Polish sludge legislation (salmonella, heavy metals, medicine) Stanislaw Cytawa PhD
Swarzewo Waste Water Treatment Plant (130 000 PE) Fot. T.Rotuski
Definitions The legal status of municipal sewage sludge: • Name of waste: stabilized municipal sewage sludge, waste state code nr 19 08 05. Definition: sludge from sewage treatment plants, sludge digesters and other installations for waste water treatment and other wastewater with a composition similar to municipal wastewater. • 19 group of municipal waste, 19 08 a group of waste from municipal sewage treatment, 19 08 05 stabilized municipal sewage sludge explanation of the meaning of words: • Sludge (primary sludge, activated and excess sludge, stabilised and non stabilised sludge, fresh and higienised sludge) • Sewage (domestic, industrial, communal) • Co-incineration means if the fuel composition contains more than 1% sludge but this does not release from emission monitoring • Recovery, biological recovery, composting, compost, biological recycling • EoW (end of waste activity)
• UK Definition of words: • sewage sludge (www.gov.uk) Sewage sludge is a by-product of the waste-water treatment process that you can use on your farm. Treated sewage sludge also known as biosolids has several valuable properties • Sewage treatment (www.gov.uk) All method of sewage treatment generate organic sludges (or biosolids) as by-products and these must be managed separately from the liquid sewage. Raw (untreated) sludges have a very high oxygen demand and must not be allowed to enter the water environment. Sludge also contains pathogenic organisms.
Legally permitted and acceptable sludge management 1. 2. 3. 4. • • •
Incineration Depositing in landfill but only for landfill recultivation, Remediation of dumps For agriculture: fertilizing food crops (raw stabilised sludge or compost) fertilizing plants for composting (raw stabilised sludge or compost) production of organic fertilizer (composting -EoW)
Sludge incineration - legal and maintenance conditions • Incineration in sludge incineration plant • Co-incineration with coal and other fossil fuels Stringent conditions on emissions, the same like in the incineration of solid waste. Need to monitor the purity of gases. • Co-incineration in cement production plant Disadvantages: • The need to dry the sludge. • High maintenance cost of drying the sludge. • Expensive sludge incineration plant .
Sludge Incineration Plants in Poland Gdynia Gdańsk
Olsztyn Szczecin Łomża
Warszawa Zielona Góra Łódź
Kielce
Kraków
Sludge Drying Plants in Poland Glasshouse drying plant Termal drying plant
Koszalin Szczecin
Suwałki Grudziądz
Iława Lubawa
Toruń
Białystok
Włocławek Poznań
Ciechanów
Płock Płońsk Warszawa
Żary
Siedlce
Kozienice
Żagań
Wrocław Strzelin Kłodzko
Puławy Radom Końskie Lublin Wieruszów Skarżysko Kamienna Rudniki Częstochowa Stalowa Wola Opole Myszków Ruda Śląska Olkusz Kędzierzyn Koźle Tarnów Rzeszów
Żywiec
Krosno
Sludge Drying Plant in Częstochowa with pellets production
10 mm pellets as fuel to cement production
Glasshouse sludge drying plant in Iława WWTP
Natural sludge management • Reclamation of industrial landfills, dumps, • Depositing for the landfill of municipal waste the lack of legal options, only the recultivation of landfills In agriculture: • Fertilizing plants not intended for direct human consumption (table) • Fertilizing plants for the production of compost. Regulation of the Minister of Environment of 13th July 2010 (Journal of Laws No. 137, item. 924)
Conditions of the natural management of sludge • soil pH> 5.6 • the use of sludge does not spoil the quality of the soil, quality of surface water and groundwater. • fields can be fertilized outside the growing season of plants • dose should not exceed 3 Mg DM /ha/year or 9 Mg/ha/3 years in case for food crops . • dose should not exceed 15 Mg/ha/year or 45 Mg/ha/3 years in case for reclamation or cultivation of plants for composting • sludge can be used only in the region where the sludge was produced • Responsibility for the correct application of the sludge and possible damage shall be borne by the manufacturer, you can not give the sludge to others • written notification to the Inspectorate of Environmental Protection must be delivered seven days prior to the application of sludge to soil, which contains: test results of sludge, test results of soil and calculated dose.
Limit values of heavy metals in the surface layer of soil (0-25 cm) in agriculture Metal
The limit value of heavy metals in mg / kg dm soil not greater than Light soil
Medium soil
Heavy soil
Cadmium (Cd)
1
2
5
Copper (Cu)
25
50
75
Nickel (Ni)
20
35
50
Lead (Pb)
40
60
80
Zinc (Zn)
80
120
180
Mercury (Hg)
0,8
1,2
1,5
Chromium (Cr)
50
75
100
Comparison of limits of heavy metal in sludge used in agriculture [mg/kg d.m.] Giuseppe Mininni Italian National Research Council: Gdańska Fundacja Wody 2013 Europe Directive 86/278/EEC Austria
Cd 20-40
Cr
Cu 1000-1750
Hg 16-25
Ni 300-400
Pb 750-1200
Zn 2500-4000
As
Mo
Co
Se
2-10
50-500
300-500
2-10
25-100
100-500
1500-2000
20
20
10-100
Belgium (Flanders) Belgium (Walloon) Bulgaria Czech Republic
6
250
375
5
100
300
900
150
10
500
600
10
100
500
2000
30 5
500 200
1600 500
16 4
350 100
800 200
3000 2500
Denmark Finland France Germany Greece
0,8 3 20 10 20-40
100 300 1000 900 500
1000 600 1000 800 1000-1750
0,8 2 10 8 16-25
30 100 200 200 300-400
120 150 800 900 750-1200
4000 1500 3000 2500 2500-4000
25
Hungary
10
1000 – 1 (VI)
1000
10
200
750
2500
75
20
50
Italy Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovenia Spain
20 1,25 20 20 10 0,5 20-40
75 500 1000 500 40 1000-1750
1000 75 1000 1000 500 30 1000-1750
10 0,75 16 16 5 0,2 16-25
300 30 300 300 100 30 300-400
750 100 750 750 300 40 750-1200
2500 300 2500 2500 2000 100 2500-4000
Sweden United States 503 Rule Ceiling concentration
2
100
600
2,5
50
100
800
85
4300
57
420
840
7500
75
100
Exceptional
39
1500
17
420
300
2800
41
100
30
100
15
Comparison of limits of sanitary contaminations in sludge used in agriculture Giuseppe Mininni Italian National Research Council: Gdańska Fundacja Wody 2013
Salmonella
Other patogens
Denmark (only for advance maintenance)
Not detected
Fecal streptococci: < 100/g
France
8 MPN/10 g DM
Enterovirus: 3 MPCN/ 10 g DM
Europe
Helmints egs: 3/10 g DM Finland (539/2006)
Not detected in 25 g
Italy
1000 MPN/g DM
Luxembourg
Poland
Escherichia coli < 1000 jtk
Enterobacteria: 100/g Helmints egs not detected Not detected
Helmints egs not detected
< 3 MPN/ 4 g DM
Fecal Escherichia coli < 1000 NPL/g DM
United States Class A
Enterovirus < 1 PFU/4 g DM Helmints egs < 1 in 4 g DM Class B
Fecal Escherichia coli < 2 000 000 NPL/g DM
Comparison of limits of organic contaminations in sludge used in agriculture [mg/kg d.m.] Giuseppe Mininni Italian National Research Council: Gdańska Fundacja Wody 2013 AOX EC (20002003)1
500
Lower and Upper Austria Carinthia Denmark (2002) France
500
Germany
500
Germany proposition
400
DEHP 100
LAS 2600-5000
NP/NPE 50-450
500 50
1300
10
PAH 62
62 32
PCBs 0,8 Σ of 7 kongener
1
Fluoranthene 0,8 :4 Σ of 7 Benzo(b)fluo kongener ranthene:2,5 Benzo(a)pyre ne:1,5 0,2 for each kongener Benzo(a)pyre ne:1
PCDD/F3 100
Others
50
100 30
2Mercaptobe nzothiazole + 2hydroxybenz othiazole:0,6 Tonalid:15 Glalaxolide: 10
Sweden
Czech Republic 1
50
500
32
0,4 Σ of 7 kongener 0,6
limits proposition acenathen, fluoren, phenantren, fluoranthen, pyren, benzo(b+j+k)fluoranthen 3 ng/kg s.m. 2 sum
Advantages of Composting • Allows detention of sludge in the period when you can not fertilize. • Production of organic fertilizer with a certificate allowing selling compost as organic fertilizer (EoW) Conversion of sludge compost without a certificate enabling the sale (still waste 19 08 05) • allows for the simultaneous management of other waste • Enables simultaneous evaporation of water and hygienisation of sludge
Sludge Composting Plants in Poland Łeba Lębork, Czarnówko
Swarzewo Jastarnia
Słupsk Trzebiatów
Gdańsk
Sianów Tczew
Kościerzyna
Ełk Chojnice Stargard Szczeciński Gryfino
Świecie
Wardyń
Wąbrzeźno
Piła
Hryniewicze Inowrocław Brześć Kujawski Płock
Rumianek Suchy Las Jarocin
Zielonka Warszawa
Konin
Garwolin
Orli Staw Łódź
Trzebień Mysłakowice
Nowa Sarzyna Leżajsk
Piekary Śląskie Dąbrowa Górnicza Zabrze
Świętochłowice Kraków Zalesiany Brzeszcze Bielsko Biała Żywiec
Tarnów
Nowy Sącz
Krosno
Aerial view of Composting Plant in Swarzewo (Fot.Tadeusz Rotuski)
Composting Plant in Swarzewo WWTP treats sludge and other organic solid wastes
From 2001 up to 2007 contracts for waste segregation were signed by 1241 families in Władysławowo and in June 2012 exceeded 1900
Benefits of sludge fertilization • Converting the sludge fertilizer equivalent in terms of the content of NPK per 1 Mg DM, the benefits are: 30 Euro (N), 80Euro (P), 3 Euro (K) = 113 Euro/Mg DM • Fertilizer potential in Poland coming from the sludge is worth approximately 70 million Euro/year.
Draft comparison of the costs of sludge utilisation
• Straight in agriculture 10 – 20 Euro/1 Mg(wet mess) • Composting 20 – 40 Euro/1 Mg(wet mess) • Drying 30 Euro/1 Mg (wet mess) depending of water content. 5-16% of cost can be recovered from the cement plant for granules seling
• Incineration 40 – 50 Euro/1 Mg (wet mess) • Depositing for landfill 50 Euro/1 Mg (wet mess)
Legal need to reduce organic waste. EU obligations . The Waste Law passed in April 27th, 2001. The duty of reusing and recycling of waste were expressed in the chapter on principles of waste management. According to the requirements of the Council Directives 1999/31/EC in 26th April 1999 on the landfill (so-called Landfill directive) Member States shall, not later than 2 years after, were be obliged to prepare national strategies for the implementation of the reduction of biodegradable waste directed to landfills. It was assumed that within two years of the entry into force of the Waste Act, there will be developed a national program to reduce the amount of biodegradable components of municipal waste. Assumed terms to achieve the required level of reduction are: reduction to 75% by July 2010 reduction to 50% by July 2013 reduction to 35% by July 2020
Discussion on the Future • Comprehensive analysis, EoW philosophy • elimination of environmental damage that is heavy metals and organic contaminations • struvite production from reject water recovery of phosphorus • Intensification of methane fermentation
Conclusions • cost benefis analysis (CBA) should be used before choosing the method of disposal • Legislator should change the law using life cycle analysis LCA • the technology used should determine the application, for example: hygienisation for use in agriculture, oxygen and anaerobic stabilization when sludge is sending outside the generation place, preferred type of technology and type of flue gas cleaning should be chosen if incineration is taken into account.
Thank you for your attention