajaria, Abkhazia and South Ossetia (in the heart of Georgia that still depends on Russia). And the North Caucasus includes three province, two cites and eight autonomous republic of Russia that are still politically depended to Russia. Some of the factors that has made Caucasus important: Connection ring between the Europe and Asia, relational bridge between north and south and east and west, junction or confluence of great and ancient civilizations, neighboring Muslim world and the world of Christianity, one of the oil and gas transit routes to Europe. (Vaezi, 1382, S5-3)

Perspectives of Russia and The roots of political behavior Russian’s attention to the Caucasus has been long history and has been done for various reasons. One of the most important cause of Russian’s colonial expansion in the Caucasus is the reign’s geostrategic importance and value. (Ozcan turgut, 2011: 13) Caucasians almost never looked to Russians as a friend, and have shown this in numerous historical events such as World War I and II to the Russians by not cooperating with them, Although in these wars , Russia imperialism in the socialism and Czarist form has attracted a large number of Caucasians population by force and persuasion and threats to itself, but after the collapse of the Soviet Union, Caucasian had shown --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------118

The 3rd International CUA Graduate Students Symposium

‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬

University of Mohaghegh Ardabili June 5-6, 2016

‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬ ‫ خردادماه‬71-71

their hatred to the Russians and their puppet local governments, by asking political and economic independence from Moscow, However, despite all the efforts of Russia, the Caucasus in general and in particular the North Caucasus has always been prone to conflict and instability because the roots of such conflicts very deep and intertwined, and as long as the demands of ethnic conflict are not provided in an acceptable form, they can make Russia's interests violently beaten. (Jahantab: 1387, p: 23)

The internal factors of instability in the Caucasus Condition and situations that the South Caucasus and North Caucasus are faced implies to threats and divergence that the region is facing are very diverse and numerous. Types of Security threats can be searched in Ethnocentrism types of threats, border's disputes, extreme nationalism, separatism, economic inequality and high inflation. (Jahantab: 1387) The role of regional and trans-regional powers in the Caucasus crisis: Regional impact by the independence of the Caucasus and Central Asia and disordering of previous regularity causes the region's geopolitics irregularities. That changed somewhat as a result of geopolitics. This set of factors and developments which have arisen since the coexistence of the republics in the Soviet Union has been associated conditions in the region and has made region more complex. The situation in the independence countries have faced these countries with some threats that could destabilize. Internal situations of the Caucasus and foreign relations can alter the balance of power between countries in the region. (Vaezi, 1382) Russia has always been a land power, Russia's approach to the Caucasus and play an intermediary role between the Western powers and some Eastern countries or north and south groups, as a European-Asian non-ideological power, as an older brother ultimately, has made this country as a smart power. (Sheikh Attar, 1371)

Islam in Chechen and regional issues and roots of political behavior Chechen Muslims' religious beliefs have two distinctive character: firstly, most of them are Hanafi religious Muslim, and the other that Sufi's beliefs have a special place in their beliefs and have had a significant impact in itself. According to official Soviet authorities, Chechen have started the religious worries activities from mid-eighties. When coincides with the impact of Islamic Revolution in the Muslim world and on the other hand shake the foundations of the Soviet Communist had been heard. In the North Caucasus, Chechen’s independence declaring from Russia and its separatism in 1991, was the important development which later led to the long war with the Russians central government. In November 1992, a year after the Chechen’s independence, Russia has declared a state of emergency in North Ossetia and Ingush, due to territorial conflicts and crisis, and -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------119

The 3rd International CUA Graduate Students Symposium University of Mohaghegh Ardabili June 5-6, 2016

‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬ ‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬ ‫ خردادماه‬71-71

significantly strengthened its military presence in the region. The clashes were the first sign of ethnic clashes after the collapse. (Jahantab, 1387, p: 28-31) Chechen -Ingush republic of the Soviet Union at the beginning of 1991 divided into two separate republics, Chechen and Ingush and asking for independency from Moscow, but after the crises that happened at the war in 1994 and the first half of 1995, , Chechen could not achieve its independency from the Russian Federation. Chechens battles with Russian central government for independency and separation, has begun again from 1999, but couldn’t get it again .According to the new Russian Constitution, Adopted in 1993 ,autonomous provinces Adige and Kabarda- Balkar were upgraded to the level of Autonomous Republic.(Jahantab) Why Russia does not want to lose Chechnya and the surrounding republics? The reasons of Russia's insistence on keeping Chechen even at the expense of ruining of cities, villages and a million Chechens is ,Chechen‘s geographic strategic location, that the south side of it relies on the ridge of North Caucasus Mountains and it keeps Russia from the threat situation . (http://mahoseyni.blogfa.com/post-45.aspx)

3.Conclusion Due to the nature of Caucasus region and its dependence on one of the regional powers , and with the rise of Communists in the Russia, Caucasus region dominated the Soviet Union had continued , Until the 1991's by collapsing of mentioned union , southern parts of the Caucasus in format of three countries , Azerbaijan, Armenia and Georgia gained their independence, Although the mentioned three countries had got their independency , and are as a members of the members of international community .but have not yet rid of historical ties to another power. Today Islamic extremists is mentioned as the main difficulty in Chechen , which has extended in the entire region . But the fact is that Islam isn't the only agent / features of Islamic extremism in the Caucasus It seems the flawed policies of Moscow and local governments is the main cause of violence in Chechen. However, inland features should be to be considered. Historically Russians have always been against Muslims and if in certain periods Muslims have been treated smoothly, it was as a historical inevitability.Russians by losing Chechen, will lose the part of their territory, also they are afraid that it goes like the game of dominoes, because there is no guarantee that the others won’t follow the Chechen’s success. In the meantime, we can mention republics of Dagestan, Tatarstan, Ingushetia, North Ossetia, Adike , Karachay, Circassia , Kabardin, and Balkar, Kalmuk etc .hypothetical and probable Alliance between Chechen and Dagestan can also exclude Russia from access to some strategic opportunities and also considerable part of Caspian sea , and it effect negatively on interests of Russia . Thus, considering this reasons, the Russians strongly attempt to suppress Proindependence movement in Chechnya and keeping collection the political geography of Russia. Mutually, the Chechens attempt strongly to embrace their longtime political aspirations of --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------120

The 3rd International CUA Graduate Students Symposium University of Mohaghegh Ardabili June 5-6, 2016

‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬ ‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬ ‫ خردادماه‬71-71

independence of the Slavic collection - North orthodoxy that does not feel their dissimilarity to it. So there is a hard struggle between them.

References 1.Amirahmadian , Bahram , (1376) The geography of the Caucasus , print and publications of Foreign Ministry , Tehran 2.Bayat, Kaveh, (1388) storm over the Caucasus (regional relations of the Republic of Azerbaijan, Armenia and Georgia in the first period of independence 1921-1917), publications printing center of the Foreign Ministry, Tehran 3.Sheikh Attar, Alireza (1371) The roots of political behavior in Central Asia and Caucasus, printing and publication the Ministry of Foreign Affairs Institute, Tehran 4.Kazemzade Moses; kazemzade Akbar (1393) article Caucasus's regional and trans-regional power, the cultural center of the Caucasus Research Journal, No. 18-17 fifth year 5.Jahantab, Mahdi, (1387) Islamic heritage of Iran in the North Caucasus, the International provided to the World Assembly of Ahl al-Bayt (AS) 6.Vaezi, Mahmoud (1382) factors of instability in the Caucasus and security approaches, Journal of Central Asia and the Caucasus journal studies, publications printing center of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Tehran

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‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬

University of Mohaghegh Ardabili

‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬

June 5-6, 2016

7.Ozcan turgut,onur,2011Bagimsiz kuzeybkafkasya www.kousamysmyazilim.com 8.http://mahoseyni.blogfa.com/post-45.aspx

‫ خردادماه‬71-71

cumhuuiyeti

(1918-1920)

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The 3rd International CUA Graduate Students Symposium

‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬

University of Mohaghegh Ardabili

‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬ ‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬

June 5-6, 2016

‫ خردادماه‬71-71

The America's Role in the Georgia Crisis Morteza Ebrahimi Somayeh Abbasi Hamzeh Ganji Assi. Professor, Department of Political Science, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran. M.Sc. Student, Department of Humanities, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran. M.Sc. Student, Department of Humanities, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran.

Abstract The Background of the emergence of the crisis in Georgia for a long time due to ethnic and geographic and political conditions existed in Southern Caucasus. Since the independence of the Republic of Georgia so far, the crisis caused by territorial disputes and two region of Abkhazia and Vavstya several times get out of control and have led to war. The aim of this study was to draw a pattern of America behavior in the current political developments in the Caucasus, especially in the Georgia crisis. What Georgia really can play a role in the United States of America geopolitical calculations that the West has been so highly regarded? It seems that importance of geopolitical and geo of Georgia for America is that Georgia allows the possibility of connecting pipelines of Azerbaijan to Turkey. As well as for America, existence of political stability in Georgia and coordinate security is of utmost importance. Achievement of Heartland region and marginal areas of the Russian defense shield in order to prevent the re hegemony of this country's gate locations in the North Caucasus, prepare the ground for the presence of West, in the north of Iran in order to harness and further isolation and so on are reasons that seems Georgia's position on geopolitical calculations West, especially for the United States of America is critical important. Key words: the crisis in Georgia, America, the regional situation

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The 3rd International CUA Graduate Students Symposium University of Mohaghegh Ardabili June 5-6, 2016

‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬ ‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬ ‫ خردادماه‬71-71

1.Introduction Perhaps it could be called the 2008 crisis in Georgia, one of the most important events after 2000. The crisis that led to the limited war between Russia and Georgia resulted in swordplay two old superpowers (Russia and the US) as well as new European players against each other (Soleymani, 1386, p. 18). During the velvet revolution in Georgia lot of discussion was raised about the amount and how America's involvement in the transfer of power among analysts. Soviet collapse divided Caucasus into two parts. Azerbaijan, Armenia and Georgia in the South Caucasus and remaining territories as the North Caucasus were within the borders of Russia. North Caucasus is located in remote and undeveloped area, but has a strategic importance (kazemzadeh, 1386, p. 30). The climax the presence of America, in the field of political and security should be especially considered in developments in Georgia after the tulip revolution in this country, especially in the August 2008 crisis. Result of these developments is proximity of Georgia to America that the strategic partnership pact between the two countries is the symbol of proximity. During the Tulip Revolution, America provided broad support from West-leaning Georgian leaders. This support was enough that in the mind of Mikheil Saakashvili makes this believe that Georgia enjoys for obvious security guarantees from America. Contrary to the impression of Saakashvili, Washington in the crisis of Georgia and Russia in August 2008, did not provide certain operational support from Tbilisi (www.eurasianet.org). Problem statement: In 1922, the three countries of Azerbaijan, Georgia and Armenia formed "federation of socialist republics of the South Caucasus," and this regional union lasted until 1936. (Cis statistical committee year book1998)). In addition, Georgia has the extensive participation of Nagorno-Karabakh peace talks that with mediation between the two countries of Azerbaijan and Armenia restores peace and stability and security into the Caucasus. (Vahedi, 1382, p. 247). Caucasus region is considered as a critical point and at the same time one of important points of world due to geographic, political, and geopolitical, political, historical, sociological and military matters. Republic of Georgia due to being located in the Caucasus region has always paramount importance. Great powers tried to dominate these areas in order to exploit from its resources. Conflict of interest of Russia and America, along with internal conflicts in Georgia, faced the country with multiple crises. Whatever happened in August 2008 was resulting from internal conflicts and also opposed the interests of America and Russia in this small Caucasus country. The crisis had many causes including the most important of them was the America's role in provoking Russia, and finally, Russia's entry under the pretext of supporting of Ossetian into the arena of conflict. America that had put its preferred government with Rose Revolution in Georgia, with its support of Georgia in August 2008 has played the most important role in the crisis. The aim of this study was not to investigate the incident of August 2008, in this research attempts to investigate the most important actions of America that provoke Russia and the underlying crisis on --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------124

The 3rd International CUA Graduate Students Symposium University of Mohaghegh Ardabili June 5-6, 2016

‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬ ‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬ ‫ خردادماه‬71-71

2008 in Georgia. A summary of the geography of the Republic of Georgia: Georgia is mostly mountainous. More than 80 percent of the country's territory is covered by mountains, foothills. Georgia is divided into different areas based on the characteristics of Ups and downs of their land; in the north, the mountains of the Great Caucasus have been drawn as a huge wall. In the south-high volcanic plateau are located along the longitude, strings of volcanic extinguishers and cavities accumulated of lava of Javakheti highlands. Also in Georgia, there are rivers, lakes, glaciers and mineral fountains (Amir Ahmadian, 1376, p.78-79). Georgia, is one of the fragile states in the region, whose economy has been devastated by civil unrest, the hidden economy forms 85 percent of the country's economy. 60% of the population live below the poverty line, this entry illustrates the fact that the South Caucasus is highly dependent on the support of foreign forces and because of that the United States has sent flood of aid to the region (IRAS, 1389). The importance of the South Caucasus in regional politics America: South Caucasus is important for several reasons for America's national security interests, of which it can be pointed to energy security, access to Central Asia, the fight against terrorism. In terms of geopolitics of the region's proximity to Russia, Iran and the Middle East are at the forefront of importance (Cornell, 2005). America early action in this area was moderate and cautious. America's positions on regional issues were limited to protecting democratic values, with fear of the Islamization of the Muslim republics of the region and nuclear weapons but gradually the interests of this country became more in the region (Baba 1374: 129). It seems two major concerns of America after the collapse of the Soviet Union was to prevent the spread of fundamentalism and Islamic extremism. To do this, the Clinton administration decided to strengthen relations between countries in the region with its regional allies, particularly Turkey and Israel. The US approach to the Caucasus: after the independence of the Caucasus, oil companies, who were the first US group that entered the region and the presence of rich oil and gas resources, attention of the US government get more to countries in the region and it was the first time that the United States had the opportunity to direct intervention in this area. Some of the factors that according to US government give importance to the region include: 1. Due to the increased requirements of future energy, existence of resources of oil and gas has increased the importance of this area 2. The oil producing countries in the region have no way to open sea and this is an obstacle in the way of delivering oil and gas to other parts of the world that have complicated the political situation in the region.

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‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬ ‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬ ‫ خردادماه‬71-71

3. Competition of regional and trans-regional power for participating in and influencing on region, including countries: Russia, Iran, Turkey, Israel and some European Union countries. 4. Geopolitical importance of the region, particularly after the September 11 attacks and the US invasion of Afghanistan and Iraq, the region in terms of military and security has become a special place in US politics. According to material presented, goals and instruments of the US in the Caucasus can be categorized as follows: A) access to oil and gas and controls of extraction and export; b) access to regional markets and expand business in it; c) Maintain the status quo and strengthen the institutions of the region countries towards long-term goals; d) to counter the influence of Russia; f) counter Iranian influence; n) support the expansion of Turkish influence n) strengthening security ties with regional countries; e) long-term presence in the region; y) the exploitation of political institutions, economic and strategic western security to achieve strategic goals; US grand objective is widespread influence and the reliable and long-term presence of in the Caucasus (Kazemzadeh, 1386, p. 42). United States of America approach to the the Georgia: Central Asia and the Caucasus as part of the Eurasia was political and Geopolitics territory of Soviet in the Cold War era. The area constituted southern part of the territory of the Heartland in Theory of Makender, it is possible that it is the dimension of balance of power and power system in the world. With the collapse of the bipolar system of the said areas, by means of independent states they found independent geographicalpolitical identity. And with form of space that experiencing power vacuum, emerged an arena of multi-level competition. Contraction of Soviet space and its adaptation on Russia's borders and the advent of open spaces with the power vacuum provided opportunities for expansion space power rival America (Basiri and Yazidi, 1383: 101). In the second term of President Clinton, America's goals and policies in these areas was somewhat transparent and increased importance of this area with American politicians, the presence especially in Georgia despite the absence of fossil energy resources, so that significant if not, cannot be overlooked. Financial and military aid, train and equip military forces by the US and Israeli advisers, accept this country as a member of NATO's Partnership for Peace and assistance promised to accept in NATO, the country's selection as the main route for Central Asian oil and gas regions - the Caspian and Caucasus (although other routes, such as Iran and Russia that sometimes is safer and cheaper as well) are some of aids. This attention especially after the Rose Revolution and the establishment of the pro-Western Mikhail Saakashvili has been more, so that Rumsfeld was the America's first highranking official who arrived in Tbilisi after the resignation of Shevardnadze and the opposition --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------126

The 3rd International CUA Graduate Students Symposium University of Mohaghegh Ardabili June 5-6, 2016

‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬ ‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬ ‫ خردادماه‬71-71

victory and expressed strong support for America in the political, economic and military dimensions stated that Georgia enjoys a strategic position in the foreign policy of America (Asgari, 1384: 87).

Conclusion Based on what Brzezinski have wrote in his book, we can say that the purpose of America's presence in Georgia is not only energy transfer, or the fight against terrorism, but the important point is that the Republic of Georgia in the geopolitical arena, has a unique position. Republic of Georgia due to a key position in the Caucasus is the center of gravity in the relationship between the East and South West. Achievement to Heartland region and marginal areas, defend shield of Russia to prevent its re hegemony of this country in the region, controlling interests of containing hydrocarbon and oil and gas pipelines, a buffer between Russia and South areas, particularly Armenia and Iran, the gateway and the expansion of NATO toward the East, the establishment of the North Caucasus entry gates, prepare the ground for the West's presence in North Front of Iran to contain and further isolation, prepare the ground for linking allies such as Turkey and Israel with the aforementioned area, prepare the ground for the exit of Azerbaijan from geographical isolation, untapped regional potential market, and most importantly, prevent the creation of strategic alliances with combinations such as Russia, China, India or Russia, China, Pakistan, India and Iran all are reasons seems to have made vital the place of Georgia in the geopolitical calculations of West, especially the United States.

References 1.Amirahmdyan, Bahram. (1376), The geography of the Caucasus, printing of publications Ministry of Foreign Affairs IRAS (1389 December) economic growth of Azerbaijan, www.iras.ir 2.Noor Ahmad Baba (1373) inherited constraints and the prospects for stability in Central Asia, translated by Qasem Maleki, Studies Quarterly of Central Asia and Caucasus 3.Basiri, Mohammad Ali; Izadi Zaman Abadi, Mojgan (1383) America's foreign policy objectives in Central Asia, Caucasus and Central Asian Studies Quarterly Tehran (45) 4.Kazem Zadeh, Hamed (1386). Islamic heritage of Iran in the North Caucasus, presented to the World Assembly of Ahl al-Bayt, reported field studies symbols of the Islamic Iranian culture and civilization in the North Caucasus 5.Asgari,Hassan (1384).The role of external actors in the color revolutions: the revolution in Georgia Tehran: Quarterly Central Asia and the Caucasus (51) 6.Alizadeh,Ali (1380) security look at the issues in the Caspian Sea basin and Central Asian Studies Quarterly of the Caucasus (35) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------127

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‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬ ‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬ ‫ خردادماه‬71-71

7.Vahedi, Elias (1382) Azerbaijan strategic assessment, monitoring and implementation, and Research Studies Institute of Contemporary Abrar International Tehran

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‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬

University of Mohaghegh Ardabili

‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬ ‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬

June 5-6, 2016

‫ خردادماه‬71-71

Qarabag, Reasons of the Formation and Prolongation of the Crisis Morteza Ebrahimi Naser Rahmani Parisa Asgari Assi. Professor, Department of Political Science, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran. M.Sc. Student, Department of Humanities, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran. M.Sc. Student, Department of Humanities, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran.

Abstract We are living in a time period with complex global developments. New intellectual phenomena is surrounded us and we are faced with different challenges in many fields due to these phenomena and developments. One of these phenomena's is Qarabag problem. The Caucasus region is one of the most sensitive and crisis-prone regions in the world, which after the collapse of the Soviet Union, several bloody conflicts and tensions has been seen in this region. Qarabag conflict is one of the deepest crisis since the collapse of the Soviet republics and Declaration of Independence of its republics. As a result of the increasing tensions thousands of people killed, injured and displaced from their homes and were wandering. The crisis of the beginning of the competition between the major powers is a competitive carrier. The two countries, Armenia and Azerbaijan are faced with multiple issues to peace and stability. Thus, security and sustainable development of them depends on the solving crisis like this. The main purpose of this paper is analyzing the reasons of the formation and prolongation of the Qarabag crisis. In other words, the current work tries to identifying the events and conflicts occurred between Armenia and Azerbaijan since the 80s in Qarabag region and the effect of this problem on their other relationships.

Keywords: Qarabag, Caucasus, Armenia, Azerbaijan.

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‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬ ‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬ ‫ خردادماه‬71-71

1.Introduction The historical territory of Qarabag had been one of the primary and very old housing places for humans. The "ICE" cave, which is human biological marker in the past is situated in this region (Mollazadeh, H). Qarabag region of Azerbaijan in the south Caucasus Mountains small in the West Azerbaijan formed from two part plain and mountain. the plain section of karabag is called" Sofla" or historical karabag. The mountains section of karabag is called "Olya" or mountains karabag. The region mountainous Qarabag is that disputed now, from the first century AD, part of the historical province "Artsakh" had been Alban lands of the Caucasus. The people of this region until the fourth century AD were idolatrous. . With the accept of Christianity by "Avranyr" In the fourth century paganism worship is closed. With the accept of Christianity by "Avranyr" In the fourth century paganism worship is closed. But Christianity in this region, unlike surrounding areas Such as Armenia and Georgia not developed. Groups of people continued to paganism along with Christianity, SHUH AS (sun, sky, and moon).and part of the People Religion Mazdean Iran (http: www. Ses-az.com). with the arrival of Islam in the eight century to the Nagorno-Qarabag region, the Soviet Union was a lot of ethnic diversity, religious. In such a way that the number of this different tribes to fifty looks. This ethnic disputes is one of the main reasons of the occurrence of conflicts and crises in the Caucasus following the collapse of the Soviet Union were. Therefore, this article is a brief description of the current position of the first garbage to the causes of the formation of the long crisis in the region. And in the end also proposed to end the Ngoro no- Qarabag region in crisis find. The name of the Qarabag in the historical resources starts of the century-12 Ad. The section "Sofla" is located in the north.

Discussion and reviews 1-History of Qarabag Qarabag which is an ancient land area, divided into two major parts, mountains and plains. The center of this city is called “Ganga”. The mountainous part of the Qarabag is known as “the autonomous mountain Qarabag province (Bakıxanov, A.2004). In other words, Qarabag is a historical province in the Azerbaijan. This province starts from small Caucasus and surrounds the territorial between two "Ores" and "Cur" rivers. This two areas, plain and mountains, always have been together throughout history and have a close relationship together (Behrad, A, 1993).

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‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬ ‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬

June 5-6, 2016

‫ خردادماه‬71-71

2- The geographic position of Qarabag Autonomous Qarabag province is located in the southeastern mountains of the Caucasus with an area approximately equal to 4388 square meters. This region is called “Nagorno-Qarabag” in the Russian language which means mountains Qarabag. The Armenians use “Artsakh” phrase for this region. The Qarabag’s forest is very rich in possessing wood, raw materials, turnkey parquet, musical instruments, and etc. Also, Qarabag has perspective landscapes (Arend, L, 1980). In general, it can be noted, contrary to public opinion, the status of the Qarabag does not have the features of a strategic area. Because if it has global and regional importance, had returned to a stable situation after this problem. For example, the state Kuwait can be mentioned. Iraq at the beginning of the 1990s attempted to occupation of Kuwait. The response of the international community to meet the Kuwait, was quite different from the Qarabag’s problem. While both were the same in terms of nature, i.e. both cases have occurred in Muslim lands.

3- The causes and origins crisis of Qarabag Qarabag conflict: Christianity were accepted in the fourth century ad in Qarabag by "Ornayer". In the same time, this area was taken by the Muslims (http://news.ft.com, Oct. 23, 2003). Azeri people are the majority of this region’s population and when one of the Armenian took power, they didn’t revolt (Vahedi, E. 2003). In 1985 the Armenian requested Mikhail Gorbachev to annex the Qarabag to Armenia. In gune 1985 the supereme council of Armenia, announced the incorporation of Qarabag in to the Armenian lands. On behalf of the people of the Azerbaijan were overturned. Since 1988 conflict began again between the two groups (Vahedi, E). Conflict of Qarabag can be considered as one of the first and longest ethnic war in the Soviet Union. There are inner and outer factors in Qarabag conflict. The internal factor is among Azerbaijan and Armenia about the autonomous region of Qarabag. The conflict, which would be in the nature of this autonomous region (Foreman, D). The Armenian situation in the nagorno Qarabag autonomous region similar to situation of the Germans in Poland, the situation of Muslims in Kashmir, Somalia in Ethiopia, and Serbs in Croatia and Bosnia (Abrar newspaper).

The most important external factor can be pointed as the following (Vaezi, M. 2007).

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‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬

University of Mohaghegh Ardabili June 5-6, 2016

‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬ ‫ خردادماه‬71-71

1-The new generation now a young generation stepped in to the growing arena in Azerbaijan and Armenia that of course is not the memory of the Soviet Union and did not lived theirs patterns. The ideological conflicts that today's youth and there is the old generation, on the factor is crisis continue in the Nagorno-Qarabag.

2- The existence of dignity and the taboo of having for both countries Each of the parties to the conflict, consider the Qarabag’s conflict as a reputational problem for themselves. Because in each country, national identity and restoring it is tied with this issue. One of the advertising slogans used by both side to seize the candidate of Nagorno-Qarabag in the rule it again.

3- The competition of influential powers Geographical location of the Caucasus during recent century, power absorption center always has been opposed to the political. Each of this forces look at the area from different views. With increasing the involvement powers, this conflict took quite a political respective. Levon Ter-Petrossian, "Armenia's former president" believes that, "disagreements between Russia and Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE), is the main obstacle to ending the crisis is long-term (roundtable, 2003).

4- Ethnic crisis Ethnic refers to a group of people who throughout history in certain lands have established relation together such economic, cultural, and kinship. Believed to be ethnic nationalism as a stress factor element to be known in the international system (Mollazadeh, H.). In other words, ethnic and religious diversity is also one of the causes of the crisis in Nagorno-Qarabag.

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‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬ ‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬ ‫ خردادماه‬71-71

Conclusion Nagorno-Qarabag conflict has become a Gordian knot and Azeris and nor Armenians can not stop it. Thay don’t abandon this problem easily which became a reputational problem. Of course it was out of shape and has spread to the disturbed international system. The regional players and Transregional have been enter the game. Russia from one hand and on the other hand, the US and its allies were a serious deterioration in the situation. Armenian were predicting that the Qarabag issue will be resolved in 2009 or 2010. Armen Ashotyan (MP Armenia) on 11 October 2006 stated that the Qarabag problem in 2006, is not solved. According to his statement the "opening" of this window depends on who is in power in Armenia (quoting Aras news). The proposed solution to this crisis, needs the cooperation of all actors in this conflict. The severity of the crisis will be reduced, if actors reach their desired condition. Because in this situation, understanding and interaction are the only fruitful options. In this way, firstly Azerbaijan in its legal form should give the highest level autonomy to Armenians, Secondly, Armenia and the international community to recognize the territorial integrity of Azerbaijan. And thirdly, through the competent international authorities the security of the Qarabag’s Armenians should to be ensured (Javanshir gharabaghi, M. 2003).

References 1.Abrar newspaper, No. 1673, dated 16/8/1994 (Persian). 2.Arend Lijphart, “Democracy in Plural Societies”, (New Haven and London 1980), pp. 51-203, and E.A. Nordlinger, “Conflict Regulation in Divided Socities”, (Cambridge, 1977), pp. 21 FF. 3.Bakıxanov, A. Golestan Eram: Shirvan and Dagestan history since the beginning until ending of the Russo-Iranian wars. Tehran, 2004, ISBN: 9643114325, 197 pages (Persian) 4.Behrad, A. Garabag in historical perspective, 1993 spring (Persian) 5.Ethnicity and threats external", roundtable, center for strategic research, March 2003. 6.Foreman, D. Garabag conflict transformation, Former, P.313 7.Http: www. Ses-az.com 8.http://news.ft.com, Oct. 23, 2003. 9.Javanshir gharabaghi, M. Garabag history, Press centre of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 2003(Persian). 10.Mollazadeh, H. Republic of Azerbaijan the look to the future, pp. 50-56. (In Persian) 11.Online news site Regnum Russia, quoting Aras, Wednesday, 11/10/2006 12.Vaezi, M. Geopolitical crisis in Central Asia and the Caucasus, Institute for Political and International Studies, print 2007(Persian). -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------133

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‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬ ‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬ ‫ خردادماه‬71-71

13.Vahedi, E. same source, p.210 (Persian) 14.Vahedi, E. Strategic assessment of Azerbaijan, Publications and Research Studies Institute of Contemporary Abrar International Tehran, print 2003.

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‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬

University of Mohaghegh Ardabili June 5-6, 2016

‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬ ‫ خردادماه‬71-71

Determine and Evaluate the Aerobic and Anaerobic Threshold Heart Rate of Maximum Heart Rate Threshold in Sedentary Female Negar Asghari Moghaddam Marefat Siahkouhian Nasrin Azizian Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Mohaghegh Ardabili university,Ardabil Professor of Sport Physiology, Mohaghegh Ardabili university, Ardabil Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Mohaghegh Ardabili university, Ardabil

Abstract The aim of this study was to answer this question Vastanh aerobic, anaerobic threshold heart rate in the percentage of maximum heart rate in girls is disabled? For this purpose, 16 disabled students with an average age of 19/46 ±1/12 years, weight 57/73 ± 7/87 kg, height 161/9 ± 6/08 cm And body mass index 22/93 ± 3/02 kg per square meter, with no history of heart disease, pulmonary, on a voluntary basis, were selected. When you increase the work load of low intensity to high blood lactate levels almost 2 mmol / l increases as well as the VE / VO2 increases disproportionately as the aerobic threshold is defined. As well as during incremental exercise a certain intensity, blood lactate concentration increases for non-linear, or intensity of activity which blood lactate concentration4 mmol / l is defined as anaerobic threshold. The aerobic threshold and anaerobic threshold in this study, the first and second point has to do with heart rate curve breaks.Changes in participants' heart rate during exercise protocol implementations, using telemetry minute was recorded. To avoid any error when the minute heart rate telemetry was used, two-hour special on the subject, one of which was closed and the other was given to researchers. When the subject is the point of exhaustion, the heart rate was at maximum value that was recorded as maximum heart rate. Results showed that the mean maximal heart rate subjects 189/46 aerobic threshold heart rate of 135/66 was, So the aerobic threshold heart rate at 71/60% maximum heart rate is disabled students And given that the average maximum heart rate for subjects 189/46 anaerobic threshold heart rate of 189/46, so anaerobic threshold heart rate at 100% maximum heart rate is disabled students. The share of aerobic system for energy increases, the person's heart rate less to operate. When we increase the exercise intensity, heart rate increases and the share is reduced aerobic machines and other energy supplier to assume

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‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬ ‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬ ‫ خردادماه‬71-71

the duty of energy supply,especially glycolytic devices that use the anaerobic glycolysis to produce of the energy. Keywords: Aerobic threshold heart rate, Anaerobic threshold heart rate, Maximum heart rate 1.Introduction Exercise any purpose that requires attention to three principles: intensity, duration and frequency of exercise. Sports activities such as those found in some texts referred. In case of application of the severity and duration of work, biological adaptations in the form of increased maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), anaerobic threshold is manifested. Generally, for exercise activities are closely related and hence the combination of the two to achieve the desired biological adaptations, is one of the following methods: 1. Moderate-intensity activity (60 -30 minutes) and high intensity (anaerobic threshold slightly below, approximately 85-75% of maximum heart rate) 2. Activities of moderate intensity (10 -4 min) and high intensity (anaerobic threshold slightly above, approximately 95% to 75% of maximum heart rate) 3. Short-term activities (30 seconds to 3 minutes) and severe (in the VO2max, almost 100% of maximum heart rate) In an increasingly physical activity, blood lactate increased workload Azshdt the bottom up, when amounts of 2 mmol / l increases, the amount of carbon dioxide as well as the pulmonary ventilation (VE / VO2) increased disproportionately, as anaerobic threshold or lactate first break point (LTP1) defined [2]. In continuation of intensive training with the blood lactate almost 4 mmol / l increase, as well as VE /VO2 rise further decreases known as anaerobic threshold or LTP2 called [8].The phenomenon of lactate break point (LTP2), beginning accumulation of blood lactate (OBLA) and anaerobic threshold as synonymous terms can be used interchangeably. Anaerobic threshold during the run, also defined as MLSS ]4[, can be used as a tool used to predict the performance in endurance athletes [5]. Based on the intensity of the activity areas can be established in a maximal exercise blood lactate accumulation [9]. In this regard, the lactate threshold intensity less than the first phase, the first and second lactate threshold intensity, phase two and higher than the second threshold, lactate, classified phase III [11].In the first phase, blood lactate remains close to the surface rest,But then with increased activity, increased lactate production and harvest is balanced in phase two and phase three more in production will lead to withdrawal. Between phase one and two, the lactate threshold is the equivalent of 40 to 60% of maximum oxygen consumption. And between phases two and three, the second lactate threshold is the equivalent of 60 to 90% of maximum oxygen consumption, is located.The anaerobic threshold between 60 to 80% of maximum heart rate and anaerobic threshold between maximum heart rate is 80 to 90% [1]. Anaerobic threshold as the intensity of the work or the amount of oxygen consumption (VO2) is set to start metabolic acidosis and respiratory gas exchange is associated with changes in [10]. Anaerobic threshold for detailed planning exercise intensity, always one of the important topics of --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------136

The 3rd International CUA Graduate Students Symposium University of Mohaghegh Ardabili June 5-6, 2016

‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬ ‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬ ‫ خردادماه‬71-71

interest to researchers and scientists have been sports. Various methods are used to estimate the anaerobic threshold generally is non-invasive and invasive procedures, but the consensus on this matter which of these methods is better there. The most accurate method to determine the anaerobic threshold, invasive procedures that require multiple blood samples during the incremental test standards and determine the amount of lactate in the blood. On the other hand, non-invasive methods for estimating anaerobic threshold that these methods are based on the relationship between heart rate heartbeat-time work and determining break point (HRDP) is[4,10].When a certain work activity or workload gradually increases, the increase in heart rate associated with the work load during the recorded activity and heart rate curve - time work, is drawn. The curve associated with an increased work load, heart rate also increases linearly must, in the exercise intensity, with increasing work load, heart rate did not increase with the previous harsh and deviate from a straight line is known as the point of failure, heart rate ( HRDP) is called[6]. Anaerobic threshold intensity exercise that takes place is different from the athlete to athlete. For example, non-prepared athletes and non-athletes anaerobic threshold, maximal oxygen consumption between 55 to 65 percent or 70 to 77 percent of maximum heart rate, While endurance athletes and athletic, anaerobic threshold may be more than 80% of maximal oxygen uptake or to reach more than 88 percent of maximum heart rate. A study was conducted to investigate how to control physiological observation that with increasing distance endurance athletes practice with a smaller percentage of maximum heart rate work ,To the final haul to end its practice [7]. So given that little information about the percentage of maximum heart rate for aerobic and anaerobic threshold heart rate, especially in young people there, this study was conducted to answer this question.

2.Method The research method, quasi-experimental designs within the team it has been a repeated test. For this purpose, 16 disabled students with no history of heart disease, pulmonary, on a voluntary basis, were selected.The aerobic threshold and anaerobic threshold in this study, the first and second point has to do with heart rate curve breaks. Changes in participants' heart rate during exercise protocol implementations, using telemetry polar minute was recorded. To avoid any error when the minute heart rate telemetry was used, two-hour special on the subject, one of which was closed and the other was given to researchers. When the patient reaches the stage of exhaustion, the heart rate was at maximum value that was recorded as maximum heart rate. In this study, subjects during the last six months at least not any regular exercise. All subjects in terms of public health and health status, health records and diseases, drug materials and energy, the diet and level of physical sleep and motility were evaluated and homogeneity. As the age and sex also plays a role in the identification of aerobic and anaerobic threshold and time to exhaustion, so for age -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------137

The 3rd International CUA Graduate Students Symposium University of Mohaghegh Ardabili June 5-6, 2016

‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬ ‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬ ‫ خردادماه‬71-71

and sex were homogeneously. In addition, according to the study objectives and the impact of physical inactivity and food on the variable, all subjects were asked to 48 hours before performing any heavy physical exercise or 1-2 hours before eating fatty food and heavy refrain. Aerobic threshold determined by the subjects Narita (74/8+(0/76×resting heart rate )_0/27× age+ 7/3×1) was determined. Then for each subject were scheduled day and hour deadline for the implementation of the first subjects in the study protocol, participated in the laboratory. In the second phase the participants after the warm-up, Aerobic threshold for the calculation of heart rate intensity running protocol, performed. Then, for each subject, date and time of the next steps in the research laboratory to perform at least 72 hours from the scheduled time. In the third stage the subjects after the warm-up, depending on individual protocols carried out to determine the anaerobic threshold. To determine the anaerobic threshold increasingly dependent on individual subjects, the protocol was used. After closing the Polar subjects, for 5 to 10 minutes to warm up to 70 percent of maximum heart rate activity until they reached their MHR. uivalent to 70 percent of MHR test speed for 1 minute. Then with the passing of each minute, two kilometers an hour on the treadmill speed increased. This practice continued to exhaustion .Heart rate Deflection point (HRDP) in the protocol depends on the individual anaerobic threshold were considered as an indicator estimate. HRDP using the short maximum distance (SDmax) was determined. The protocol depends on the rate of subjects from the beginning to 70 percent of maximum heart rate by the end of protocol collected using a computer program, curve polynomial function (Polynamial) set of points (heartbeat-time) drawing and then baseline and end of the curve using a straight line connected to each other. Most are the heartbeat of straight lines to curves. Heart rate as a point of failure (anaerobic threshold) was determined using the slope of the parallel line[3]. Then at the last minute maximum heart rate program also records the time spent in the laboratory protocol for the next step was to research the subject. Finally, the participants after jogging warm-up protocol for the calculation of the anaerobic threshold intensity were performed at the time exhaustion. Heart rate and time to the minute treadmill speed was recorded at all stages. All measurements were performed in laboratory conditions in terms of temperature and humidity. During the execution of this study was to motivate more participants, was hosted them and in the end the gifts were donated to them. In this study, descriptive statistics in categories of data mean, standard deviation, minimum and maximum amount Variables charts to determine the anaerobic threshold SDMAX software was used. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 16.

3.Results and Discussion The results of the students inactive with a mean age of19/46 ± 1/12 years,weight57/73± 7/87 kg, height161/9 ± 6/08 cm and body mass index22/39 ±3/02 kg per square meter , showed that the average maximum heart rate for subjects 189/46 Aerobic threshold heart rate of 135/66 was, So --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------138

The 3rd International CUA Graduate Students Symposium University of Mohaghegh Ardabili June 5-6, 2016

‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬ ‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬ ‫ خردادماه‬71-71

Aerobic threshold heart rate at 71/60% maximum heart rate is disabled students and Considering that the average maximum heart rate for subjects 189/46anaerobic threshold heart rate of 175, so the anaerobic threshold heart rate at 92/36% maximum heart rate is disabled students. The share of aerobic system for energy increases, the person's heart rate less to operate. When we increase the exercise intensity, heart rate increases and the share is reduced aerobic machines and other energy supplier to assume the duty of energy supply, Glycolytic system that uses anaerobic glycolysis for energy production deals. or anaerobic energy production from glycogen produced in the body that causes the fatigue in the body and prevents the person from activities ,The most important of which is to lactate, which causes fatigue and exhaustion Of course, this is not your lactate person, but acidosis due to the accumulation of lactate in the blood and skeletal muscles that cause it to be. These acids cause the blood to create disturbances in muscle contraction and is, thus, a substance that is secreted at the end of neural synapses (Asytl choline), affects. And as the material plays an important role in his contracting operation has been disrupted, contraction is quite good. Other factors glycogen depletion and exhaustion include muscle, reducing energy phosphate (ATP), the increase in hydrogen ions, ADP and Pi increase in the skeletal muscles and other factors reducing training volume by increasing the amount of exercise.

References 1.Binder ,R., Wonisch, M.,Corra, U.,Cohen-Solal, A. 2008. Methodological approach to the first and second lactate threshold in incremental cardiopulmonary exercise testing. European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation, 15: 726-734. 2.Bodner, M., Rhodes, E., Langill, R.1999.Heart rate threshold:Relationship to steady state cycling at ventilatory threshold in trained cyclists.Jounal of Medicine& Science in Sports,31:p313. 3.Bodner M, Rhodes E, Langill R, et al. 2000. Heart rate threshold: relationship to steady state cycling at ventilatory threshold in trained cyclists [abstract]. Med. Sci. Sports. Exerc. 3,1: 1561. 4.Chmura,J.,Nazar, K. 2010. Parallel changes in the onset of blood lactate accumulation (OBLA) and threshold of psychomotor performance deterioration during incremental exercise after trainin in athletes. International Journal of Psychology &Physiology,75: 287–290. 5. Coen, B., Urhausen, A., Kindermann, W. 2001. Individual anaerobic threshold: Methological aspects of its assessment in running. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 20: 86. Conconi F, Ferrarti G, et al. 1982. Determination of the anaerobic threshold by a noninvasive field test in runner. J. Appl. Physiol. 52, 4: 869-873. 7.Esteve-Lanao, J., Lucia A., deKoning, J., Foster, C.2008. How do humans control physiological strain during strenuous endurance exercise.Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports,20: 29- 43.

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‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬ ‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬ ‫ خردادماه‬71-71

8 .Ghosh,AK.2004.Anaerobic threshold:Its concept and role in endurance sport. Malays Journal of Medicine Science,11:24-36. 9. Kindermann,W., Simon, G., Keul,J. 1979. The significance of the aerobic–anaerobic transition for the determination of work load intensities during endurance training. European Journal of Exercise Sport, 51:234-248. 10. Rogers D, Turley K, et al. 1995. Allometric scaling factors for oxygen uptake during exercise in children. Ped. Ex. Sci. 7: 12-25. 11. Seiler, S.,Tonnessen, E. 2009. Intervals thresholds and long slow distance: The role of intensity and duration in endurance training.International Journal of Sports Physiological Performance, 15: 27-34.

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The 3rd International CUA Graduate Students Symposium

‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬

University of Mohaghegh Ardabili

‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬

June 5-6, 2016

‫ خردادماه‬71-71

The Effect of Noticing and Input Enhancement in Reading on Speaking Skill by Intermediate Learners Reza Abdi Golnaz Tarbali Department of ELT, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran, Department of ELT, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran.

Abstract

This study was to determine the effect of noticing and input enhancement in reading on speaking skill. The participants of this study were 30 learners attending a language learning institute in Ardebil in the form of two groups. Two of the groups were at the intermediate level based on the proficiency test. The two groups at the institute were assigned to one experimental group (enhanced input) and one control group (unenhanced input). First we used the pre-test of speaking, then we had ten reading passages for each session. During the classroom, we had some in-class instructional activities and finally a post-test of speaking was given to the learners and for the assessment of learners' oral production, we used TOEFL speaking rubric. The analysis and comparison between pre-test and post-test through paired sample t-test showed that noticing and input enhancement had helped learners in the experimental group on intermediate level to learn more vocabulary items and improve their oral production.

Keywords: Noticing, Enhanced input, Unenhanced input, Experimental group, Control group

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The 3rd International CUA Graduate Students Symposium University of Mohaghegh Ardabili June 5-6, 2016

‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬ ‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬ ‫ خردادماه‬71-71

1.Introduction Speaking is being capable of speech, expressing or exchanging thoughts through using language. “Speaking is a productive aural/oral skill and it consists of producing systematic verbal utterances to convey meaning (Nunan, 2003).” Harmer (2001) notes down that from the communicative point of view, speaking has many different aspects including two major categories – accuracy, involving the correct use of vocabulary, grammar and pronunciation practiced through controlled and guided activities; and fluency considered to be ‘the ability to keep going when speaking spontaneously’. Among the elements necessary for spoken production, are the following (Harmer, 2001): 1.Connected Speech: effective learners of English need to be able not only to produce the individual phonemes of English (as in saying I would have gone) but also to use fluent ‘connected speech’ as in (I’d ‘ve gone). In connected speech sounds are modified, omitted, added or weakened. 2. Expressive Devices: native speakers of English change the pitch and stress of particular parts of utterances, vary volume and speed, and show by other physical and non-verbal means how they are feeling. 3. Lexis: spontaneous speech is marked by the use of number of common lexical phrases, especially in the performance of certain language functions. 4. Negotiation and language: effective speaking benefits from the negotiator language we use to seek clarification and to show the structure of what we are saying. This study highlights vocabulary knowledge among these elements. Reading will enable learners to develop their vocabulary knowledge which will effectively contribute to their speaking skills. Reading is one of the most effective ways of foreign language learning. Reading simply is the interpretation of a written message. Walter R. Hill (1979) briefly defines reading as what the reader does to get the meaning he needs from contextual resources. Reading will add to learners’ conversational performance. Reading will help learners to decipher new words that they need for conversations. There is increasing high relationship between reading and speaking skill. People who develop larger vocabulary capacity through reading tend to develop larger speaking vocabulary capacity. Indeed, reading power relies on continuous improvement in vocabulary knowledge that provides communication. Therefore fostering improvement in word knowledge through wide reading has the potential for fostering improvement in speaking skills. Reading can play a big part in successful language learning. It can develop speaking skills. It needs to be noted that speaking holds a very significant place in foreign language learning because through speech messages are conveyed. Noticing and input enhancement are necessary for changing input to intake and refers to conscious attention to the occurrence of input and its storage in the long term memory(Schmidt, 1995). So in --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------142

The 3rd International CUA Graduate Students Symposium University of Mohaghegh Ardabili June 5-6, 2016

‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬ ‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬ ‫ خردادماه‬71-71

order for learning to take place, learners must attend to and notice certain language features which are crucial to the target system. Noticing involves conscious registration of an event; understanding entails recognition of general principle, rule or pattern. According to Schmidt, it is awareness at the level of noticing that is crucial for language learning. Conscious attention to the linguistic input facilitates the restructuring of the learners' interlanguage system (Schmidt, 1995). Intake is that part of the input that the learner notices (Schmidt, 1990). Significantly, Homer combs (2005) claims that the greater saliency a particular form has in the input to which the learner is exposed, the greater chances are for it to be selected by the L2 learner. Although in the pedagogical arena of second language learning (L2) much of the input enhancement and noticing research (Sharwood smith, 1993) has focused on different parts of grammar such as conditional sentences and past simple sentences, or how noticing can influence intonation pattern, the impact of this pedagogical technique addressed how noticing and input enhancement through reading help learners improve their oral production and vocabulary learning in the second language learning environment.

2. Method The participants of this study were 30 English learners in the form of two classes. Two of the classes were at the intermediate level. After the proficiency test these two classes assigned to one experimental group (enhanced input) and one control group ( unenhanced input).The classes met three times a week and instruction on reading passage in any of the two classes was took place in last 30 minutes of each session. This study lasted for about two months with ten sessions; therefore, ten reading passages were given to the leaners. For experimental group the reading passages with highlighted vocabulary items were given to the learners but for the control group the reading passages without highlighted vocabulary items were given to the learners. In the treatment part, the highlighted vocabulary items were taught explicitly by the teacher for learners in experimental group. We had some in-class instructional activities such as synonym and antonym for each vocabulary item and also we had discussion about the topic of each reading passage by the teacher and learners to engage the learners and promote their attention to notice those vocabulary items. After ten session, the post-test of speaking was given to the learners and leraners'oral production was recorded and assessed through speaking rubric. Finally the analysis of data was done through the paired sample t-test. 3. Results The first research question sought to investigate the efficiency of noticing and input enhancement in reading on developing learners' oral production. To answer this question, a paired-sample t-test was -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------143

The 3rd International CUA Graduate Students Symposium

‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬

University of Mohaghegh Ardabili

‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬

June 5-6, 2016

‫ خردادماه‬71-71

run to compare the mean scores on the pre-test and post-test of speaking to measure the effect of noticing and input enhancement in reading on speaking. As displayed in Table 1, the mean score for the control group was 7.97 and for the experimental group was 8.70.

Table 1 The Results of Paired Samples Statistics for Speaking Pre-test and Post-test

N

Std. Std. Deviation Mean

Pair 1 speaking 7.97

30

1.564

.286

speaking 8.70

30

1.705

.311

Mean

Error

Statistically speaking, the first research question was rejected, indicating that noticing and input enhancement had significant effect on developing students' oral production. We could also say that there was a significant difference between control and experimental group according to the means of the both groups. Moreover, as table 2 showed, the significant of differences between two group was 0, so we could say that there was a significant differences between the control group and experimental group and also we could say that noticing and input enhancement had a significant effect on oral production of students and through the improvement of students' oral production we could answer to the second research question that noticing and input enhancement had a great effect on learning the vocabulary items' of students. Table 2 The Results of Paired Sample T-test for Speaking Post-test Paired Differences Std. Std. Error Mean Deviation Mean Pair 1

speaking -.733 .740 speaking

.135

95% Confidence Interval of the Difference Lower Upper

t

df

-1.010 -.457

-5.430 29

Sig. tailed)

(2-

.000

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The 3rd International CUA Graduate Students Symposium University of Mohaghegh Ardabili June 5-6, 2016

‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬ ‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬ ‫ خردادماه‬71-71

4. Discussion The positive answer to the first research question showed that input enhancement had a significant effect on the oral production of students. The performance of the two groups of students on the achievement post-test indicated that the Enhanced group could outperform the Unenhanced group on the developing their oral production. It was signified that the learners' ability to speak and learn vocabulary would increase when the learners' attention was focused on a particular vocabulary in the course of doing different reading texts. Furthermore, this study suggested that for learning vocabulary and speaking in English noticing and awareness of the vocabulary items were necessary.It was worth mentioning that the result of the present study was in line with Schmidt's (1995) claim that noticing was necessary and effective in language learning. The finding also supported other input enhancement studies that have reported the ability of the learners in recognizing and producing vocabulary items correctly when their attention was focused on a particular vocabulary items while doing reading texts (White, Spada, Lightbown, & Ranta, 1991; White, 1998).

5. Conclusion The result of this study might help teachers and practitioners in improving speaking skill and learning vocabulary items. Input enhancement was a technique which can be used for drawing students' attention to certain vocabulary items of input and increase the perceptual salience of these vocabulary items and use them in their speaking in the second language environment. This, also, would help students to focus on certain vocabulary items and increase the span of their lexical items. Paying attention to language vocabulary items through input enhancement would be facilitative and could assist learners in improving their language fluency.

6.References 1.Hammer, T. (2001). Teaching and learning in the language classroom. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2.Homber Combs, H. (2005). The push toward communication. Curriculum, Competence, and the Foreign Language Teacher, 11, 57–79. 3.Nunan, D. (2003). Practical English language teaching. Boston: McGraw till. 4.Schmidt, R. (1990). The role of consciousness in second language learning. Applied Linguistic, 11, 129–158. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------145

The 3rd International CUA Graduate Students Symposium University of Mohaghegh Ardabili June 5-6, 2016

‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬ ‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬ ‫ خردادماه‬71-71

5.Schmidt, R. (1993). Awareness and second language acquisition. Annual Review of Applied Linguistic, 13, 206–226. 6.Schmidt, R. (1995). Consciousness and foreign language learning. A tutorial on the Role of Attention and Awareness in Learning, 10, 1–63. 7.Walter, R.Hill. (1979), M. (2006). Games for language learning. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 8.White, L., Spada, N., Lightbown, P., & Ranta, L. (1991). Input enhancement and L2 question formation. Applied Linguistics, 12, 416–432.

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The 3rd International CUA Graduate Students Symposium

‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬

University of Mohaghegh Ardabili

‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬

June 5-6, 2016

‫ خردادماه‬71-71

The Effect of Collaboration Conditions on Learning Requesting Functions Reza Abdi Rokhsareh Haghjoo Associate Professor (Department of English Language Teaching, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil) MA Student (Department of English Language Teaching, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil)

Abstract Second language learners‟ poor knowledge of pragmatics has recently received attention among researchers in language learning classrooms. The current study examined the effect of collaboration conditions on requesting functions. To this purpose, sixty Iranian students were divided into three groups. The proficiency test and a dialogue construction task as a pretest were administrated. Based on the result of the proficiency test, participants were divided to three groups: two experimental groups(homogenous collaborative group, heterogeneous collaborative group) and a control group. The experimental groups received explicit metapragmatic information on request followed by a dialogue construction task in pairs during 6 sessions of treatment. The control group received the same information but completed the task individually. Results of One-way ANOVA of the post-test scores revealed that both experimental groups outperformed the control group in producing request making. Keywords: requesting functions, collaboration conditionsIntroduction 1.Introduction Communicative competence is required for effective language use and communication (Johnson & Johnson, 1998, p. 62). Pragmatic competence is an aspect of communicative competence and is included in Canale and Swain's (1980) and Bachman‟s (1990) model of communicative competence. Ellis (2008) defines pragmatic competence as consisting of the "knowledge of what constitutes appropriate linguistic behavior in a particular situation" (p. 956). An important part of educational systems is learning a foreign language. One of the problems of language learners is that they cannot use their knowledge of language in real situations. This problem is even worse in EFL setting, where learners have little chance of using language outside the classroom. One possible solutions is using communicative methods in teaching. Schmidt‟s (2001) noticing hypothesis and explicit vs. implicit teaching motivated by the hypothesis recently dominates the field of instructed pragmatics. The noticing hypothesis claims that the attention of -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------147

The 3rd International CUA Graduate Students Symposium University of Mohaghegh Ardabili June 5-6, 2016

‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬ ‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬ ‫ خردادماه‬71-71

learners to linguistic forms, functions and contextual factors are necessary for pragmatic input to become intake. Although implicit and explicit teaching have predominated in recent studies, new framework for pragmatic instruction have been added to this field. The concept that is relevant to this study is collaboration conditions. Collaborative dialogue is for the construction of linguistic knowledge, which is often operationalized as language-related episodes (Swain and Lapkin 1998; Swain 2006). Collaborative dialogue is a form of output, but it is an output used for a cognitive function because language mediates learners‟ process of working together to solve linguistic problems and jointly construct knowledge (Swain and Lapkin 1998). According to Swain and Lapkin (1998), students talk about the language the language they are producing, question their language use, or correct each other. vite, permit, and advise. In Searle‟s taxonomy (1969), command and order are categorized under request. Request can be defined as attempts by the speakers to get the hearer to do something‟ or as an illocutionary act whereby a speaker (requester) conveys to a hearer (requestee) that he/she wants the requestee to perform an act, which is for the benefit of the speaker” (Searle 1976). Politeness is an aspect of pragmatics and concerns linguistic forms that language users employ to display respect and consideration for their addressees. According to Holmes (2006), linguistic politeness "is a matter of specific linguistic choices from a range of available ways of saying something" and "has generally been considered the proper concern of pragmatics" (p. 711). However, politeness has not been considered thoroughly in interlanguage pragmatics (ILP), as ILP has mainly focused on what Kasper and Dahl (1991, p. 216) called the "narrow sense" of ILP, that is, “nonnative speakers‟ comprehension and production of speech acts, and how their L2-related speech act knowledge is acquired”. Although implicit and explicit teaching have predominated in recent studies, new framework for pragmatic instruction have been added to this field. The concept that is relevant to this study is collaboration conditions in the construction of request functions. The role of instruction and the teachability of specific pragmatic aspects (e.g. comprehension of implicature, complimenting, apologising, and requests) have been investigated by scholars like Billmyer (1990), Bouton (1994), Olshtain and Cohen (1993) and Tateyama (2001). Findings from these studies have highlighted the positive effect of instruction on the learners‟ use of particular pragmatic items. Many studies have investigated the effect of collaboration conditions on learning pragmatics. In Leeser‟s (2004) study, twenty one pairs of adult L2 Spanish learners from a content-based course completed collaborative task to see how focus on form can be both effective and appropriate. This article grouping learners on the basis of proficiency (high–high, high–low, or low–low) for investigating the amount, type (lexical or grammatical) and outcome (correct, unresolved, or incorrect) of language related episodes produced during a passage reconstruction task. The findings revealed that the proficiency of the dyad members affected how much the dyads focused on form, the types of forms they focused on as well as how successful they were at resolving the language problems when they encountered problems (Leeser, 2004). There are some studies about the role of collaboration conditions on learning vocabulary and grammar. But to the best of my knowledge, previous studies have failed to explore the role of collaboration conditions on --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------148

The 3rd International CUA Graduate Students Symposium University of Mohaghegh Ardabili June 5-6, 2016

‫سَهيي سوپَزیَم بييالوللی داًشجَیاى تحصيالت‬ ‫تکويلی داًشگاُّای عضَ اتحادیۀ قفقاز‬ ‫دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی‬ ‫ خردادماه‬71-71

request functions. This study intends to shed some light on the influence of collaborative conditions when learners are heterogeneous or homogenous in learning request making. The current study seeks to answer the following question: 1. Does collaborative dialogue has any effect on request making? 2.Method The experimental sequence of the study was carried out over a period of around ten sessions. For the groups to be comparable and for an experiment like this to be meaningful and for being sure that the learners in the experimental and control groups enjoyed the same level of knowledge a proficiency test was administrated in session one. Then based on the results of the proficiency test, participants divided into three groups: two experimental groups (homogenous collaborative group, heterogeneous collaborative group) and a control group. In session two a pre-test was given to all three groups which was a ten item Discourse Completion Task (DCT) designed to elicit the request speech act in different situations and assess the learners‟ knowledge of these prior to any type of treatment. Task treatment sessions started with a dialogue. They listened to a short conversation including the requests in focus. Then, they received a scripted version of the conversations in bold. After receiving the direct metapragmatic information, the two treatment groups proceeding to the dialogue construction task, during which learners will be asked to create a request based on given scenarios. The teacher explained to the participants that a speaker, when speaking with an interlocutor, has to consider the social status and role relationship of the participants and the imposition of the speech act and determine the degree of formality and indirectness required for each situation (sociopragmatic points) and accordingly choose an appropriate politeness strategy. The collaborative groups created a request in pairs. The control group did request making individually. After the treatment, immediate posttests with the same procedure and order of test presentations as the pretests were administered to the participating learners.

Results and Discussion The current study was an attempt to demonstrate whether collaboration conditions had any impact on Iranian EFL learner‟s production of request functions. In brief, it was denoted that treatment had a positive impact on the production of request functions. Having gained some information about the differences in the performance of the members of the three groups on the post-test to determine whether or not the observed differences were significant at the critical value (Sig.) of p.05 level. The accompanying Levene’s test of equality of error variances or the homogeneity test also revealed that the groups of this study were comparable with each other, since the Sig value calculated, as represented in Table 3, was larger than .05. Table 3 Levene’s Test of Equality of Variances Levene’s Statistic

df1

df2

Sig.

.554

3

48

.648

One of the main objectives of this study was to see if planning had any effect on the participating EFL learners’ writing ability. To test the related hypothesis, the participants’ posttest scores were also entered into the statistical program and Paired-samples T-tests were run. The purpose of these tests was to compare groups' pretest and posttest means. The results of these tests are given in Table 4 below. The Sig. values in Table 4 clearly show significant differences between the pretest and posttest scores of the all four groups at P