The Book of Common Prayer • First BCP, 1559, translates and combines three Latin books in one book – The Missal – Communion Service – The Breviary – Daily Services – The Manual –Baptism and Occasional Offices

• Primary translator: Thomas Cranmer, 1489-1556, Archbishop of Canterbury • Earlier English language sources included – “Horn Books” and Primers with of Lord’s Prayer, Apostles Creed, Ten Commandments, Hail Mary – The Great Litany translated under King Henry VIII using three sources • Latin Litany then commonly used • Litany developed by Martin Luther. See BCP p. 150 – laborers • Litany of St Chrysostom 347-407, Bishop of Constantinople See BCP p. 59.

Reaching Way back • Collects – 2/3 thirds of the Sunday collects from the Latin Missal – Sacramentary of Leo the Great, Bishop of Rome 440-461, when the Goths, Huns and Vandals were attacking Rome • See BCP p 177, Proper 3, formerly Fifth Sunday after Trinity

– Sacramentary of Gelasius, Bishop of Rome 492-496, under assault from Theodoric, King of the Ostograths • See BCP p 57 ,Collect for Peace, Morning Prayer • See BCP p 69, Collect for Peace, Evening Prayer • See BCP, p 70, Collect for Aid against Perils

• Sarum Use Service Books – The Latin Missal, Breviary, and Manual used in England were regularized by Osmund, died 1099, a Norman duke made Bishop of Sarum (Salisbury) by William the Conquerer

First Prayer Book Theology • Unlike previous Reformation prayer books, – retains the structure and many prayers of the Latin mass – Retains theology of all-sufficient nature of Christ’s sacrifice

• A compromise –

Reformers deeply dissatisfied, especially with the retention of stone altars, vestments, etc. Riots in East Anglia, Devon, Cornwall demanding the return to Latin.

– •

“ This sounds like a Nativity play. Anyone can understand it. Where is our old Miracle of the Mystery Mass”

Interesting Cranmer Touches – Almost all the Saint’s days collects were original by Cranmer, since he believed they were little more than superstitious petitions – In the creed, Cranmer adds “I Believe” before “the Catholic and Apostolic Church”. Jones suggests he is emphasizing a commitment to the “Primitive Church.” But what was the nuance of leaving out the “in” after believe?

The Creed in 1st and 2nd BCP

Reformation Changes • Differences between First and Second Prayer Book – Distribution Prayer: Real Experience vs. Commemoration • First: The body of our Lord Jesus Christ which was given for thee, preserve thy body and soul unto everlasting life • Second: Take and eat this, in remembrance that Christ died for thee and feed on him in thy heart by faith with thanksgiving

– Communion attendance • First: Someone must celebrate with Priest; Every man and woman should have communion at least once a year • Second: No communion unless four, or at least three celebrate with the Priest; Every Parishners should have communion at least three times a year, of which one must be Easter.

Reformation Changes continued • Order of service – First : Daily service starts with the Lord’s Prayer – Second: Daily services start with sentences, exhortation, confession and absolution, reflecting a counterbalance to the removal of all but one reference to private confession

• Predestination – Wording and format changes- reflecting one the major issues if Reformation theolog

Reformation Changes continued • Second Prayer book*: – The word Table is substituted for altar – Prayer for Christ’s Church is now for those ‘militant here in earth” , deleting reference to all who have passed on. – Prayer of Consecration broken up and rearranged, reflecting the focus on the distribution of the sacraments rather than the consecration.

• *source (Bennet)

Nature of the Sacraments in the Rubrics of the Second BCP • [While kneeling is appropriate for receiving Communion] “it is not meant thereby, that any adoration is done, or ought to be done, either unto the Sacramental bread or wine there bodily received, or unto any real and essential presence there being of Christ’s natural flesh and blood.” • “For as concerning the Sacramental bread and wine, they remain still in their very natural substances, and therefore may not be adored, for that were Idolatry to be abhorred of all faithful Christians. And as concerning the natural body and blood of our savior Christ, they are in heaven and not here. For it is against the truth of Christ’s true natural body, to be in more places than one, at one time.”

Other Interesting Rubrics • First Prayer book – Because people have been known to receive the bread and secret it away and ‘Diversely abuse it to superstition and wickedness” they should receive it in the mouth directly from the Priest’s hands – “As touching, kneeling, crossing, holding up of hands, knocking upon the breast and other gestures: they may be used or left as every mans devotion serves without blame.”

Americanization of the BCP • Early books just crossed out Lord and King and other small changes. • Book of 1789 of PECUSA made few changes * – Order of intercessions continues to reflect the Church Functioning as a part of the English Establishment. – “Oh Lord, save the State”, instead of King was ambiguous in a union of states. – Prayer for the President retained sense of a life-long monarch with divine responsibilities – Prayer for Congress echoed English pattern of a Church which shares responsibility for the people with the civil government – Prayers for State Legislature and Courts of Justice not added until 1928. – * Source (Smith)

• All American BCP versions had a section for Family Prayers

Americanization of the BCP • 1979 BCP changes reflect – Church in a pluralistic society with • no established religion • A republican form of government • Threefold government of executive, legislative, and judicial branches. See – Prayer for Sound Government, page 821 – Prayer for the President of the United States, p 820

– Reframed so we don’t pray for government and then the Church as part of it. Instead we show concern for the world , reflected in Christian worship • Rite 1 Prayer for the whole state of Christ’s church and the world • List of concens for the Prayers of the People p 383 • Sequence of the collects in Good Friday service, p 278

Content and Format remained remarkably unchanged until significant changes in 1979 BCP First Prayer Book of Edward VI • • • •

Preface Table and kalendar of Psalms and lessons The Ordre for Matins and Euensong The Introits, Collectes, Epistles and Gospelles [for Holy Communion a nd ] diuerse feastes and dayes • The Supper of the Lorde, including the Letany and Suffrages • Of Baptism • Of Confirmation • Of Matrimony • Of visitacion of the sicke • Of Buriall • The Purification of Women • A Declaration of Scripture for Ash Wednesday • Of Ceremonies Omitted or reteyned • Certain notes for the more plan explicadio Addendum – Ordering of Deacons – Ordering of Priest – Consecation of Bishops

1979 Episcopal BCP • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Concerning the service of the church The Calendar of the Church Year The Daily Office The Great Litany – separated from BCP 1 Holy Communion The Collects: Traditional and Contemporary Proper Liturgies for Special Days, including Ash Wednesday Holy Baptism Holy Eucharist – order changed from BCP 1 Pastoral Offices - see BCP1 group after Baptism Episcopal Services – see BCP 1addendum The Psalter Prayers and Thanksgivings Outline of the Faith, or Catechism Historical Documents of the Church, including Articles of Religion Lectionary for Sundays and Holy days Daily Office Lectionary

1979 Book of Common Prayer • •

Lectionary readings radically reframed, working with other denominations, including the Roman Catholics to present more readings in a 3-year cycle Broke The Missal into separate sections, removing the bible texts for Epistles and Gospels • Collects, • Psalms, • Special Day readings

• Provided two sets of language for Daily services and Eucharist, reflecting respect for the past and honoring need for modern language • Expanded and indexed the Prayers and Thanksgivings • Rewrote the Catechism, renaming it an Outline of Faith, with an emphasis on teaching rather than memorization. • Added more historical documents

Sources in Our Holy Cross Library • The First and Second Prayer Book of Edward VI, Reprinted 1975 • Hurst, Short History of the Early Church, 1886 • Hurst, Short History of the Mediaeval Church, 1887 • The Scottish Communicant, 1891 • Holy Communion Preparation and Companion, 1905 • BCP of the Protestant Episcopal Church, 1928 edition – Multiple Copies

• Burgess, The Romance of the Book of Common Prayer, 1930 • A Book of Common Prayer for use in Province of South Africa, 1954 • Jones, Heritage of the First Book of Common Prayer, 1949 • Smith, ed. A Prayer Book Manual, 1981 • Edwards, Prayer Book Spirituality, 1999 • Russell, ed., New Prayer Book Guide to Christian Education, 1996