"The Analects of Confucius" Thought of Management

EASTERN ACADEMIC FORUM "The Analects of Confucius" Thought of Management XING Nuhai Jiaozuo Teachers College, China, 454000 [email protected] Abstract: ...
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EASTERN ACADEMIC FORUM

"The Analects of Confucius" Thought of Management XING Nuhai Jiaozuo Teachers College, China, 454000 [email protected] Abstract: Chinese traditional society is based on Confucianism as the mainstream consciousness, Confucianism originated from Confucius and his book "Analects of Confucius". "The Analects of Confucius" contains to people, to society, to a profound understanding of politics, it takes the form of quotations from the political idea and the management thought of Confucian "self-cultivation, family, country and world", are detailed, expressed a strong humanistic and social ethics and political management structure and management mode of thought. Keywords: The Analects of Confucius, Confucianism, Management ideas, Confucius

1 Introduction The ancient Chinese society from thousand years ago into a political regime period, in order to deal with the social situation, spontaneously produce many kinds of political ideas and management models, which have a far-reaching influence on ancient Chinese society is the Confucian thought and mode of social management. Confucianism had great influence on Chinese and Oriental civilization, ancient China was the most influential schools of thought, and continues to this day, but also spread to all over the world, especially in East Asia has great influence, become the basic cultural beliefs in ancient society in the area. "Confucianism in the historical process modeling, constructing the Chinese cultural psychology structure, probably played a serious role irreplaceable, comes first on the list." [1] Confucianism originated in the spring and autumn period of China, it is the founder of the famous Confucian. The name, is said to have originated from Confucius when he was younger but served over the funeral ceremony of sacrifice, the occupation is called "Confucianism" at the time, and later with the Confucius became famous scholars and founded the school and become the pronoun of the school, it is not difficult to understand, why the Confucian thought is to "etiquette" and "benevolence" as the core, even if is the social management thought, but also full of humanism. "The Analects of Confucius" is a summary of ideas, its formal dialogue with quotations, expounded the Confucian ideas and thoughts of Confucius, the "rule of virtue", "benevolence" politics, and the importance of ethical relations thought. "The Analects of Confucius" in many of the governance of the country, the management of social comments, views, which is of positive significance for how to manage.

2 Texts 2.1 The core of the Confucian management thought and mode structure Management is a social organization in order to achieve a predetermined plan goal, a series of organization, human centered coordinate activities. "The Analects of Confucius" inheriting Confucian actively intervene in social purpose, a lot of content is about how to manage the society, how to manage the state and people. The management theory is divided into core idea, management mode and the specific management measures. First is the core of the guiding ideology of the Confucian management thought? The Confucian view, management is fundamental to "human", with human as the management core, it is the Confucian management thought characteristic. In the "Analects of Confucius", has a large number of this paper. "Li" is the basis and premise of Confucian ethics. The administration should be correct, the proper use of "ritual", also is the rule, regardless of the size of things they must follow certain rules, otherwise it is impossible. The master said, "It is by the odes that the mind is aroused." it is by the rules of propriety that the character is established. "It is from music that the finish is received." 21

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"Ceremony" as all members must abide by the rules, can effectively help the managers to manage mechanism and subordinate. Rules must also be perfectly logical and reasonable, the only way to implement it. The governance of the country must rely on virtue. A man of virtue is like heaven dipper, the surrounding people and people would like the stars that orbit automatically. Attention to virtue, "which is another important management thought the Analects of Confucius" one book reflects. What is moral, but also refers to the personal moral cultivation and quality, Confucianism attaches great importance to the management of individual accomplishment. For the specific policy point of view, Confucianism is allowed to have different opinions, Confucius said: "tapping the heresy, this pest has". Against different opinions, it is harmful for their. Confucianism and inclusive, different theories and schools can be tolerated, for example on the absorption and innovation of Buddhism, Taoism and Confucianism, pioneered the development of the road. For managers, the Confucian to its own self-cultivation and quality requirements are very harsh. The master said, "What the superior man seeks is in him. What the mean man seeks is in others." Excellent management is strict with him. Bad managers everywhere to be managers for the enemy, unprincipled demanding subordinates, to relax while their requirements, failing to pass the buck. The master said, "When the multitude hate a man, it is necessary to examine into the case. When the multitude like a man, it is necessary to examine into the case." This is how to inspect the problem of subordinates. Management of the subordinate members to actively supervise, perform on their work to be careful investigation, the problems can be summarized. Investigation object should be open to all members, not misleading to experience or personal emotions, not to hate people constantly supervision, and for people like themselves relax supervision. The master said, "The superior man does not promote a man simply on account of his words, nor does he put aside good words because of the man." The manager's job is to work achievement oriented, and should be avoid due to personal feelings such factors in affecting decision-making, execution, supervision and management in the management process. A qualified manager don't talk and favor or promoted subordinates, not because of prejudice and eliminate the rationalization proposals, only do this, can form a complete, mature management system. In the management of such mechanism, between managers and departments, each member will form to the target of common; avoid personal interests, departmental interests’ dispute. The master said, "The superior man is dignified, but does not wrangle. He is sociable, but not a partisan." The Confucian view, a good manager is allowed to have different arguments, allows interest demands, but the premise is not harmful to the overall interests, demands must be to safeguard the overall goals. Secondly, the Confucian management framework and Confucian management mechanism, structure the most famous is "self-cultivation, family, country, even world". This framework is very clear on how to manage the society as a whole and specific management behavior. Who refers to himself, is a modern management concept of management subject, refers to the managers, self-cultivation is to improve their self-cultivation and the knowledge and skills. Home that is not used on the family, but the Western Zhou era princes and nobles’ fief, "family" refers to the governance small noble fiefs, rather than a marriage or family management. Confucianism believes that management should start from the basic unit, to accumulate experience and summary method, so the managers usually first to his noble doctor fief, and then through the selection, the best recommendation to the States, the so-called. The country is a packet from the Zhou emperor vassal. It refers to the vast area composed of States and barbarian, is God's gift to the Zhou emperor, excellent management through layers of practice and selection, was chosen to assist the king to the management of the world, this is the ultimate goal of Confucian management world. Home, country, the world is a modern management concept of the management object. Confucian management object is divided into body, family, country, the world four, the implementation of management by objectives, think first and foremost task is to improve the management of their own quality and management level, to start from the grass-roots level; the management level is improved, and further improve the level of management. Such a framework, management objectives, management level clear, managers can step forward, to ensure the benign development, management practices and 22

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processes at the same time, the management and control in a restricted area, easy to control management risk, but also facilitate the management of the examination and screening. In such a management framework, management relations between levels in a relatively equal status, both sides have certain rights, also assume certain obligations. Vassal king asked Confucius, between the king and the minister is what kind of relationship, Confucius answered the king to minister to etiquette and rules, minister to King on the basis of loyalty and responsibility. This relationship is mutual and reciprocal, not lower unconditional obedience to a superior, the superior must also follow the principles to manage the subordinates. Only in this way, both sides can healthy development management activities, to obtain actual effect of management. This involves the organization environment or conditions in management behavior that is to say in what case control problems. Confucius thought, good management environment is the premise of etiquette, only the upper management to follow such rules of etiquette, to correct the management of state and society, and people will obey the management level. Confucius asked him how to run the country, Confucius think food, armaments, faith is the three foundation, if have no alternative against one's will, food, arms can be abandoned, but faith can not be missing, here is not to say that people eat is not important, but stressed the importance of faith. This shows that the management of both parties must mutually to Lutheran based to ensure the maintenance management behavior, does not have the good faith, morality, responsibility, there would be no management. 2.2 Confucian management level corresponding to the requirements and management measures As a management subject "body" must pay attention to virtue, have corresponding management quality. Confucius: "gentleman food without seeking full, have no devotion to material things, sensitive military and slow to speak, there is Yan, is eager to learn also." Managers of their own participation in management can't have greed, not the ease, work agile, do not issue orders left and right, bent on the pursuit of justice, this is the manager's moral requirements, that is to say, in the eyes of managers is a perfect moral model, he as society and the state management, seek must be the people's happiness interests. Hsia says: "cherish virtue rather than beauty; things parents, to best; Serve the Emperor, can cause the body; with friends, keep a promise inviolate. Although said not learned, I will call to learn." Confucian thought, management itself not only to have considerable moral accomplishment, but also should pay attention to the moral guidance in the management behavior, to occupy the moral high ground, face no matter which party, must take the moral value orientation. This kind of moral accomplishment is not innate, must be acquired through continuous learning and training, Confucius said: "a gentleman is not heavy, not Wei; learning is not fixed. Keep learning, can enhance their moral sense, adhere to the Lutheran, correctness can guarantee management behavior. The master said, "The superior man thinks of virtue; the small man thinks of comfort. The superior man thinks of the sanctions of law; the small man thinks of favors which he may receive." Confucius thought, management should take the initiative to care about, care about whether the policy appropriate, this is his idea of a gentleman, if only care about their own personal interest, is called the villain, is not qualified managers. Some one addressed Confucius, saying, "Sir, why are you not engaged in the government?" Confucius said: book "cloud: ‘Xiao hu! But the filial piety, brotherhood friend, can have an effect on government.’ It is also for the government, the government of Xi?" The Confucians believe that, moral accomplishment from managers in family, also known as "loyal filial piety, out door", between individual family can be expanded to other members of the society, if the family oriented management of lubricant, then the whole management process will be full of warmth and harmony, will reduce the conflict and opposition, this is the basis for building a harmonious management. All management behavior is based on "benevolence" basis, Managers do not have the "benevolence", mechanical management and his management is cold, heartless, also not be established to implement rules of conduct. The master said, "high station filled without indulgent generosity; ceremonies performed without reverence; mourning conducted without sorrow; - wherewith should I contemplate such ways?" As the top management, the heart must be benevolence, executive decision, to comply with 23

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the rules must be seriously, such as lower will obey the management rules. In the management mechanism, between the upper and lower levels must follow certain rules. The master said, "The full observance of the rules of propriety in serving one's Prince is accounted by people to be flattery." Subordinates to consciously obey the superior management remain in awe of their superiors and their responsibilities, understand their responsibilities and moral, understand the work significance, so as to be willing to work hard. Confucius said: "Don't worry about any jobs, had therefore made." For managers, no need to worry about personal gains and losses, the eyes not only looked at his position, the concern is how he can play in this position, don't worry about what others do not understand their own, as long as the continuous efforts, will eventually get around people recognized. To the scholar bureaucrat fief there begin to display one's talent cultivation, "home" is equivalent to the grass-roots political power, but for managers without the slightest careless. Ji Kangzi asked how to cause the people to reverence their ruler, to be faithful to him, and to go on to nerve themselves to virtue. Confucius said: "approach them with dignity, respect is; for good teaching can not, then advice." Ji Kangzi is the scholar officials, he has a fief, asked Confucius how to govern, Confucius thinks, want to control good fief, first management attitude should be serious, so people will abide by the laws and regulations system, secondly, managers should advocate morals, respect love young, good social atmosphere, so it will get the support old people, again to the selection of outstanding talent to help management leadership, people will do, live and work in peace. Ji Kangzi asked about Zi Lu, whether he was fit to be employed as an officer of government. The master said, "Yu is a man of decision; what difficulty would he find in being an officer of government?" The selection of what kind of person to the manager position has been a cause for concern. The Confucian view, management personnel not only need higher moral self-cultivation, but also have the relevant management skills, act decisively, versatile. Although only a small local managers, should remain impartial attitude, work stress. Confucius said: "Yan female ear?" He answered, "There is Zhantai mieming, who never in walking takes a short cut, and never comes to my office, excepting on public business." [2] A good manager is doing not do things by irregular ways, inner justice, not swayed by personal considerations, not about human desires. After basic training, some outstanding managers being selected to the leaders of the country's management positions, job promotion, will undoubtedly put forward higher request to the manager. How to manage such a vast kingdom? The master said, "To rule a country of a thousand chariots, there must be reverent attention to business, and sincerity; economy in expenditure, and love for men; and the employment of the people at the proper seasons." Confucius said, control power, handle affairs, be careful, emphasizes the Lutheran, frugal, reduce waste, care about people, not excessive use of force. This is the Confucian management power of statecraft, always adheres to human management and benevolence, center, and is the management of humanism. Specific to the governing measures, Confucius said: "the way to govern, together with punishment, people avoid and shameless; morality, etiquette, a sense of shame." The proposed, to use policy to govern the country, by laws and regulations to rectify and standardize the social, further management means is to rely on to manage with virtue, and to regulate people's behavior, so that the public has the sense of morality, acceptance of governance from the inner consciousness, obey the management of the state. Each state of the monarch is mostly the same clan, so in the Confucian view, the relationship between states should be very intimate, Confucius said: "governments of Lu and Wei, brother." The relations between nations as brothers, this is the interpretation of political ethics. The world is the widest area of ancient managers can perceive, there are numerous principalities and aristocratic manor in the region, and a large number of foreign powers, so the management is the most profound and difficult. The Confucian ideal of the Lord of the world is a noble virtue sage gentleman, such as Confucius said: "great is Artemis Yao as a sovereign! Majestic! People cannot describe. Lofty and imposing its success!" Confucius praised Yao, Shun such great emperor, think they are the lofty morals, the talented, and therefore of great deeds, the people support. A leader is not enough, also need talented people to help, "the Analects of Confucius" on the record Shun had five ministers and rule the 24

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world. King Wu said, "I have ten able ministers." The Confucian sage people very highly, think they may be able to assist the king to manage the world, making the world everywhere people are willing to surrender, in order to achieve the ideal world view in construction of Confucianism.

3 Conclusion "The Analects of Confucius" contains a large number of Confucianism for the management of high perspicacity, the complex division management process and management objects into different levels, classification management. Confucian management focuses on objects, "the basic principles of ‘ran’ are human, human nature." [3] System for management rules, to the charity for the management idea, in order to build a Harmonious Society for management purposes. This management idea and management concept is very advanced, worth thinking and researching, this to our management has important reference meaning.

References [1]. Li Zehou. The Analects of Confucius Read Today. Anhui Literature and Art Publishing House, 1998, 3 (in Chinese) [2]. Yang Bojun. Vernacular Books. Yuelu Publishing House, 1989, 17 (in Chinese) [3]. Ji Fahan. Essentials of Chinese Culture. Qilu Press, 2013, 208 (in Chinese)

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