The Pig Machine Heat Carbon Dioxide, CO2

SWINE VENTILATION Mark Oberreuter , P.E. Ventilation Engineer Automated Production Systems

Oxygen, O2

Negative Pressure Ventilation

Measuring the Environment • • • • • •

Temperature Static Pressure Air Velocity @ Inlet Air Velocity @ Pig Level Relative Humidity Gases (Ammonia, Carbon Dioxide, etc.)

Measuring the Environment

Temperature

• Temperature Static Pressure Air Velocity @ Inlet Air Velocity @ Pig Level Relative Humidity Gases (Ammonia, Carbon Dioxide, etc.)

100 90

TEMPERATURE, OF

• • • • •

Water, H2O

Ammonia, NH3

80 70 60 50 40 0

5

10

15

20

25

AGE IN WEEKS

1

Temperature

Temperature • Indoor Probes – At least two - in case one goes bad – Multiple in larger rooms – Close to pig level but out of reach – Not in front of heaters or inlets

• Outdoor Probes – Locate on north wall under eave Probe

Temperature

Measuring the Environment • Temperature

• Static Pressure • • • •

Air Velocity @ Inlet Air Velocity @ Pig Level Relative Humidity Gases (Ammonia, Carbon Dioxide, etc.)

Static Pressure

Static Pressure - Fans Normal Range

8000

FAN AIRFLOW, CFM

7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

STATIC PRESSURE, IN. WATER

2

Static Pressure - Inlets

Static Pressure

Normal Range 2500

INLET AIRFLOW, CFM

2000

1500

1000

500

0 0

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.07

0.08

0.09

0.1

**Warning – Wind will influence reading**

STATIC PRESSURE, IN. WATER

Measuring the Environment

Air Velocity @ Pig Level

• Temperature • Static Pressure

800 ft/min

• Air Velocity @ Inlet • Air Velocity @ Pig Level • Relative Humidity • Gases (Ammonia, Carbon Dioxide, etc.)

200 ft/min

Air Velocity @ Inlet

Air Velocity @ Inlet 1000

Airflow  4000 x Cd x

SP x Area

900

Cd  0.60

700

SP x Area

Airflow  Velocity x Area

Velocity  2400 x

SP

Velocity, ft/min

Airflow  2400 x

800

600 500 400 300

Airflow (cfm)

Cd = discharge coefficient (0.0 – 1.0)

200

Velocity (ft/min)

SP = static pressure (in. water)(0.00 – 0.10)

100

Area (ft2)

0

0

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.07

0.08

0.09

0.1

0.11

0.12

0.13

0.14

0.15

Static Pressure, in. water

3

Air Velocity @ Inlet Airflow  Velocity x Area  Feet 2  CFM  Minute x Feet   

Area 

OPENING TYPE

Air Velocity @ Inlet Airflow Velocity

VELOCITY

PIT WALL OPENING FOR PIT FAN

1000

COLD WEATHER ACTUATED INLETS

800

MILD WEATHER ACTUATED INLETS

700

TUNNEL CURTAIN

600

OPENING INTO THE ATTIC FOR INLETS

500

EVAPORATIVE COOLING ON ROOM

400

EVAPORATIVE COOLING ON HALLWAY

350

Measuring the Environment • Temperature • Static Pressure • Air Velocity @ Inlet

**Warning – Position at inlet will influence reading**

Air Velocity @ Pig Level 800 ft/min

• Air Velocity @ Pig Level • Relative Humidity • Gases (Ammonia, Carbon Dioxide, etc.)

Air Velocity @ Pig Level

200 ft/min

Air Velocity @ Pig Level

Author: Steven J. Hoff Iowa State University

4

Air Velocity @ Pig Level

Air Velocity @ Pig Level

10

WIND CHILL, DEGREE F

9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

AIR VELOCITY, FT/MIN

Measuring the Environment • • • •

Relative Humidity

Temperature Static Pressure Air Velocity @ Inlet Air Velocity @ Pig Level

• Relative Humidity • Gases (Ammonia, Carbon Dioxide, etc.)

Relative Humidity

**Warning – Requires regular maintenance to be remain accurate**

Relative Humidity

**Warning – Accuracy may diminish over time**

5

Measuring the Environment • • • • •

Gases

Temperature Static Pressure Air Velocity @ Inlet Air Velocity @ Pig Level Relative Humidity

• Gases (Ammonia, Carbon Dioxide, etc.)

Gases

Single Wide Finisher Cold Weather Ventilation

Single Wide Finisher Natural Ventilation w/Stir Fans

Double Wide Finisher Cold Weather Ventilation

6

Gestation Cold Weather Ventilation

Gestation Tunnel Ventilation w/Evap Cooling

Farrowing Cold & Hot Ventilation

Management

Controller Set Point

Controls Backup Systems Ceiling Inlets Airflow Reducers Maintenance

100 90

TEMPERATURE, OF

• • • • •

Double Wide Finisher Tunnel Ventilation

80 70 60 50 40 0

5

10

15

20

25

AGE IN WEEKS

7

Controller Set Point

Controller Set Point

• Reference temperature • Necessary to lower as pigs grow • Most settings move with set point

Controller Set Point

Controller Set Point

Controller Set Point

Controller Set Point • Set Point Curve

Set Point

8

Minimum Ventilation

Minimum Ventilation

• When room temp is below set point • Minimum ventilation required to remove humidity, gases and supply oxygen • Typical signs: – To little -> high humidity – To much -> wasting heat

Minimum Ventilation WEIGHTS (lbs)

COLD MILD (cfm/hd) (cfm/hd)

Minimum Ventilation

HOT NO TUNNEL TUNNEL Air Change Velocity Air Change (cfm/hd) (seconds) (ft/min) (seconds)

400

20

80

650

40A

****

****

NURSERY

10 to 60

2 to 5

15

40

40

****

****

FINISHER

60 to 240

5 to 10

35-50

120

40

300-400

30-45

WEAN-TO-FINISH

10 to 240

2 to 10

35-50

120

40

300-400

30-45

FARROWING

FAN TYPE APP-12 APP-14 APP-18 APP-24 APP-36 APPB-36 APPB-50 CS54C1-P

WITH CONE N.A.A 2710 4890 7120 11310 11280 23200 30044

WITHOUT CONE 1447 2385 4205 6002 10297 9920 20151 N.A.

MINIMUM AIRFLOWC 150 450 700 1200 6000 N.P.B N.P. N.P.

A

N.A. stand for not available N.P. stands for not possible Minimum airflow rating when fan is at the lowest variable speed setting * Maximum airflow rating is at 0.05 in. w.g. * Deduct 15% airflow when using a wind diverter cone B C

GESTATION A

325

12

60

150

35

300-600

30-45

USE 45 SECONDS IF EVAPORATIVE COOLING IS USED

Adjusting Minimum Ventilation • Manually adjust % on control • Humidity sensor compensation • Minimum vent curves

Manually Adjust % on Control • Minimum speed can be adjusted between 40% and 100% • Minimum speed curve must be turned off

Minimum Speed Setting

9

Humidity Sensor Compensation • Connect optional humidity sensor to control

Minimum Vent Curve • Multiple points for day and speed

Humidity settings Red light will appear when it is time to clean the filter. (approx. 6 months)

Staging Fans

Staging Fans - Bandwidths

• Bandwidths – Number of degrees to go from minimum speed to maximum speed • 2 degrees in winter • 1 degree in summer

– Higher end controls automatically adjust bandwidths with outside temperature

• Don’t more than double the existing airflow with the next stage

Motor Type

1800

1600 1

1400

2 3

1200

4

FAN RPM

• Choose correct motor type for the motor that is being used (#1 thru #10) • All fans on the same stage must have the same exact motor

APP-18F Motor Curve 2000

5

1000

6 7

800

8 9

600

10

400

200

0 %

40

45

50

55

60

65

70

75

80

85

90

95

100

Percentage Setting on the Controller

10

Motor Curves

Heater Set Points

Offset = 2 deg F Differential = 1 to 2 deg F

Zoned Heaters • Probe and heater assignments

Back Up Systems • Thermostats – Heater 5 deg less than set point – Cooling 5 deg more than its on temperature – Adjust as set point is adjusted

• Curtain drops – Make sure they are hooked up – Test 4 times a year

• Generators – Test generator and transfer switch monthly

• Alarm systems

Inlet INLETPerformance PERFORMANCE

Managing Ceiling Inlets 2500

Inlet type Inlet spacing Controlling the opening of the inlet Avoiding obstacles in the room

Actuated 2000

AIRFLOW, CFM

• • • •

Counter-Weighted 1500

Fixed Opening 1000

500

4-Way 0 0

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.07

0.08

0.09

0.1

0.11

STATIC PRESSURE, IN W.G.

11

Automatic – Non Weighted (C-2000)

Automatic – Non Weighted • Maximum spacing – 20 ft. x 20 ft.

• Adjustments – Close one or two sides – Manually close all sides in the summer

Automatic – Weighted (CAI-1000CW & CAI-2700CW)

Automatic - Weighted • Maximum spacing – 20 ft. x 20 ft.

• Adjustments – Move the weights • Harder to open in the winter • Easier to open in the spring and fall

– Manually close all sides in the summer

Actuated Ceiling Inlet (ACI-2-4000 & ACI-4000P2)

Actuated Ceiling Inlet • Maximum spacing – 28 ft. down the length of the building – 40 ft. across the width of the building

• Adjustments – Control automatically adjusts the opening as needed – Control automatically closes the inlet in the summer

12

Actuated Ceiling Inlet

Managing Actuated Ceiling Inlets • Pulley configurations

• Controlling the opening

– 2 in. travel of actuator = 1 in. of travel of the inlets

– Static pressure – Potentiometer feedback – Timed

• Slows movement of the inlet for better accuracy • Lighter load on the actuator

– Use a winch for each row of inlets • Easier future adjustments • **Warning** Only adjust inlets when actuator is closed

Pulley Configuration One row - End location

Pulley Configuration One row – Middle location

Pulley Configuration

Pulley Configuration

Two rows - End location

Two rows Middle location

13

Actuated Ceiling Inlets • Adjustments will be necessary – especially in the first 6 months of use • **Warning** Don’t over tighten the inlets in the closed position

Ceiling Inlets • Avoid obstacles in the room

Ceiling Inlets • Avoid obstacles in the room

Ceiling Inlets • Avoid obstacles in the room

– Walls – Other inlets – Feed lines

– Walls – Other inlets – Feed lines

Airflow Reducers

Maintenance

• Incorrect open to attic – Insulation stops, no ridge vents

• • • • • •

Pit lids not sealed Manure level to high Fans not clean Damaged fans Holes in curtain Install fan covers

> 10 feet

– Walls – Other inlets – Feed lines

Fans • • • • • • •

Do not run variable fans too low. Provide wind protection if required. Cover cooling fans in winter. Clean shutters, props and housings. Replace broken cones, housings, etc. Grease bearings on belt drive fans. Maintain proper belt tension.

14

Maintenance

Maintenance

Inlets • Adjust counter weights to maintain proper air speed. • Adjust actuated inlets to maintain correct opening. • Close some inlets to maintain air speed. • Keep inlets clean and working freely. • Inspect insulation stops to prevent inlet blockage. • Provide adequate air opening into the attic.

Maintenance Heaters • Check heater offset and differential to prevent heater from ramping up ventilation. • Clean heaters before each heating season. • Keep heater parts on hand.

Curtain Machines • • • •

Grease drive screw, block and bearings. Inspect and replace worn cables. Minimize leaks around the curtain. Use caution when adjusting curtains with winch.

Maintenance Controls • Regularly test all back-up systems. – Alarm system – Thermostats – Curtain drops – Generator

Maintenance Evap Cooling • Check for dry streaks (holes are plugged) • Let pad dry completely every 24 hours • Bleed off a portion of the water regularly

THANK YOU

15