Latin II Final Exam Study Guide The exam will have questions from these categories: grammar vocabulary derivatives reading comprehension
Test Format –multiple choice questions: Nouns:
Be sure to know the endings of all 5 declensions. Gender of 1st decl. (mostly) _________ 2nd decl ____________ & ______________ 3rd decl can be ALL genders, 4th ______________ and 5th __________________. 1. Fill in this chart with the 1st declension endings: Sing.
Pl.
Nom.
__________
_______________
Gen.
__________
________________
Dat.
__________
_________________
Acc.
__________
_________________
Abl.
__________
_________________
2. Fill in this chart with the 2nd declension endings MASCULINE: Sing.
Pl.
Nom.
__________
_______________
Gen.
__________
________________
Dat.
__________
_________________
Acc.
__________
_________________
Abl.
__________
_________________
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3. Fill in this chart with the 2nd declension endings NEUTER: Sing.
Pl.
Nom.
__________
_______________
Gen.
__________
________________
Dat.
__________
_________________
Acc.
__________
_________________
Abl.
__________
_________________
4. Fill in this chart with the 3rd declension endings MASCULINE/FEMININE Sing.
Pl.
Nom.
__________
_______________
Gen.
__________
________________
Dat.
__________
_________________
Acc.
__________
_________________
Abl.
__________
_________________
5. Fill in this chart with the 3rd declension endings NEUTER Sing.
Pl.
Nom.
__________
_______________
Gen.
__________
________________
Dat.
__________
_________________
Acc.
__________
_________________
Abl.
__________
_________________
By now, you should be able to look at a noun and 1) determine its declension from the _______________ sing. 2) determine its base (stem) 3) decline it with correct endings in sing./plural. PLEASE practice this!!!! 2
6. Fill in this chart with the 4th declension endings:
Nom.
__________
_______________
Gen.
__________
________________
Dat.
__________
_________________
Acc.
__________
_________________
Abl.
__________
_________________
7. Fill in this chart with the 5th declension endings. Nom.
__________
_______________
Gen.
__________
________________
Dat.
__________
_________________
Acc.
__________
_________________
Abl.
__________
_________________
8. Be sure to know these NEUTER RULES: The ____________and ________________ cases have the same endings both for singular and for plural.. In the plural the nom. and acc. cases always end in the letter ____________ Neuter nouns are found in the _______, ______ , and ________declensions only. 9. Dative Case will follow certain adjectives (translate these examples!) necesse est tibi _________________________ difficile est mihi ___________________ decōrum est nōbis ______________________ licet mihi _________________________ servus est amīcus omnibus__________________________________________________ meus canis nōn est fidēlis mihi ______________________________________________ Also, the dative case will be used for the direct object of special verbs such as persuādeō, appropinquō, pāreō, faveō, respondeō, crēdō, placēre, obstō 10. Review the vocative forms of the 2nd declension. WRITE OUT THE vocative RULE!!!
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Pronouns 1. Relative pronouns introduce dependent clauses and agree with their antecedent* in gender and number ONLY; the case of the relative pronoun is determined by its function in the relative clause. * The antecedent is the noun that the relative pronoun refers to. It may come before or after! Fill in this chart with the forms of the relative pronoun – quī, quae, quod Mas.
Fem.
Neut.
N. G. D. Ac. Ab. N. G. D. Ac. Ab.
2. Personal pronouns [he, she, it] – is, ea, id Fill in the chart with their forms. Mas.
Fem.
Neut.
N. G. D. Ac. Ab. N. G. D. Ac. Ab.
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3. The demonstrative pronouns hic, haec, hoc [this/these]. Mas.
Fill in the chart with their forms.
Fem.
Neut.
N. G. D. Ac. Ab. N. G. D. Ac. Ab.
and ille, illa, illud [that/those]. Fill in the chart with their forms. Mas. Fem.
Neut.
N. G. D. Ac. Ab. N. G. D. Ac. Ab.
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4. PERSONAL PRONOUNS: 1st & 2nd persons: I, you (sing.); we, you (plural;) First person – I, we
Second person - you
Nom. Dat. Acc. Abl. Nom. Dat. Acc. Abl.
4. The reflexive pronoun suī, sibi, sē, sē- means himself, herself, itself, themselves. It does not have a nominative form and it is declined the same in singular and plural. It is always an object, never a subject, and always refers back to the subject of the sentence. e.g. puer sē in aquā vīdit. ___________________________________________
Interrogatives Review how to ask questions using the words num, nōnne, and the enclitic ending -ne. -ne – is attached to the first word in a Latin sentence to indicate a simple yes/no question. estne Mārcus Rōmānus puer? ____________________________________________________________________
num - is also used as an introductory word in a Latin sentence to show a negative response is anticipated. num Mārcus est Rōmānus puer? ______________________________________________________________________ nōnne - is also used as an introductory word in a Latin sentence to show a positive response is anticipated. nōnne Mārcus est Rōmānus puer? ______________________________________________________________________
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Interrogative adverbs and pronouns are used to introduce Latin questions. quis ____________ quid __________________ ubi ____________ cūr_______
Adjectives… agree with the nouns they modify in GENDER, NUMBER, CASE. 1. review 1st and 2nd declension adj. (magnus, -a, -um) 2. 3rd declension adjectives differ from 3rd declension noun endings in two cases: a long -ī will replace the short -e in the abl. sing. the genitive plural ends in -ium rather than -um. 3. Adjectives have 3 degrees: positive, comparative, superlative e.g. clārus, malus, ācer,
clārior, pēior, ācrior,
clārissimus pessimus ācerrimus
The comparative degree has 3rd declension noun endings. The superlative has 1st and 2nd declension endings. REMEMBER: the comparative declines like a regular 3rd declension noun!
4. When the neuter form of the adjective is used with a form of est, the subject is the pronoun, „it‟. e.g. bonum erat vidēre rēgīnam._______________________________________
5. Review changing adjectives into adverbs. miser ________________________________ gravis ________________________________
6. Uses of the Latin word “quam” with adjectives and adverbs. With the positive, quam means how. e.g. quam callidus est Quīntus! ____________________________________________________________ With the comparative quam means than. e.g. Clēmēns est callidior quam Grumiō. _____________________________________________________________ N.B. quam with the superlative of the adverb is translated “as … as possible”. e.g. quam celerrimē = as quickly as possible 7
Also, when “quam” means “than” in a comparison, the case that comes before it will follow it. e.g. agricola habet canem celeriōrem quam equum. ______________________________________________________________________ N.B. Remember that quam can also be a relative pronoun (feminine!) meaning “whom” or “which.
Prepositions: These prepositions pattern with the ablative case. sub, in, dē, sine, prō, prae, ā (ab), cum, ē (ex) Remember: SID SPACE, the ablative case ! These prepositions pattern with the accusative case. ad, prope, trāns, per, apud, inter- or any preposition that isn‟t SID SPACE!
Verbs 1. Review the present and imperfect tenses of regular verbs as well as these irregular verbs: sum, possum, ferō, volō, nōlō, eō The present tense uses the ___________ and __________ principal parts. The endings for regular present tense verbs are ____________________________________
The imperfect tense uses the ______________ principal part. The endings for regular imperfect tense verbs are ________________________________________
Conjugate the following irregular verbs in the present tense sum
possum
fero
volo
nolo
eo
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Conjugate the following irregular verbs in the imperfecttense
sum
possum
fero
volo
nolo
eo
2. Review the perfect and pluperfect tenses of regular verbs and the irregular verbs sum, possum, and fero. The perfect tense uses the ____________________ principal part. The endings for the perfect tense are _______________________________________________________. The perfect tense is translated as ___________________________________________________
The pluperfect tense uses the ____________________ principal part. The endings for the pluperfect tense are ____________________________________________________ The pluperfect tense is translated as ____________________________________
N.B. All verbs are regular in the perfect and pluperfect tenses! 3. Review the imperative mood of verbs from each conjugation and the use nōlī and nōlīte in the formation of a negative command. e.g. puer, nōlī currere! e.g. puerī, nolite currere! 4. Present participle is a verbal adjective formed by adding -ns to the present stem. This form has 3rd declension adjective endings. It is always translated by adding -ing to the meaning of the verb. e.g. servus aquam portāns erat meus amīcus. __________________________________ nōs servum cibum ē triclīniō capientem vīdimus. _______________________________ 9
