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Tense, Mood, Aspect, Diathesis Their Logic and Typology Lauri Carlson University of Helsinki Department of General Linguistics

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Vlach, F. 1981b. La semantique du temps et de l‘aspect en anglais. Langages 64 (1981), 65-79. Vlach, F. 1993. Temporal adverbials, tenses and the perfect. Linguistics and Philosophy15 (1993), 231-283. Vogeleer, S. 1994. Le point de vue et les valeurs des temps verbaux. Travaux de linguisticque 29 (1994) 39-58. Vogeleer, S., de Mulder, W., Depraeter, I. (eds.) 1999. Tense and Aspect. Belgian Journal of Linguistics 12 (1998). Benjamins, Amsterdam 1999. Vsevolodova, M. 1979. O semanticheskom soglasovanii glagolov i imennyx temporal'nyx rasprostranitelej. Voprosy jazykoznanija 1 (1979) 103-113. Vuillaume, M. 1990. Grammaire temporelle des récits. Les éditions de minuit, Paris 1990. Vuillaume, M. 1993. Le repérage temporel dans les textes narratifs. Langages 112 (1993) 106-126. Wachtel, T. 1982. Some problems in tense theory. Linguistic Inquiry 13 (1982) 336-341. Wackernagel, J. 1920. Vorlesungen über Syntax. Basel 1920. Wallace, J.1971. Some logical roles of adverbs. Journal of Philosophy 68 (1971) 690-714. Wallace, S. 1982. Figure and ground: the interrelationships of linguistic categories. in Hopper, P. (ed.) Tense-Aspect, Benjamins, Amsterdam 1982. Watson, G. 1982. Free will. Oxford UP, Oxford 1982. Watting, J. 1973. Are causes events or facts? Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 74 (1973-74), 161-170. Waugh, L. 1975. A semantic analysis of the French tense system. Orbis 24 (1975), 436-485. Waugh, L. 1987. Marking time with the passé composé: towards a theory of the perfect. Linguisticae Investigationes 11 (1987) 1-47. Waugh, L. 1991. Tense-aspect and hierarchy of meanings. In Waugh, L. Rudy, S. (eds.) New Vistas in Grammar: Invariance and Variation. John Benjamins, Amsterdam 1991. Waugh, L. 1990. Discourse functions of tense-aspect in French: dynamic synchrony. In Thelin, N. (ed.), Verbal Aspect in Discourse. Benjamins 1990. Waugh, L. 1991. Tense-aspect and hierarchy of meanings. In Waugh, L., Rudy, S. (eds.) New Vistas in Grammar: Invariance and Variation. Benjamins, Amsterdam 1991, 241-259. Waugh, L., Monville-Burston, M. 1986. Aspect and discourse function: the French simple past in newspaper usage. Langauge 62 (1986), 846-877. Webber, B. 1988. Tense as discourse anaphor. Computational Linguistics 14 (1988), 61-73. Weinrich, H. 1964. Tempus. Besprochene und Erzählte Welt. W. Kohlhammer Verlag, Stuttgart 1964. Weinrich, H. 1970. Tense and Time. Archivum Linguisticum 1 (New Series), 31-41. Weissenborn, J., Klein, W. (eds.) 1982. Here and There. Cross-linguistic Studies on Deixis and Demonstration. Benjamins, Amsterdam 1982. Wekker, H. 1976. The Expression of Future Time in Contemporary British English. North-Holland, Amsterdam 1976. Wellek, R., Warren, A. 1949. Theory of Literature. Harcourt Brace, New York 1949. Werner, A., Janssen, T. (eds.) 1989 Tempus-Aspekt-Modus. Die lexikalischen und grammaticalischen Formen in den germanischen Sprachen. Niemeyer, Tübingen 1989. Westerståhl, D. 1989. Quantifiers in formal and natural languages. In Gabbay, D., Guenthner, F. (eds.) Handbook of Philosophical Logic IV: Topics in the Philosophy of Language. Reidel, Dordrecht 1989, 1-131. Whitaker, J., Smith, C. 1985. Some significant omissions: ellipsis in Flaubert‘s ‗Un coeur simple‘. Language and Style 14 (1985), 25-92. White, M. 1994. A Computational Approach to Aspect Composition. Ph.D. diss., U Pennsylvania, 1994. Whitrow, G. 1980. The Natural Philosophy of Time. Oxford University Press, Oxford 1980. Whorf, B. 1938. Some verbal categories in Hopi. Language 14 (1938), 275-286. Whorf, B. 1950. An American Indian model of the universe. International Journal of American Linguistics 16 (1950), 67-72. Wide, C. 2002. Perfect in Dialogue. PIC Monographs 3, Dept. of Scandinavian Languages and Literature, University of Helsinki, 2002. Wiebe, J. 1994. Tracking point of view in narrative. Computational Linguistics 20 (1994), 233-287. Wiener, N. 1914. A contribution to the theory of relative position. Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society¸ Vol 17 (1914). Wierenga, E., Feldman, R. 1981. Identity conditions of events. Canadian Journal of Philosophy 112 (1981) 77-93. Wierzbicka, A. 1973. In search of a semantic model of time and space. In Kiefer, F. , Ruwet, R. (ed.s) Generative Grammar in Europe, Reidel, Dordrecht 1973, 616-628. Wierzbicka, A. 1987. English Speech Act Verbs: A Semantic Dictionary. Academic Press, Sydney 1987. Wildgen, W. 1982. Catastrophe Theoretic Semantics. Benjamins, Amsterdam 1982. Wilkins, W. (ed.) 1988. Syntax and Semantics 21: Thematic relations. Academic Press, New York 1988. Willett, T. 1988. A cross-linguistic survey of the grammaticalization of evidentiality. Studies in Language 12 (1988) 5197. Williams, A. 1996. A practical approach to belief revision: reason-based change. Proc. KR‟96, 412-421. Wilmet, M. 1976. Etudes de morpho-syntaxe verbale. Klincksieck, Paris 1976, 61-82.

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Wilmet, M. 1980. Aspect grammatical, aspect sémantique, aspect lexical: un problème de limites. In David, J., Martin, R. (eds.) La notion d‟aspect. Klincksieck, Paris 1980, 51-68. Wilmet, M. 1996. L'imparfait: le temps des anaphores? Cahiers Chronos 1 (1996) 199-215. Wilson, C. 1956. William Heytesbury: Medieval Logic and the Rise of Mathematical Physics. Madison, Wisconsin 1956. Wilson, N. 1974. Facts, events, and their identity conditions. Philosophical Studies 25 (1974) 303-321. Wilson, D., Sperber, D. 1993. Observations sur la pragmatique des temps. Langages 112 (1993) 8-25. Wilson, D., Sperber, D. 1998. Pragmatics and time. In Carston, R., Uchida, S. (eds.) Relevance Theory. Applications and Implications. Benjamins, Amsterdam 1998, 1-22. Winnie, J. 1977. The causal theory of space-time. In Earman et al. (eds.) Foundations of Space-Time Theories, University of Minnesota Press 1977, 134-205. Winskel, G. 1986. Event structures. In Petri Nets: Applications and Relationships to Other Models of Concurrency. Advances in Petri Nets 1986, LNCS 255, Bad-Honnef, September 1986. Springer Verlag. Winskel, G. 1988. An introduction to event structures. In Linear Time, Branching Time and Partial Order in Logics and Models for Concurrency. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 354, Springer Verlag 1988. Witherspoon, G. 1980. Language in culture and culture in language. International Journal of American Linguistics 46:1 (1980) 1-13. Wittgenstein, L. 1968. Philosophical Investigations. Blackwell 1968. Woisetschlaeger, E. 1976. A Semantic Theory of the English Auxiliary System. Indiana University Linguistics Club, Indiana 1976. Wolfson, N. 1979. The conversational historical present alternation. Language 55:1 (1979), 168-182. Wolfson, N. 1982. CHP. The Conversational Historical Present in American English Narrative. Foris, Dordrecht 1982. Wood. F. 1962. How have you liked it? English Studies 43 (1962). Wood, O., Pitcher, G. (eds.) 1970. Ryle - A Collection of Critical Essays. New York 1970. von Wright, G. 1963. Norm and Action. Routledge, London 1963. von Wright, G. 1965. And next. Acta Philosophica Fennica 18 (1965), 293-304. von Wright, G. 1966. And then. Commentationes Physico-Mathematicae of the Finnish Society of Sciences 32:7 (1966). von Wright, G. 1968a. Always. Theoria 34 (1968) 208-221. von Wright, G. 1968. An Essay in Deontic Logic and the General Theory of Action. North-Holland, Amsterdam 1968. von Wright, G. 1969. Time, Change, and Contradiciton. Cambridge University Press 1969. von Wright, G. 1973. On the logic and epistemology of the causal relation. In Suppes, P. et al. (eds.) Logic, Methodology and Philosophy of Science IV, North-Holland, Amsterdam 1973, 293-312. Wunderlich, D. 1970. Tempus und Zeitreferenz im Deutschen. Hueber, München 1970. Xolodovich, A. (ed.) 1969. Tipologija kauzativnyx konsrukcij. Morfologicheskij kauzativ. (Typology of causative constructions: morphological causative.) Nauka, Leningrad 1969. Yang, T. 1999. Computational verb systems: verb logic. International Journal of Intelligent Systems 14 (1999) 10711087. Yang, T. 2001. Advances on Computational Verb Systems. Nova Science Publishers Inc., Commack, N.Y. 2001 Young, R., Morgan, W. 1987. The Navajo Language. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque 1987. Zadeh, L. 1978. Fuzzy sets as a basis for theory of possibility. Fuzzy Sets and Systems 1 (1978), 3-28. Zaenen, A. 1977. A proposal for a unified treatment of before. Paper presented to a workshop on tense and aspect, University of Massachusetts, Amherst 1977. Zagona, K. 1988. Verb Phrase Syntax: A Parametric Study of English and Spanish. Kluwer, Amsterdam 1988. Zandwoort, R. 1932. On the perfect of experience. English Studies 14 (1932), 11-20, 76-79. Zandwoort, R. 1960. A Handbook of English Grammar. Longman, London 1960. Zandwoort, R. 1962. Is ‗Aspect‘ and English verbal category? In Contributions to English syntax and philology. Gothenburg studies in English 14. Almqvist & Viksell, Göteborg 1962, 1-20. Zeller, J. 1994. Die Syntax des Tempus. Westdeutscher Verlag, Opladen 1994. Zermack, E. Events. In Yovel, Y. (ed.) Philosophy of History and Action. Reidel, Dordrecht 1978, 85-95. van Zijl, L. 1997. Generalized nondeterminism and the succinct representation of regular languages. Ph.D.diss., University of Stellenboesch, South Africa, 1997. (http://www.cs.sun.ac.za/~lynette/boek.ps.gz) van Zijl, L. 19??. Supernondeterministic finite automata. Dept. Comp. Sc., Stellenbosch University, South Africa (http://www.cs.sun.ac.za/~lynette/ksnfa.ps.gz). Zucchi, A. 1993. The Language of Propositions and Events. Issues in the Syntax and Semantics of Nominalization. Kluwer, Dordrecht 1993. Zucchi, A. 1998. Aspect shift. In Rothstein, S. (ed.) Events and Grammar. Kluwer, Dordrecht 1998, 349-370. Zwarts, F. 1983. Determiners: a relational perspective. in A. ter Meulen (ed.) Studies in Modeltheoretic semantics. Foris, Dordrecht 1983.

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Zwarts, F. 1986. Modeltheoretic Semantics and Natural Language: the case of Modern Dutch. Ph.D.diss., Rijksuniversiteit Groningen 1986.

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Table of Contents TENSE, MOOD, ASPECT, DIATHESIS ............................ ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. THEIR LOGIC AND TYPOLOGY ........................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. LAURI CARLSON .................................................................. ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKI ............................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. DEPARTMENT OF GENERAL LINGUISTICS.................. ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. TENSE, MOOD, ASPECT, DIATHESIS ............................ ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. THEIR LOGIC AND TYPOLOGY ........................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. Prospect ................................................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. PART I. THEORY................................................................. ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. CONCEPTUAL TOOLS.......................................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. Algebra ................................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Category theory .................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Ontology ............................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Logic ..................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Topology ............................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Time ...................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Priority.................................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Order .................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Grammar .............................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. ASPECT .............................................................................................. ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. Definitions ............................................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. Aktionsart.............................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Aspect shifts .......................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Derivation ............................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Aspect features ...................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Aspect operators ................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Perfective .............................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Imperfective .......................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Progressive ........................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Perfect ................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Generic aspect ...................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Regularity ............................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Habits and dispositions......................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Phasal adverbs...................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Phasal verbs ......................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Aspect and negation .............................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Theories of aspect ................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. TENSE................................................................................................ ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. Deixis .................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Aboutness .............................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Definite tense ........................................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. Tense and perspective ........................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Relative tenses ...................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Near and remote tenses......................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Metric tenses ......................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Simple present....................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Simple past ............................................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. Simple future ......................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Present perfect ...................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Pluperfect.............................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Theories of tense ................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. TIME ADVERBIALS ............................................................................. ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. Adverbial polymorphism ....................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

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Adverbial classification ........................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. Reference time vs. event time adverbials .............................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Time adverbials of location .................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Time adverbials of duration .................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Duality of location and duration adverbials ......................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Bounding adverbials ............................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Since and until ...................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Temporal conjunctions ......................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Adverbials of frequency ........................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. Manner adverbials ................................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. Comparative time adverbials ................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. Point time adverbials ............................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. Adverbial aspect ................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Always ................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. When ..................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. While ..................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. As .......................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Before and after .................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. TIME WITHIN THE SENTENCE ............................................................. ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. Taxis ..................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Sequence of tenses ................................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. Sequence of aspects .............................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Tense anaphora .................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Tense and scope .................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. TIME IN DISCOURSE ........................................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. Point of view ......................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Narrative tense...................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Narrative duration ................................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. Topic shifts ............................................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. Players .................................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Récit ...................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Discours ................................................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. Discourse uses of temporal conjunctions.............................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Frames and scripts ............................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. MOOD ................................................................................................ ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. Conditionals.......................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Causation .............................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Game modalities ................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Future ................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Plans ..................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Optative and subjunctive ...................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Perception ............................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Evidentiality .......................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Permanent and temporary states .......................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Theories of mood .................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. DIATHESIS ......................................................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. Diathesis types ...................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Transitivity ............................................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. Dynamics .............................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Agency .................................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Animacy ................................................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. Object causation ................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Event type automata ............................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Diathesis morphology ........................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Diathesis operators ............................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Voice ..................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Reflexive................................................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. Passive .................................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Aspect and diathesis ............................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Theories of diathesis ............................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

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Space-time metaphor ............................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. Adverbial classification ........................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. OBJECT TYPES ................................................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. Genericity ............................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Countability .......................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Number ................................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Plural .................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. One ....................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Comparison .......................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Measurement ........................................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. Events as objects ................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Events as functions of time.................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Comparative change ............................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Additivity and growth ........................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Object-event mappings ......................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Aspectual roles...................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. TENSE, MOOD, ASPECT, DIATHESIS ............................ ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. THEIR LOGIC AND TYPOLOGY ........................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. PART II. CASE STUDIES .................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. ENGLISH ............................................................................................ ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. English simple present .......................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. English simple past ............................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. English present perfect ......................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. English pluperfect ................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. English progressive .............................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. PORTUGUESE ..................................................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. Perfeito simples .................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Imperfeito.............................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Perfeito composto ................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Mas que perfeito ................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Progressivo and ser/estar ..................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Portuguese time adverbials .................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. FRENCH ............................................................................................. ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. Passé composé ...................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Passé simple ......................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Imparfait ............................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Pluparfait and passé anterieur ............................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Présent and futur .................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Sequence of tenses ................................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. GERMAN ............................................................................................ ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. Preterit, perfect and pluperfect ............................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Present .................................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Sequence of tenses ................................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. Double perfect ...................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. RUSSIAN ............................................................................................ ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. Russian aspects ..................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Russian imperfective ............................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Russian perfective ................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Russian tenses ....................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. No pluperfect ........................................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. Time adverbials .................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. CLASSICAL GREEK ............................................................................ ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. Greek aorist .......................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Greek imperfect .................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Greek perfect ........................................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. Greek pluperfect ................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Greek moods ......................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. BULGARIAN ....................................................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.

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Imperfective aspect ............................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Perfective aspect ................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Future ................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Reported tenses ..................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. FINNISH ............................................................................................. ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. Finnish object case marking ................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Partitiva tantum .................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Accusativa tantum ................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Alternations .......................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Finnish tenses ....................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Progressive ........................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. ICELANDIC ......................................................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. Icelandic perfects .................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Discourse .............................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Búinn as a perfect type.......................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. MAINLAND SCANDINAVIAN .............................................................. ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. CHINESE ............................................................................................ ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. Aktionsarten .......................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Perfective le .......................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Extended now le .................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Interactions ........................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Existential perfect guo .......................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Resultative zhe ...................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Progressive zai...................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Reduplication ........................................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. Object ba............................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Durative adverbials .............................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. MORE LANGUAGES ............................................................................ ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. Japanese ............................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Navajo ................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Cree ...................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Tagalog ................................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Tamil ..................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Creoles .................................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Thai ....................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Hungarian ............................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Inuktitut................................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Irish ....................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Kikuyu ................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Lezgian.................................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Turkish .................................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Arabic ................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. TENSE, MOOD, ASPECT, DIATHESIS ............................................................................................. 1 THEIR LOGIC AND TYPOLOGY ................................................................................................................... 1 PART III. TYPOLOGY ........................................................ ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. STRUCTURALIST TYPOLOGY .............................................................. ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. Paradigm .............................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Markedness ........................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Categorisation ...................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Metonymy and metaphor ...................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Meaning and implicature ...................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Neutralisation ....................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. EVOLUTIONARY TYPOLOGY ............................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. Evolutionary typology of past tenses .................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Evolutionary typology of perfect ........................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Evolutionary typology of imperfective .................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Evolutionary typology of perfective ...................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Typology of conditionals ....................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

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Evolutionary typology of reflexives ...................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Morphological typology........................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. LOGICAL TYPOLOGY .......................................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. Logical typology of quantifiers ............................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Logical typology of tense and aspect .................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Logical typology of mood ..................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Logical typology of diathesis ................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. Regular algebra forTMAD systems ...................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. TYPOLOGY OF TMAD SYSTEMS ........................................................ ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. Evolutionary typology of TMAD systems .............................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. The logic of grammaticalisation ........................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. LEXICAL CLASSIFICATION ................................................................. ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. Lexical classification with event types .................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Example grammar ................................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. RETROSPECT...................................................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. Basic distinctions .................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. New prospects ....................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. APPENDICES ...................................................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. Appendix 1: Who uses which idea? ...................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Appendix 2: Who calls what what? ....................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Appendix 3: Who refers to whom? ........................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. Appendix 4. Formalism ......................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. BIBLIOGRAPHY .......................................................................................................................................... 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS............................................................................................................................... 44 INDEX OF TABLES .................................................................................................................................... 48 INDEX OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................................... 49 INDEX OF TOPICS ..................................................................................................................................... 50

Index of tables Table 1 ...................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Table 2 ...................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Table 3 ...................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Table 4 ...................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Table 5 ...................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Table 6 ...................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Table 7 ...................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Table 8 ...................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Table 9 ...................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Table 10 .................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Table 11 .................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Table 12 .................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Table 13 .................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Table 14 .................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Table 15 .................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Table 16 .................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Table 17 .................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Table 18 .................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Table 19 .................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Table 20 .................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Table 21 .................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Table 22 .................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Table 23 .................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Table 24 .................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Table 25 .................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Table 26 .................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Table 27 .................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Table 28 .................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Table 29 .................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Table 30 .................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Table 31 .................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

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Table 32 .................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Table 33 .................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Table 34 .................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Table 35 .................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Table 36 .................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Table 37 .................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Table 38 .................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Table 39 .................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Table 40 .................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Table 41 .................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Table 42 .................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Table 43 .................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Table 44 .................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Table 45 .................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Table 46 .................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Table 47 .................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Table 48 .................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Table 49 .................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Table 50 .................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Table 51 .................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Table 52 .................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Table 53 .................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Table 54 .................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Table 55 .................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Table 56 .................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Table 57 .................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Table 58 .................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Table 59 .................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Table 60 .................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Table 61 .................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Table 62 .................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Table 63 .................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Table 64 .................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Table 65 .................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Table 66 .................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Table 67 .................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Table 68 .................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Table 69 .................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Table 70 .................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Table 71 .................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Table 72 .................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

Index of figures Figure 1 .................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Figure 2 .................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Figure 3 .................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Figure 4 .................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Figure 5 .................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Figure 6 ................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Figure 7 .................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Figure 8 .................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Figure 9 .................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Figure 10 .................................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Figure 11 .................................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Figure 12 .................................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Figure 13 .................................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Figure 14 .................................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Figure 15 .................................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

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Index of topics

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