[table of contents] Introduction. The complete Space R&T roadmap by domain. Methodology. Roadmap aggregated by term

RT Priorities 2012 [table of contents] [ Introduction 1 2 2 Foreword Technology drivers and challenges All recommendations The complete Spac...
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RT Priorities

2012

[table of contents]

[

Introduction 1 2 2

Foreword Technology drivers and challenges All recommendations

The complete Space R&T roadmap by domain Satellite applications 4 Telecommunications 6 Earth observation & Navigation 8 Spacecraft bus Scientific Programmes 10 Science 12 Exploration 14 Human presence in space Transversal & multi-purpose 16 Generic technologies and Breakthrough 22 Launcher 24 Protection of space assets 25 Ground systems 26

About ASD-EUROSPACE

Methodology 27

How to read a roadmap

Back cover

Roadmap aggregated by term

The “Space R&T Priorities” is a periodical recurrent activity by Eurospace. Editing and supervision: Pierre LIONNET Process management and development: Alessandro SARACENI The process is supported and monitored by Eurospace Space Research and Technology Committee co-chaired by Yves DURAND (Thales Alenia Space) and Serge FLAMENBAUM (Astrium)

[foreword]

PARIS (HQ) 15-17 Av. de Ségur F-75007 Paris



The Eurospace R&T priorities are an ongoing action supported by Eurospace SRTC (Space Research and Technology Committee, formerly the R&T panel). First edition in 2004, second edition in 2008, third edition in 2012.

BRUSSELS 270, Av. de Tervuren B-1150 Brussels T: +33 1 44 42 00 70 F: +33 1 44 42 00 79 www.eurospace.org

The consolidated roadmap is elaborated and endorsed by all Eurospace SRTC stakeholders, including member and non member companies. This coordinated action aims at identifying key technological developments/requirements of the European space industry and organise them as a consolidated space technology roadmap – it is a bottom up exercise. The consolidated roadmap addresses all technology and service areas of interest of European industry, it provides the European space industry view of Space R&T priorities. The consolidated roadmap is not a complete technology plan, it is an incremental roadmap of technology activities: activities and developments already well covered in current technology plans are not considered. The 2012 R&T priorities set were formally validated after the (informal) consultation of ESA experts (full day workshop on 9/2/2012) and subsequent industry/ stakeholder review. The 2012 R&T priorities were presented formally to the European space community at a workshop organised by Eurospace in Belgirate (I) on March 21st and 22nd.

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[technology drivers and challenges] All technology activities respond to an identified need/drive: Programme need and/or policy objective Programme driven development Towards a clean space (incl. REACH/RoHS compliance, environmental concerns, space debris) Technological dependence reduction Industry competitiveness and readiness State of the art – leadership, product/system performance Cost/mass reduction Processes and manufacturing improvement, supply chain Maturity Programme continuity and technological maturity Validation/In flight qualification

Technology push Technological disruption, paradigm change Spin in (taking advantage of ‘terrestrial’ innovations) and synergetic development Materials EEE components

[all recommendations] ALL ACTIVITIES have been organised considering the TRL gap to cover and the target date to achieve the desired TRL. The complete roadmap shows how the concern on performance is essential on either short track, medium range and long lead priorities. Cost reduction and competitiveness are key short track technology drivers and keep their importance high throughout medium range priorities as well.

System optimisation and spin-in possibilities impact the short track roadmap at similar levels. Manufacturing processes also take the same level of importance if we include medium range priorities. Dependence on short track and long lead priorities is a nonnegligible concern, that couples with other policy drivers (e.g. Clean Space) if we consider the medium range as well.

The radar view The main challenges and drivers have been identified for each activity. Each activity can be associated to one or more challenge/driver.

The global view of all technology activities shows clearly that the space R&T priorities roadmap is mostly driven by performance optimisation and cost/competitiveness issues.

For each section and application the impact of each challenge/driver on the aggregated roadmaps is summarised with a radar graph.

They are summarised with 7 items: Spin-in: the activity concerned will/may take advantage of technology advances already available for terrestrial applications Prod.: Manufacturing and processes – the activity concerned will focus on improving manufacturing and processes within industry. This is associated to concerns such as quality, industrialisation, automation of tasks, new manufacturing techniques etc. Cost: Cost and competitiveness – the activity concerned focuses on reducing the cost of the technology and/or improving the competitiveness of the sector. Optim.: Optimisation/efficiency – the activity concerned aims at improving/optimising the overall system efficiency Perfo.: Performance – the activity concerned aims at reaching higher levels of performance (more thrust, more resolution etc.) Dep.: Dependence – the activity is characterised by a dependence situation of level 2 and higher. Clean: CleanSpace – the activity aims at addressing ESA CleanSpace initiative challenges for a more environmentalfriendly space system and space debris reduction.

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ALL ACTIVITIES (short, medium & long) MUST START IN 2012 TO ACHIEVE THEIR TARGETED GOALS.

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TELECOMMUNICATIONS Improve payload power and flexibility for broadcast and broadband applications (C to Ka band), increase data processing, focus on performance and dependence reduction Address stringent thermal constraints of telecommunications missions EARTH OBSERVATION Improve performance and efficiency of optical and radar instruments SPACECRAFT BUS AOCS systems for improved spacecraft stability, pointing and accuracy Propulsion systems performance and competitiveness for mission optimisation

TELECOMMUNICATIONS Improve payload power and flexibility for dual use & innovative missions (UHF/L/S & Q/V) Performance and independence of European solutions for frequency usage optimisation EARTH OBSERVATION Future Earth observation missions: improve detector technology, LIDAR instrument technology and support higher data rates SPACECRAFT BUS AOCS systems for improved spacecraft stability, pointing and accuracy Propulsion systems performance and competitiveness for mission optimisation

TELECOMMUNICATIONS Very high data rate processing for telecommunications payloads NAVIGATION European GNSS long term needs: clocks precision and optimisation (mass/power), signal generation and precision and system optimisation SPACECRAFT BUS Innovative, high performance propulsion systems - focus on long term issues for green propulsion and European dependence Next generation platform power systems and technologies: high power system requirements, and overall power system efficiency Technologies, tools and architectures for space system integrity and security

SCIENCE Address new payload requirements for very high rate data processing Instrument detection chain improvement for state of the art science and dependence reduction

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SCIENCE Next generation instrument technologies EXPLORATION European readiness for planetary exploration HUMAN PRESENCE IN SPACE Advanced manned modules and related technologies

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GENERIC TECHNOLOGIES AND BREAKTHROUGH Critical actions on materials: REACH compliance (chromate) and composite supply chain issues European EEE components for increased data processing and power requirements Short term maturity and dependence actions on EEE components

GENERIC TECHNOLOGIES AND BREAKTHROUGH Design and engineering tools enhancement European solutions for smart, green and composite materials High performance materials and structures, focus on nano-materials and manufacturing aspects

GENERIC TECHNOLOGIES AND BREAKTHROUGH European EEE components Industrialisation and reliability Mechanisms and actuators maturity and dependence reduction

GROUND SEGMENT Architecture and system performance optimisation for increasing data processing and handling requirements

LAUNCHER High performance materials (composites and innovative metal alloys) for advanced lightweight structures NGL architecture and building blocks readiness

PROTECTION OF SPACE ASSETS European SSA architecture: Space debris, monitoring, risk mitigation and reduction

LAUNCHER Urgent REACH actions

LAUNCHER European quick launch capability

PROTECTION OF SPACE ASSETS European SSA technology preparation: Space debris, monitoring, risk mitigation and reduction Mitigate impact of space environment: radiation hardening and system protection

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#1[telecommunications] The telecommunications roadmap aims at reducing the cost of already available technologies/products and pursuing performance increase to maintain competitiveness. Current telecommunication trends Short track: Competitiveness of current platform offering More beams and more channels in C/Ku/Ka band Platform thermal optimisation Payload performance and flexibility Large reflectors for new cellular missions Medium range: More stringent mass requirements Improved mass/power, mass/bandwidth ratios More channels Tailored/more flexible coverage Frequency re-use/optimisation Optimisation of band usage: More bandwidth (Q/V band), e.g. broadband Lower frequencies (UHF, L, S), e.g. mobile applications Long lead: Higher data rates, more processing power, data links (Terabit satellite) Eurospace telecommunication recommendations: Improve payload power and flexibility for broadcast and broadband applications (C to Ka band), increase data processing, focus on performance and dependence reduction. Address stringent thermal constraints of telecommunications missions Improve payload power and flexibility for dual use & innovative missions (UHF/L/S & Q/V) Performance and independence of European solutions for frequency usage optimisation Improve processing using SW radio techniques Very high speed data link using photonics components Linked Roadmaps Platform and EEE roadmaps have a short term critical impact on the Telecommunications roadmap.

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Address stringent thermal constraints of telecommunications missions PLATFORM TECHNOLOGIES High temperature thermal control Mechanically and capillary biphasic loops Applicable to very high power telecom platforms (e.g. Alphabus). Performance above several hundred watts Deployable radiators Enhance thermal rejection capability with deployable radiators (up 2-4 kW)

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Improve payload power and flexibility for broadcast and broadband applications (C to Ka band), increase data processing, focus on performance and dependence reduction. PAYLOAD PERFORMANCE Payload: Large antenna building blocks Low cost deployment mechanisms Mechanical sub-systems (actuators, rods, etc.) to increase focal length of telecommunication reflectors/antennas

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Payload: higher data rates and fast data processing High performance digital transparent processor Single hop mesh communications (VSAT-like) for multi-beam transparent satellites - performance bandwidth larger than 500 MHtz Micro-nano technology (switch system) MOEMS Telecom optical cross coupling 50*50

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The telecommunications roadmap pursues mainly cost reduction in the short range, performance and optimisation in the medium range and mostly performance in the long lead.

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SHORT TRACK ACTIVITIES ALL BANDS Payload: spectrum, power and flexibility Input and Output Multiplexers Next generation IMUX and OMUX in all bands (C/Ka/Ku…) Multibeam antenna/feeds Ka, Ku, X, etc. New DC/DC products for payload High efficiency, low mass EPC for payload equipments (inc SSPA) Power flexibility Flexible MPM/TWT (adjust power by channel) Reconfigurable sub reflector Reconfiguration of the shaped beam to change the coverage or to adapt to new orbital positions. Switches or variable phase-shifters for passive single beam (one per polarisation) antennas - Ku & Ka band Transparent fully in flight reconfigurable On-Board Processor (OBP) Development of complete high speed OBP system (including high speed digital components and next gen submicron technology). Long term target performance > 20 Gbit/s. Regenerative in flight reconfigurable On-Board Processor (OBP) Development of complete high speed OBP system (including high speed digital components and next gen submicron technology). Long term target performance > 20 Gbit/s Large reflectors (up to 6m) Development and qualification of large reflectors (up to 6 m) for access to new cellular missions - 1dB gain improvement for shaped beam, S to C-band

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KU & KA BAND INPUT AND OUTPUT SUBSYSTEMS FOR FLEXIBLE PAYLOADS Payload: spectrum, power and flexibility Output assemblies Development of Ku & Ka integrated output networks such as MPA’s and OMUX’s with large bandwidths for flexible analog and digital processed payloads Input assemblies Development of Ku & Ka integrated input networks such as MPA’s and IMUX’s with large bandwidths for flexible analog and digital processed payloads

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KU BAND Payload: spectrum, power and flexibility Next generation receivers Ku-MMIC LNAs, mixers and converters featuring better packaging compatible with multibeam applications Ka-MMIC LNAs, mixers and converters featuring better packaging compatible with multibeam applications Reflect Arrays Development of a C/Ku multispot large antenna as a potential competitive alternate to fully active Tx array SSPA (Ku band) Ku-band SSPA 20W CW, GaN based compatible with future flexible payloads Next generation agile receivers Variable bandwidth vis ground command for frequency flexibility and reduced number of redundant units

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Reflect Arrays Development of a Ka multispot large antenna as a potential competitive alternate to fully active Tx array SSPA (Ka band) Ka-band SSPA 15W CW, GaN based compatible with future flexible payloads

Performance and independence of European solutions for frequency usage optimisation PAYLOAD PERFORMANCE Payload: higher data rates and fast data processing High efficiency waveforms Design, development, prototyping of end-to-end communication sub-system of future satellite telecommunication systems (including high order modulations, advanced transport techniques, pre-distortion/equalization techniques)

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BFN TECHNOLOGIES Payload: Large antenna building blocks Analog beam forming building blocks High order analog BFN technologies - Develop and qualify elementary building blocks and associated equipment for reconfigurable antennas in C/Ku/Ka-band) Digital beam forming building blocks High order digital BFN technologies - Develop and qualify elementary building blocks and associated equipment for reconfigurable antennas in C/Ku/Ka-band) Optical beam forming building blocks High order optical BFN technologies - Develop and qualify elementary building blocks and associated equipment for reconfigurable antennas in C/Ku/Ka-band)

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Improve payload power and flexibility for dual use & innovative missions (UHF/L/S & Q/V) UHF/L/S & Q/V Payload: spectrum, power and flexibility 6

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SSPA (UHF/L/S band) >100W, GaN based develop a viable and competitive alternative to TWTA technology Q/V band packaging technology for LNA, Down Converter and Up Converter for Input equipments for feeder link communication in Q/V band geared to multiple feed antenna, cost competitiveness and high accuracy repeatable manufacturing Q/V bands antennas High frequency technology for Q/V band antenna development geared to cost competitiveness and high accuracy repeatable manufacturing Q/V bands TWTs High frequency technology evaluation for high power TWT development geared to cost competitiveness and hich accuracy repeatable manufacturing UHF narrowband processors digital processors for very narrow bandwidths in the range 10khz to 50khz for better utilisation of limited frequency spectrum UHF antennas Next generation UHF antennas with increased power handling and better accommodation

Very high data rate processing for telecommunications payloads HIGH DATA RATE CONVERSION/STABILISATION Payload: higher data rates and fast data processing Microwave photonics components Basic components development for future high capacity microwave photonic reconfigurable payloads: laser, receiver, amplifier, MOEMS matrix, fiber, connector and passive components, etc.

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Payload: spectrum, power and flexibility Regenerative/Transparent in flight reconfigurable On-Board Processor (OBP) based on SW Radio techniques Development of complete high speed OBP system (including high speed digital components). Long term target performance > 20 Gbit/s

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#2a[Earth observation] Next generation operational systems for Earth observation are expected to provide greater accuracy of observation. New requirements will be fulfilled by focusing on improving the performance of instruments. Current earth observation trends: Short track Increased resolution and swath/revisit improvement are key mission enablers for European institutional policy and needs Competitive/mature and high resolution performance provide opportunities for a secondary market for Earth observation systems Export markets, commercial users Medium range Detectors: Next generation detectors supporting higher performance and cost improvement Consolidation and enhancement of existing proven detector technologies Better sensor performance and increased resolution will add strain on data handling systems Optimisation of data chain, processing, compression, storage, transmission etc.

Increased requirements on payload processing power LIDARS to support new missions and the improvement of existing missions: Greenhouse gas monitoring (i.e. CH4), atmosphere chemistry Climate monitoring in pre-operational and operational phases Meteorology, wind velocity in pre-operational and operational phases Eurospace recommendations: For future Earth observation missions Eurospace recommends to improve performance and efficiency of optical and radar instruments and to improve detector technology. Large and lightweight mirrors Detectors and focal planes Active antennas and advanced TRM High speed processing LIDAR instrument technology and support higher data rates Linked roadmaps: The challenging EO missions and sensors development roadmap are very linked to the platforms related R&T priorities (see Spacecraft Bus) particularly addressing high pointing accuracy and stability, on board data processing and transmission capability.

#2b[navigation] The timeline for the European GNSS will consider the next generation system (post Galileo) after 2022. The first opportunities for system evolution will start in 2017 System optimisation aspect have been addressed previously Main trends: On the long term Europe will consider performance improvement at system and equipment levels. Even performance improvement causing mass increase may be considered, if next generation systems can accommodate them.

Key long lead challenges: System optimisation (autonomy and inter-satellite links) Time generation (next generation atomic clocks) Signal processing and quality (processing, reconfigurability, terminal optimisation) Eurospace long lead recommendation: GNSS long term needs: clock precision and optimisation (mass/power), time and signal generation and precision, system optimisation

For next generation European GNSS system Eurospace recommends to improve the system lifecycle cost and to improve performance of time and signal generation and transmission Spin-in

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Improve performance and efficiency of optical and radar instruments. DETECTOR TECHNOLOGY Increased resolution & performance CCD TDI detectors For LEO Optical Earth Observation: Enhancement of TDI & Multi TDI detectors targeting very High resolution (6K to 12 K pixels, 8µm pixel size, multi TDI into same package) CMOS TDI detectors For LEO Earth Observation: Next generation of TDI detectors targeting very high resolution IR detectors from 1.5 µm to 20 µm for Science (low noise, low dark current, high temperature) and Earth observation (large dimension, > 1000 pixels) Large CMOS matrix detectors Visible detector for Science and earth observation: > 40 M pixels

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The Earth Observation roadmap pursues mainly performance and optimisation objectives in the short track and medium range. A few long lead activities can also be found in the Medium range roadmaps.

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SHORT TRACK ACTIVITIES OPTICAL SYSTEMS Increased resolution & performance High stable, lightweight mirrors, structures (Telescope, RC, etc.) Highly stable structure and mirror telescopes for EO (diameter up to 2m in LEO; 1.5m in GEO and higher for dual use applications) Large focal plane techniques Based on large detector arrays (IR and Vis) development of large FPA including proximity electronics and highly stable mechanical/thermal structure Wave front error (WFE) control techniques For Leo and Geo Earth observation and Science in order to control the residual errors due to distortion of optics, structure in a low frequency band due to environment conditions and drift of the instrument

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RADAR SYSTEMS Increased resolution & performance Active Antenna Panel Advanced mechanical/thermal active radiating panel for High resolution Radar (X and C band). Active Front End Advanced IFED based electronics (Integrated Front End Design) and dual polarisation for Radar (X and C band) Digital Beamforming Next generation high resolution SAR including high speed digital processing. High resolution civil applications: 0.5m; military applications below 0.5m X-band active phased array RF design and building block for high resolution SAR Advanced TRM based on GaAs replacement (GaN, RF CMOS/SiGe,…) Selection, development and qualification in relevant environment of advanced TX/RX modules based on GaAs replacement, GaN for LNA and HPA, RF CMOS/SiGe for control functions (L, C, X-Band)

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Large and highly stable antenna interferometer structures (with deployable mast) Design and breadboarding for altimetry and SAR mission application

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New bands, sensors & concepts

Future Earth observation missions: improve detector technology, LIDAR instrument technology and support higher data rates DATA REDUCTION Data processing & transmission, data links Smart on-board data optimisation Autonomous clouds detection and smart instrument pointing

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DATA PROCESSING Data processing & transmission, data links Advanced video and image processing New techniques: image enhancement, new high performance compression algorithm (e.g. FAPEC) for High Resolution in visible and IR bands. More efficient lossless CCSDS standard. New standard definition and development of building blocks. High Speed High Efficiency ACM Modems Central electronics for Radar. Higher bandwidth (600MHz and above considering dual use applications)

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LIDAR SYSTEMS New bands, sensors & concepts Laser transmitter Qualify full laser chain formal environment, from 1,5 to 2 µm (up to 4 µm for dual use applications). Specifications depending on the mission, pulsed or continuous wave regime. Enhanced solid-state lasers Monolithic ceramic laser without interface. Organic-free lasers. Contamination free manufacturing. (lifetime *2, efficiency * 2) Quasi high power laser diodes > 1 µm and thermal/ageing robustness (10 W per bar, life time *10). Involves chip level optimisation for downgraded devices with superior lifetime expectancy. Laser amplifier: reliable, stable and high power capacity Focussing on IR domain from 1.5 to 2 µm (up to 4 µm for dual use missions).

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Very High Data Rate Payload Data Handling and Transmission (HW and SW) Development of new technology for fast numerical link (up to 10 Gbit/s) in X/Ka-Band and optical. Very High Data Rate Payload Data Handling and Transmission antenna X and Ka-Band dual polarization steering antennas (20 dB) Very High Data Rate Payload Data Handling and Transmission architecture Advanced coding and high rate (>400 MSps per channel) modulation schemes, in X and KaBand Enhanced Instersatellite Link for LEO/GEO LEO-LEO, GEO/GEO, LEO/GEO and ground RF/optical from 1Gbps to 10 Gbps

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DATA HANDLING & TRANSMISSION Data processing & transmission, data links

European GNSS long term needs: clocks precision and optimisation (mass/power), signal generation and precision and system optimisation SYSTEM OPTIMISATION Full system lifecycle cost reduction Increased automation of operations Enhance autonomy of space and ground facilities consistent with certifiability

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TIME GENERATION Signal precision (next generation GNSS) Miniature atomic clocks Miniature atomic clocks for better performance in short and mid-term frequency stability. Additional objectives: low-power consumption, reduced mass, reduced volume (extended range of applications). Next generation European clocks Global performance improvement (improved accuracy and stability, or compactness/mass) Optical atomic clocks Optical atomic clocks demonstrate frequency stability and accuracy never achieved so far. These performances are very attractive for future Science missions and in particular test of physical theories. Despite a high complexity, activities leading to a higher maturity are important to bring this technology closer to a space-qualified hardware. Laser technology related to atomic clocks like continuous-wave and femtosecond lasers are technologies also important for other applications like remote sensing (EO), telecommunication, and formation flying. Optically-pumped Cesium beam clock Next generation of on-board atomic clocks for navigation purposes (Galileo satellites) will benefit from clocks with better long-term stabilities, less weight, and compact volume. The optically-pumped Cesium technology is well-suited to reach these objectives.

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SIGNAL PROCESSING & QUALITY Signal precision (next generation GNSS) Advanced positioning user terminal Development of multipath nulling and authentication of NAV signals Reconfigurable Signal generation Post Galileo, EGEP for signal digital processing Transparent navigation processor Development of an advanced navigation processor for channelization and routing of navigation signals Tropical ionospheric scintillation avoidance Characterization of the impact on ground receivers and system budgets of equatorial

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CONSTELLATION FORMATION Signal precision (next generation GNSS) Technologies for Intersatellite link for constellations and ranging missions Improved technonologies for intersatellite links: RF receive/transmit in Ka or Q/V band at a data rate of 100 Kbps with ranging performance < 4cm

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#3[spacecraft bus] Requirements on the platform will vary depending on the payload missions, but in all application domains platform efficiency and mass/cost reduction strategies have a positive impact on mission competitiveness. Current Spacecraft bus trends: Telecommunications platforms: mass gains and system optimisation to address increasing power and lifetime needs, thermal constraints associated to high power systems Earth observation, science and navigation: Agile, ultra-stable, versatile platforms, with good processing power and cost efficient designs Main challenges - Europe has to address critical issues on: Propulsion systems: REACH will have a major impact on space propulsion systems, affecting chemical and electric propulsion systems Future advances in electric propulsion will make possible the fully electric spacecraft, but transfer to geostationary orbit remains a challenge Cost reduction and miniaturisation activities will provide opportunities to use Electric propulsion on smaller missions Versatile and flexible, hybrid propulsion solutions (transfer phase and station keeping at once) Next generation avionics systems Pointing performance improvement Next generation platform data handling system and technologies (HW and SW) EEE components roadmap will also impact the technological readiness of platform avionics and data handling/processing systems For system efficiency, mainly from the mass and power perspective, the miniaturisation and integration of AOCS sensors will play critical role This trend will support also the improvement of small satellite missions and cost reduction strategies Critical power aspects New generation multiple junction solar cells Power control units (PCUs and PCDUs) Breakthrough power generation - investigating alternative solutions, including disruptive ones Advanced energy storage Higher power/voltage – control and distribution aspects

Radar views The Spacecraft bus technical roadmap shows a strong concern for cost and optimisation issues in both the short track and the medium range. Long lead items show the importance of performance and the impact of environmental legislation.

Eurospace recommendations: Next generation avionic system AOCS systems for improved spacecraft stability, pointing and accuracy AOCS miniaturised/integrated functions for system competitiveness through mass/power optimisation Spacecraft propulsion recommendation Innovative, high performance propulsion systems - focus on long term issues for green propulsion and European dependence Propulsion systems performance and competitiveness for mission optimisation Power system recommendations Next generation power system and technologies: high power system requirements and overall system efficiency Platform system recommendations: Technologies, tools and architectures for space system integrity and security

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Artist’s concept of the two BepiColombo orbiters (MPO and MMO) mounted on top of their transfer module, forming one singlecomposite spacecraft. The transfer module will carry the two spacecraft up to Mercury’s gravitational sphere of influence; the planet’s gravity and conventional rocket engines will then be used to insert the two spacecraft into their operational orbits. ©ESA / C. Carreau

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SHORT TRACK ACTIVITIES Propulsion systems performance and competitiveness for mission optimisation ADVANCED MECHANISMS Propulsion system building blocks Electric propulsion pointing mechanisms (2 axis) Generic 2-axis EPPM, deployment capabilities, standard building blocks/interfaces, high payload capability (>16kg), new damping technologies, high pointing range (>15 deg, 3 axis)

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CLEAN SPACE Chemical propulsion Bipropellant system to replace MON/MMH systems for transfer phase Identify MON/MMH bi-prop systems alternative for transfer phase (focus on performance) Monopropropellant systems to replace Hydrazine systems Develop alternative monopropellant systems with similar performances (mainly at engines / thruster level)

COST REDUCTION Electric propulsion Modular low cost PPU (Power Processing Unit) for electric propulsion PPUs for EPs have to be adapted to the technical and commercial needs wrt the different applications. Compatible with 5-10 kW range thruster, up to 100V. Focus on PPU efficiency and overall system competitiveness. Low cost electric propulsion technologies Design and development of a low cost, versatile electric propulsion system allowing global system cost reduction

ENHANCED FLUIDIC COMPONENTS Propulsion system building blocks Electronic pressure regulator and feed systems Replace mechanical pressure regulators with electronic regulators. Objectives: higher reliability, operation flexibility, performance and potential cost improvement (applicable to both electric and chemical propulsion). Passivation Valve Non-pyrotechnic valve which supports the new ESA regulations on S/C end-of-life energy passivation Miniature Flow Control Units Miniaturisation of flow control units for electric propulsion systems (i.e. ion engines and plasma thrusters)

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INNOVATION Chemical propulsion Cool Gas Generators for pressurant supply of propulsion systems Applicable to mono-propellant and bi-propellant propulsion systems. The technology developments yield Nitrogen, Oxygen and Hydrogen versions

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PERFORMANCE Electric propulsion High Power gridded ion thrusters Needed for very high specific impulse, power and thrust density. Improve grid erosion problems. Highly efficient Multistage Plasma (HEMP) Use of multistage plasma thrusters for next generation satellites for large telecom platforms Multi-purpose, improved performance EP systems (TLC platforms) Develop EP system with to support multiple functions: NSSK, EWSK roll-contol and orbit transfer maneuver. System with throttable thrust and maneuver optimised specific impulse and power to thrust ratio. Improve total impulse (> 30%) wrt current state of the art.

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SMALL EP SYSTEM Electric propulsion Electric propulsion systems for small satellites Electric Propulsion compatible with small satellites (low cost, low power, low mass). Focus on LEO systems. Very low thrust electric propulsion systems Micro to milli newton throttable thrust (Mini-HEMPT, FEEP, Micro-ionic). Focus on LEO systems.

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AOCS systems for improved spacecraft stability, pointing and accuracy STABILITY, POINTING & ACCURACY AOCS System improvement FOG IMU including accelerometers Inertial Measurement Unit for Science, Exploration missions and potentially Telecommunications with measurement range of +/- 140°/s and +/- 0.05 °/h 3σ of accuracy Line of Sight (LOS) control techniques Control of stability of line of sight for future GEO and LEO high resolution systems: - Simulations of the different noise sources depending on the equipment - Simulations of the control loop active compensation and achievable performance - Realisation of a breadboard to demonstrate the feasibility of the control loop Multi-frequency GNSS receivers Next Generation multi-frequency GNSS receivers (compatible with GPS, Galileo, Glonass) Very High performance Fibre Optic Gyroscope (FOG) High Performance gyroscope mainly for high demanding missions i.e. EO and Science with very high pointing accuracy < 0.001 °/h

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AOCS miniaturised/integrated functions for system competitiveness through mass/power optimisation MINIATURISED/INTEGRATED FUNCTIONS AOCS System improvement Fiber optical sensing (optical metrology) Use of fiber optics for ground testing and on-board integrated sensors (temperature, acceleration, etc) Miniaturisation of GNSS receivers Breadboarding and qualification of satellite low cost miniaturised (single frequency) GNSS receivers (including MEMS, MOEMS...) Miniaturisation of Gyroscopes Breadboarding and qualification of satellite miniaturised gyros (including MEMS MOEMS...) Miniaturisation of satellite attitude actuators Breadboarding and qualification of low cost miniaturised high torque actuators for small sat (e.g CMG.s..) Miniaturisation of Star Trackers Breadboarding and qualification of satellite low cost miniaturised Star Trackers (including MEMS, MOEMS...) Miniaturisation of Sun Sensors Breadboarding and qualification of satellite low cost miniaturised Sun Sensors (including MEMS, MOEMS...)

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Next generation avionic system DATA PROCESSING Data handling system performance Next Generation Platform On-Board Computer (OBC) Equipment Development of next generation SCOC (Spacecraft Controller On a Chip) and derived platform OBC: Increased processing power: > 100 MIPS, extended TM/TC and I/F SW on multi-core processors Methods and tools to have efficient development of SW on multi-core targets

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SOFTWARE Data handling system performance Time & Space Partitioning (TSP) Optimisation of SW kernel to support TSP System/SW co-design (with associated tools) Generic tools to support end to end system / SW co-design and code generation and testing

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DATA BUS Data handling system performance Next generation high speed bus Assess technologies for next generation databuses (eg FlexRay, AFDX) Next Generation Remote Interface Unit (RIU) Miniaturised RIU using mixed-signal building blocks

Mars Express, artist’s concept. Mars Express left Earth for Mars on June 2003 when the positions of the two planets allowed for the shortest possible route, a condition that occurs once every twenty-six months. The intrepid spacecraft started its six-month journey from the Baikonur launch pad in Kazakhstan on board a Russian Soyuz/Fregat launcher. ©ESA / D. Ducros

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LONG LEAD ACTIVITIES Next generation platform power systems and technologies: high power system requirements, and overall power system efficiency POWER GENERATION Innovative solutions for power system performance Breakthrough power generation Advanced solar cells using nanostructures such as quantum wells or quantum dots Next generation multiple junction solar cells New quadruple (or more) junction cell concept realized by new semiconductor bonding processes (efficiency push to 35% BOL and 30% EOL). Technologies to investigate: lattice matched quadruple cells, lattice mismatched quadruple cells, invertedly grown quadruple solar cells and quadruple solar cells realized by semiconductor bonding processes. Consider also nanostructures within solar cells such as quantum wells or quantum dots. Regenerative Fuel Cells power system Preliminary development of a power system based on regenerative fuel cells (incl. energy production, storage, transportation, distribution...)

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ENERGY STORAGE Innovative solutions for power system performance High power / high storage battery cells Advanced Li-based cells technology

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POWER CONTROL & DISTRIBUTION Innovative solutions for power system performance Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) monitoring & mitigation In orbit measurement / prediction; architecture and technologies for mitigating ESD risks Power Control Unit and Power Control & Distribution units Next generation PCU/PCDU with lower mass, better efficiency. Main target: LEO satellites.

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Innovative, high performance propulsion systems - focus on long term issues for green propulsion and European dependence CLEAN SPACE Next generation propulsion systems Alternative to Xenon for EP systems Xenon is rare gas and therefore expensive. EP seems to be more and more used in the future: for competitiveness reason, alternative at EP engines level are necessary. Dual mode propulsion system with Arcjet (REACH compliant) Assessment of a European concept of dual mode propulsion engines / thrusters, including arcjet, for higher perfomances - early stage assessment considering potential impact of REACH legislation on propellant choices Hybrid green propulsion Develop specific technologies (catalyser, paraffine and oxyidiser couple) for adapting hybrid propulsion to space platforms

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VERSATILITY AND POWER (TRANSFER PHASE) Next generation propulsion systems Mixed (electric/chemical) propulsion for satellite applications Evaluate mixed (electric/chemical) throttleable propulsion systems for transfer phase and station keeping Very high performance apogee motor Assess the potential to optmize the transfer phase. Evaluate both bi-propellant (ISP > 330 - 340 s) and solid propellant (thrust level up to 30 kN) technologies

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Technologies, tools and architectures for space system integrity and security INTEGRITY System & architecture Advanced Fault Detection, Isolation and Recovery (FDIR) design and implementation Tools and methodologies, advanced concepts, harmonised safety/security approaches

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SECURITY System & architecture Security & cryptography, secure and robust TT&C Assessment, simulation and evaluation of a standardized ground/space architecture (key management, modular security architecture), building blocks (encryption algorithms, crypto units) and technologies (public private key generation on satellite, single chip solutions, IP-based crypto)

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The Fregat-MT upper stage carrying the two Galileo In-Orbit Validation satellites separates from the Soyuz third stage. It is this Fregat-MT upper stage that has the task of carrying the satellites most of the way to medium Earth orbit, at 23.222 km of altitude. ©ESA / P. Carril, 2011

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#1[science] The Eurospace science roadmap focuses on improving performance at payload level (platform related priorities are addressed in the ‘spacecraft bus’ section). Linked roadmaps: Technologies for science missions, such as astronomy and Earth science often share requirements with technologies used in Earth observation programmes (particularly in the visible, IR, UV and sub-mm), and may also lead to dual use applications. The main areas for development are: Performance improvement on the full detection chain in various bands (from X-Ray, UV to visible, IR mm and sub-mm) Efficient payload data handling, including multi-instrument data handling and fast data processing. This is particularly critical for astronomy programmes (such as Gaia) with very large and complex images are produced and with the current trend to increasing instrument resolution, which also produces larger amounts of data. On board data processing and reduction is also required, particularly for missions far away from Earth where data transfer to Earth is available with bandwidth limitations. EEE components roadmap also has an impact on technology readiness for data handling and processing requirements for science. Technologies for large/distributed instruments with a view to further improving resolution and stability. The key technology drivers are: State of the art instruments and payloads mainly in the optical and infrared domains, with large and ultra-stable instruments Growing requirements on payload data handling to allow instrument data pre-processing Additional requirements are related to the mechanical and thermal stability of instruments, which is particularly critical for instruments operating at cryo temperatures In some technology areas, such as cryo-coolers and IR detectors, there are also issues with dependence State of the art technologies addressing requirements for the development of large and/or distributed instruments Improvement of time measurement techniques to support higher level science Eurospace recommendations: Instruments detection chain improvement for state of the art science and dependence reduction Address new payload requirements for very high rate data processing Develop next generation instrument technologies Large telescopes Stable structures (inc. deployable) structure Metrology solutions High performance time precision measurement

ESA Planck mission. It is the first European space observatory whose main goal is the study of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) – the relic radiation from the Big Bang. ©ESA (image by AOES Medialab)

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MEDIUM RANGE ACTIVITIES Instrument detection chain improvement for state of the art science and dependence reduction COMPLETE DETECTION CHAIN IMPROVEMENT Instruments Coronagraph for future space weather use Aim is FoV from 1.5 to 15 solar radii with a cadence of a few minutes. IR & UV Spectrometer technology Small spectrometer technologies (e.g. MOEMS) for more compact instruments in Science and Exploration. IR detectors development European source IR detector for large area arrays (low noise, low dark current, higher operating temperature, higher pixel number, larger detector surface, etc.) Xray detectors Need for an European source for large arrays and high spectral resolution in X-rays High efficiency cryocoolers Development of high efficiency cryocoolers for Science (few mK) and EO (30-10K) Active Optics Development of space actuators to support active optics - focus on miniaturisation Mm & sub-mm receiver technologies Passive radiometer technologies (LNA, direct, mixers, etc) for Earth Observation and Science, from 100 to 800 Ghz Quasi-optic technologies focal plane with beam splitter from 100 to 800 Ghz

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Address new payload requirements for very high rate data processing EFFICIENT DATA HANDLING Payload data handling 3

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Integrated multi-instrument on-board payload data processing for resource constrained missions Use latest processing technologies (reconfigurable processing, operating systems, etc). Common electronics to several front-ends to save power and mass. Mitigate integration risk. Very high performance payload processing solutions Develop solutions for high demanding payload processing (intensive image processing, new missions)

Next generation instrument technologies PRECISE TIME MEASUREMENT Time measurement Ion trap The ion trap will provide an excellent compromise between frequency stability, mass and robustness - Specifications: mass 3kg; size 2dm^3, perfo freq stability flicker floor 6-10m Stable deployable mast/tube/structure For various science missions as X & gamma Ray telescope, aperture synthesis, highly stable magnetometer. 10 to 50 m with very low thermal expansion Fine metrology solutions Optical, RF, interferometric - from nano to centimetric Materials for large optical structures and mirrors Develop new European materials for large mirrors & active optics, with cryogenic temperature range extension

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The Herschel telescope during testing at ESTEC, with its classic Cassegrain design composed of a 3.5m primary mirror and a smaller secondary mirror. This powerful telescope allows astronomers to look deep into space by detecting light emitted in the farinfrared and sub-millimetre regions of the spectrum. ©EADS Astrium / P. Dumas

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#2[exploration] The robotic exploration roadmap paves the way for future human exploration capabilities. However, the European exploration agenda is still very much uncertain, despite the high political profile of exploration missions (robotic and manned). There is marked interest for planetary exploration at EU and ESA level, but implementation and architecture aspects are still to be defined The robotic exploration roadmap is mostly driven by issues of European readiness for system performance. In this area there are also issues related to technological dependence.

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Exploration recommendation: Eurospace recommends to ensure technological readiness of European solutions for planetary exploration.

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European readiness for planetary exploration AUTONOMOUS RDV, PROXIMITY AND DOCKING OPERATIONS Fine navigation, RDV, proximity operations and docking RDV system architecture Design and development of RDV system to support operations of closing and capture in view of space tug applications, or automatic orbital assembly of multi-element exploration spacecrafts Sensors Vision based cameras (2D, 3D), TOF Lidar Actuators Mechanisms and mechanical actuators

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LONG DISTANCE TRAVEL Space propulsion for exploration and long distance travel Exploratory concepts for new propulsion in space Trade off and studies for advanced propulsion solutions to allow future exploration and long distance scientific missions. Consider throttleability, system efficiency and de-orbiting/braking/landing functions.

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NUMERICAL TOOLS Planetary entry/re-entry challenges Aerothermodynamics Development of an aerothermodynamics/ablation numerical prediction/analysis multi-disciplinary tool and validations

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European readiness for planetary exploration SOFT PRECISE LANDING Soft and precision landing, ascent GNC for Entry, Descent, Landing System Development of technologies necessary for entry, descent and landing systems (HW,SW, Algorithms, and breadboards) Propulsion Braking system Propulsion technology for de-orbiting and landing phases Landing legs Development of an active system for impact absorption, also provided with adjustability functions after landing. Realization of a prototype and relevant ground validation.

SURFACE ACTIVITIES Robotics and mechanical systems Penetrators Development of a penetrator for sub surface measurements on planetary bodies Planetary Surface Navigation Development of navigation algorithms for simultaneous, autonomous localization and mapping (SLAM)

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European readiness for planetary exploration SAMPLE COLLECTION Robotics and mechanical systems Lightweight robotic arm Lightweight robotic arm for in-situ operations Deep drilling technologies Very deep drilling (>=10 m depth) In-situ Sample handling Development of technologies necessary for collecting, manipulating and handling planetary and low gravity object samples - e.g Deployable tube structure (tape spring)

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THERMAL PROTECTION Planetary entry/re-entry challenges Ablative thermal protection system (Planetary missions) Development of innovative light weight ablative materials for heat shields related to low energy re-entry trajectories or medium-high energy applications (reusable systems, moon re-entry, titan entry, atomospheric earth re-entry) Thermal Protection System technologies for Re-usable re-entry vehicles (Earth re-entry) Develop thermal protection solutions compatible with re-entry operations from LEO related to reusable vehicles

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SAMPLE RETURN Robotics and mechanical systems In flight sample container manipulation and handling systems Capture mechanisms and devices designs, sealing and storage in re-entry capsule

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#3[human presence in space] Europe is looking ahead at the future of the ISS, while it has proven its capabilities to develop a pressurised element for humans in space. Next steps will involve continued support to the orbital infrastructure and the preparation of human exploration missions outside the comfort of the low Earth orbit. This will require performing critical developments, with a long term view, in the areas of structures/habitats, regenerative life support and safety/integrity. The readiness of European industry to support future human exploration missions is still limited: the Eurospace Human presence in space roadmap Europe focuses on advanced manned modules and related technologies.

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Eurospace recommends to address key technology priorities: Inflatable habitats: Space Shuttle phase out puts new constraints on future habitat elements, since the large Space shuttle cargo bay is not available anymore. A solution lies in inflatable habitats: compact at launch and providing large habitable volumes in orbit. Regenerative ECLS: Another critical aspect of human support in space is related to the ECLS system, particularly in view of long distance travel to the planets. Regeneration technologies have strong impact on mission design, and are dimensioning factors for essential functions. Crew collaborative robotics: robotic support to crew is an essential feature. A robot-assisted crew is the most viable solution for long duration human space travel. Crew safety and protection: the impact of space radiations on space systems and crew health is almost a show stopper for long distance space travel An increase in knowledge of the radiation phenomena and its effects on humans and systems will help in relaxing system design safety factors reducing the requirements for radiation protection dedicated mass allocation. Nevertheless detailed definition of adequate shielding/protection solutions is mandatory. Shielding solutions can be passive or active, but they must be compact and light. Thus necessary steps will involve the accurate characterisation of the environment and the investigation of technologies with high protection properties.

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ESA astronaut Hans Schlegel during his first spacewalk. Shortly after the spacewalk officially started Schlegel and NASA astronaut Rex Walheim headed out of the International Space Station’s Quest Airlock. The spacewalkers main task was to replace a nitrogen tank used to pressurise the Station’s ammonia cooling system. The replacement of the tank is part of regular Station maintenance. ©NASA

Advanced manned modules and related technologies STRUCTURES Habitats Inflatable Habitats Development of inflatable solutions for pressurized habitable modules. Technology activities from laboratory studies to validate concept and process to prototyping.

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LIFE SUPPORT Habitats Regenerative ECLS (and In-situ Resource Utilization) Identification, design and implementation of prototypes and test benches for most promising regenerative technologies (both at architecture and component level). Technologies for food, water and oxygen production and processing and regeneration of solid and liquid waste materials.

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INTEGRITY Habitats Crew Collaborative Robotics Development of robotic system capabilities to support: - Inspection, maintenance and servicing of orbital infrastructures both as assistance to astronauts and/or autonomous task - Space exploration activities (establishment of manned surface outposts) Crew safety and protection Investigate/assess solutions for the protection of crew from the severe and mutating environmental conditions in exploration programs: radiation, dust, micrometeoroids & debris

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#1a[generic technologies and breakthrough] Short track Radar view

Improvements in some generic or transversal technology areas will support space system advances in many ways.

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Generic technologies recommendations: Critical actions on materials: REACH compliance (chromate) and composite supply chain issues Short term maturity and dependence actions on EEE components European EEE components for increased data processing and power requirements

Space Situational Awareness (SSA) systems will detect hazards that could affect critical space infrastructure. This artist’s concept illustrates just some of the missions in orbit that may be affected by collisions with space debris objects or by deleterious space weather. ©ESA / J. Huart

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SHORT TRACK ACTIVITIES Short term maturity and dependence actions on EEE components DIGITAL COMPONENTS EEE components High Speed Serial Link (3 to 10 Gbps) HSSL 6.25 Gbps (using DSM 65nm). Design of a standalone chip using the IP block; Electrical and radiation characterization. Basic bus interface components European CAN, 1553 transceiver, Spacefiber, survey of alternatives (Ethernet, ...) Advanced CMOS technology (DSM) To develop 65 nm rad tolerant CMOS technology for advanced digital functions, with IP library. Development of IP blocks such as ADC, DDR3 interface.

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ANALOG & MIXED COMPONENTS EEE components Mixed ASIC technologies (analog, RF & digital) Development and qualification of radiation hard CMOS and/or SiGe European technologies for mixed signal applications. Mixed analog/digital applications: CMOS; mixed RF/digital applications: CMOS < 0.35µm or SiGe technologies. Certification of complete supply chain.

RF COMPONENTS EEE components GaN MMIC for medium power, robust low noise and linear Establish a supply chain for GaN MMIC in Europe. Evaluate and space-qualify a process GaN RF devices Development and qualification of GaN RF transistors (bands: L/C/X, ...) Microwave Very Low Noise Transistors and MMIC Very low noise, < 100nm process, PHEMT or MHEMT

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POWER EEE components Low power Supercapacitors Design and qualification of high density energy storage systems (>5 Wh/kg and 2Gbps (> 4 Gbps in long term) for 1 Tbit capacity .=> qualification of new high speed/high capacity flash or DDR memory components.

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PACKAGING EEE components Lead-free electronics assembly Mitigate the use of lead-free electronics (whiskers). Prepare the introduction of full lead-free electronics in case RoHS directive become applicable to space Die attach Flip-chip packaging & assembly for die (> 1000 I/O) High pin count assembly (BGA, CSP) and high density printed circuit board Qualified European PCB source for mounting > 1000 I/Os components High pin count hermetic and non hermetic package Hermetic and non-hermetic packages with > 1000 pins, 10W

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Critical actions on materials: REACH compliance (chromate) and composite supply chain issues COMPOSITE MATERIALS Materials European composite dependence reduction Identify a solution to garantee carbon fiber and pre-preg supply to the European space sector

CLEAN SPACE Materials Chromates substitute Chromate free materials (REACH compliant). Main use: aluminium anodisation. Chromium6 sunset date: 2016.

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TRANSVERSAL AND MULTIPURPOSE Range #1b[generic technologies and breakthrough] Medium Long Lead Improvements in generic or transversal technology areas will support space system advances in many ways: Thermal and mechanical requirements can be addressed in the material/structure itself; in addition materials itself will provide solutions for critical functions Spin-in from terrestrial applications should focus on advanced composites and light alloys More environmental friendly production processes and substances System innovation and improved design tools to support European systems and industry competitiveness

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Design and engineering tools enhancement SYSTEM & INNOVATION Breakthrough concepts and technologies Spacecraft virtualisation tools Full spacecraft virtual design, verification & testing tools and methodologies (hybrid benches)

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High performance materials and structures, focus on nano-materials and manufacturing aspects MATERIALS & STRUCTURES Breakthrough concepts and technologies Nano-Materials: High performance structures Nano-materials: assess usage for advanced high performance structures and infrastructure elements Nano-Materials: Mechanical & thermal properties Create the know-how needed to develop new mechanical /thermal components for future platforms or payloads (thermo-optical nanobased coatings, nanolubricants, nanocomposites, ...) Smart Skin Design and manufacturing of multifunctional systems implementing a high level of functional integration (structural, thermal control, electronics shielding and health monitoring functions) and diagnostic capability (e.g. lightweight structures) Flexible self regulated heaters Active thermal control improvement: flexible and self regulated heaters to simplify the regulation management of the heating lines. Also applicable to loop heat pipes. Ultralight structures: health management system Development and integration of structure health management architectures based on innovative equipment/sensor technology Advanced direct structure manufacturing techniques Application of Direct Manufacturing Technologies (e.g. additive layer manufacturing, etc) for lower mass/cost and multi-functional structural equipment Advanced thermal control materials Develop and qualify optmised thermal coatings (e.g. electro-thermo chrome) for high performance and competitive thermal systems Lightweight radiator panels technologies Introduction of nanotechnologies for conductive carbon panels, low CTE heat pipes and equipment and assembly

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European solutions for smart, green and composite materials COMPOSITE MATERIALS Materials New high performance light alloys/ceramics Characterisation of new high performance light alloys/ceramics for long-life, friction-less mechanisms. Potential application: high performance ball bearings. Non-metallic honeycomb materials Development of a European composite honeycomb source Structural CFRP materials Structural materials : CFRP technologies : reinforcement for protection against micrometeorites

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CLEAN SPACE Materials New solvent and cleaning technologies New solvent and cleaning materials to replace existing ones (e.g Chlorophorm, Trichlorethylen, ...) (REACH) Primers REACH compliant primers. Parts bonding function. Solithane subsitute New Solithane free materials (REACH)

CRITICAL FUNCTIONS Materials European polyimide Atomic oxygen resistant European polyimide for spacecraft and instruments Multi Layer Insulation (MLI) Materials with variable emissivity / absorptivity Materials with variable emissivity / absorptivity. Potential spin-in from automotive industry. Multifunctional coatings (black & white coatings, ...) Multifunctional coatings (black & white coatings,...). Potential spin-in from automotive industry. New adhesives and joining technologies Focus on automated manufacturing and processes (e.g. automated welding)

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Key areas for action are: Materials, including composite materials, new alloys, nano-materials, smart materials etc. The materials roadmap is marked by very low readiness levels and a high level of dependence. It pursues a variety of aims: lower mass, lower costs, better performance, and obsolescence issues as well. REACH issues (solvents, primers) Design and engineering tools

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The long lead generic technologies roadmap addresses limited activities mostly relevant to industrialisation, maturity and dependence aspects. Two areas for long lead action: EEE components industrialisation Mechanisms and actuators Generic technologies recommendations: European EEE components industrialisation and reliability Mechanisms and actuators maturity and dependence reduction

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Mechanisms and actuators maturity and dependence reduction ACTUATORS & BOOMS Mechanisms SMA Actuators Develop and qualify in-orbit linear and rotary SMA actuators (e.g. low shock release mechanisms, speed regulation, etc.) Deployable booms Articulated/telescopic lightweight technology for booms 1 to 4 meters, for telecoms and instruments in EO and science (magnetometers, interferometry)

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STEPPER MOTOR INDEPENDENCE Mechanisms European stepper motor European high (detent)-torque, low-mass, efficient stepper motor - mass < 350g - detent torque >0.1 Nm - powered holding torque > 0.8 Nm - step angle 1 deg Stepper motor gear-box actuator SADMs and ADTMs - develop european source for gearbox

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European EEE components Industrialisation and reliability RF COMPONENTS EEE components RF-MEMS: emphasis on packaging & reliability RF MEMS: switches evaluated in 2018; RF MEMS filters: 20GHz TRL 6 in 2015; RF MEMS filters: 100GHz TRL 4 in 2015

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PHOTONICS EEE components CMOS image sensors - supply chain Secure a European CMOS Imager supply chain : design house, founders, back end providers, testers

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A rear artist’s concept of Proba-2 as it looks towards the Sun. The two complete DSLP (Dual Segmented Langmuir Probe) antennas can be seen on the back of the solar panels, as well as the back solar array. Also visible is the top side of the satellite, with two large star trackers and a pair of cylindrical S-band antennas on opposite corners which are used for communication with ground control. ©ESA / P. Carril, 2009

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#2[launcher] The European launcher strategy focuses on: Ariane 5 system versatility and consolidation Future VEGA exploitation and evolution After Ariane 5 ME, the main target for Europe is the Next Generation Launcher (NGL) System studies trade-offs will have to be performed The main medium range target for Europe is the preparation of the Next Generation Launcher. (NGL) NGL has a cost referenced approach: Development and operations are considered All activities and developments will have to support competitiveness and cost efficiency The roadmap focuses on cost aspects and technology maturity All technologies will have to reach TRL 6 by 2016 to prepare the technology portfolio for NGL development With a long term view and to address a complementary capability to the European family of launchers Eurospace recommends to investigate European quick launch solutions for LEO small satellites Key candidate technologies for NGL Materials: the launcher roadmap also draws from the materials roadmap (in the generic domain). A specific emphasis is put on carbon fiber and thermoplastics Propulsion: new cycles, new propellants, including non toxic, new production processes Preliminary system and architecture activities, including avionics, aerothermodynamics and ATD As with other space systems, the REACH legislation has also an impact on the launcher system, particularly with regard to upper stage propulsion and attitude control system. Eurospace recommendations: Address urgent REACH actions (upper stage propulsion and attitude control) Ensure NGL architecture and building blocks readiness Develop high performance materials (composites and innovative metal alloys) for advanced lightweight structures Investigate European quick launch solutions for LEO small satellites

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Urgent REACH actions CLEAN SPACE Propulsion technologies optimisation Development of upper stage hybrid propulsion systems Green, high efficiency, low cost propulsion systems/propellants (new oxidizers, low cost materials, ...)

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Vega’s first launch, dubbed VV01, lifted off on February 13th 2012 and conducted a flawless qualification flight from Europe’s Spaceport in French Guiana, where the Ariane 1 launch facilities have been adapted for its use. ©ESA / J. Huart, 2012.

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MEDIUM RANGE ACTIVITIES NGL architecture and building blocks readiness CRYOGENIC PROPULSION Propulsion technologies optimisation Cryogenic propulsion engine for main/core stage Demonstration of possible main engine cost effective design options: stage combustion, gas generator cycle. Emphasis on versatility of possible use of components (turbopumps, GG, pre burner, ...) Cryogenic propulsion equipment and technologies for main/core stage Development of a complete set of fully electrically driven components : valves, pressure regulators, etc. Advanced Health Monitoring System using MEMS/wireless sensors Cryogenic propulsion equipment and technologies for upper stage Mastering non boosted phases: methodologies, tools and components for advanced Health Monitoring System using MEMS/wireless sensors Cryogenic propulsion system Mastering non boosted phases: Improved ignition sequence design and components with low propellant losses

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LAUNCHER ARCHITECTURE System Aerodynamics and aerothermodynamics methodologies, tools and test facilities Validation of methodologies, tools and test facilities to master the key topics for design of next generation launcher : Aerodynamics coefficients and thermal fluxes, Base flow (aerodynamics, aerothermodynamics, buffeting), Aero elasticity, Side loads, jet effects and separations, pollution / contamination, Lift-off, launchpad design Functional architecture and avionic system To identify new functional architecture concept tolerant to hardware evolution and limiting obsolescence effect System design Innovative optmised management of system margins using stochastic approach System design To implement eco-design methodologies and tools based on Life cycle analysis

LAUNCHER TRAJECTORY AND OPTIMISATION System Advanced mission design tools and methods Advanced mission design tools and methods based on guidance schemes allowing more mission versatility, adapted to long duration transfer phase and with shorter duration mission preparation cycle Advanced GNC design Advanced GNC design with hybridization of different sensors technologies to master accuracy requirements for long transfer phase and decreasing cost

SOLID PROPULSION Propulsion technologies optimisation Solid propulsion engine for main/core and booster stages To validate efficient simulation methodologies and tools for pressure oscillation effect on launcher loads

CLEAN SPACE Propulsion technologies optimisation De-orbitation system for upper stage Development of non toxic and high performance/thrust deorbitation system limiting impact on launcher payload mass. Possibly applicable to AR5ME

DATA SYSTEM System Data handling and communication system To develop advanced data communication system based on new generation processors and communication bus with non dependant technologies (FPGA/ASIC based). Associated SW architecture tolerant to hardware evolution and limiting obsolescence effect.

High performance materials (composites and innovative metal alloys) for advanced lightweight structures ADVANCED COMPOSITE Materials & structures design and manufacturing Advanced functionalized materials Advanced technologies for stiffness driven design component (e.g.: struts) using Metal Matrix Composites (MMC) technology or for performance driven design components (e.g.: upper stage components as casing, housing) using latest generation Mg alloys Thermoplastic composites Development of prepreg materials and manufacturing technologies (Fiber placement, filament winding, resin transfer moulding) for launcher components : skirts, adapters, fairings, motor cases, covers. Improvements in manufacturing process cycle and cost, higher damage tolerance, better ageing behavior

LIGHTWEIGHT METAL Materials & structures design and manufacturing Forging of new generation Al-Li alloys Demonstration of European capabilities in large diameter frame manufacturing (sourcing, forging, machining, surface treatment, testing) of Al-Li alloys Innovative assembly design of structures using FSW Cost effective approach for assembly design of stringers and local reinforcement in very lightweight launcher structures based on Friction Stir Welding techniques Innovative technologies for large frames/rings Novel manufacturing methods with advanced Al alloy (e.g.: Al-Li), wire-based ALM route with advanced Al alloy (e.g.: Al-Li) or Titanium

2016

2015

2014

LONG LEAD ACTIVITIES

2013

Alternative thermoset-based composite materials REACH put in danger the use of thermoset resins processed using phenol based chemistry. Objective is to develop alternative solution.

2012

CLEAN SPACE Materials & structures design and manufacturing

European quick launch capability SYSTEM & INNOVATION Breakthrough concepts and technologies Investigate European quick-launch solutions for LEO small satellites Investigation of a baseline design of a system to inject in LEO small satellites within a few days of alert.

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TRANSVERSAL AND MULTIPURPOSE

#3[protection of space assets] Medium range As Europe maintains an increasing number of space systems in orbit, there is a growing need to have an appropriate and independent capability to mitigate the risk associated to Space Debris The ENVISAT satellite performs an average of 4 debris avoidance manoeuvres every year. This has a non negligible impact on the satellite operational lifetime A better information and characterisation of the space environment, at large, is a critical step to ensure our space assets the longest operational life This is also a key aspect of the ESA clean space initiative

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The protection of space assets must be an essential aspect of a the European space policy The medium range roadmap focuses on preparatory activities for debris monitoring mitigation and reduction Europe on the long term should consider a complete and independent SSA architecture

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MEDIUM RANGE

Key medium range challenges (technology preparation): Radiation hardening for long lifetime Debris reduction strategies, from system design to system end-of-life Debris monitoring and information Debris removal systems Eurospace medium range recommendations: Mitigate impact of space environment: radiation hardening and system protection European SSA technology preparation: Space debris, monitoring, risk mitigation and reduction

Long lead

Radar view

As Europe maintains an increasing number of space systems in orbit, there is a growing need to have an appropriate and independent capability to mitigate the risk associated to Space Debris. Europe still relies very heavily on the information provided by the US NORAD for debris avoidance. A European independent information system to characterize the space environment is a critical step to ensure European presence in the international space arena. The protection of space assets must be an essential aspect of a the European space policy.

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Key challenge: system and architecture aspects for European SSA Debris monitoring and information Perfo.

Eurospace long lead recommendation: European SSA architecture: Space debris, monitoring, risk mitigation and reduction.

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LONG LEAD

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MEDIUM RANGE ACTIVITIES

2012

Linked roadmaps: The medium range roadmap supports the preparatory activities for long lead European readiness for debris mitigation and reduction.

European SSA architecture: Space debris, monitoring, risk mitigation and reduction DEBRIS MONITORING Debris tracking, mitigation & capture Dual Use Architecture for Space Situational Awareness Definition of a dual use (i.e. civilian and defense) architecture for a center maintaining an ephemeris of all detected objects

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Mitigate impact of space environment: radiation hardening and system protection RADIATION HARDENING Space environment for satellite applications (monitoring, modelling, measurement, etc) Mitigation techniques for radiation hardening Assess and test European solutions for radiation hardening including local (component by component) and global (design and system level) solution Radiation measurement accuracy Need to implement and verify new radiation measurements techniques Radiation modelling accuracy Need to implement and verify new radiation modeling techniques

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5

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SPACE SYSTEM OPTIMISATION Space environment for satellite applications (monitoring, modelling, measurement, etc) Environmental Protection Provide solutions for the protection of critical systems from the severe and mutating environmental conditions in exploration programs: dust, radiation, micrometeoroids & debris

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2012

MEDIUM RANGE ACTIVITIES European SSA technology preparation: Space debris, monitoring, risk mitigation and reduction DEBRIS MONITORING Debris tracking, mitigation & capture Large space debris detection/monitoring Debris >50cm. Development of technologies necessary for space debris detection Small space debris detection/monitoring Small debris 20 Gbit/s.

RECOMMENDATION

2

TECHNOLOGY CHALLENGE

5

TRL START

TECHNOLOGY AIM

TRL END

TECHNOLOGY ACTIVITY

TIME TO TARGET BAR COLOR = DEPENDENCE LEVEL

TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION

THE DEPENDENCE SCALE LEVEL 0 LEVEL 1 LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3

How to read a TRL scale LEVEL

DEFINITION

EXPLANATION

Basic principles observed and reported

Lowest level of technology readiness. Scientific research begins to be translated into applied research and development.

Technology concept and/or application formulated

Once basic principles are observed, practical applications can be invented and R&D started. Applications are speculative and may be unproven.

TRL 3

Analytical and experimental critical function and/or characteristic proof-of-concept

Active research and development is initiated, including analytical / laboratory studies to validate predictions regarding the technology.

TRL 4

Component and/or breadboard validation in laboratory environment

Basic technological components are integrated to establish that they will work together.

Component and/or breadboard validation in relevant environment

The basic technological components are integrated with reasonably realistic supporting elements so it can be tested in a simulated environment.

TRL 6

System/subsystem model or prototype demonstration in a relevant environment (ground or space)

A representative model or prototype system is tested in a relevant environment.

TRL 7

System prototype demonstration in a space environment

A prototype system that is near, or at, the planned operational system.

TRL 8

Actual system completed and “flight qualified” through test and demonstration (ground or space)

In an actual system, the technology has been proven to work in its final form and under expected conditions.

Actual system “flight proven” through successful mission operations

The system incorporating the new technology in its final form has been used under actual mission conditions

TRL 1 TRL 2

TRL 5

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[about ASD-EUROSPACE] by Jean-Jacques Tortora, Secretary General

Eurospace is a not for profit organisation incorporated under the French law. It was founded in 1961 as the trade association of the then emerging European space industry. As such Eurospace is the reference body for consultation and dialogue within industry and with European institutions. Its mission is to foster the development of space activities in Europe and to promote a better understanding of space industry-related issues. Eurospace membership includes companies from 13 European countries. Together they represent more than 90% of the total European industrial turnover in space activities. This makes Eurospace the most representative Association of the Space industry sector in Europe. Eurospace members are the main European space systems manufacturers. They range from large satellite systems integrators to smaller equipment providers, smaller systems integrators, service operators, launcher parts manufacturers or engineering and software services. The European launch service operator, Arianespace, is also a member. With more than 50 years of presence in the sector, Eurospace has a well established network of contacts with all the actors involved in the European Space policy and the European space programmes: the European Space Agency (ESA), the European Commission (EC), the European Parliament, the European Defence Agency (EDA), delegations of Member States, Secretariat of the Council of the European Union, representatives of other institutions and associations having common interests. These contacts allow Eurospace to deliver its messages through multiple channels and to be kept aware in advance of upcoming events. In 2004, Eurospace became the Space Group of ASD (AeroSpace and Defence Industries Association of Europe). The aggregated structure allows industry to better benefit from existing synergies between aeronautics, space and defence activities. Evert Dudok, Eurospace President, and Eric Morel, ESA Director for Procurement, Financial Operations and Legal Affairs, renew ESA/Eurospace MoA in Belgirate (IT) on March 22nd 2012 during Eurospace 2012 R&T Workshop. ©Eurospace

The association ensures a permanent space policy, space programmatic, space technology, and worldwide space business watch. It also monitors daily information from all EU institutional sources in domains that concerns directly or indirectly the Space sector. The knowledge and understanding gained are used to promote a more space conscious Europe and Eurospace regularly publishes recommendations based on the identification of issues affecting European space industry as a whole. Activities are carried out within ad hoc working groups, which are composed and chaired by industry representatives. Eurospace executive provides coordination and support. Active Working Groups and Panels are currently the following: Standardisation, Security & Defence, Electrical and Electronic Engineering (EEE parts and components), Global Monitoring for Environment and Security (GMES), Navigation (Galileo), Space Industry Markets, Research and Technology, Legal Affairs, Policy Committee, Exploration, Space Telecommunications. For institutions, the association is an effective point of entry into the industrial sector and a preferred vector of dialogue for industrywide issues: In 2012 a Memorandum of Agreement (MoA) was renewed with ESA, which officially recognises Eurospace as the representative body of the European space industry. The MoA covers all issues related to new programmes, competitiveness, research & technology, and administration. Eurospace has also a wide experience in consultancy activities. Its competence is centered on Space Policy and Strategy, but encompasses technical fields (electronic components, data handling, Ada language) as well as prospective analysis (future programmes, small satellites, ...) and specific industrial fields (competitiveness, R&T, contractual clauses...). It works for various customers such as BMFT, CNES, EDF, the European Space Agency, European Union, UAPT, West African Economic Community, etc. Eurospace consultancy activities are carried out in accordance with the main strategic lines set for the Association.

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ALL ACTIVITIES (short, medium & long) MUST START IN 2012 TO ACHIEVE THEIR TARGETED GOALS.

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Satellite Applications

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TELECOMMUNICATIONS Improve payload power and flexibility for broadcast and broadband applications (C to Ka band), increase data processing, focus on performance and dependence reduction Address stringent thermal constraints of telecommunications missions EARTH OBSERVATION Improve performance and efficiency of optical and radar instruments SPACECRAFT BUS AOCS systems for improved spacecraft stability, pointing and accuracy Propulsion systems performance and competitiveness for mission optimisation

TELECOMMUNICATIONS Improve payload power and flexibility for dual use & innovative missions (UHF/L/S & Q/V) Performance and independence of European solutions for frequency usage optimisation EARTH OBSERVATION Future Earth observation missions: improve detector technology, LIDAR instrument technology and support higher data rates SPACECRAFT BUS AOCS systems for improved spacecraft stability, pointing and accuracy Propulsion systems performance and competitiveness for mission optimisation

TELECOMMUNICATIONS Very high data rate processing for telecommunications payloads NAVIGATION European GNSS long term needs: clocks precision and optimisation (mass/power), signal generation and precision and system optimisation SPACECRAFT BUS Innovative, high performance propulsion systems - focus on long term issues for green propulsion and European dependence Next generation platform power systems and technologies: high power system requirements, and overall power system efficiency Technologies, tools and architectures for space system integrity and security

SCIENCE Address new payload requirements for very high rate data processing Instrument detection chain improvement for state of the art science and dependence reduction

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Scientific Programmes

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SCIENCE Next generation instrument technologies EXPLORATION European readiness for planetary exploration HUMAN PRESENCE IN SPACE Advanced manned modules and related technologies

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Transversal & Multi-Purpose

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GENERIC TECHNOLOGIES AND BREAKTHROUGH Critical actions on materials: REACH compliance (chromate) and composite supply chain issues European EEE components for increased data processing and power requirements Short term maturity and dependence actions on EEE components

GENERIC TECHNOLOGIES AND BREAKTHROUGH Design and engineering tools enhancement European solutions for smart, green and composite materials High performance materials and structures, focus on nano-materials and manufacturing aspects

GENERIC TECHNOLOGIES AND BREAKTHROUGH European EEE components Industrialisation and reliability Mechanisms and actuators maturity and dependence reduction

GROUND SEGMENT Architecture and system performance optimisation for increasing data processing and handling requirements

LAUNCHER High performance materials (composites and innovative metal alloys) for advanced lightweight structures NGL architecture and building blocks readiness

PROTECTION OF SPACE ASSETS European SSA architecture: Space debris, monitoring, risk mitigation and reduction

LAUNCHER Urgent REACH actions

LAUNCHER European quick launch capability

©Eurospace 2012

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PROTECTION OF SPACE ASSETS European SSA technology preparation: Space debris, monitoring, risk mitigation and reduction Mitigate impact of space environment: radiation hardening and system protection

SHORT TRACK

MEDIUM RANGE

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LONG LEAD

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