SWOT-Analysis SLOVAK REPUBLIC

Strengths

Opportunities

Weaknesses

Threats

SWOT-Analysis

Project [chemLog]

Structure

Literature

Needs for future actions and improvements - Conclusions

Internal Strengths of Chemical Companies and Logistic Providers

Internal Weaknesses of Chemical Companies and Logistic Providers

External opportunities and chances for chemical logistics in Central and Eastern Europe

External Threats, Problems and Barriers for chemical logistics in Central and Eastern Europe

Description of chemical logistics in the region /country Description of transport infrastructure Description of Chemical Industry Introduction to Region / Country

Swot analysis prepared by:

Prof. Ing. Jozef Gnap, PhD., Ing. Juraj Jagelčák, PhD., University of Žilina

Ing. Jaroslav Čermák, DUSLO a.s., Šaľa

Mgr. Pavol Marušinec, Ministry of Transport, Posts and Telecommunications of the Slovak Republic

Ing. František Komora Association of Logistics and Freight Forwarding of the Slovak Republic

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1.

INTRODUCTION TO REGION / COUNTRY

SLOVAK REPUBLIC Official name: Slovak Republic (SR) State formation date: 1 January 1993 State system: republic Political system: parliamentary democracy (150 members of Parliament elected for 4 years) President: Ivan Gašparovič (since 2004), elected for 5 years Prime Minister: Robert Fico (since 2006) State symbols: national coat of arms/ emblem, national flag, state seal and national anthem „Nad Tatrou sa blýska“

Fig. 1

State symbols

Membership in international organisations: EU (since 1 May 2004), NATO, UN, UNESCO, OECD, OBSE, CERN, WHO, INTERPOL, etc. International codes: SK, SVK, bar code 858 The mid and the North of the country is mountainous (Carpathian curve), lowlands (important agricultural areas) are typical of the South and the East. The most important Slovak river the Danube connects the capital city of the SR Bratislava with two capital cities of the neighbour countries - Vienna and Budapest. Border countries: Hungary (679 km), Poland (597.5 km), the Czech Republic (265 km), Austria (127,2 km), Ukraine (98 km) Administrative divisions: 8 self-governing regions (Bratislava, Trnava, Trenčín, Nitra, Žilina, Banská Bystrica, Prešov, Košice region), 79 districts, 138 towns, 2891 municipalities (including towns). Tab. 1

Inhabitants 2007 Inhabitants in mil. Area in km

Tab. 2

5,4

2

49035

Gross Domestic Product at current prices in billions EUR 2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

22

23,5

26

29,5

34

38,5

44,5

54,8

64,8

SWOT-Analysis

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1.

INTRODUCTION TO REGION / COUNTRY

Tab. 3

Gross Domestic Product / capita at current prices in thousands EUR 2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

4,1

4,4

4,8

5,5

6,3

7,1

8,3

10,2

12,0

SLOVAKIA Gross Domestic Product/Capita

70 60 50 40 30 20

12 10 8 6 4

Thousands EUR

Billion EUR

Gross Domestic Product

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Fig. 2

Gross domestic product Slovakia

SWOT-Analysis

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2. DESCRIPTION OF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY Chemical industry is mainly located in western Slovakia around Bratislava. This industry was built as a part of eastern chemical industry based on Russian supplies. Big chemical companies use supplies carried via pipeline network of crude petroleum (Družba) and natural gas. Small companies usually use supplies from central and Western Europe. The area of basic chemicals is represented by the companies as Slovnaft Bratislava, Duslo Šaľa, Novácke chemické závody and Chemko Strážske. In Bratislava as a business centre of Slovakia there are several chemical companies as refinery Slovnaft and Duslo – Istrochem. Several companies e.g. Duslo a.s. Šaľa, Chemolak Smolenice, Zentiva Hlohovec, Slovkord Senica are located in western Slovakia. Middle part of Slovakia is represented by NCHZ Nováky, Petrochema Dubová, Chemosvit Fólie Svit, Matador Continental Púchov and eastern part by Chemko Strážske, Chemes Humené, Diakol Stážske, Duslo Hnojivá Strážske. The area of waste processing is represented by Detox Banská Bystrica, MACH trade Sereď and Sita Slovensko. Paints, varnishes and similar coatings are produced in Chemolak Smolenice, SlovZink Košeca, Primalex Slovakia, Novochema Levice. The biggest chemical company in Slovakia is refinery SLOVNAFT, a.s. located in Bratislava. SLOVNAFT Plc., based in Bratislava is refinery with annual processing capacity of 5,5 – 6 mil ton. The company core business is production, warehousing, wholesale and retail sales and distribution. SLOVNAFT Plc. dispose with the largest retail network in SK offering top quality motor fuels and lubricants as well as related customer services including shop, gastro service, car wash and some others. After intensive modernisation is these refinery one of the tree most modern refineries in Europe. Duslo a.s. Šaľa is oriented on processing of natural gas to ammonia, urea, fertilizers and other organic and inorganic chemistry. Within organic chemistry there are rubber industry chemicals, glues, agrochemicals, glues, dispersions, polypropylene fibres. Duslo as a part of AGROFERT Holding is a part of the second biggest producer and distributor of fertilizers. NCHZ Nováky are divided into 3 plants where manufacture of electrolysis products, basis organic chemicals, vinyl chloride and products of its further processing, as well as calcium carbide and technical gases takes place. In Strážske the site of Chemko and several companies e.g. Chemza, Diakol, Duslo Hnojivá are loacated. The area of distribution of chemicals is represented by Brenttag Slovakia, BASF Slovensko, Messer Tatragas, SIAD Slovensko, Safina Slovensko. Chemical industry tries to keep its position in strong international competition, strict chemical legislation and general opposition of people to chemical industry nowadays. Present crisis endanger chemical industry by lower sales and product prices. Chemical industry is developing as a supplier of plastics and rubber products for automotive industry and building industry.

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2. DESCRIPTION OF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY

Fig. 3

Big chemical companies in Slovakia

2.1 CHEMICAL SALES Tab. 4

Sales of chemical industry in Mio EUR

Sales of chemical industry in Mio EUR

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Refined crude oil products

2,385 2,390 2,103 2,084 2,558 3,000 3,514 3,567 3,646

Manufacture of basic chemicals*

0,672 0,779 0,686 0,571 0,614 0,726 1,247 1,535 1,497

Manufacture of pesticides and other agrochemical products

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

Manufacture of paints, varnishes and similar coatings, printing ink and mastics

0,047 0,046 0,046 0,039 0,035 0,033 0,037 0,042 0,039

Manufacture of pharmaceuticals, medicinal chemicals and botanical products**

0,264 0,310 0,264 0,247 0,202 0,225 0,227 0,237 0,255

Manufacture of soap and detergents, cleaning and polishing preparations, perfumes and toilet preparations

0,071 0,075 0,070 0,065 0,037 0,035 0,032 0,028 0,094

Manufacture of other chemical products***

0,016 0,087 0,098 0,103 0,080 0,086 0,036 0,041 0,049

Manufacture of man-made fibres

0,248 0,278 0,284 0,271 0,271 0,245 0,274 0,208 0,178

Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products

1,319 1,574 1,447 1,297 1,240 1,349 1,853 2,091 2,112

Manufacture of rubber products****

0,368 0,459 0,552 0,626 0,686 0,715 0,799 0,675 0,898

Manufacture of plastic products*****

0,377 0,421 0,534 0,645 0,690 0,833 1,013 1,241 1,423

Manufacture of plastic and rubber products

0,736 0,880 1,086 1,270 1,376 1,547 1,813 1,917 2,321

Source: Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic for companies with 20 and more employees. The data for years 2000 – 2007 are final data. The data for year 2008 are from preliminary monthly reports.

SWOT-Analysis

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2. DESCRIPTION OF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY The data for years 2000 – 2007 are final data. The data for year 2008 are from preliminary monthly reports. The biggest sales has traditionally petroleum industry (company SLOVNAFT) followed by manufacture of chemicals and chemical products and manufacture of plastic and rubber products.

Chemical industry sales in mil. EUR - 2008 Refined crude oil products

2,321 3,646

Manufacture of chem icals and chem ical products Manufacture of plastic and rubber products

2,112

Fig. 4

Chemical industry sales - 2008 Man-made fibres

Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products Other chemical products

2,5

Soap and detergents, cleaning and polishing preparations, perfumes and toilet preparations Pharmaceuticals, medicinal chemicals and botanical products

1,5 1,0

Fig. 5

2008

2007

2006

2005

2004

Pesticides and other agrochemical products

2003

0,0 2002

Paints, v arnishes and similar coatings, printing ink and mastics

2001

0,5

2000

Mil. EUR

2,0

Basic chemicals

Sales – manufacture of chemicals and chemical products

From the accession of Slovakia into EU (2004) the sales within manufacture of chemicals and chemical products are still increasing.

SWOT-Analysis

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2. DESCRIPTION OF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY Manufacture of plastic and rubber products 2,5 Mil. EUR

2,0 1,5 1,0 0,5 0,0 2000

2001

2002

2003

Manufacture of rubber products

Fig. 6

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

Manufacture of plastic products

Sales – manufacture of plastic and rubber products

Sales within manufacture of plastic and rubber products notice constant increase since 2000. Tab. 5

Share of chemical sales in processing industry

Share of chemical sales in processing industry

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products

6,47% 7,00% 6,00% 4,47% 3,91% 3,92% 4,49% 4,35% 4,23%

Manufacture of plastic and rubber product 3,61% 3,91% 4,50% 4,37% 4,34% 4,49% 4,39% 3,98% 4,65% Source: Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic for companies with 20 and more employees The data for years 2000 – 2007 are final data. The data for year 2008 are from preliminary monthly reports.

During the last 6 years the sales within chemical industry (exclude refined crude oil products) have about 4,5 % share of processing industry.

2.2 COMPANY STRUCTURE – SIZE OF ENTERPRISES AND EMPLOYEES Tab. 6

Number of enterprises

Number of enterprises Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 51

55

58

55

56

55

56

57

70

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

20-49 employees

15

16

21

18

24

24

22

22

32

50-249 employees

19

21

20

21

19

18

22

24

24

250 - … employees

17

18

17

16

13

13

12

11

14

92

89

94

99

101

112

118

129

166

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

20-49 employees

47

40

39

39

37

35

44

43

63

50-249 employees

38

42

46

50

53

65

60

72

86

14

14

17

1-19 employees

Manufacture of plastic and rubber product 1-19 employees

250 - … employees 7 7 9 10 11 12 Source: Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic for companies with 20 and more employees

SWOT-Analysis

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2. DESCRIPTION OF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY Tab. 7

Number of employees

Number of employees

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products

18971 19039 17362 15121 12329 11742 11684 11569 12218

Manufacture of plastic and rubber product

12967 13162 14283 15725 15735 16466 18324 20438 24363

Source: Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic for companies with 20 and more employees

The highest number of companies manufacturing chemicals and chemical products has from 20 to 49 employees. These companies mainly produce basic chemicals. The highest number of companies manufacturing plastic and rubber products has from 50 – 249 employees with main production of plastic products.

2.2 INTERNATIONAL TRADE The data for international trade are available in Slovakia only according to TARIC. Following TARIC chapters are presented for export and import of chemicals. Chapter Name 27 MINERAL FUELS, MINERAL OILS AND PRODUCTS OF THEIR DISTILLATION; BITUMINOUS SUBSTANCES; MINERAL WAXES 28 INORGANIC CHEMICALS; ORGANIC OR INORGANIC COMPOUNDS OF PRECIOUS METALS, OF RARE-EARTH METALS, OF RADIOACTIVE ELEMENTS OR OF ISOTOPES 29 ORGANIC CHEMICALS 30 PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS 31 FERTILISERS 32 TANNING OR DYEING EXTRACTS; TANNINS AND THEIR DERIVATIVES; DYES, PIGMENTS AND OTHER COLOURING MATTER; PAINTS AND VARNISHES; PUTTY AND OTHER MASTICS; INKS 33 ESSENTIAL OILS AND RESINOIDS; PERFUMERY, COSMETIC OR TOILET PREPARATIONS 34 SOAP, ORGANIC SURFACE-ACTIVE AGENTS, WASHING PREPARATIONS, LUBRICATING PREPARATIONS, ARTIFICIAL WAXES, PREPARED WAXES, POLISHING OR SCOURING PREPARATIONS, CANDLES AND SIMILAR ARTICLES, MODELLING PASTES, ‘DENTAL WAXES’ AND DENTAL PREPARATIONS WITH A BASIS OF PLASTER 35 ALBUMINOIDAL SUBSTANCES; MODIFIED STARCHES; GLUES; ENZYMES 36 EXPLOSIVES; PYROTECHNIC PRODUCTS; MATCHES; PYROPHORIC ALLOYS; CERTAIN COMBUSTIBLE PREPARATIONS 37 PHOTOGRAPHIC OR CINEMATOGRAPHIC GOODS 38 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICAL PRODUCTS 39 PLASTICS AND ARTICLES THEREOF 40 RUBBER AND ARTICLES THEREOF 54 MAN-MADE FILAMENTS; STRIP AND THE LIKE OF MAN-MADE TEXTILE MATERIALS 55 MAN-MADE STAPLE FIBRES

Tab. 8

Share of chemicals export from GDP

Export quota in %

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products

5,49

5,53

5,15

4,07

3,98

3,93

3,93

2,93

2,65

Manufacture of plastic and rubber products

4,46

4,59

4,83

4,68

4,72

4,99

5,20

4,50

3,66

SWOT-Analysis

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2. DESCRIPTION OF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY Tab. 9

Import of chemicals in Mio EUR - SLOVAKIA

Import of chemicals in Mio EUR Manufacture of basic chemicals* Manufacture of pesticides and other agro-chemical products Manufacture of paints, varnishes and similar coatings, printing ink and mastics Manufacture of pharmaceuticals, medicinal chemicals and botanical products** Manufacture of soap and detergents, cleaning and polishing preparations, perfumes and toilet preparations Manufacture of other chemical products*** Manufacture of man-made fibres Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products Manufacture of rubber products**** Manufacture of plastic products***** Manufacture of plastic and rubber products

Import of chemicals in Mio EUR

TARIC

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

28,29

601,6

608,1

583,1

552,7

623,8

31

28,2

33,4

32,1

26,3

39,5

32

176,1

194,5

208,8

222,8

249,9

30

532,5

627,2

709,4

709,3

895,4

33,34 35,36,37,38

190,7 292,5

231,2 356,0

250,4 395,3

250,8 362,1

291,5 386,4

54,55 2838,54,55

223,1

265,8

270,0

262,6

255,8

2044,6

2316,1

2449,1

2386,6

2742,1

40

283,0

331,8

417,8

557,3

585,8

39 39,40

734,8 897,6 1094,1 1335,0 1403,0 1017,8 1229,3 1511,9 1892,3 1988,8

TARIC

2005 2006 2007 2008

Manufacture of basic chemicals* 28,29 715,4 809,7 Manufacture of pesticides and other agro-chemical products 31 39,3 54,6 Manufacture of paints, varnishes and similar coatings, printing ink and mastics 32 269,9 330,8 Manufacture of pharmaceuticals, medicinal chemicals and botanical products** 30 985,9 1074,1 Manufacture of soap and detergents, cleaning and polishing preparations, perfumes and toilet preparations 33,34 319,3 335,2 Manufacture of other chemical products*** 35,36,37,38 422,9 462,0 Manufacture of man-made fibres 54,55 248,6 260,0 Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products 28-38,54,55 3001,3 3326,4 Manufacture of rubber products**** 40 615,5 744,8 Manufacture of plastic products***** 39 1498,4 1814,3 Manufacture of plastic and rubber products 39,40 2113,9 2559,2 Source: Statistical office of the Slovak Republic – Data for 2007, 2008 are preliminary data

SWOT-Analysis

773,7

742,4

78,9

140,6

330,5

316,3

1147,7

1236,0

362,5 532,8

370,6 530,2

241,0

195,6

3467,1

3531,7

837,4 1942,9

847,0 2005,0

2780,4

2852,1

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2. DESCRIPTION OF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY Manufacture of m an-m ade fibres

IMPORT - Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products Manufacture of other chem ical products***

4000

3500 Manufacture of soap and detergents, cleaning and polishing preparations, perfum es and toilet preparations

Mio EUR

3000

Manufacture of pharm aceuticals, m edicinal chem icals and botanical products**

2500

2000 Manufacture of paints, varnishes and sim ilar coatings, printing ink and m astics 1500 Manufacture of pesticides and other agro-chem ical products

1000

500 Manufacture of basic chem icals* 0

2000

Fig. 7

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

IMPORT – Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products

The continuous increase of import of chemical to Slovakia from 2000 is notable. The development of the industry requires more chemical imports. Basic chemicals and pharmaceuticals have the highest share. IMPORT - Manufacture of plastic and rubber products 3 000,0 2 500,0

Mil. EUR

2 000,0 1 500,0 1 000,0 500,0 0,0

2000

2001

2002

2003

Manufacture of rubber products****

Fig. 8

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

Manufacture of plastic products*****

IMPORT – Manufacture of plastic and rubber products

There is a continuous increase from 2000 within plastic and rubber products. The development of the automotive industry has required more imports of plastics.

SWOT-Analysis

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2. DESCRIPTION OF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY

Tab. 10 Geographic breakdown of chemicals export in % Geographic breakdown of chemicals export in % EU 27

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

87,42

88,10

88,95

89,70

88,36

86,94

87,65

88,68

88,62

EU 15

40,10

42,73

47,29

49,02

48,56

46,05

47,26

48,42

46,58

Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovenia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Cyprus

44,81

42,81

38,96

37,97

37,06

37,88

37,68

37,37

39,19

2,51

2,56

2,70

2,70

2,74

3,01

2,72

2,89

2,86

Rest of Europe

5,37

5,30

5,08

4,92

5,93

6,75

7,12

7,44

7,51

NAFTA

2,92

2,31

1,92

1,83

2,10

1,97

1,24

0,87

0,66

Latin America and the Caribbean

0,38

0,32

0,25

0,20

0,29

0,34

0,33

0,33

0,42

Asia

3,40

3,48

3,09

2,79

2,74

3,39

3,10

2,08

2,11

Africa

0,29

0,35

0,56

0,38

0,45

0,48

0,52

0,56

0,63

Bulgaria, Romania

Australia / Oceania 0,22 0,15 0,15 0,19 0,14 0,13 0,05 0,05 0,05 Source: Statistical office of the Slovak Republic – Data for 2007, 2008 are preliminary data. Geografic breakdown of chemicals export is for TARIC codes – 28-40, 54-55 Geografic breakdown of chemicals export for TARIC codes – 28-40, 54-55 Australia / Oceania

100% 90%

Africa

80%

Asia

70% 60%

Latin America and the Caribbean

50%

NAFTA

40% Rest of Europe

30% 20%

Bulgaria, Romania

10%

Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Cyprus

0% 2000

Fig. 9

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

EU 15

Geografic breakdown of chemicals export for TARIC codes – 28-40. 54,55

More than 90 % of all export of chemicals is to European countries with more than 40 % to EU 15.

SWOT-Analysis

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2. DESCRIPTION OF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY

Tab. 11 Geographic breakdown of chemicals import in % Geographic breakdown of chemicals import in % EU 27 EU 15 Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovenia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Cyprus Bulgaria, Romania Rest of Europe NAFTA Latin America and the Caribbean Asia Africa Australia / Oceania

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

85,04

84,81

84,49

85,03

84,16

85,17

83,35

82,46

81,93

59,22

61,04

62,30

62,92

60,83

58,40

55,07

55,05

55,01

25,50

23,56

21,91

21,85

22,93

26,45

27,96

27,04

26,52

0,32

0,21

0,27

0,25

0,40

0,32

0,31

0,37

0,40

7,04

7,01

6,42

5,82

5,67

5,56

6,22

6,37

6,35

2,79

2,80

3,00

2,63

2,47

2,09

1,97

1,86

1,99

0,22

0,17

0,17

0,52

0,94

0,98

1,05

1,01

1,03

4,81

5,10

5,76

5,82

6,56

5,98

7,16

8,12

8,48

0,08

0,09

0,11

0,11

0,13

0,15

0,17

0,11

0,16

0,02

0,02

0,05

0,08

0,07

0,05

0,09

0,07

0,06

Source: Statistical office of the Slovak Republic – Data for 2007, 2008 are preliminary data. Geografic breakdown of chemicals export is for TARIC codes – 28-40, 54-55 Geografic breakdown of chemicals import for TARIC codes – 28-40, 54-55 Australia / Oceania

100% 90%

Africa

80%

Asia

70% 60%

Latin America and the Caribbean

50%

NAFTA

40%

Rest of Europe

30% 20%

Bulgaria, Romania

10%

Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Cyprus

0% 2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

EU 15

Fig. 10 Geografic breakdown of chemicals import for TARIC codes – 28-40. 54,55

About 90 % of all imported chemicals are from European countries with about 60 % from EU 15.

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2. DESCRIPTION OF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY 2.3 REGIONAL STRUCTURE OF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY Tab. 12 Major Companies and chemical sites Major Companies and chemical sites (web site)

Turnover 2007 in Mio EUR

Location / chemical site

Number of employees

SLOVNAFT PETROCHEM s.r.o. (slovnaft.sk)

3804,42

Bratislava

3671

DUSLO a.s. (duslo.sk)

413,264

Šaľa, Strážske, Bratislava

2329

N/A

Púchov

N/A

NOVACKE CHEMICKÉ ZÁVODY a.s. (nchz.sk)

211,512

Nováky

1620

CONTINENTAL MATADOR RUBBER s.r.o. (conti-online.com)

190,367

Púchov

1903

190,5

Hlohovec

1300

N/A

Svit

N/A

89,69

Humenné

424

INERGY ASS s.r.o. (inergyautomotive.com)

N/A

Lozorno

N/A

VISTEON SLOVAKIA s.r.o. (visteon.com)

N/A

Nitra

N/A

CONTINENTAL MATADOR TRUCK TIRES s.r.o. (conti-online.com)

ZENTIVA a.s. (zentiva.sk) CHEMOSVIT FOLIE a.s. (chemosvit.sk) NEXIS FIBERS a.s. (nexisfibers.com)

Source: Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic for companies with 20 and more employees and TREND analysis

The biggest company is, in the long term, refinery SLOVNAFT own by MOL group. Within the area of basic chemicals the most important companies are DUSLO a.s. followed by Novácke chemické závody (NCHZ) a.s. The most of these companies have sites in western Slovakia.

Fig. 11 TOP 10 companies of chemical industry in 2007 and pipeline network in Slovakia

SWOT-Analysis

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3. Description of transport infrastructure

3.1 Introduction Slovakia, besides access to sea, is connected to all transport corridors. Rail and road infrastructure is sufficiently built in term of surface coverage. Domain road infrastructure, highways and expressways, do not sufficiently cover the whole territory. The connection west-east and north-south is being built nowadays. Inland navigation has the lowest use in regard of eccentrically location of the one navigable waterway Danube. Following issues in regard to the transport infrastructure can be mentioned: • • • • •

mountainous terrain – high infrastructure costs – bridges, tunnels congested road network, traffic jams not sufficient network of highways, expressways, rail corridors and modern multimodal terminals inland navigation possible on Danube only with local and seasonal restrictions inland state – no direct access to the sea

Tab. 13 Goods transport according to transport modes - quantity Goods transport in Mio tons

2000

Road

188,9 187,6 164,4 174,1 178,1 195,4 181,4 179,3

Railway

54,17 53,59 49,86 50,52 50,45 49,31 52,45 51,81

Inland waterway

1,607 1,551 1,699 1,451 1,636 1,526 1,713 1,806

Pipeline – crude oil - Transpetrol

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

9,273 9,551 9,446 9,929 10,37 10,66 11,14 10,64 3

Pipeline – natural gas – EUSTREAM in Mio m 79210 71524 70409 72692 79881 81300 73765 71762 Source: Statistical Office of the Slovak republic, Transpetrol, EUSTREAM

The highest share of transport from conventional transports has the road transport with the continuous increase during last years. The transport of natural gas and crude petroleum is significant in regard of east-west transit. Tab. 14 Goods transport – performance in 1000 tkm (quantity * km) Goods transport in 1000 tkm

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

Road

14340 13799 14929 16859 18517 22550 22114 27050

Railway

11234 10929 10383 10113

Inland waterway

1383

1015

594

488

9702

9463

9988

9647

721

680

936

843

The railway transport performance has a slight decrease. However, there is a significant increase of transport performance in road transport since 2004. The following table defines priority axes of transport infrastructure development for goods transport in Slovakia according to the Operational Programme Transport 2007-2013 (OPT 2007-2013).

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3. Description of transport infrastructure

Tab. 15 Division of priority axes of OPT 2007 – 2013 Priority axes of OP at the level of the Cohesion Fund

Core activities within the priority axis

Priority axis 1 Railway infrastructure

Modernisation and development of railway tracks (TEN-T + other routes in accordance with the regulation for the Cohesion Fund) Construction of motorways (TEN-T)

Priority axis 2 Road infrastructure (TEN-T) Priority axis 3 Intermodal transport infrastructure Priority axes of OP at the level of the ERDF Priority axis 5 Road infrastructure (expressways and first-class roads) Priority axis 7 Technical assistance

Construction of a network of core public intermodal transport terminals Core activities within the priority axis Construction of expressways Modernisation and construction of first-class roads Support of management, monitoring, evaluation and publicity of OPT

Tab. 16 Financial plan of OPT structured by priority axes and financial resources (in EUR in current prices)

Priority axes

Community funding

a

National counterpa rt b=c+d

Indicative breakdown of the national counterpart National National public private funding funding c d

Total funding

e=a+b

Cofinancin g rate

For informatio n EIB Other

f=a/e

COHESION FUND Priority axis 1 Railway Infrastructure Priority axis 2 Road Infrastructure (TEN-T) Priority axis 3 Intermodal transport infrastructure

782 746 878

138 131 802

138 131 802

0

920 878 680

0,85

972 333 473

171 588 260

171 588 260

0

1 143 921 733

0,85

102 620 947

18 109 579

18 109 579

0

120 730 526

0,85

740 794 961

130 728 523

130 728 523

0

871 523 484

0,85

48 103 569

8 488 865

8 488 865

0

56 592 434

0,85

3 206 904 595

638 815 396

638 815 396

0

3 845 719 991

ERDF

Priority axis 5 Road Infrastructure (expressways and first-class roads) Priority axis 7 Technical assistance OPT TOTAL

Source: OPT 2007 – 2010

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3. Description of transport infrastructure

3.2 Intermodal Transport There is only a transport of maritime containers within intermodal transport in Slovakia as a part of sea transport. This segment notices an increase with the arrival of investors from automotive and electronics industry. It is supposed to start also the continental lines after finalization of terminals.

3.2.1 Actual and planned figures Volume of transported goods - combine transport inland

2 000 000 1 800 000 1 600 000 1 400 000 1 200 000 1 000 000 800 000 600 000 400 000 200 000 0

export import transit total trends

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

Fig. 12 Volume of transported goods – combine transport –tonnes National CT: 100 % - single wagon shipment International CT: 90% block trains Metrans ERS Kombiverkehr CSKD Intrans Adriakombi SKD Intrans ARGO

Žilina – Chernyakhovsk KIA demounted cars 40‘ containers Veľká Ida – Kaluga - VW demounted cars 40‘ high cube containers

100 % ISO Container 40% - 20‘ 60% - 40‘

Source: DIOMIS 2 conference – 10th february 2009 - DIOMIS Modul 3 - New EU Member States - Slovakia Fig. 13 Combine transport (CT) operators in Slovakia – block trains per week

The majority of combine transport is a transport of maritime containers by block trains from /to Slovak terminals to the Port of Hamburg, Port of Bremerhaven (tank containers), Port of Rotterdam and Port of Koper.

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3. Description of transport infrastructure

3.2.2 Main corridors and major infrastructure

Fig. 14 AGTC rail corridors

AGTC corridors in Slovakia – C 30/1, C-E 40, C-E 52, C-E 61, C-E 63 The length of AGTC corridors is 1216 km. Absolute length of AGTC corridors without joint tracks is 1033 km. The parameters of existing AGTC rail tracks correspond to loading gauge UIC-B. All AGTC corridors have 22,5 tons wagon axle load. Tab. 17 Main combine transport terminals in Slovakia Terminal Handled goods - net tonnes -2008 Dunajská streda 662655 Bratislava Palenisko 258515 Žilina 139491 Sládkovičovo 120053 Dobrá 21677 Bratislava UNS 17944 Košice – Veľká Ida 1587 Total 1221922 Source: DIOMIS 2 conference – 10th february 2009 - DIOMIS Modul 3 - New EU Member States - Slovakia

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3. Description of transport infrastructure

3.3.3 Government plans and political programs A priority in the area of the development of intermodal transport infrastructure from resources of the Cohesion Fund is to build the basic network of intermodal transport terminals meeting parameters of the Agreement AGTC.

Tab. 18 Indicators of Priority axis 3 Code

Name of indicator

Description and unit of indicator

Initial value

Target value*

Source

Number of completed intermodal transport terminals

3

7

MTPT SR

650

6 200*

MTPT SR

960

7 000*

MTPT SR

28,7

30

MTPT SR

INDICATORS OF OUTPUT Number of intermodal transport terminals INDICATORS OF RESULT Increase of the quantity of goods transported by intermodal transport Number of integrated intermodal transport trains

Quantity of goods transported by intermodal transport (thous. tonnes/year) Number of integrated intermodal transport trains per year

INDICATORS OF CONTEXT Represents the share Share of railway transport on of railway transport the freight transport on total performance performance of freight transport of SR

NB: * - target value, providing the realisation of mentioned number of terminals and planned development of Slovak economy.

Fig. 15 Planned intermodal transport terminals in regard to planned industrial parks and other transport infrastructure

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3. Description of transport infrastructure

3.3 Road Transport Domain road infrastructure, highways and expressways, do not sufficiently cover the whole territory. The connection west-east and north-south is being built nowadays. With the increase of volume of road freight transport the condition of transport infrastructure of I. class roads and international roads “E” is becoming worse.

3.3.1 Actual and planned figures Tab. 19 Actual and planned road network in km Actual and planned road network in km

in operation

in progress

planned

total

365

105

294

764

17510

N/A

N/A

N/A

Highways Expressways and roads of I., II. and III. class Source: www.ssc.sk , www.ndsas.sk

The infrastructure of highways “D” and expressways “R” are built nowadays. The construction of new roads of I., II. and III. class is minimal. Mostly the reconstruction of mentioned roads is performed. Time schedules of infrastructure finalization are not fulfilled. Tab. 20 Goods traffic in % according to traffic area - road Goods traffic in % according to traffic area - road

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

Domestic traffic

90,09

90,76

92,91

92,11

91,11

88,93

87,72

83,56

Cross-border entrance

1,69

1,68

2,21

2,64

2,93

3,32

3,28

4,59

Cross-border dispatch

2,61

2,45

3,37

3,70

3,74

4,46

4,30

5,63

Transit

0,20

0,21

0,25

0,25

0,32

0,65

1,40

1,50

Other transportation abroad

5,41

4,91

1,26

1,30

1,90

2,64

3,30

4,73

The highest share of road traffic presents domestic traffic. The share of domestic traffic in regard to the increase of cross-border traffic is slightly decreasing. Base on surveys, after the start of electronic toll collection system, the decrease of transit transport is supposed. The slight increase of domestic transport is supposed in regard to the construction of new factories of suppliers for automotive industry.

6

94 92 90 88 86 84 82 80 78

5 4 % 3 2 1 0 2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

Cross-border entrance

Cross-border dispatch

Other transportation abroad

Domestic traffic

2005

2006

% domestic traffic

Goods traffic in % according to traffic area - road

2007

Transit

Fig. 16 Goods traffic in % according to traffic area - road

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3. Description of transport infrastructure

3.3.2 Main corridors and major infrastructure

Fig. 17 TEN-T corridors in Slovakia

TEN-T corridors – 3 multimodal corridors – IV. corridor (80,792 km), V. corridor (547,848 km) a VI. corridor (49,810 km) TEM corridors – 7 TEM routes European road network „E“ 441,107 km E50 80,792 km E65 253,263 km E75 497,963 km E58 22,640 km E71 208,137 km E77

E371 E442 E571 E572 E575

73,219 km 44,535 km 392,834 km 101,581 km 72,681 km

3.3.3 Government plans and political programs A priority of the Slovakia in the area of the development of road infrastructure in the programme period of years 2007 – 2013 is the construction of transport infrastructure included in the TEN-T network passing through the Slovak territory, by means of the

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3. Description of transport infrastructure

construction of new motorway sections. These new motorway sections will replace the existing sections of the Slovak road network that ceased to fulfil the requirements for the capacity and safety. Tab. 21 Indicators of Priority axis 2 Code

Name of indicator

Description and unit of indicator

Initial value

Target value*

Source

7,9

67,9

MTPT SR

7,9

67,9

MTPT SR

0

30,2

MTPT SR

2

9

MTPT SR

6,8

8,0

MTPT SR

10,7

9,4

MTPT SR

INDICATORS OF OUTPUT Core 14

km of new roads

Core 15

- of which TEN-T

Length of new motorways (km) Length of new motorways built in the TENT-T network (km)

INDICATORS OF RESULT Core 20

Time saving (road transport)

Time saving in passenger/goods transport (mil. EURO)

INDICATORS OF IMPACT Core 13

Number of the projects

Density of the motorway network

Number of killed persons by road accidents in road transport

Number of the road infrastructure projects Expresses the share of length of the motorways in operation to the area of SR (km/thousand.km2) Number of killed persons by road accidents in road transport

NB: * - It is an estimated value of indicator. The real target value will be known upon the completion of the implementation of OPT.

Tab. 22 Planned PPP projects for road infrastructure PPP projects

1. package

2. package

3. package

Segments Highway Dubná Skala – Turany, Turany – Hubová, Hubová – Ivachnová, Jánovce – Jablonov, Fričovce – Svinia Expressway R1 Nitra západ – Selenec, Selenec – Beladice, Beladice – Tekovské Nemce, Banská Bystrica severný obchvat Highway D1 Hričovské Podhradie – Lietavská Lúčka, Lietavská Lúčka – Višňové, Višňové – Dubná Skala, diaľničný privádzač Lietavská Lúčka – Žilina

Total leght

State

75,04 km

in preparation

51,53 km

in progress 04/09

29,08 km

in preparation

Slovakia uses also PPP projects to quickly finalize connection west – east (Tab. 22).

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3. Description of transport infrastructure

3.4 Railway Transport 3.4.1 Actual and planned figures Tab. 23 Actual and planned railway network in km Actual and planned railway network in km

in operation

in progress

planned

total

Main railroads - public

3658

N/A

N/A

3658

Standard gauge - public

3480

N/A

N/A

3480

Narrow gauge – public

50

N/A

N/A

50

Broad gauge

99

N/A

400

499

Tab. 24 Goods traffic in % according to traffic area - railway Goods traffic in % according to traffic area - railway

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

Domestic traffic

21,92

21,12

20,93

16,06

14,12

14,45

14,50

13,96

Cross-border entrance

41,03

42,28

43,38

36,74

37,47

36,15

35,18

37,22

Cross-border dispatch

32,67

32,27

30,87

25,78

25,21

23,70

23,27

22,49

Transit

19,99

20,54

23,01

21,42

23,19

25,70

27,05

26,33

Goods traffic in % according to traffic area - railway Domestic traffic

Cross-border entrance

Cross-border dispatch

Transit

50 40 30 % 20 10 0 2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

Fig. 18 Goods traffic in % according to traffic area - railway

The share of domestic traffic and cross-border traffic is decreasing. However the share of transit is slightly increasing. At present (4/2009) there is noticed an 40% decrease of performance of rail cargo operators compared to 2008. Slovakia is in regard to railway mainly transiting country. The future mostly depends on transport west – east via Ukraine.

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3. Description of transport infrastructure

3.4.2 Main corridors and major infrastructure From the technical aspect the main weakness of the railway infrastructure is the low level of the speed limit over a track that only exceptionally achieves the standard level of developed European railways providing the establishment of competitiveness conditions giving an advantage to railway transport over less ecological transport modalities. The decisive tasks for the upgrading of railway tracks are: the modernisation of railway transport route, the modernisation of selected border crossing stations and the modernisation of information network (notably in regard to the requirements associated to the implementation of the EU regulation on Telematics Application for Freight) and railway junctions. AGTC corridors in Slovakia – C 30/1, C-E 40, C-E 52, C-E 61, C-E 63 The length of AGTC corridors is 1216 km. Absolute length of AGTC corridors without joint tracks is 1033 km. The parameters of existing AGTC rail tracks correspond to loading gauge UIC-B. All AGTC corridors have 22,5 tons wagon axle load.

Source: MDPT SR Fig. 19 Multimodal transport corridors – railways – TEN-T

TEN-T corridors : IV, V, VI, IX

3.4.3 Government plans and political programs The development of railway transport infrastructure in the Slovak territory can be achieved mainly through the modernisation of international corridors defined by the Pan-European Conference of Ministers of Transport – TEN-T.

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3. Description of transport infrastructure

Tab. 25 Indicators of Priority axis 1 Code

Name of indicator

INDICATORS OF OUTPUT km of reconstructed Core 19 railroads - of which TEN-T

Description and unit of indicator

Initial value

Target value*

Source

92

257

MTPT SR

71

236

MTPT SR

0

35/295

MTPT SR

7

18

MTPT SR

28,7

30

MTPT SR

5,6

5,9

MTPT SR

Length of modernised railway tracks in km Length of new railway tracks of the TEN-T network in km

INDICATORS OF RESULT Core 21

Time saving (railway transport)

Time saving in passenger/goods transport (min.)

INDICATORS OF IMPACT Core 13

Number of railway infrastructure projects Expresses the share of Share of railway transport on railway transport on freight transport total freight transport performances performances of SR (%) Expresses the share of Share of railway transport on railway transport on passenger transport total passenger performances transport performances of SR (%) Number of projects

NB: * - It is an estimated value of indicator. The real target value will be known upon the completion of the implementation of OPT.

3.5 Waterway Transport Waterway transport is mainly used on Danube waterway and its canals. The river Váh, as the longest Danube inlet, is partly navigable.

3.5.1 Actual and planned figures Lenght of navigate inland waterways in 2007 is 250,85 km (Danube 172 km, Váh 78,85 km and canals 38,45 km) with two main harbours Bratislava and Komárno. Tab. 26 Goods traffic in % according to traffic area - waterway Goods traffic in % according to traffic area - waterway

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Cross-border entrance

4,11

5,74

1,73

1,72

1,09

1,59

1,46

2,13

Cross-border dispatch

70,87

76,53

80,81

82,72

72,73

74,26

75,92

78,37

Transit and other transportation abroad

25,01

17,73

17,46

15,56

26,19

24,14

22,62

19,49

Domestic traffic

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3. Description of transport infrastructure

Goods traffic in % according to traffic area - waterway Cross-border entrance

Cross-border dispatch

Transit and other transportation abroad

90 80 70 60 %

50 40 30 20 10 0 2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

Fig. 20 Goods traffic in % according to traffic area - waterway

The highest share of waterway traffic presents export. Domestic transport in regard to the short length of national waterways (mainly Danube) is not used. About 20% of all waterway traffic presents export traffic of chemicals (fuels and fertilizers). In regard to infrastructure the potential of future use of domestic transport is limited. There are plans to canalize the river Váh to Žilina. The construction of navigable waterways is not the priority in Slovakia nowadays.

3.5.2 Main corridors and major infrastructure Váh waterway – TEN-T corridor V., VI. – AGN E81

Šaľa

Danube waterway – TEN-T corridor VII. – AGN E80

Fig. 21 Danube waterway – TEN-T corridor VII.

The company OMV is transporting fuels to Port of Komarno which is used as a distribution point to Slovakia.

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3. Description of transport infrastructure

3.5.3 Government plans and political programs The crucial position within future plans has international waterway Danube as a part of European transport corridors as the corridor VII. – Danube and according to the AGN agreement the Danube is the artery waterway E80. Waterway Váh is part of the multimodal transport corridors V and VI. According to the AGN agreement the Váh is the national waterway E81.

3.6 Pipeline Transport The crucial is transit network for natural gas and crude petroleum east – west. The refinery SLOVNAFT has built pipelines for fuels in length of 476 km.

3.6.1 Actual and planned figures Tab. 27 Pipeline transport Pipeline transport

2000

2001

2002

2003

Crude oil transported by TRANSPETROL a.s.– in thousands tons

9273

9551

9446

9929 10371 10662 11145 10637

2004

2005

2006

2007

3

Gas transported by EUSTREAM a.s. in mil. m 79210 71524 70409 72692 79881 81300 73765 72762 Source: TRANSPETROL, Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic

With regard to the gas crisis at the beginning of 2009 Slovakia wants to diversify gas suppliers. Therefore connection with the Hungary is also planned.

3.6.2 Main corridors and major infrastructure The major pipeline infrastructure in Slovakia is for transport of crude oil and natural gas.

Fig. 22 Crude oil transmission lines Družba and Adria

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3. Description of transport infrastructure

Pipeline systems Družba and Adria are for transport of crude oil. Družba (with the length of 566,6 km in Slovakia) transmit supplies of crude oil to Slovnaft refinery in Bratislava and serves also as a transit line to Czech Republic. The technical capacity of Družba is 20 milion tons per year. The Adria line (8,5 km in Slovakia) connects Družba near Šahy from Croatian port of Omišaľj. The port of Omišaľj has a technology to transfer the crude oil from tankers. The crude oil is transported in Slovakia by the company TRANSPETROL.

Pipeline transport - Crude petroleum Technical capacity - 20 mil. tonnes

1000 tonnes

12000 10000 8000

214

343

267

425

100

57

312

3785

3883

4193

4308

5036

5218

3638

5323

5341

5463

5522

5720

5569

5660

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

6000 4000 2000 0

SLOVNAFT

Refineries in Czech Republic

2007

Other customers

Source: www.eustream.sk Fig. 23 Natural gas transmission line EUSTREAM

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3. Description of transport infrastructure

The natural gas is transported through Slovakia by the company EUSTREAM. The capacity of gas transmission system Eustream is more than 90 billion cubic meters of natural gas, its size extends over 2270 km. In 2006 the company transported 73.8 billion cubic meters of natural gas, which represents 20 % of the EU annual consumption and it is the largest transmission company within the EU. The main contract partners of the company are foreign customers from Russia, the Czech Republic, Croatia, France, Germany, Austria, Italy and Slovenia.

3.6.3 Government plans and political programs Slovakia wants to obtain higher support from EU anti crisis package to connect gas lines with the Hungary, operates reverse flows with Austria and Czech Republic and connect also electricity net with Hungary. There are also considerations to import LNG and build a refinery for processing. The government made negotiations with Norway about gas supplies.

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4. Description of chemical logistics in the region / country Deliveries of basic gross volume supplies are carried via pipeline network for crude petroleum and natural gas and by block trains and vessels on Danube. Deliveries of smaller size are carried usually by rail, road and Intermodal transport. Larger companies are able on own rail sidings to form block trains. Block trains achieve high speed of carriage and capacity. Smaller companies if they have rail sidings their operation is not efficient (high maintenance costs) so they stop. Then they become the users of road and sometimes intermodal transport only. Inland navigation on river Danube is used for carriage of fuels, fertilizers and their supplies. Inland navigation is not used for carriages of packed cargo and containers. Intermodal transport is mainly used to carry the supplies and products from/to sea ports. Main container trains begin and end in Bratislava, Dunajska Streda and Žilina. It is planned to finalize public intermodal terminals and start also continental lines. To transport gasoline and diesel oil to distribution centres pipeline and block trains with tank rail cars are used. The market of rail transport is liberalized. Private operators mainly operate direct block trains. The market of road transport is fully liberalized. Whereas toll-collection system is being launch from 1st of January 2010 the market is not harmonized and supports a shift from rail to cheaper road transport. The fees for use of rail infrastructure are 2 or 3 times higher than in neighbouring countries which also influence intermodal transport. Large chemical companies have from the past own tank fleet and part of the fleet is rented. Own truck tank fleet is not own by these companies. However, Slovnaft through its subsidiary company has own distribution network for fuels (pipeline, rail cars, truck fleet). Several private companies with truck tank fleet offer services for chemical companies and also several foreign transporters are on the market with tank vehicles, rail tank cars and tank containers. There are few tank cleaning stations in Slovakia (Bratislava, Strážske). This causes long distance route of tank vehicles for cleaning. Transport is organized by the domestic and foreign freight forwarders. Cooperation with these companies is more efficient because of payload optimisation and lower prices than own vehicle fleet.

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4. Description of chemical logistics in the region / country Tab. 28 Transported chemical goods – share of transportation modes Transported chemical goods – thousands of tons

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

31135

31288

21977

20202

18104

15554

13376

15888

Railway

5757

6143

6209

7095

6342

5536

5704

6428

Waterway

271,9 9273

288,8 9551

244,4 9446

225,8 9929

290,7 10371

261,6 10662

295,2 11145

247,6 N/A

Road

Pipeline crude petroleum Pipeline natural gas*

55447 50067 49286 50884 55917 56910 51636 50933 *The data for transport of natural gas are originally in cubic meters. The value in tonnes was calculated with a 3 density of 0,7 kg/m . The density is valid at a standard reference condition, that is temperature of 15 °C , pressure 101, 325 kPa and relative humidity RH = 0 %. Source: SPP – Distribucia a.s.

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5. Internal Strengths of Chemical Companies and Logistic Providers

Actually internal influence able strengths from a Slovak company’s point of view regarding chemical logistics in Central and Eastern Europe Summarised by project partners on the basis of individual interviews with companies

5.1 Strengths in procurement 1. Quality of product and packaging 2. Suppliers' availability, reliability and flexibility 3. Supplier assessment and management The time schedule of the supplies from third countries is problematic. Quality of packaging from third countries (mainly China) is very poor. The handling of goods is problematic. Unloading of goods is often manual with a big risk to work safety and environmental requirements. The use of pallets is often unknown.

5.2 Strengths in warehousing of raw materials, semi-finished and finished products 1. Inventory strategy 2. Range of inventory 3. Inventory level Usually the companies have own quality systems according to ISO 9001:2000(ISO 9001:2008) with inventory planning.

5.3 Strengths in production logistics 1. Utilization of machines and production lines 2. Stability within production processes 3. Susceptance of damage within production processes The utilization of machines is very important – continuous production. The start and the end of the production units create high risk and costs with possible damage of the product.

5.4 Strengths in distribution and transport 1. Payload optimization 2. Delivery time and performance 3. Mode of transport These parameters are comparable to western countries. High flexibility in packing, distribution and transport is the standard. The competitiveness is comparable to western countries. The new road traffic regulations permit the transport of dangerous goods also during Saturdays, Sundays and national holidays. Our freight forwarders use very efficiently information systems for supply chain management (e.g. DAKOSY, SAP, ORACLE).

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5. Internal Strengths of Chemical Companies and Logistic Providers

5.5 Strengths in planning and controlling 1. Accuracy and Flexibility in Demand Planning 2. Accuracy and Flexibility in Supply Planning - Forecasting with customers 3. Accuracy and Flexibility in Delivery Planning The competitiveness of the production and supply companies is very high after the entry of Slovakia into EU.

5.6 Strengths in order processing 1. Order fulfillment cycle time 2. Available-to-promise 3. Coordinated order processing The competitive environment of the EU is highly demanding. Therefore the companies are forced to fulfil costumers’ requirements.

5.7 Strengths in information logistics 1. PPS-System in production planning 2. ERP- and MRP systems in procurement 3. Supply Chain Event Management The IS systems must be comparable to companies from other countries (e.g. DAKOSY, SAP, ORACLE). This is the condition to stay in the market.

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6. Internal Weaknesses of Chemical Companies and Logistic Providers

Actually internal influence able weaknesses from a Slovak company’s point of view regarding chemical logistics in Central and Eastern Europe? Summarised by project partners on the basis of individual interviews with companies

6.1 Weaknesses in procurement 1. Collaboration demand planning 2. Sourcing strategies (global versus single) 3. Research and Development of sourcing markets The supplies of natural gas and crude petroleum are dependent on Russian federation and transit via Ukraine. Big companies use transport of supplies by pipeline and railway. Small commodities are usually transported by road. The import of supplies by rail from Ukraine and Russian Federation is influenced by broad-gauge track with a necessity of reloading or boogie shifting.

6.2 Weaknesses in warehousing of raw materials, semi-finished and finished products 1. Outsourcing of warehousing 2. Inventory costs Sufficient experiences with functional warehouse outsourcing are missing. There is not also sufficient number of suppliers of these services within the area of chemicals. The network of chemical companies has not such density to have profitable outsourcing of warehousing. The warehousing of semi-finished products is usually part of the production process with no interest for outsourcing.

6.3 Weaknesses in production logistics 1. Flexibility within production processes 2. Duration production change-over / set-up 3. Production costs The production lines are usually specifically oriented (basic chemicals) to one product. There is no possibility to product more chemicals in one production line. The production of chemicals for final customers is more flexible (paints, fertilizers). However there is a flexibility of packing required from customers.

6.4 Weaknesses in distribution and transport 1. Freight costs 2. Distance to customers 3. Outsourcing of Distribution and Transport SWOT-Analysis

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6. Internal Weaknesses of Chemical Companies and Logistic Providers

In connection with the start of electronic toll collection system (1.1.2010) the companies are aware of further increase of actually high freight costs. Present Intermodal network is oriented for sea transports mainly (maritime containers). To protect water sources in Bratislava there is no possibility to transport dangerous goods by trucks (40 tons) directly from Slovakia to Austria. There is only one border crossing point to Austria for trucks (40 tons). The length of the border with the Austria is however 127 km. There are only 2 border crossing points for trucks (40 tons) with Poland on 597,5 km long border.

6.5 Weaknesses in planning and controlling 1. Accuracy and Flexibility in Planning of inventory levels 2. Accuracy and Flexibility in Production planning The planning of inventory levels and production is highly dependent on suppliers (distance, density). The supplies from Germany are in Slovakia within two days but from Ukraine it takes two weeks. The railways do not guarantee such delivery times as road transport, therefore the planning (just-in-time) is problematic.

6.6 Weaknesses in order processing - NO WEAKNESSES evaluated from individual interviews The competitive environment of the EU is highly demanding. Therefore the companies are forced to fulfil costumers’ requirements.

6.7 Weaknesses in information logistics -

NO WEAKNESSES evaluated from individual interviews

The LSP’s are mainly connected to western companies and use their information systems. There is no initiative in Slovakia to build a general information system in transport.

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7. External opportunities and chances for chemical logistics in Central and Eastern Europe External non influenceable opportunities and chances for chemical logistics in Central and Eastern Europe from the point of view of Slovakia. Summarised by project partners on the basis of discussion in Regional Stakeholder Meetings.

7.1 Economic trends 1. Eastern European expansion of the EU 2. Access to international selling markets / Access to international sourcing markets 3. Internationalization of selling markets / Internationalization of sourcing markets After the entry of Slovakia into EU the conditions for business are different. The 80 % of all Slovakia export and import are EU countries. Therefore the access to markets is more easier.

7.2 Sociocultural trends 1. Present skills of employees in the field of logistics (professonial, social and intercultural) 2. Educational standards 3. Cooperation with education, research and development institutes Present skills of employees in the field of logistics, mainly on executive level, are relatively good considering low fluctuations of workers and quality of secondary vocational schools.

7.3 Technological trends 1. Information and Communication Technologies 2. Innovations in transports 3. Innovations in warehousing / storage / Acceptance of railway and waterway IT’s are also available in Slovakia. The new solutions are dependent from financial resources and practical use. After the construction of public intermodal terminals and operation of regular block trains the share of railways is expected to increase.

7.4 Environment and Energy 1. Availability of renewable energy sources 2. Accessibility to renewable energy sources The trains of intermodal transport can be powered by the energy from renewable sources.

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7. External opportunities and chances for chemical logistics in Central and Eastern Europe

7.5 Politics and innovation 1. International harmonization of transport and traffic related laws and regulations Simplified procedures to perform international transport lead to development of chemical logistics.

7.6 Transport infrastructure 7.6.1 Railway 1. Location and structure of the railway system 2. Interoperability – international standards 3. Location of terminals / Availability and capacity of railway wagons Low utilization of railway network has an opportunity for increased use. Parameters of rail corridors (22,5 tons axle load) offers to transport in single wagon a load of 3 trucks.

7.6.2 Waterway 1. Capacity and efficiency of waterway 2. Availability and capacity of water vessels Waterway offers a possibility of cheaper transport for bulk cargo. The waterways have sufficient capacities.

7.6.3 Road 1. Interoperability – international standards The truck fleet of Slovak haulers fulfils EU standards. Harmonized social legislation, maximum allowed dimensions and weights of vehicles for international transport, transport of dangerous goods makes the operation of transport easier.

7.6.4 Intermodal 1. Interoperability – international standards Present intermodal network is mainly oriented on sea transports as pre-carriages and oncarriages from maritime harbours of Hamburg, Bremerhaven, Rotterdam and Koper – hinterland service. It is planned to finalize public intermodal terminals and start also continental lines.

7.6.5 Pipeline 1. Capacity and efficiency of pipeline network The pipeline network is not currently used to its technical capacity. SWOT-Analysis

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7. External opportunities and chances for chemical logistics in Central and Eastern Europe 7.7 Safety and Security 1. International safety standards 2. Information flow in intermodal transports 3. Tracking & Tracing of cargo European harmonization of transport of dangerous goods (ADR, RID, ADN, IMDG code, IATA DGR) makes the conditions for transport easier. The availability and the price of information technologies is available to more and more transport companies. The information about localisation of cargo is precious for customer.

7.8 Industry sector and competition 7.8.1 Customers 1. Relevance and importance of the industry sector for the customers 2. Level of product standardisation 3. Degree of concentration Slovakia chemical exports (90%) are EU countries. European legislation makes the business easier. Chemical industry is a supplier for automotive and electrical industry.

7.8.2 Suppliers 1. Level of product standardisation 2. Relevance and importance of the industry sector for the suppliers 3. Collaborations among suppliers Basic chemicals are standardised in basic quality parameters. Suppliers cooperate during the production breaks.

7.8.3 Access to the market 1. Access to channels of distribution 2. Product differentiation 3. Brand identity Access to the market is dependent on transport costs and product price. Cooperation with the world known producers offers a possibility to use their trade market, brand and distribution network.

7.8.4 Substitutes -

NO OPPORTUNITIES evaluated from RSM meeting

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8. External Threats, Problems and Barriers for chemical logistics in Central and Eastern Europe External non influenceable threats, problems and barriers for chemical logistics in Central and Eastern Europe from the point of view of Slovakia Summarised by project partners on the basis of discussion in Regional Stakeholder Meetings

8.1 Economic trends 1. Actual world-wide economic development 2. Regional economic development 3. Market concentration/intensified competition Present economic crisis endangers many chemical and logistic companies world-wide and on the regional level. Slovakia has many SMEs with difficulty to survive in present time. The intensified competition after the fall of the demand endangers these companies.

8.2 Sociocultural trends 1. Availability of high qualified domestic and foreign workers 2. Change of values 3. Demographic change in CEE The fluctuation of workers is increasing which leads to low level of skills and experiences in chemical logistics. The number of new born children is decreasing which leads to decrease of economically active people. Graduates from technical universities leave from Slovakia to western EU and USA. There is a low interest from students to study technical study fields (chemistry, logistics, electrical and mechanical engineering).

8.3 Technological trends -

NO THREATS evaluated from RSM meeting

The logistic centres are not comparable to western EU. The new solutions are dependent from financial resources and practical use.

8.4 Environment and Energy 1. Energy costs 2. Availability of non-renewable energy sources 3. Accessibility to non-renewable energy sources Slovakia is energetically (crude petroleum and natural gas) dependent from one supplier – Russian Federation. The diversification of the supplies and transport routes is necessary. The use of renewable sources is very expansive and in the beginning. SWOT-Analysis

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8. External Threats, Problems and Barriers for chemical logistics in Central and Eastern Europe

8.5 Politics and innovation 1. Financing of traffic infrastructure projects 2. Prioritization passenger traffic 3. Policy on financial subsidies in the field of traffic and transportation The plans of construction of infrastructure have not been fulfilled. Financial resources have not been sufficient. The prioritization of passenger traffic endangers the operation of road (road driving bans) and rail freight transport (passenger trains). Policy on financial subsidies deforms market environment (different taxes).

8.6 Transport infrastructure 8.6.1 Railway 1. Broad – gauge track Haniska – Bratislava - Wien 2. State-owned railway systems 3. Noise The government signed a contract with Russian Federation about plan to build a broadgauge track to Bratislava despite the level of utilization of current tracks is 40 % nowadays. This is also caused by high fees which railway operators have to pay for the use of traffic infrastructure.

1 EUR = 23 CZK Fig. 24 Prices for transport route in selected EU countries (March 2008)

There are only two railway border-crossing points with Poland. The conditions to increase the capacity north/south from Poland to Hungary are necessary. SWOT-Analysis

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8. External Threats, Problems and Barriers for chemical logistics in Central and Eastern Europe 8.6.2 Waterway 1. Access to ports 2. Location of inland ports 3. Location and structure of the waterway network Considering eccentrically position of Danube waterway. The conditions for inland navigations are dependent from weather. The conditions for inland navigations on Danube are not stable for waterway class VIb. The navigation on river Váh is dependent on Danube water level.

8.6.3 Road 1. Development of increase in road toll 2. Capacity and efficiency of motorways 3. Tunnels The new electronic toll collection system from the 1st of January 2010 with high fees for vehicles above 3,5 tones will have a significant impact on logistics. Capacity of highways and expressways is not sufficient which leads to traffic jams and accidents. In connection with the transport of dangerous goods the present tunnels do not fulfil the requirements of ADR agreement. There are not also considerations to classify new constructed tunnels to classes A and B. The transport of dangerous goods is banned also on several segments of international roads “E” with negative impact on logistics. A lack of truck parking facilities makes difficult to fulfil requirements of social legislation. The main traffic routes I. class often leads via city centres which slow the transport and creates danger to people – it is dangerous, not-ecological, not efficient.

8.6.4 Intermodal 1. Location, structure and capacity of intermodal nodes 2. Technology for means of transportation 3. Handling technology road-rail-waterway/sea Present terminals are not complexly built-up. Handling of dangerous goods is not possible in all terminals. Present intermodal network is mainly oriented on sea transports as pre-carriages and oncarriages from maritime harbours of Hamburg, Bremerhaven, Rotterdam and Koper – hinterland service. It is planned to finalize public intermodal terminals and start also continental lines. Present network of tank cleaning stations is not sufficient for developing intermodal and road transport. The construction of new build terminals don’t plan with the cleaning stations. SWOT-Analysis

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8. External Threats, Problems and Barriers for chemical logistics in Central and Eastern Europe

8.6.5 Pipeline 1. Location and structure of the pipeline network Pipeline network has been built in east-west directions. For the security of supplies it is necessary to build also connections north/south. Connect gas lines with the Hungary, operates reverse flows with Austria and Czech Republic.

8.7 Safety and Security 1. Possible misuse of dangerous chemicals by terorists High consequence dangerous goods can be misuse by terrorists. This is easier when the vehicle is directly marked according to ADR, RID by UN code or even the name. Even the rail tanks create higher danger of misuse than accompanied road transport.

8.8 Industry sector and competition 8.8.1 Customers 1. Collaborations among customers Collaborations among customers influence the price of the product.

8.8.2 Suppliers 1. Degree of concentration The concentration of suppliers leads to monopolisation of suppliers.

8.8.3 Access to the market 1. Funds needed for market entry 2. Cost advantages of existing market players 3. Public economic policy To access the market with a new product requires high costs (marketing, testing). Existing market players create barriers for new producers.

8.8.4 Substitutes 1. Potential product substitution 2. New offer in branch The substitution of EU products from China, India…

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9. Needs for future actions and improvements – Conclusions •

higher security of supplies – natural gas, crude petroleum

•

diversification of the sources - natural gas, crude petroleum

•

finalization of motorways – TEN-T

•

modernisation of rail corridors – TEN-T – according to AGTC agreement

•

finalisation of intermodal transport terminals network

•

create conditions for year round navigation on Danube according to AGN agreement for waterway class VIb

•

better connection to transport infrastructure of neighbouring countries – mainly Poland (2 road and 2 rail border crossing points) and Austria (1 road border crossing point for trucks – 2 single track rail border crossing point)

•

no possibility to transport dangerous goods by road directly to Austria

•

not sufficient network of tank cleaning stations

•

present and planned road tunnels are not classified for dangerous goods according to ADR – classify new tunnels to class A, B

•

high costs for the use of rail infrastructure – increase the use of infrastructure – decrease the costs for infrastructure management

•

the most important rail freight operator has dropped transport volumes by 40% compared to 2008 – new projects and ideas for railway logistics

•

a lack of truck parking facilities makes difficult to fulfil requirements of social legislation o the construction of larger parking facilities with higher security standard o the higher use of intermodal transport

•

the main traffic routes I. class often leads via city centres which slow the transport and creates danger to people – it is dangerous, not-ecological, not efficient o construction of city roundabouts

•

reassess the restrictions for transport of dangerous goods on several segments of road network

•

make a draft of transit road network for transport of dangerous goods

•

offer a new and progressive logistic concepts in best practices

•

to present project proposals to state authorities

•

to analyse proposals to change the dimensions and weights of road vehicles

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10.

Literature

•

Kolektív autorov: Dlhodobá vízia rozvoja slovenskej spoločnosti (Long term vision of development of Slovak society), Ekonomický ústav Slovenskej akadémie vied, VEDA vydavateľstvo Slovenskej akadémie vied, Bratislava, 2008, ISBN 978-80-224-1050-2

•

Communication on Freight Logistics Action Plan, KOM(2007) 607, European Commission, Brussels, 2007

•

ŠULGAN , M. - SOSEDOVÁ, J.- RIEVAJ, V.: Európske dopravné koridory a Slovensko (European transport corridors and Slovakia), EDIS – vydavateľstvo Žilinskej univerzity, Žilina, 2001, ISBN 80-7100-903-2

•

Transport policy of the Slovak Republic to 2015, Government of SR, 2005

•

Cohesion fund strategy – Transport sector, MDPT SR (Ministry of transport, posts and telecommunications of the Slovak Republic), Bratislava, February 2003,

•

European Energy and Transport, Trends to 2030, European commission 06.

•

EU Energy & Transport in Figures, European commission 2006

•

National strategic reference framework 2007 – 2013; MVRR SR (Ministry of Building and Regional Development of the Slovak Republic), Bratislava, 29. Jun 2007,

•

Operational Programme Transport 2007 – 2013; MDPT SR (Ministry of transport, posts and telecommunications of the Slovak Republic), Bratislava, 9th August 2007

•

Basic data about road network - from the ROAD DATA BANK of the SLOVAK ROAD ADMINISTRATION, the road network status as of 01.01.2008., SSC, Bratislava, 2006;

•

Programme of preparation and construction of I. class roads 2007 – 2010; MDPT SR (Ministry of Building and Regional Development of the Slovak Republic) , Bratislava, April 2007;

•

Programme of preparation and construction of highways and expressways 2007 – 2010, MDPT SR (Ministry of Building and Regional Development of the Slovak Republic), Bratislava, April 2007;

•

Programme of development of railway network by 2010 and proposal of the financing of investments , MDPT SR (Ministry of Building and Regional Development of the Slovak Republic), Bratislava, December 2000

•

Statistical yearbook 2006, Statistical office of the Slovak Republic, Veda Bratislava, 2005.

•

Conception of development of water transport in Slovakia, MDPT SR (Ministry of Building and Regional Development of the Slovak Republic), Bratislava, 2003

•

SLOVAKIA TRANSPORT, Almanach dopravy 2007, Vydavateľstvo LUXUR, Bratislava 2007

•

http://www.slovakia.travel/

•

http://www.transpetrol.sk

•

http://www.eustream.sk

•

http://www.spp.sk

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10.

Literature

List of experts in RSM Surname, Name, Title

Specialization

Organisation

CAGÁŇ Rudolf

PNT ADR, RID

NCHZ Nováky

CVÍČELA Emil Ing.

railways

retired

ČERMÁK. Jaroslav Ing

ADR, RID

DUSLO, a. s.

DENKOCY Irenej Ing.

Logistics

ZCHFP SR Bratislava

GNAP Jozef Prof. Ing., PhD.

Research & Education - Logistics

Žilinská univerzita

GOGA Miroslav Ing.

PNT ADR

retired

HALAMA Luboš Bc.

ADR, RID, ADN

CMS Trend Žilina

HEGYI Peter Ing.

Pipeline transport

SPP a.s.

JAGELČÁK Juraj Ing., PhD.

Research & Education - Logistics

Žilinská univerzita

JARÁBEK Miroslav Ing.

Pipeline transport

MH SR Bratislava

KAČALA Miroslav Ing.

Multimodal transport

MDPT SR Bratislava

KOMORA František Ing.

Logistics & freight forwarding

PKZ s.r.o. Púchov

KRAJCÁROVÁ Ingrid Ing.

RID

ŽS Cargo Slovakia

KURUCZ Milan Ing.

ADN

Dunaj Petrol Trade

MAJERČÁK Jozef Prof. Ing., PhD.

Research & Education - Logistics

Žilinská univerzita

MARUŠINEC Pavol Mgr.

Multimodal transport

MDPT SR Bratislava

MULÍK Peter

ADR

LC Slovak trans

POBJECKÝ Ivan Ing., CSc.

Logistics

MIND Piešťany

POKORNÝ Jiří Ing., CSc

Railways, multimodal transport

ŽS Cargo Slovakia

REMÁK Ľubomír Ing.

Logistics

Slovnaft Bratislava

RUŽINSKÝ Martin RNDr. CSc

Pipeline transport

Transpetrol Bratislava

SEDLÁK Jozef Ing.

Logistics

Sloveca Košeca

ŠLESINGER Ján Ing.

Research & Education - Logistics

Žilinská univerzita

ŠULGAN Marián Doc. Ing. PhD.

Research & Education - Logistics

Žilinská univerzita

TOKÁR Jaroslav Ing.

Logistics

Chemko Strážske

VARGOVÁ Zuzana Ing.

Railways

ŽS Cargo Slovakia

ZEMAN Miroslav Ing.

Railways

ŽSR

ŽIVEC Václav JUDr.

Logistics

SCHFP ČR

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10.

Literature

LIST OF TABLES TAB. 1

INHABITANTS

3

TAB. 2

GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT AT CURRENT PRICES IN BILLIONS EUR

3

TAB. 3

GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT / CAPITA AT CURRENT PRICES IN THOUSANDS EUR

4

TAB. 4

SALES OF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY IN MIO EUR

6

TAB. 5

SHARE OF CHEMICAL SALES IN PROCESSING INDUSTRY

8

TAB. 6

NUMBER OF ENTERPRISES

8

TAB. 7

NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES

9

TAB. 8

SHARE OF CHEMICALS EXPORT FROM GDP

9

TAB. 10

IMPORT OF CHEMICALS IN MIO EUR - SLOVAKIA

10

TAB. 12

GEOGRAPHIC BREAKDOWN OF CHEMICALS EXPORT IN %

12

TAB. 13

GEOGRAPHIC BREAKDOWN OF CHEMICALS IMPORT IN %

13

TAB. 14

MAJOR COMPANIES AND CHEMICAL SITES

14

TAB. 13

GOODS TRANSPORT

15

TAB. 14

GOODS TRANSPORT – PERFORMANCE IN 1000 TKM (QUANTITY * KM)

15

TAB. 17

DIVISION OF PRIORITY AXES OF OPT 2007 – 2013

16

TAB. 18

FINANCIAL PLAN OF OPT STRUCTURED BY PRIORITY AXES AND FINANCIAL RESOURCES (IN EUR

ACCORDING TO TRANSPORT MODES - QUANTITY

IN CURRENT PRICES)

16

TAB. 19

MAIN COMBINE TRANSPORT TERMINALS IN SLOVAKIA

18

TAB. 20

INDICATORS OF PRIORITY AXIS 3

19

TAB. 21

ACTUAL AND PLANNED ROAD NETWORK IN KM

20

TAB. 22

GOODS TRAFFIC IN % ACCORDING TO TRAFFIC AREA - ROAD

20

TAB. 23

INDICATORS OF PRIORITY AXIS 2

22

TAB. 24

PLANNED PPP PROJECTS FOR ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE

22

TAB. 25

ACTUAL AND PLANNED RAILWAY NETWORK IN KM

23

TAB. 26

GOODS TRAFFIC IN % ACCORDING TO TRAFFIC AREA - RAILWAY

23

TAB. 27

INDICATORS OF PRIORITY AXIS 1

25

TAB. 28

GOODS TRAFFIC IN % ACCORDING TO TRAFFIC AREA - WATERWAY

25

TAB. 29

PIPELINE TRANSPORT

27

TAB. 30

TRANSPORTED CHEMICAL GOODS – SHARE OF TRANSPORTATION MODES

31

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10.

Literature

LIST OF FIGURES FIG. 1

STATE SYMBOLS

3

FIG. 2

GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT SLOVAKIA

4

FIG. 3

BIG CHEMICAL COMPANIES IN SLOVAKIA

6

FIG. 4

CHEMICAL INDUSTRY SALES - 2008

7

FIG. 5

SALES – MANUFACTURE OF CHEMICALS AND CHEMICAL PRODUCTS

7

FIG. 6

SALES – MANUFACTURE OF PLASTIC AND RUBBER PRODUCTS

8

FIG. 9

IMPORT – MANUFACTURE OF CHEMICALS AND CHEMICAL PRODUCTS

11

FIG. 10

IMPORT – MANUFACTURE OF PLASTIC AND RUBBER PRODUCTS

11

FIG. 11

GEOGRAFIC BREAKDOWN OF CHEMICALS EXPORT FOR TARIC CODES – 28-40. 54,55

12

FIG. 12

GEOGRAFIC BREAKDOWN OF CHEMICALS IMPORT FOR TARIC CODES – 28-40. 54,55

13

FIG. 13

TOP 10 COMPANIES OF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY IN 2007 AND PIPELINE NETWORK IN SLOVAKIA

14

FIG. 14

VOLUME OF TRANSPORTED GOODS – COMBINE TRANSPORT –TONNES

17

FIG. 15

COMBINE TRANSPORT (CT) OPERATORS IN SLOVAKIA – BLOCK TRAINS PER WEEK

17

FIG. 16

AGTC RAIL CORRIDORS

18

FIG. 17

PLANNED INTERMODAL TRANSPORT TERMINALS IN REGARD TO PLANNED INDUSTRIAL PARKS AND OTHER TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE

19

FIG. 18

GOODS TRAFFIC IN % ACCORDING TO TRAFFIC AREA - ROAD

20

FIG. 19

TEN-T CORRIDORS IN SLOVAKIA

21

FIG. 20

GOODS TRAFFIC IN % ACCORDING TO TRAFFIC AREA - RAILWAY

23

FIG. 21

MULTIMODAL TRANSPORT CORRIDORS – RAILWAYS – TEN-T

24

FIG. 22

GOODS TRAFFIC IN % ACCORDING TO TRAFFIC AREA - WATERWAY

26

FIG. 23

DANUBE WATERWAY – TEN-T CORRIDOR VII.

26

FIG. 24

CRUDE OIL TRANSMISSION LINES DRUŽBA AND ADRIA

27

FIG. 25

NATURAL GAS TRANSMISSION LINE EUSTREAM

28

FIG. 26

PRICES FOR TRANSPORT ROUTE IN SELECTED EU COUNTRIES (MARCH 2008)

40

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