ICUE 2014 IEEE XPLORE Energy and Sustainable Development: Issues and Strategies (ESD)

SWOT Analysis of Renewable Energy Bahadir Aydin 

Abstract—Being one of the most important elements of social evolution, energy has a vital role for a sustainable economy and development. Energy has great importance to level up the welfare. While energy needs are increasing, sources to respond these needs are very limited. So countries seek for alternative resources to meet their energy needs. In this point renewable energy sources have firstly taken into consideration. Being clean and belonging to countries own sources, renewable energy resources have been widely applied during the last decades. But can renewable energy meet all the expectations of energy needs? This is one of the biggest question to be answered on the energy field. In this article energy resources, SWOT analysis of renewable sources and the future of renewable energy has been mainly discussed in order to describe future of energy. Keywords—Energy Resources, Renewable Energy, Rebound Effect.

Efficiency,

Fossil

Fuels,

I. INTRODUCTION

E

NERGY has a critical role in raising the welfare of states and also in gaining economic power. Energy demand for creating a sustainable economic growth rises every day by increasing population, industrialization and technological progress. States widely use fossil resources in order to meet this demand. Due to limited fossil fuels, existed in certain areas, causing environment pollution and transportation costs; states tended to search for a solution. One of the solutions found has been alternative energy sources. The other solution has been the subject of energy efficiency. States by meeting the energy needs from different occasions, seek to improve the marginal benefit obtained from energy. Because of decreasing resources and increasing demand; states highlighted strategies for improving energy efficiency, reducing energy density and sustaining energy saving strategies to achieve continuous, sustainable, clean and cheap energy. These strategies also help to provide states energy security. Compared to 30 years ago, U.S. uses one dollar GDP 56% to obtain less energy. This case has been a result of United States’s such policies like using energy more efficiently, the awareness of consumers and tax incentives [1]. In this study traditional, alternative energy sources and energy efficiency issues will be examined, SWOT analysis of renewable energy sources will be done for a sustainable development economy. In this article by taking into account energy resources, states that come to the forward in production and consumption issues will be examined and new trends occurring in the world will be discussed.

Bahadir Aydin is with War College Academy, Istanbul, 34330, Turkey, (phone: +90 507 1487202; e-mail: [email protected]).

II. ENERGY AND FOSSIL RESOURCES A. Historical Background Plan Energy that is manifested in various forms in the historical process has been one of the most important sources by making life easier and ensuring the satisfaction of needs. Energy which is simply defined the ability to do the job; may appear as heat, light, motion, electrical, chemical, nuclear energy and in the form of gravity. From using simple tools in the home to sending people up into space all activities are associated with energy [2]. Fuels are materials that gives off heat when burned. These can be solid, liquid or gaseous forms. From the remains of living organisms and fuels that formed after many years is called fossil fuels. Wood, coal, oil and natural gases are the most widely known fossil fuels [3]. Before the Industrial Revolution main source of energy was the sun. As for the basic necessities, woods were burned for heating. When using horses for transportation, it was used sailboats in the sea. As for the work that could not be done by human labor was engaged in animals. When it comes to 1700s, cheaper than horses and more useful than the wind steam machines began to be used. Wood was used as basic fuel. And when coming to the 1800s, charcoal began to take the place of wood. Around 1850’s oil was introduced as a modification of coal [4]. Together with the use of oil, things emerged beyond what can be done by coal; in this way, energy began to penetrate quickly to all fields of life. With developments in the drilling systems oil and natural gas has become competing with coal. Energy sources divided into two categories as renewable and non-renewable. Renewable resources are resources that can resupply themselves; non-renewable resources are resources that run out and end themselves. Solar energy, wind energy, geothermal energy, biomass, hydrogen energy and hydropower energy sources can be considered as renewable energy sources. Nonrenewable energy resources named as fossil fuels are oil, natural gas and coal sources. Electricity generation widely provided by using renewable and nonrenewable resources. The obtained electric are used in almost every field like refrigerator and computers [2].

TABLE I TYPICAL HEAT VALUES OF VARIOUS FUELS Firewood (dry) 16 MJ/kg Brown coal (lignite) 10 MJ/kg Black coal (low quality) 13-23 MJ/kg Black coal (hard) 24-30 MJ/kg Natural Gas 38 MJ/m3 Crude Oil 45-46 MJ/kg Uranium 500,000 MJ/kg (MJ = Megajoules)

In Table I, the heats that are produced by the different fuel sources are shown. Today, in developed countries, 150 and 350 giga joules per capita (109) electricity is used and this rate is increasing with each passing day. Uranium and oil are the outstanding energy resources. Uranium which is used in nuclear reactors and some countries in this regard due to intense protests; oil, coal and natural gas are the most prominent sources of fuel [5]. According to the 2013 BP facts, fossil fuels are accounted for 87% of the energy consumption. Although oil is the most important source of energy, the use of coal has been the fastest growing fossil fuel. Global primary energy consumption has been in the use of share 33.1% of oil, 23.9% of natural gas and 29.9% of coal [6].

Fig. 1 Electric Production from Fuels (2010-2040)

As seen in Fig. 1 in the nuclear and natural gas share of world electricity generation increases, the largest share is obtained by coal [7]. The issues of how much fossil fuels are used on a global scale and how long the reserves will feed will be discussed in the next section. According to IEA data for the year 2013, 400 quadrillion Btu global energy consumption in 2000 has been 487 quadrillion btu in 2010 and this figure is expected to be 819 quadrillion btu in 2040. This data show that the demand for energy is increasing rapidly [8]. In the historical process fossil resources began to be used widely from 19th century and continued to be used increasingly. Major fossil resources will be discussed below. B. Oil Although the use of oil based on very old times, in the modern sense first use was in the 1850s. The first oil well was drilled in Poland in 1853, by following the second well opened in Romania in 1857, but efficient removal of wells began by drilling in Pennsylvania in 1859. 25 barrels of oil per day from

these wells were obtained. The oil which was extracted 2000 barrels in 1859 was amounted to 126 million barrels by the year 1906. In 2009, this number reached 31 billion barrels per year [9]. Oil is generally used in transportation and petrochemical industries. Despite high in efficiency for the use of oil, the high cost of oil for electricity production is not efficient. Worldwide oil production and consumption values are as listed below; In 2012 the price of a barrel of oil was around $111. Oil has been growing least amount of fossil fuel resources. World oil consumption has been 890,000 barrels per day. Oil production has increased by 1.9 million barrels per day. As of 2012, 235.8 billion tons of proven oil reserves have been calculated. According to the proven oil reserves, Venezuela ranks first with a share of 17.8%. The countries following her were respectively Saudi Arabia 15.9%, Canada 10.4% and Iran 9.4%. Oil production has been 4 billion 118 million tons [6]. Oil consumption has been 4 billion 130 million tons. Approximately 50% of oil reserves are in the Middle East. The share of oil in electricity production in 2010 was 5%, this ratio is expected to fall to 2% in 2040. Analyzing the current situation as of now, about 58 years of oil reserves are estimated to feed. As the oil is concentrated in certain regions of the world, the Middle East reserves are intensive reserves and the region is far from stability, point negative consequences of energy policy that is determined by oil. C. Natural Gas In 19th and 20th centuries coal was the most important energy source, with starting oil to be used in an active way, petroleum replaced coal. From the middle of 20 th century reaching the oil peak and causing environmental pollution, natural gas has risen to the forefront as an alternative. Of natural gas being cleaner than oil, the widespread of (LNG) liquefied natural gas resources and the developments in the natural gas technology have been the main factors that highlighting the natural gas. Natural gas takes 23.9% share in the world energy consumption. One liter gas price is averagely 1.50 dollar. Global gas production increased by 1.9% in 2012. As of 2012, the proven natural gas reserves have been 187.3 trillion cubic meters. Persia ranks first with 18% reserve, it is followed by Russia with 17.6%. In the third raw, with 13.4% reserve there is Qatar. World natural gas production in 2012 was 3 trillion 363 billion cubic meters, in compared with the natural gas consumption was 3 trillion 314 billion cubic meter. 43% of natural gas reserves are in the Middle East, 31.2% are located in Europe and Eurasia [6]. When the current production and consumption amounts take into consideration, the natural gas will be enough for approximately 56 years. In recent years, the shale gas has been discovered. And it is considered that such new resources will contribute to the energy sources and cause a positive course in energy prices. Place of natural gas in electricity generation is increasing with each passing day. At the year 2010, this rate was 20%.

By 2040, this ratio is expected to rise to 24%. With the emergence of shale gas the interest in natural gas will initiate to increase. Being more appropriate the price of natural gas than the price of oil increased the states these interests [7]. The thing that makes the natural gas important energy source is that it is used in a very wide area; from transportation, to industry, heat and automotive industry it is used widely and effectively in many areas. The another issue, although fossil is fuel; its effects to the environmental pollution is more less than oil. Moreover being the more cheaper than oil makes natural gas come forward. D. Coal As it is known, the oldest energy source is coal. Coal is used since the Stone Age. When it comes to the 1700s, the England, discovered the source coal that coal is more cleaner and gives heat than wood. With the Industrial Revolution, coal has reached to an indispensable position at the stage of history. In the first half of the 1800s, by the spread to the United States, it began to be used in the use for ships and in transportation. When it comes to 1880, coal was used to generate electricity for the first time [10]. Coal, in the global energy production, because of being the oldest known source, is widely used. According to data from the year 2012 coal consumption increased by 2.5%. In 2012, proven coal reserves was about 861 billion Mtoe. According to proven reserves, the U.S with a share of 27.6% ranks first. The Russian Federation follows Her with 18.2%. Third row, with the13.3% share, China is located. Coal production was 3.845 million Mtoe. With comparison that coal consumption is 3.730 million Mtoe. China alone made nearly half of the world's coal production (47.2%), China also holds the largest share in the consumption of coal (50.2%) [6]. When these numbers are examined, it is seen that coal reserves, will last nearly 110 years. Although the sensitivity to environmental pollution rises, countries making cost analysis, and can put the coal consumption to the front row. Despite the environmental pollution caused by coal in the coming years, it is considered to protect its importance. The other source is nuclear reactors that causes intense debate. Damage to the environment of the reactor, and such as waste can’t be disposed of. This situation has reduced the demand for nuclear energy in recent years. However, in line with developments in technology, if it comes to safer nuclear power plants can be made the subject can gain more weight. In 1973, nuclear production was 203 TWh, in 2011 amount reached to 2584 TWh. U.S., France and the Russian Federation has made 54% of nuclear power generation. Production of energy from nuclear holds a rate of about 7% [11]. Following the disaster in Japan in 2011, states take a decision to review their nuclear energy policy. Japan, have made great effort to meet the energy needs that she gains from the nuclear plant by heading to the alternative sources. III. RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES The world's population is increasing with each passing day and correspondingly energy demands are also increasing.

Nowadays, in order to meet this needs states headed toward renewable sources. The reason why renewable energy is so popular that it helps environmental pollution, and and demand - supply security. Renewable energy is a source that minimizes the negative effects of fossil fuels while meeting the increasing energy demand. The importance of renewable energy is increasing with each passing day to remain within the limits of climate change resulting from energy use. 1.4 billion people in the world do not have access to electricity, this source of energy can play an effective role in eliminating poverty.With the result of research and developments, some renewable resources, has become competitive with fossil fuels. For example, in the EU, hydropower and wind power has come to the capacity to compete with nuclear power plant [12]. Despite the advances in energy efficiency, when it comes to year 2050, the demand of energy is considered to be twice compared the current energy demand. This situation will come true with the development of economic growth, urbanization and energy needs of the industries [13]. We can list renewable energy resources as a solar energy, wind energy, hydropower energy, geothermal energy, biomass energy, hydrogen energy and wave energy.

Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

TABLE II 2000-2012 CLEAN ENERGY MARKET 2000-2012 Solar PV Wind Power Biofuels (InBillions) (InBillions) (InBillions) 2,50 $ 4.0 $ N/A 3.0 $ 4.6 $ N/A 3.5 $ 5.5 $ N/A 4.7 $ 7.5 $ N/A 7.2 $ 8.0 $ N/A 11.2 $ 11.8 $ 15.7 $ 15.6 $ 17.9 $ 20.5 $ 20.3 $ 30.1 $ 25.4 $ 29.6 $ 51.4 $ 34.8 $ 36.1 $ 63.5 $ 44.9 $ 76.2 $ 60.5 $ 56.4 $ 91.6 $ 71.5 $ 83 $ 79.7 $ 73.8 $ 95.2 $

In Table II market value of three renewable resources (wind, biofuels, solar) between 2000 and 2012 have been examined. While the market value for renewable energy was USD 6.5 billion in the year 2000, this amount reached USD 75.8 billion in 2007, finally market price reached USD 248.7 billion in 2012 and it is estimated to have been reached USD 426.1 billion in 2022. The demand for renewable energy is growing rapidly. Germany, one of the most richest economy of world, meets 25% of it’s energy needs from renewable sources. Also, Denmark provides 30% of it’s electric production from renewable [14]. The most important and leading renewable sources are hydropower, wind power and solar power. In this article, three of renewable sources are evaluated generally. According to data from the year 2012; the share of renewables in energy production has been 4.1%. Total investments have been made to renewable energy exceeded

1470 GW. Hydropower constitute of 3.7% of this number with 990 GW. Renewable power meets 21.7% of world electric production. Leading countries for renewable power capacity are China, U.S., Brasil, Canada and Germany. The Fig. 2 shows total investment made to renewable energy on sectoral basis between 2010 and 2012 [15]. As seen in the Fig. 2 the most challenging source is hydropower. Also solar power investments have grown sharply.

Fig. 2 2010-2012 Renewable energy

A. Wind Power Wind power is the source which has given the least negativity to the environment and developing rapidly between the renewable sources. The essence of wind power is sun. So there is no restriction for using. The cost of wind power is constantly falling by developing sector. Top five countries for wind power all around the worlds are: U.S. with 13124 MW capacity, China with 12960 MW capacity, Germany with 2415 MW and India with 2336 MW capacity. These five countries constitute 74% of total amount [16].

Fig. 3 1999-2012 Wind power capacity

In Fig. 3 installed wind power capacity has been showed between 1996 and 2012. As seen in the Fig. 3, while the wind power capacity was 1280 MW in 1996, at the year 2012 the

capacity annual installed has reached 44799 MW [16]. Total capacity of wind power has been 283GW in 2012. Total capacity between 2006 and 2012 has tripled. U.S. and China has produced 60% of total production worldwide [15]. B. Hydropower To make a simple definition, the hydropower is an energy gained by the flowing water. By this system electricity can be produced. The history of hydropower is far more older than other renewables, so total amount of hydropower within the renewables are much more than any other renewable sources. The world’s leading country for hydropower is China, Brasil comes as a second and Canada is the third biggest hydropower producer. It is estimated that the hydropower capacity will have been exceeded 6000 TWh by the year 2050. This power can meet the sudden fluctuation of energy demands. Also this source is much more flexible than other renewable sources [17]. World hydropower capacity has been 3700 TWh in 2012 [15]. As being most common and not needing more investment hydropower has been the most applied renewable energy. Countries are intending to reach their utmost capacities. C. Solar Power Obtaining energy from the sun has been very old topic. The first known use of sun has been recognized B.C 7 th century by condensation on the glass of the sun. A Swedish scientist Horace de Sausser has made the world's first solar collector in 1767. Sunlit water heaters have been used in the United States in 1947. By the year 1970, solar thermal plants have began to use in U.S. [18]. As being clean and not needing more effort to obtain, use of sun as an energy collector has gained importance widely. During last decades investment for solar PV has been so popular all around the world. As seen Fig. 2 while solar capacity was 40 GW in 2010, at the year 2012 the capacity has reached 100 GW. Although net investment for sun PV decreased by 11% compared with 2011, total output has increased from 28.8 GW to 30.5 GW. This event has happened by the help of developing technologies. Total solar capacity for sun PV has been 282 GW in 2012 [15].

Fig. 4 2012 Net investment for renewable energy

Fig. 4 shows net investment made for renewable energy. Investment for wind power and solar power is striking above others. Also when investments to renewable are examined, total investment in 2012 has been USD 244 billion. USD 112

billion of this sum has been made by developing countries. The other USD 132 billion has been made by developed countries. While net investments for developing countries has increased by 29%, net investments for developed countries increased just 19% [19]. This issue confirms much more investments of developing countries. So developing countries take more steps for covering their energy demands. As can be seen above, all countries are taking measures to meet their energy demands. Renewable energy has been the first step to be considered. The reason why renewable energy is so common is simple that these resources belong to the state itself. States do not concern any other factors such as transportation, international relations, crisis, while using renewables. Renewable energy contributes both energy supply and energy demands. This source provides states to take advantage of energy diversification and to act more independently. Despite the higher installation costs of renewable sources, in the long term energy price costs less than fossil fuels. Another feature of renewable source is that it increases the employment especially on rural regions. If states apply these sources within the framework of a plan, it will help to prevent migration towards big cities. D. Energy Sources in Figures It is necessary to know where in the world energy resources and which countries have come forward or both production and consumption. Also one should know energy statistics in order to understand international relations. As can be seen Norway is one of the most welfare state in the world by the help of oil reserves. Also Middle East countries are very rich though they are not producing important products. As written above, fossil fuels are diminishing and countries which intend to develop should find way to meet their energy needs. When we take a look to renewable sources, we can see that some countries have concentrated on renewable topic deeply. As of 2012 top 5 countries which make investments for renewable energy are China, U.S., Germany, Japan and Italy. When we elaborate these sources; countries making much more investments than others are China, Turkey, Brasil, Russia and Canada. When solar power is considered; Germany, Italy, China, U.S. and Japan share the top five. When wind power is considered; USA, China, Germany, India and England share top five [15]. For fossil sources; production achieved by countries are listed; Saudi Arabia oil annual production is 526 Mtoe, Russia Federation’s production is 509 Mtoe, U.S.’s production is 352 Mtoe. For natural gas; Russia Federation annual production is 576 Mtoe, U.S.’s production is 558 Mtoe and Canada’s production is 162 Mtoe. For coal; China’s production is 2.47 Trillion toe, USA’s production is 764 Mtoe, India’s production is 361 Mtoe. When we take a look for renewable resources; hydropower 61.4 Mtoe in China, 29.9 Mtoe in Brazil, and Canada 36.9 Mtoe. Wind energy in the U.S. 10.3 Mtoe, China 6.29 Mtoe and Germany 4.2 Mtoe. 25 GW of solar energy in Germany, Italy 12.8 GW and 17.5 GW in the U.S. [20].

IV. ENERGY EFFICIENCY Of fossil fuels extincting rapidly, estimated to be enough for 50 years and increasing energy prices have led states to cope with energy problem. Also slow growing of renewable energy catalyzed new solutions. Addition to this, states putting priority for energy demand security affected the alternative solution. So states have began to use energy more efficiently. States have applied new energy efficiency methods in order to do more job with the same sources. This topic has been the main purpose of states for decades. Energy efficiency is an issue that reduces energy consumption and prices, helps to provide energy security, increases states competitiveness and social developments. Basicly energy efficiency is reducing energy consumption without reducing production and standard of life. By increasing energy efficiency, energy losses will be prevented and energy usage will be lessened [21]. Another important topic is energy density. Energy density is obtained by dividing GDP to final energy consumption. States which have better energy density indicates that states use energy much more efficient than other states. An influential energy efficiency strategy can be obtained by energy savings and reducing energy density [22]. Two basic concepts are used in order to measure states’s economic development level. These concepts are energy density and energy consumption. Low number for energy density signs that states can do more work with the same energy. As for energy consumption, it shows that states economy is on good level [23]. According to 2012 data, China is the most energy consuming country with 2.713 Mtoe. U.S. followed her with 2.152 Mtoe consumption and India’s consumption is 774 Mtoe as third. As for energy density Colombia takes to lead followed by U.S. and Italy. As for carbon dioxide emissions, China is at the top, followed by U.S. and India [24]. Energy efficiency topic is much more detailed than energy savings. In energy efficiency, while energy consumption is reduced, production is increased. States and NGO’s are keen about energy efficiency because of environmental pollutions resulted from energy. Energy efficiency also helps to reduce to greenhouse gas. In addition to this, energy efficiency reduced amount of money paid for energy. According to Australian government report prepared in 2001, precautions to take for energy efficiency is listed below [25]: 1) Energy efficiency on buildings. 2) Energy efficiency regulations on commercial buildings. 3) Standardization of electrical instruments of all type. 4) To raise awareness of consumer 5) To apply training for commercial and education Australia has begun to use energy efficiency strategy 12 years before from now on, this has raised more attention all around the world by time. All states have some types of these regulations in order to make advancement on energy. States face with a topic when applying energy efficiency; “rebound effect”. Rebound effect is a term that describe dilemma about saving energy. It means that people begin to use more energy when they realize that energy is much

cheaper. Roughly when replacing a 75W bulb with a 18W fluorescent. It seems that there will be 75% saving money. But in reality it will not be like that. People will begin not to care about lamb being switch on. So energy usage will increase because of cheap price. So state should find way to cope with rebound effect [26]. State can obtain more energy by using energy efficiency techniques. So marginal output can be more than expected. While using efficiency methods rebound effect should be taken into consideration. V. SWOT ANALYZES OF RENEWABLE ENERGY Although renewable energy is not a new topic, states have made big advances within the last 20 years. There is no doubt about advantages of these sources but states should follow appropriate strategy in order to increase marginal output. Why renewable energy so important is simple that it lessens states energy dependency and helps advancing economy. A. Strengths Renewable energy strong sides overweight weak sides. The most important superiority of renewable energy is being a domestic source. The second advantage is that it provides new business opportunities. This helps economic development of states on macro level. Although the initial setup cost is high, they become more affordable over time. These resources are environmentally friendly, can repeat itself and can be used in the long term. While solar power and wind energy being renewed on a daily basis, biomass energy sources can be achieved on farms within a program. Renewable energy provides centrally control for state. Rural areas allows for establishing new business opportunities. This source is more stable and does not cause price fluctuations. The size of sources can be determined according to needs. A well-planned transportation will reduce cost of this energy [27]. Establishment of small hydropower plants will contribute to more efficient use of electricity networks. Also small plants’s operating costs are cost effective. Maintenance cost for solar power is very low and technology for solar power is simple. Also solar power has not any damage for environment and sustainability [28]. It is inevitable truth that renewable energy will contribute states’s long term energy demand. It will also contribute energy diversification and energy competitiveness. So states have to take more determined steps in order to advance in renewable energy. B. Weaknesses Renewable energy share is very small in the world energy market. Although this source will increase, total share of it will not have been much more than fossil fuels in 2030. Despite the fact that most of the fossil fuels have reached their peak, the discovery of new fossil sources such as shale gas can put aside renewable energy. States are required to promote these resources otherwise renewable energy fall behind the fossil fuels as importance.

The initial investment cost of wind energy is high and production does not occur at a stable level [29]. Solar power can’t be effective during the winter period. So facilities remain useless for this period. Also initial setup cost for solar power is rather expensive and requires a storage system [28]. Alternative systems such as the production of hydrogen energy can’t be considered cost effective yet. These sources mainly need for the development of technology. The use of old technologies raise the prices. States applying foster methods can help to use of these resources. C. Opportunities The biggest opportunities for renewable energy is future development of new technologies. By the help of technology cost effective utilities can be established. Market volume will also increase with increasing effectiveness. State of the sensitivity to environmental pollution under the Kyoto Protocol and efforts to bring constraints on the use of fossil fuels are positive developments for renewables. The developments on biomass in the future can provide great improvements and output. SMES developments in technology, used for storing energy in the magnetic field, will provide great opportunities. SMES technology as more effective use of superconductors will bring about more challenges. The studies for using hydrogen as an energy is advancing. It is thought that the hydrogen will generate mayor energy source in the future [27]. D. Threats The renewable energy needs to be fostered by government. Lack of government grant renewable energy can’t compete with fossil fuels. Also if government does not apply tax reduction, the price of renewable will be high compared the fossil fuels. Some sources of renewable initial setup costs being high adverse negative effect on market entry. With the improvement technology on drilling techniques, states can discover new sources such as shale gas. This can threat future of renewable energy. Also less energy consuming appliances can be threat for renewables. VI. CONCLUSION However fossil fuels will extinct approximately about 50 years, they are still widely used and superiority of fossil fuels will continue. The biggest drawbacks of fossil fuels are that it is scarcely distributed around the world. This situation causes to competition between countries. States should use their own resources in order to follow independent policy. Therefore states not having fossil resources, have to head for new energy resources. It is estimated that for the next decades natural gas will come to fore with replacing oil. It is also estimated that widespread use of shale gas and discovery of new fossil resources will lead to extend fossil fuels life. However coal has been widely used all around the world, use of coal is will decrease in the future by suppression of states. Causing air pollution and greenhouse gas will badly affect future of coal. Nuclear power will continue to sustain it’s position but

disaster happened in Japan can induce states to take new measures. It is evaluated that interest on renewable energy will continue to increase. But this source will not stand alone to meet all energy needs. Another reason why states induce to renewable energy is that emissions stem from fossil fuels lead to climacy changes. As told above much more investments have been made for renewable energy during the last two decades. Hydropower constitutes biggest output of renewable energy followed by wind and solar PV. Biofuels is expected to advance with developing technologies. However the initial setup costs of renewable energy are very expensive, the cost can be reduced with tax reduction or other applications. States should foster this energy in order to compete with fossil fuels. While states evaluating renewable energy, they have to take into consideration of energy efficiency. Energy efficiency will help to foster states energy demands. States should provide awareness of energy efficiency, provide training programs, apply state-funded encouragement and provide energy efficiency applications such as standardization of buildings etc.

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