Swarzewo Waste Water Treatment Plant ( PE) Fot. T.Rotuski

Polish sludge legislation (salmonella, heavy metals, medicine) Stanislaw Cytawa PhD Swarzewo Waste Water Treatment Plant (130 000 PE) Fot. T.Rotuski ...
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Polish sludge legislation (salmonella, heavy metals, medicine) Stanislaw Cytawa PhD

Swarzewo Waste Water Treatment Plant (130 000 PE) Fot. T.Rotuski

Definitions The legal status of municipal sewage sludge: • Name of waste: stabilized municipal sewage sludge, waste state code nr 19 08 05. Definition: sludge from sewage treatment plants, sludge digesters and other installations for waste water treatment and other wastewater with a composition similar to municipal wastewater. • 19 group of municipal waste, 19 08 a group of waste from municipal sewage treatment, 19 08 05 stabilized municipal sewage sludge explanation of the meaning of words: • Sludge (primary sludge, activated and excess sludge, stabilised and non stabilised sludge, fresh and higienised sludge) • Sewage (domestic, industrial, communal) • Co-incineration means if the fuel composition contains more than 1% sludge but this does not release from emission monitoring • Recovery, biological recovery, composting, compost, biological recycling • EoW (end of waste activity)

• UK Definition of words: • sewage sludge (www.gov.uk) Sewage sludge is a by-product of the waste-water treatment process that you can use on your farm. Treated sewage sludge also known as biosolids has several valuable properties • Sewage treatment (www.gov.uk) All method of sewage treatment generate organic sludges (or biosolids) as by-products and these must be managed separately from the liquid sewage. Raw (untreated) sludges have a very high oxygen demand and must not be allowed to enter the water environment. Sludge also contains pathogenic organisms.

Legally permitted and acceptable sludge management 1. 2. 3. 4. • • •

Incineration Depositing in landfill but only for landfill recultivation, Remediation of dumps For agriculture: fertilizing food crops (raw stabilised sludge or compost) fertilizing plants for composting (raw stabilised sludge or compost) production of organic fertilizer (composting -EoW)

Sludge incineration - legal and maintenance conditions • Incineration in sludge incineration plant • Co-incineration with coal and other fossil fuels Stringent conditions on emissions, the same like in the incineration of solid waste. Need to monitor the purity of gases. • Co-incineration in cement production plant Disadvantages: • The need to dry the sludge. • High maintenance cost of drying the sludge. • Expensive sludge incineration plant .

Sludge Incineration Plants in Poland Gdynia Gdańsk

Olsztyn Szczecin Łomża

Warszawa Zielona Góra Łódź

Kielce

Kraków

Sludge Drying Plants in Poland Glasshouse drying plant Termal drying plant

Koszalin Szczecin

Suwałki Grudziądz

Iława Lubawa

Toruń

Białystok

Włocławek Poznań

Ciechanów

Płock Płońsk Warszawa

Żary

Siedlce

Kozienice

Żagań

Wrocław Strzelin Kłodzko

Puławy Radom Końskie Lublin Wieruszów Skarżysko Kamienna Rudniki Częstochowa Stalowa Wola Opole Myszków Ruda Śląska Olkusz Kędzierzyn Koźle Tarnów Rzeszów

Żywiec

Krosno

Sludge Drying Plant in Częstochowa with pellets production

10 mm pellets as fuel to cement production

Glasshouse sludge drying plant in Iława WWTP

Natural sludge management • Reclamation of industrial landfills, dumps, • Depositing for the landfill of municipal waste the lack of legal options, only the recultivation of landfills In agriculture: • Fertilizing plants not intended for direct human consumption (table) • Fertilizing plants for the production of compost. Regulation of the Minister of Environment of 13th July 2010 (Journal of Laws No. 137, item. 924)

Conditions of the natural management of sludge • soil pH> 5.6 • the use of sludge does not spoil the quality of the soil, quality of surface water and groundwater. • fields can be fertilized outside the growing season of plants • dose should not exceed 3 Mg DM /ha/year or 9 Mg/ha/3 years in case for food crops . • dose should not exceed 15 Mg/ha/year or 45 Mg/ha/3 years in case for reclamation or cultivation of plants for composting • sludge can be used only in the region where the sludge was produced • Responsibility for the correct application of the sludge and possible damage shall be borne by the manufacturer, you can not give the sludge to others • written notification to the Inspectorate of Environmental Protection must be delivered seven days prior to the application of sludge to soil, which contains: test results of sludge, test results of soil and calculated dose.

Limit values ​of heavy metals in the surface layer of soil (0-25 cm) in agriculture Metal

The limit value of heavy metals in mg / kg dm soil not greater than Light soil

Medium soil

Heavy soil

Cadmium (Cd)

1

2

5

Copper (Cu)

25

50

75

Nickel (Ni)

20

35

50

Lead (Pb)

40

60

80

Zinc (Zn)

80

120

180

Mercury (Hg)

0,8

1,2

1,5

Chromium (Cr)

50

75

100

Comparison of limits of heavy metal in sludge used in agriculture [mg/kg d.m.] Giuseppe Mininni Italian National Research Council: Gdańska Fundacja Wody 2013 Europe Directive 86/278/EEC Austria

Cd 20-40

Cr

Cu 1000-1750

Hg 16-25

Ni 300-400

Pb 750-1200

Zn 2500-4000

As

Mo

Co

Se

2-10

50-500

300-500

2-10

25-100

100-500

1500-2000

20

20

10-100

Belgium (Flanders) Belgium (Walloon) Bulgaria Czech Republic

6

250

375

5

100

300

900

150

10

500

600

10

100

500

2000

30 5

500 200

1600 500

16 4

350 100

800 200

3000 2500

Denmark Finland France Germany Greece

0,8 3 20 10 20-40

100 300 1000 900 500

1000 600 1000 800 1000-1750

0,8 2 10 8 16-25

30 100 200 200 300-400

120 150 800 900 750-1200

4000 1500 3000 2500 2500-4000

25

Hungary

10

1000 – 1 (VI)

1000

10

200

750

2500

75

20

50

Italy Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovenia Spain

20 1,25 20 20 10 0,5 20-40

75 500 1000 500 40 1000-1750

1000 75 1000 1000 500 30 1000-1750

10 0,75 16 16 5 0,2 16-25

300 30 300 300 100 30 300-400

750 100 750 750 300 40 750-1200

2500 300 2500 2500 2000 100 2500-4000

Sweden United States 503 Rule Ceiling concentration

2

100

600

2,5

50

100

800

85

4300

57

420

840

7500

75

100

Exceptional

39

1500

17

420

300

2800

41

100

30

100

15

Comparison of limits of sanitary contaminations in sludge used in agriculture Giuseppe Mininni Italian National Research Council: Gdańska Fundacja Wody 2013

Salmonella

Other patogens

Denmark (only for advance maintenance)

Not detected

Fecal streptococci: < 100/g

France

8 MPN/10 g DM

Enterovirus: 3 MPCN/ 10 g DM

Europe

Helmints egs: 3/10 g DM Finland (539/2006)

Not detected in 25 g

Italy

1000 MPN/g DM

Luxembourg

Poland

Escherichia coli < 1000 jtk

Enterobacteria: 100/g Helmints egs not detected Not detected

Helmints egs not detected

< 3 MPN/ 4 g DM

Fecal Escherichia coli < 1000 NPL/g DM

United States Class A

Enterovirus < 1 PFU/4 g DM Helmints egs < 1 in 4 g DM Class B

Fecal Escherichia coli < 2 000 000 NPL/g DM

Comparison of limits of organic contaminations in sludge used in agriculture [mg/kg d.m.] Giuseppe Mininni Italian National Research Council: Gdańska Fundacja Wody 2013 AOX EC (20002003)1

500

Lower and Upper Austria Carinthia Denmark (2002) France

500

Germany

500

Germany proposition

400

DEHP 100

LAS 2600-5000

NP/NPE 50-450

500 50

1300

10

PAH 62

62 32

PCBs 0,8 Σ of 7 kongener

1

Fluoranthene 0,8 :4 Σ of 7 Benzo(b)fluo kongener ranthene:2,5 Benzo(a)pyre ne:1,5 0,2 for each kongener Benzo(a)pyre ne:1

PCDD/F3 100

Others

50

100 30

2Mercaptobe nzothiazole + 2hydroxybenz othiazole:0,6 Tonalid:15 Glalaxolide: 10

Sweden

Czech Republic 1

50

500

32

0,4 Σ of 7 kongener 0,6

limits proposition acenathen, fluoren, phenantren, fluoranthen, pyren, benzo(b+j+k)fluoranthen 3 ng/kg s.m. 2 sum

Advantages of Composting • Allows detention of sludge in the period when you can not fertilize. • Production of organic fertilizer with a certificate allowing selling compost as organic fertilizer (EoW) Conversion of sludge compost without a certificate enabling the sale (still waste 19 08 05) • allows for the simultaneous management of other waste • Enables simultaneous evaporation of water and hygienisation of sludge

Sludge Composting Plants in Poland Łeba Lębork, Czarnówko

Swarzewo Jastarnia

Słupsk Trzebiatów

Gdańsk

Sianów Tczew

Kościerzyna

Ełk Chojnice Stargard Szczeciński Gryfino

Świecie

Wardyń

Wąbrzeźno

Piła

Hryniewicze Inowrocław Brześć Kujawski Płock

Rumianek Suchy Las Jarocin

Zielonka Warszawa

Konin

Garwolin

Orli Staw Łódź

Trzebień Mysłakowice

Nowa Sarzyna Leżajsk

Piekary Śląskie Dąbrowa Górnicza Zabrze

Świętochłowice Kraków Zalesiany Brzeszcze Bielsko Biała Żywiec

Tarnów

Nowy Sącz

Krosno

Aerial view of Composting Plant in Swarzewo (Fot.Tadeusz Rotuski)

Composting Plant in Swarzewo WWTP treats sludge and other organic solid wastes

From 2001 up to 2007 contracts for waste segregation were signed by 1241 families in Władysławowo and in June 2012 exceeded 1900

Benefits of sludge fertilization • Converting the sludge fertilizer equivalent in terms of the content of NPK per 1 Mg DM, the benefits are: 30 Euro (N), 80Euro (P), 3 Euro (K) = 113 Euro/Mg DM • Fertilizer potential in Poland coming from the sludge is worth approximately 70 million Euro/year.

Draft comparison of the costs of sludge utilisation

• Straight in agriculture 10 – 20 Euro/1 Mg(wet mess) • Composting 20 – 40 Euro/1 Mg(wet mess) • Drying 30 Euro/1 Mg (wet mess) depending of water content. 5-16% of cost can be recovered from the cement plant for granules seling

• Incineration 40 – 50 Euro/1 Mg (wet mess) • Depositing for landfill 50 Euro/1 Mg (wet mess)

Legal need to reduce organic waste. EU obligations . The Waste Law passed in April 27th, 2001. The duty of reusing and recycling of waste were expressed in the chapter on principles of waste management. According to the requirements of the Council Directives 1999/31/EC in 26th April 1999 on the landfill (so-called Landfill directive) Member States shall, not later than 2 years after, were be obliged to prepare national strategies for the implementation of the reduction of biodegradable waste directed to landfills. It was assumed that within two years of the entry into force of the Waste Act, there will be developed a national program to reduce the amount of biodegradable components of municipal waste. Assumed terms to achieve the required level of reduction are: reduction to 75% by July 2010 reduction to 50% by July 2013 reduction to 35% by July 2020

Discussion on the Future • Comprehensive analysis, EoW philosophy • elimination of environmental damage that is heavy metals and organic contaminations • struvite production from reject water recovery of phosphorus • Intensification of methane fermentation

Conclusions • cost benefis analysis (CBA) should be used before choosing the method of disposal • Legislator should change the law using life cycle analysis LCA • the technology used should determine the application, for example: hygienisation for use in agriculture, oxygen and anaerobic stabilization when sludge is sending outside the generation place, preferred type of technology and type of flue gas cleaning should be chosen if incineration is taken into account.

Thank you for your attention

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