Technology Applications for Integrated Sediment Management Eric A. Stern Battelle Memorial Institute Montclair, New Jersey, USA Klimauken Organized by the Municipality of Bergen Bergen Harbor, Norway 09 May 2012
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Eric A. Stern: 25 years and still playing with mud (Government / Consulting / Academia) • Research Leader – Sediment Management (Battelle) – Co-chair of 7th International Conference on the Remediation of Contaminated Sediments (4-7 Feb. 2013)
US Army Corps of Engineers / New York District US Environmental Protection Agency – Region 2 New York • Research Associate Professor - Montclair State University, Montclair, New Jersey - Earth and Environmental Studies / Environmental Management Norway – Contaminated Sediment Workshops - Sandefjord (May, 2001) – USACE/Biologge - Sandefjord (September, 2007) - Biologge - US EPA (April 2008) – Bergen Harbor - SedNet (October, 2008)
- Venice – Bergen Workshop (2011)
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• Need to balance remedial project cost with: risk/environmental protection liability
Summary Slide
sustainability (green remediation?) regulatory and public/political challenges depth (maturity) of technology development, and long-term management of the system
• Can you have it all? – I don’t think so…. (New Yorker speaking…)
– There is no magic technology…. – Integrated approaches to sediment management – Regional systems – transferable ? BUSINESS SENSITIVE
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What is the desired Outcome? In a perfect sediment world..
• Protective of human and ecological health • Use in multi-environments (ocean, estuarine, lakes, fjords, urban) • Socially and politically acceptable – Stakeholder buy-in • Education and public outreach • No re-contamination (source control)
Can you have it all?
• Compliance and reduced liability • Sustainability and restoration is a part of the outcome (LCA/MCDA) Long-term monitoring consideration of the remedy?
Complete project before I’m 90 Component of a Regional Sediment Management Program Transferable to other Norwegian harbors and Ports
Least cost / economically efficient (public, gov’t, businesses) BUSINESS SENSITIVE
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Accelerating Progress at Contaminated Sediment Sites: Moving from Guidance to Practice
Bridges, T.S., Nadeau, S.C and M. McCulloch (2011). SETAC on-line.
Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management
• Development of detailed and explicit project vision & accompanying objectives – Achievable short-long term goals – Metrics of remedy success at beginning of project – Dynamic – adjust • Strategic engagement of stakeholders
•Optimization of risk reduction / risk management & remedy selection Deliberate use of early action remedies (IRMs) to accelerate risk reduction (Bergen Capping Studies) Systematic/sequential development of suite of actions applicable to ultimate remedy Starting with Monitored Natural Recovery and adding engineering actions to meet objectives
• Incentive process that encourages and rewards risk reductions to industry – Don’t sue…
• Pursuit of sediment remediation projects as public-private collaborative enterprises (cost share)
– USEPA Legacy Act
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[Urban] Bergen Harbor Port Sediment Management • Sustainability (long-term)
• Eco-psychology (Urban Sed. Mgmt.) complicated media • Behavioral understanding of moving forward – Open to Change – Urban – City / Port Environment – Leadership – Education (K-12) / Outreach Different brain wiring (political) – short vs. long-term can’t see it • Integrated Sediment Management • Hybrids – Holistic – Treatment Train Approaches – Multi Contaminants / Multi Media / Cultural Resources • Regional Sediment Management (watersheds/basins) – SOURCE CONTROL
• Beneficial Use • Un-renewable resources (economic re-development) • BUSINESS SENSITIVE
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Application to Sediment Management (over the years)
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Sediment Management Decision Making: Simple Increasing Concentration
Increasing Hazard
Preindustrial Zone SQV: Background
Judgment Zone
Hazardous Waste Zone
Assessment Tool Depends on Situation
SQV: RCRA
Decreasing Management Options Increasing Cost of Management BUSINESS SENSITIVE
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Programs in US that Address Sediments • US Commission on Ocean Policy (USACE/USEPA) – Regional Sediment Management - Policy USACE Dredged Material / O&M Navigation)
– HTRW / Sec. 312b environmental dredging (USACE) USEPA Superfund Aquatic brownfields (weak link / economic development) Urban Rivers Restoration Initiative (old)
Urban Waters (new) Water Programs (USEPA) – Stormwater, CSOs, TMDLs (Chesapeake Bay) – source control – National Estuary Program
– Dredged Material • RCRA / Solid Waste • Enforcement Programs • US Geological Survey
• US Department of Agriculture
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Having the Heretical Debate • Rethinking Risk Assessment / Policy • Sustainable Approaches • Design (early decision making) - Socio-economic-political-structural (defining risk)
Policy-makers will have to face up to making some hard Life Cycle - MCDA Analysis choices and perhaps accepting slightly lower Technology (driver) levels of perceived protection to the public – Sediments J.Waters (ERM)
• Beneficial use
• • •
Contaminated Land Bulletin – July 2010
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Possible Sediment /Disposal Sites
Passaic River, NJ Proposed Cleanup Phase 1 Public Meeting – 2 Dec. 2008 BUSINESS SENSITIVE
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Hudson River, NY PCB Rail Transport to west Texas Idaho
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This stuff keeps me up at night…………….
Stern at 0300
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Why do we care? – Complicated media and environmental management of the system [watershed] + Source Control - Innovation / Integration – hybrid approaches
• What is different? Costs for remediation can be prohibitive
Timelines to remediation can be years/decades Green Remediation/Sustainability
Sustainable Sediment Management Climate Change Adaptation
Regional Sediment Management
Who Pays? / long-term liability
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Global Sediment Management Challenges • Changes in ocean placement criteria • CDFs/CADs are nearing capacity Difficulty siting Loss of benthic habitat / mitigation ($100sM) natural resource damage assessment Long-term liability Public opposition
Costs not including climate change adaptation / long-term monitoring • Dredge – Dewater – Haul (> distances) – Landfill – Cost prohibitive – Paradox to Green Remediation / Sustainability – Long-term liability • Integrating hybrid solutions • Competing regulatory programs
Loading unit train for transport to Idaho landfill from NY – GE Hudson River PCBs
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Basics: Where Does Sediment Go? • After the remedy is selected (easy part) – where does it go? (hard part)
– Becomes part of the Materials Handling Train • Secured landfill……. • Nearshore/Upland Confined Disposal Facility (CDF) or Confined Aquatic Disposal (CAD cell) • In/ex-situ treatment technologies • Capping (still requires dredging) • Upland processing facility(s) - Up-front dewatering and/or stabilization - Transport mode ? • Beneficial Use BUSINESS SENSITIVE
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Sediment Remediation Challenges:
Experience
Unknowns
Surprises
Cultural Resources
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ITRC Contaminated Sediment Remediation Tech-Regulatory Guidance – in preparation: • Objective of Guidance • Assists the user in the selection of appropriate and effective sediment remedial and monitoring approaches. The aim is to help decision makers and other stakeholders determine the remediation technologies (or combinations thereof) that may be used at their site to select cost effective sediment remedies that achieve long-term protection while minimizing adverse impacts. The guidance provides an overview of current technologies, including monitored natural recovery, enhanced monitored natural recovery, in situ treatment, capping, and dredging/excavation. • The guidance provides a Technology Selection Process, which assists the user in understanding factors that need to be considered when selecting a remedial technology at a given site and guides the user to applicable technologies. • The guidance includes information to assist the users in developing monitoring approaches that can be employed to evaluate technology performance and remedy effectiveness. • Case studies are used throughout the guidance to illustrate use of technology, remedy selection, and effectiveness. • While several technical sediment remediation guidance documents exist this guidance differs in that it provides the user with a technology evaluation tool to effectively, comprehensively, and transparently support remedial selection at a given site. BUSINESS SENSITIVE
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Contaminants Driving Sediment Risk 60% 99 Sediment Areas
51%
40% 33%
30% 18%
20%
15%
10%
7%
5%
4%
3%
Cs VO
Di ox in s/ Fu ra ns
th er O
Pe st ic id es
er cu ry M
Hs PA
et al s M
Bs
0%
PC
Percentage of Areas
50%
+
NR
th re e
M
2%
Al l
g
R
15%
Ca pp in
M N
ca pp in g
20%
Re m ov al +
Re m ov al +
on ly
on ly
10%
M NR
g
60%
Ca pp in
Re m ov al on ly
Percentage of Sites
Sediment Remedies Selected
70% 60 Tier 1 Sites
57%
50%
40%
30%
13% 8%
5%
0% 0%
Sediment options based on grain size:
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Lets talk Dredging: effectiveness / long-term monitoring
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Sediment Dredging at Superfund Megasites: Assessing the Effectiveness - June 2007 (NRC)
• National Research Council of the National Academies (www.nap.edu) • Committee Charge: – Assess effectiveness of dredging at Superfund Sediment Megasites – Short/long-term changes in contaminant transport and ecological effects – Examined 26 dredging projects – has clean-up goals been met? BUSINESS SENSITIVE
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Cost vs. Protection at Superfund Megasites (NRC) • Costs can be significant – Size of the project and technology chosen drive costs
• What remedial costs are reasonable in relation to real risk? – Remedial outcomes are uncertain – Ability to assess current and expected future risks is uncertain
• Remedies costing significantly more may yield similar outcomes • Significant divergences on the use / effectiveness of institutional controls BUSINESS SENSITIVE
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NRC Conclusions: Dredging can be effectively implemented – Technical limitations constrain ability to achieve expected outcomes
Monitoring – Lack of sufficient time to observe long-term changes – Difficulties in separating out the effects of dredging from the effects of other processes - Has dredging alone been effective in risk reduction
– Integrated sediment management plan
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NRC Conclusions: • Environmental monitoring is the only way to evaluate remedial success - Including pre-monitoring/baseline – Has been inadequate (pre and post) at most Superfund sites • Dredging remains as one of a few options but should be considered along with other options – Adaptive management approach • Assemble long-term consistent data set • R&D in rapid field monitoring techniques – Sediment Profiling Imaging (SPI) – Biotic / bioaccumulation / trophic transfer
• Flexible Adaptive Management Approach New Technologies/Application Field Pilot Tests BUSINESS SENSITIVE
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Interim Remedial Measures (IRM): • IRMs: Provide early action/source control to address imminent/continuing threat to human health or the environment – Parallel to Remedial Investigation /Feasibility Study Process
• Objectives for Lower Passaic, NJ IRM o Source removal o Modified by sediment stability (where applicable)
o IRM is implemented while study is underway
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PASSAIC RIVER, NEW JERSEY
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Passaic River, New Jersey Phase 1 & 2 Removal Action (TCDD): Phase 1 – 2011 - 2012 mechanical dredge and membrane filter dewatering at local site
31K m3
61K m3
Hazardous Landfill 61K m3
Newark Bay
CAD Cell ? Phase 2 – 4 years? Sediment Decontamination Treatment is under consideration under the Focused Feasibility Study
October 2010 – design phase/ Construction 2011
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Port of NY & NJ - 3rd largest port in the US Passaic River Superfund Site TCDD Port Newark
Newark Airport
Newark Bay
Claremont Terminal Bayonne, NJ
Arthur Kill
Upper NY Harbor
Kill van Kull Staten Island, NY BUSINESS SENSITIVE
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Passaic River, NJ Phase 1 Removal (March 2012)
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Possible Sediment /Disposal Sites
Passaic River, NJ Proposed Cleanup Phase 1 Public Meeting – 2 Dec. 2008 BUSINESS SENSITIVE
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The World of what to do with Bad Mud
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Remediation of Sediments Integrated System Approaches Integrate BMPs to drive sustainable solutions to reduce long-term impacts and liability Multi-complex contaminants – Urban Environments (TCDD, PAHs, Pb, Hg, Cr, TBT…..) • Environmental Precision Dredging – Geophysical surveys – debris fields – Mechanical, Hydraulic • Materials Handling (most critical step - economics) – Pumping slurries – Dewatering (passive – geotubes): mechanical (filter presses) – Transport / Carbon footprint consideration for LCA
• Sediment Remediation Applications: Capping – Active/Reactive Core Mats – specialized caps (Organoclay, Activated Carbon, Thin Layer Cap), Polymeric Marine Mattress - AquaBloktm, BioBloktm SediMitetm (delivery systems)
Stabilization/Solidification + (ISCO) (portland cement) + (oxidation) – H202, KMnO4, NaS2O8 BUSINESS SENSITIVE
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Confined Disposal Facility (upland & nearshore) Confined Aquatic Disposal (aquatic) Siting is becoming a challenge / aquatic real estate Containment Islands (near capacity / expand? $$$$) Landfills (significant transport – Carbon footprint) / liability? Mine Reclamation Ex-situ / In-Situ Innovative Sediment Technologies • Thermal • Non-thermals • In-Situ Stabilization (cement injection) / caps In / Ex-Situ Bioremediation – Mudflats – ecosystem restoration - Space limitation
INTEGRATE PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE IN ALL ALTERNATIVES:
Climate Change Adaptation Hurricanes Earthquakes
• Monitored Natural Attenuation/enhanced (eMNR) BUSINESS SENSITIVE
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Newark Bay, New Jersey Confined Disposal Facility – capping strategy
•1.2 mil m3 capacity •$36/m3 cost recovery fee BUSINESS SENSITIVE
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Sediment Management Decision Making Tools • Life-Cycle Assessment –Evaluating total effects a product has on the environment over its entire existence (production through disposal) - Energy (consumption) + resource use (un-renewable resources/beneficial use) - Transportation (carbon footprint) - Final disposition (landfill, CAD, CDF, capped site) - Applications of beneficial use
- Climate change adaptation - Habitat and ecosystem recovery/restoration - treatment technologies + beneficial use, CDFs/CADs, capping, landfills etc.
» Short vs. long-term options (in it for the long-term) BUSINESS SENSITIVE
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Sediment Management Decision Making Tools • SiteWise GSR™ Baseline LCA Assessment Tool (Battelle, Navy, USACE)/Microsoft Excel (not applied to sediments) – GSR metrics: GHGs, energy usage, air pollutants (SOx, NOx), particulate matter, H20 usage and accident risk - Remedial Investigation, Remedial action construction/operations and longterm monitoring - Transportation/material production/equipment use/residual management
• Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis – (ERDC: Linkov, Bates / NGI: Sparrevik, Oen – Supports selection of suitable sediment remediation alternatives - Environmental, technical, social and economics relative to the remedy - Probability and sensitivity analysis (stakeholders/risk perception)
» Critical in making decisions with imperfect information (time and $$) BUSINESS SENSITIVE
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Regional Sediment Management Delaware RSM
www.hudsonriver.org
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National Regional Sediment Management Policy Federal – State – City Port Authority/EPA/USACE Public Advocacy/grassroots Cross-Program Academia Contaminated Sediments Dredged Material Management Superfund Restoration/Economic Dev.
Regional Sediment Management
Sediment Quality Quantity Dredged Material Management Ecosystem Restoration / Services
Technology Driver
Urban Sediment Management
URRI Urban Waters (Stern, 2011)
(watershed/basin)
EU SedNET 2000
Sustainable Sediment Management Design / Build Long – Term Implementation / Monitoring (NRC)
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Program Commonality Observation:
Urban Rivers Restoration Urban Rivers/ Waters (New) Restoration Containment
Containment Navigation Restoration Planning
Ecosystem Restoration
Urban Watershed RSM
Water Programs
Superfund (remediation)
Brownfields
Watershed/Basin Management Pollution Prevention
National Estuary Program
(Stern, 2009)
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Sponge Park – Gowanus Canal
Develop strategies to Public open space that slows, absorbs and filters direct, collect and absorb surface water runoff to remediate contaminated water, excess SW runoff – activate the private canal waterfront and revitalize the phytoremediation and neighborhood. wetland habitat creation BUSINESS SENSITIVE
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Bionautics Bulk and Tiering System
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Capping (You cap it, you own it — forever)
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Capping Focus: well understood • In all cases where capping is chosen as part of a remedy emphasis on source control and the hydrodynamics of the watershed is of prime importance to minimize contamination and long-term viability and success of the cap (or mitigate – breach). Integrated approach to sediment management alternatives to remediation and restoration - Consistent with natural sediment substrate to enhance ecosystem recovery Incorporation of chemically/biologically reactive materials into the sediment cap to improve overall effectiveness and to sequester contaminants from migrating into the overlying aquatic environment BUSINESS SENSITIVE
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Ocean Disposal Sand Capping / New York Bight: 1 meter sand cap – 30 m
NY High energy environment
NJ
Experimental Capping Site
USGS, B. Butman Historic Area Remediation Site BUSINESS SENSITIVE
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Considerations for Detailed Analysis for Capping Alternatives:
• Understanding the environment / limitations – Ocean, estuarine, riverine, lake / urban/industrial environments - Energy regime, flooding
• Cap stability and maintenance (long-term) • Economic viability of navigation channel / Port activities • Consistency with potential final remedy which might include dredging
• Monitoring tools to determine effectiveness/cap compromise/bioturbation • Delivery mechanisms (critical) – how do u get it there and stay.. BUSINESS SENSITIVE
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In-Situ Caps In Place • Palos Verdes Shelf, CA – 135 Acres (pilot) • Wyckoff/Eagle Harbor, WA – 65 ac • CBNT/St. Paul Waterway, WA – 17 ac • Halby Chemical, DE – 7 ac • Old Navy/Manchester, WA – 5 ac • Koppers/Charleston, SC – 4 ac • GM Central Foundry, NY – 2 ac • Puget Sound Naval, WA – 1ac
• Bayou Bonfouca, LA – few • Reynolds Metals, NY – few (interim) • ALCOA/Grasse River, NY – few (pilot) BUSINESS SENSITIVE
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Capping Methods:
Reactive Core Mats
Traditional Capping (sand-silt/clay)
Active/Reactive Capping
I
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Reactive Core Matstm – Engineered Synthetic Materials:
• Thin non-woven (geotextile) mat filled with organosorbent reactive material that have applications for PCB/PAH sediments (1.25cm thick) • Used for difficulty in introducing reagents (high value) into sediments - Activated Carbon, Apatite, Organoclay
– Stability and physical isolation – Helps with hydraulic control (groundwater) – High energy regimes ? (Research) - (Armored) –ballasted mattress
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Venice, Italy Tidal Barriers – M.O.S.E. Project Maccaferri Ballasted Filtering Mattress
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Specialized Cap Amendments Activated Carbon (sequestration agent) (granular/coconut shell) Organoclays (clay aggregate/composites) – Permeability/adsorption for insoluble compounds
In-field applications
– NAPL control Natural Minerals/Phosphate Additives (apatite, zeolite, bauxite, olivine) – Metal sequestration (Pb) Coke Breeze (economic) Fly-ash Zero Valent Fe – Dechlorination of chlorinated compounds (PCBs) Biopolymers – Binder for metals/injected into sediments
Delivery Mechanisms Benthic Recolonization (Addition of a sand cap) Ecosystem Restoration
Oxygen and Hydrogen release compounds – Adapted/modified from Reible, 2008 and Madalinski, 2009
Research
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Reactive Capping (general) Limitations: • Limited to net depositional environments (storm surge) • Contaminants are still in the sediments (liability)
• Gas ebulation from organic matter biodegradation / methanogenesis
• Less than 20 case studies
• Long-term monitoring strategies in development
• Design must consider tidal and hydrodynamics
• Bioturbation
• Influence of benthic community
– Life span is unknown – 20-45 cm • Debris
• Climate change adaptation
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AquaBloktm Capping
Reference: Demonstration of the AquaBloktm Sediment Capping Technology – Innovative Technology Evaluation Report EPA/540/R-07/008 – September, 2007 Costs: $100-200K/acre BUSINESS SENSITIVE
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Sedimitetm Capping • Granular low-impact delivery system – Agglomerate with a treatment agent (AC) and Hg sorbent – Weighting Agent – Inert binder - PCBs, Hg, methylmercury,TCDD, PAHs • Native species perform mixing in the Biologically Active Zone – Goal: Minimal impact on benthic habitat
• Costs $100-200K/ acre BUSINESS SENSITIVE
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St. Louis River/Interlake/Duluth Tar Site Dredge/Cap Hybrid Example – Ecosystem Restoration Activated Carbon Reactive Geotextile Mat
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In-Situ Stabilization: [Cement] Deep Sediment Mixing:
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In-Situ Stabilization: [Cement] Deep Sediment Mixing: • A. Maher et al.; – Rutgers University (2005) – NJ DOT Office of Maritime Resources
• For highly contaminated sediment hot spots – Newark Bay, NJ - PCBs, PAHs, TCDD
• Triple penetrating auger through unconsolidated sediments • Augers reversed at hot spot depth – Grout mixture/Portland cement injected down shaft into sediment bed – Augers agitate grout mixture as it moves up the auger shaft BUSINESS SENSITIVE
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In-Situ Stabilization: [Cement] Deep Sediment Mixing: • Sediment bed is cured (several months) – Prevents re-suspension / scouring
• Environmental Mgmt: – Left in place as a solidified mass without contaminant loss or migration - Integrated with a cap on top (Gowanus Canal, NY) – Hot spot dredged with minimal re-suspension - Analog is deep freezing of sediments
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In-Situ Deep Sediment Mixing Management Decision:
5-
Port NewarkPort 3-
Passaic River, NJ – 3D TCDD
Passaic River – Port of NY/NJ Newark Bay Complex / Hg BUSINESS SENSITIVE
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Materials Dewatering – Geotubes:
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Geotube Cross Section:
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Ashtabula River, Ohio Remediation Pipeline Route:
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Landfill Construction:
Geo-membrane Liner
Sand Cover to protect liner
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Materials Dewatering – Geotubes: Geotubes can be opened and dewatered sediment used for beneficial use
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Geotube Completion: Ashtabula, Ohio
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Ex-situ Sediment Stabilization:
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Ex-Situ Stabilization/Solidification/Immmobilization • Stabilization/immobilization linked to > pH and natural buffering capacity (dewater) • Adding an amendment will reduce the mobility but not remove the contaminant (added ex-situ / in-place barge) – Portland cement – Calcium aluminates – Fly ash
Beneficial Use Applications Geotechnical Fill Parking lot sub-base Acid Mine Reclamation
– Bentonite – Phosphates – Lime Kiln Dust – Activated Carbon BUSINESS SENSITIVE
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New Directions in S/S/Immobilization: • Portland Cement + oxidation – H2O2/KMnO4, NaS2O8
• Volume reduction with polymer addition – Pit-Dry™ (drilling muds) – MetaFLOtm
• Environmental Management Implication – Reduce organic load by oxidant destruction (haz to nonhaz) – Reduce volume (weight) – Reduce cost + beneficial use BUSINESS SENSITIVE
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Bark Camp, PA Mine Reclamation: 320,000 m3 ex-situ S/S beneficial use demo.
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Harbor Resources™ S/S w/KMnO4
• Harbor Resource Environmental Group –Ex-situ chemical oxidation/stabilization process –KMnO4 and Portland cement added to material –Target low levels of sediment contamination –Produces non-structural fill for beneficial use - Upland ridge levee construction –Completed demonstration for 1,900 m3 in NJ (Jan. 2005) BUSINESS SENSITIVE
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Harbor Resources MC / OxidationStabilization
Shaker screen over surge tank
KMNO4 oxidant feed system
Sediment mixing in surge tank
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Harbor Resources MC / OxidationStabilization Oxidant short tank
Mix tank for polymer flocculent
Belt filter press
Dewatered sediment
Filtrate water surge tank
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Harbor Resources MC / OxidationStabilization Sand filter effluent claifier
Ribbon blender mix sediment
Cement storage
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Beneficial Use: Geotechnical Fill / Levee Construction EnCap Golf Course
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Treatment methods for tri-butyl tin (TBT) in Sediments • Liquid/solid separation + flotation (particulate TBT) – Experiments using pilot-scale density separation + floatation for sand fractions resulted in 60-65% cleaning efficiencies • Bioremediation – TBT – DBT – MBT (least toxic) – Tn+ - Aerobic + > To oo - Untreated sediments 10% degradation/yr - Aerated and re-stacked 30% reduction in 10 months
• Stabilization (Mylor Harbor – Cornwall, UK) – Modified organoclay + Portland cement – 28 day curing time – 99% reduction following treatment
• Port of Antwerp TBT Clean Project RITS 2012: Remedial Sediment Management Strategies
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Use of Innovative Sediment Management Programs and Technologies Positioning for the Future Regional Processing Beneficial Use Sustainability
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Sediment Treatability Treatment Train Development: (Ex/In-situ)
outside the box
TECHNOLOGY
Bench Pilot Full-scale Commercial
BLACK BOX We can figure this out Basic vs Applied Research Proof of Concept FRONT END MATERIALS HANDLING
Does it Work???
?
POST TREATED BENEFICIAL USE
Impediment to Technology Development BUSINESS SENSITIVE
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Ex-SituTreatment Technologies Tested USEPA/NJDOT Decontamination Programs (1995-2010)
Sediment Washing *
Thermo-Chemical Rotary Kiln * Plasma-Arc Vitrification Base-Catalyzed Decomposition Rotary Kiln -Thermal Desorption Solvent Extraction
Solidification/Stabilization with Oxidation * Fluidized Bed Reactor * Full – Commercial Scale BUSINESS SENSITIVE
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Ex-situ Technologies with Beneficial Use Cement-Lock tm Technology* ++ F • Commercialized by Volcano Partners LLC • Thermo-chemical rotary kiln (cement and WTE) BioGenesis tm Enterprises* ++ F • Sediment washing (soils, bricks, polymer coating) • Upcycle / BayCycle Aggregates * ++ • Existing Rotary Kiln (light-weight aggregate) Harbor Resource Environmental Group, Inc * • Oxidation/dewaterimg/Stabilization (structural fill) • Westinghouse/The Solena Group + * • Plasma-arc vitrification (glass tiles / gasification – biofuels / BA) •Full Scale F
Pilot Scale *
•ERDC Review ++ BUSINESS SENSITIVE
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BioGenesis Sediment Washing EPA/NJDOT-OMR - 2007
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1994
1999
2004 – Port Authority of Venice, Italy
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BioGenesistm Sediment Washing Process Flow:
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Sediment Washing Post-treated Material: Physical Forces Pre-Processor Collision Chamber
Oxidation Hydrocyclone / Centrifuge
Treated Sediment 1st centrifuge and hydrocyclone
Rework Sediment / Blending Final Product Manufactured Soil
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They’re making people every day, but they ain’t making any more dirt – Will Rodgers • Topsoil is being depleted avg/yr 18X faster than what is being built up in nature – Takes 2000 yrs to build up 2.5cm of topsoil – Lost to erosion, overuse of inorganic N fertilizers and farming practices • US/California – CA agriculture depleting as much as 2.5cm TS every 25 years. 80x faster than nature • Developing Nations – 36x – Foods grown in nutrient deficient soils / nutritional values re decreased / disease - malnutrition • China – 54x • At this rate 48 years of topsoil left*
– C.J. Barrow. Land Degradation, Cambridge U. Press. (1981)National Resources Inventory. Soil Conservation Service. USDA, Washington, DC (1992) – Nutrition Security Institute, Bellevue, Washington (2006)* BUSINESS SENSITIVE
85
Montclair State University, NJ Manufactured Soil and EcoMelttm Sustainable Landscape Demonstration (2010)
Passaic River, NJ Sediment
39.3%
BioGenesis Sediment Washing Process
12.3%
Sand
42.6%
5.8%
Manufactured soil compared against residential/non-residential soil criteria BUSINESS SENSITIVE
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Treated Manufactured Soil / Constructiongrade Cement: MSU/Fall 2011
Meets NJ Residential Soil Criteria
30-40% replacement for Portland cement
BUSINESS SENSITIVE
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Cement-Lock – Volcano Partners Full-Scale Demo Plant / IMTT – Bayonne, NJ (2005-2008):
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Volcano Partners Cement-Locktm Process Flow: WTE Screened/dewatered Passaic River Sediments Stratus Petroleum
MODIFIERS
SECONDARY COMBUSTION
REACTIVE MELTER 2400° - 2500°F 1316-1371C
WASTE HEAT BOILER
FLUE GAS CLEAN UP
STEAM TO POWER GENERATION
CLEAN FLUE GAS
ECOMELT QUENCH ADDITIVES
Natural AIR/O2 Gas Feed
GRINDER/ PULVERIZER/ BLENDER
High Quality CONSTRUCTIONGRADE CEMENT
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EcoMelttm
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Pulverized EcoMelttm Cementitious Properties Pulverized EcoMelt – 30% Replacement for Portland Cement
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EcoMelttm used for MSU Sidewalks / Demonstration
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Montclair State University, NJ Manufactured Soil and EcoMelttm Sustainable Landscape Demo (2010)
Mallory Hall
BG
EM
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Large-Scale Food Composting Montclair State University, NJ – Kean University: 97% of food waste end up in landfills
• Aerobic Composter – Process 2 m3 / food residue day – $3/day
• 54.5o C – Rotated 4x/hr / 4x/day – add wood chips – 3 days to process
• Upgrade to large composter for entire university • Combine with decontaminated sediment for manufactured soil blending (Kean University) • Dr. Nicholas Smith-Sebasto BUSINESS SENSITIVE
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Green Roof Sediment in Vegetative L
Sediment Based Products
Monotech Wall Panels Sediment in Monocrete Shell
Polymer/Composite Research BASF Corporation SUNY Stony Brook Brookhaven National Laboratory USEPA Region 2/ORD
Polymer / Sedimen Spray Coating
Sediment / Polymer Wall Panels Sediment / Polymer Decorative Block
(after Stern, 2005) Sediment / Polymer Structural Block
Topsoil for Landscaping Topsoil for Eco Restoration
Gravel from Crushed Cobbles
Sediment / Polymer Pavers Sediment / Polymer Landscaping Blocks
Sediment / Polymer Floor Tiles
Sediment / Polymer Belgium Block Curb
Doug Reid Green - BASF BUSINESS SENSITIVE
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BASF Kearny Point Restoration
BUSINESS SENSITIVE
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Direction of Ex-Situ Sediment Treatment Management • Develop Long-term Self Sustaining Enterprises in the Environmental Management of Sediments – Integrate Technologies (front and back end)
- Urban centers / waste priorities
- Regional Processing Centers - Mainstream (combine) regional sediment remediation / restoration projects »Combine timelines/critical paths
BUSINESS SENSITIVE
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Regional Sediment Processing: Hackensack Berrys Creek
Regional Sediment Management Processing
Hudson River
Manhattan East River
Passaic
Newtown Creek
Port Newark + USACE O&M Nav Material Start-up in 2014
Gowanus Canal
Parallel timelines and critical paths
JFK
Jamaica Bay
Brooklyn Staten Island BUSINESS SENSITIVE
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Passaic, Gowanus, Newtown Navigation / O&M
Regional Processing Facility
Renewable
CDF/CAD Compartment cells
Storage (1) Dewatering / Stabilization - Landfill (Haz/non-H) (2) Treatment / Beneficial Use
Regional Sediment Management Integrated Approach BUSINESS SENSITIVE
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Remediation Who Pays Strategies Principal Responsible Parties (PRPs – legacy polluters) – Superfund
-------------------------------------------------------------Non-Superfund • USACE EcoSystem Restoration Authority – Federal – State sponsor cost share (65/35%) - USACE and NYC Department of Environmental Protection
– Feasibility Study (4 years) - Local non-federal sponsor
• Construction Authority (Build) (65/35%) – Remedial / Restoration Dredging / Capping
BUSINESS SENSITIVE
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USEPA Great Lakes Legacy Act Cost Share Model • Goal: Accelerate the pace of sediment remediation at Areas of Concern (AOCs) • Mechanism: Use partnerships as an innovative approach to conducting sediment remediation Cost Sharing: Requires a minimum 35% nonfederal cost share
BUSINESS SENSITIVE
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Great Lakes Legacy Act Project Types
• Must be in U.S. Areas of Concern (AOCs) and:
–1) Implement a plan to remediate contaminated sediment (highest priority) –2) Monitor or evaluate contaminated sediment –3) Prevent further or renewed sediment contamination –4) Habitat Restoration in conjunction with sediment remediation
BUSINESS SENSITIVE
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Conceptual Regional Processing
BUSINESS SENSITIVE
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USEPA Legacy Act Industry Project Cost Share (2011) • DuPont Co.
• CBS Operations (Viacom Intl)
• GenCorp Inc.
• Elkem Metals
• Honeywell International Inc.
• Perstorp Polyols, Inc.
• Illinois Tool Works, Inc.
• Chevron USA
• United Technologies Refining
• Sunoco, Inc
BP-Husky
• Cleveland Illuminating Co.
• Mallinckrodt Inc • Millenium Inorganic Chemicals • Ohio Power • Olin Corp • Occidental Chemical
• RMI Titanium Co • Sherwin Williams • Union Carbide
• Pilkington North America, Inc • Allied Waste Industries, Inc.
• Phelps Dodge (Now Freeport-McMoRan) • Cabot Corp • Detrex Corp • XIK Corp • Consumers Energy • Varta Microbattery, Inc. • The Mosaic Co.
BUSINESS SENSITIVE
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GLNPO Regional Sediment Treatment Program •
Partner with GLNPO (Legacy Act) to provide non-federal cost share (65-35%)
•
Dredge, decontaminate, recycle to useful products instead of placement in CDF or landfill
•
PROCESS AT CENTRAL LOCATION •
Standardized materials handling approach
•
Combine several projects for sediment volume throughput: Regional facilities (Lake Michigan/Erie)
•
Improved efficiencies
Sustainable reclamation of a non-renewable resource
Long Term Disposal and Placement Options CDFs nearing capacity Landfills? Long-term monitoring LEGACY?
BUSINESS SENSITIVE
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Summary: [environmentalists] have become more equity conscious, and through their adoption of the sustainable growth logic of the appropriate technology movement, they have largely cast off changes of obstructionism – Cicin-Sain and Knecht (1998) - Integrated Coastal and Ocean Management
….Need to be open to new ideas – behavioral (shift) • Innovation grinds to a halt (no intellectual motivation) if the most desired outcomes are long-term dumps or that clean-ups continue to take decades BUSINESS SENSITIVE
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• Need to balance remedial project cost with: risk/environmental protection liability sustainability (green remediation?) regulatory and public/political challenges depth (maturity) of technology development, and long-term management of the system
• Can you have it all? – I don’t think so…. (New Yorker speaking…)
– There is no magic technology…. – Integrated approaches to sediment management – Watersheds (outside the project box)
– Regional systems – transferable ?
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• Don’t believe when someone tells you If it ain’t broken – don’t fix it. – It probably is broken and you just don’t quite yet know how to fix it.. - stuck in the mud… – Impedes innovative technology development
• Don’t discount sediment treatment as too expensive. Technologies over a decade that have stayed in the game have advanced through bench/pilot/full-scale programs with better economic data. – This has caught up (w/in magnitude) with other alternatives – Determine Life Cycle Assessment / MCDA Environmental Cost Benefit of paying more in the shortterm as it relates to long-term sustainable approaches BUSINESS SENSITIVE
108
No Sunset slide Just my dog..
Quinlan from Limerick, Ireland Lives in New Jersey….
BUSINESS SENSITIVE
109