Sustainable Mobility with Fuel Cell Vehicles and Battery Electric Vehicles 1. December 2008
P. Froeschle / Daimler AG / 01.12.2008 1
Sustainable Mobility
2
Sustainable Mobility
Responsibility for the Blue Planet Need for sustainable mobility
Growing world population and world mobility lead to higher CO2-emissions
• Reduction of CO2-emissions • Efficient use of energy 3
Sustainable Mobility
Total Energy Balance – Well-to-Wheel Classification 200
Internal Combustion Engines
150
Battery electric vehicle: small range and long charging time
125
75
Battery electric vehicle (Fueled by 100% electricity from EU-Mix)
Battery electric vehicle (Fueled by 100% renewable electricity)
50
Fuel Cell (Fueled by 100% renewable H2)
25
0
10
20
30
40
50
Diesel
Hybrid (Gasoline)
Plug-in Hybrid with Fuel Cell (Fueled by 100% renewable electricity)
100
Gasoline
Hybrid (Diesel)
Fuel Cell (Fueled by 100% H2 from fossil sources)
Costs for Transformation of Technology
GHG* Emissions [g CO2eq/km]
175
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
Energy Consumption Well-to-Wheel [MJ/100km] Source: EUCAR/CONCAWE "Well-to-Wheels Report 2004"; Optiresource, 2006 Reference vehicle class: VW Golf
*GHG: Green House Gas
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Sustainable Mobility
Daimler’s Technology Portfolio for Sustainable Mobility Optimization of our vehicles with high-tech combustion engines
Hybridization for further increase in efficiency
Emission-free driving with fuel-cell/ electric vehicles
BlueEFFICIENCY
CGI
BlueTEC
DIESOTTO
HYBRID
Range Extender
Plug-In
Fuel-Cell
Battery-/E-Drive
Energy sources for the mobility of the future Clean fuels for combustion engines
Emission free driving
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Sustainable Mobility
Daimler’s Technology Portfolio – BlueEFFICIENCY Conventional vehicles with several measurements to reduce consumption and emissions
Light weight construction
Energy management
Aerodynamics & rolling resistance
Direct injunction
Motor downsizing
6
Sustainable Mobility
BLUETEC Technology – the cleanest Diesel worldwide 2006: E 320 BLUETEC „World Green Car 2007“
Oxi catalyst Particulate filter
BLUETEC I SCR catalyst
Vision C220 BLUETEC DeNox catalyst
Oxi catalyst
BLUETEC II SCR catalyst
AdBlue tank
AdBlue Particulate filter* metering valve
*only passenger cars 7
Sustainable Mobility
S-Class Hybrid with modular Hybrid-Drive Fuel Economy (NEDC) HV-Battery DC/DCconverter
Recuperative braking
10,1 l (242g)
W221
-17% Hybrid Potential
8,3 l (199g)
7,9 l (190g)
hybrid drive Electr. Engine Power electronics
Powertrain integration
Basis S350
Energy storage
High-performance electronics
Target value S350 ISG
Hybrid transmission
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Sustainable Mobility
Energy Sources for the Mobility of the Future CNG (Compressed Natural Gas)
+
-
• • •
Low raw emissions compared to gas and diesel engines low particulate matter emissions less CO2-emissions than gas engine (up to 25%)
•
Ideal for turbocharged engines
• •
Bigger tank capacity necessary Low range
Biofuels Food crops 1st generation
Biomass 2nd generation
• Synthetic fuel out of bio mass
Otto engine
Ethanol
Eco-Ethanol
• Potential for 20% of the diesel demand in the EU • Up to 90% less CO2-emissions • 50% less PM-emissions
Diesel engine
Bio-Ester
BTL
• 90% less CO- und HC-emissions
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Sustainable Mobility
Emission-Free Driving: Fuel-Cell- and Battery-Vehicles Emission-fees
Congested urban areas
Zero-emission regions
Fuel Cell Vehicles
Megacities
Battery-electric veh.
Enablers • Technology/components: • Battery (esp. Li-Ion) • Fuel-cell stacks • Hydrogen storage • Electric engines • Power electronics
~100 F-CELL vehicles in customer hands
• IP-Rights • Partnerships
~100 smart in a ev test fleet in London / Berlin
1010
Sustainable Mobility
Motivation of Hydrogen with Fuel Cells Why fuel cell technology as alternative
Why hydrogen as an alternative fuel?
200
Internal Combustion Engines
powertrain?
GHG* Emissions [g CO 2eq/km]
175
150
75
Battery electric vehicle (Fueled by 100% electricity from EU-Mix)
Battery electric vehicle (Fueled by 100% renewable electricity)
50
Fuel Cell (Fueled by 100% renewable H2)
25
0
10
20
30
40
50
Diesel
Hybrid (Gasoline)
Plug-in Hybrid with Fuel Cell (Fueled by 100% renewable electricity)
100
Gasoline
Hybrid (Diesel)
Fuel Cell (Fueled by 100% H2 from fossil sources)
Battery electric vehicle: small range and long charging time
125
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
Efficient use of energy: efficiency twice as high compared to conventional combustion engines
Zero emission in terms of GHG and emissions (NOx, …)
Diversity of feedstock, i.e. provide a secure energy supply
Reduction of GHG emission, i.e. increasing share of renewable energy sources
High torque leads to better acceleration Low noise (especially important in urban areas)
Fuel Cell Vehicles realize highly efficient and emission-free mobility. 11
Sustainable Mobility
Five H2 Production Pathways with the Potential of Producing a Significant Amount of Hydrogen Natural Gas Reforming
• Production capacity in petrochemistry is usable on short term • Moderate CO2 reduction
Biomass Gasification
• CO2 neutrality • Sustainable, reduction of dependencies • Competition among different applications (synthetic fuels, stationary use)
Renew. Electr. Electrolysis
• Many big offshore wind parks already planned • Hydrogen is a means of storage for excess electricity • Good energy and CO2 balances at the same time
Nuclear Electr. Electrolysis
• Good CO2 balance • Trend towards an extension of nuclear energy capacity • Very unfavourable energy chain and limited resources
Coal Gasification
• Largest fossil energy resources • Only usable if CO2 capture and storage is technically and economically feasible
Hydrogen as a By-product
• In certain chemical processes (chlorine alkali electrolysis) hydrogen is produced as a by-product • Short term production capacity in chemical industry • Little energy input and costs, moderate CO2 reduction, limited capacity
Hydrogen as a by-product of the chemical industry as well as hydrogen from natural gas can cover a significant part of the H2 demand during the phase of introduction of FC vehicles gradually switch to regenerative H2 12
Sustainable Mobility
History of Daimler’s Fuel Cell Vehicles Almost 15 years of Fuel Cell Development Concepts- and feasibility studies Methanol
Fit for daily use / Fleet test
Market launch
Necar 5
Necar 3
Passenger cars Necar 2
1994
1995
Necar 1
1996
Necar 4
1997
Nebus
1998
1999
F-Cell A-Class
2000
2001
Fuel Cell Sprinter
2002
2003
2004
Fuel Cell Citaro
F600
2005
F-Cell AClass Advanced
2006
2007
F-Cell B-Class
Future
Fuel Cell Sprinter
Light+heavy-duty vehicles 13
Sustainable Mobility
Preparing the Market Worldwide Fleet Operations
European Bus Project HyFLEET:CUTE
National Innovation Program H2 and Fuel Cell Germany MB NL Berlin
California Fuel Cell Partnership
Bus Project Beijing China
MBUSA
European Zero Regio Project
JHFC Program Japan MBJ
Clean Energy Partnership Germany
DoE Program USA DSEA Sinergy EDB Project Singapore
Bus Project STEP Perth, Australia
Worldwide fleet operation in demo projects Motivation for H2-infrastructure 14
Sustainable Mobility
Daimler’s Fuel Cell Vehicles Worldwide leading Experiences 60 F-Cell vehicles in customer hands
37 Buses (Citaro) Europe, Australia, China
3 Sprinter with UPS Europe, USA
∼ 2.000.000 km ∼ 58.000 h
∼ 2.100.000 km ∼ 136.000 h
∼ 64.000 km ∼ 2.400 h
Since 2004: 100 fuel cell vehicles in daily operation. First F-Cell vehicle surpassed 100.000 km / 2000 hrs in January 2007. *Data October 2008
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Sustainable Mobility
Daimler’s Fuel Cell Technology Roadmap Passenger Cars Lead Application
Bus Generation 1 Technology Demonstration
Generation 2
2004
2010
Customer Acceptance
Future Generations
2013
Generation 1
Generation 1
Technology Demonstration F-Cell
Technology Demonstration
Generation 2
Generation 2
Customer Acceptance B-Class F-Cell
Customer Acceptance
Generation 3 Cost Reduction I
~2015
Sprinter
Future Generations
Generation 4 Market Introduction Cost Reduction II
~2020
Generation 5 Mass Production
Daimler is dedicated to commercializing fuel cell vehicles 16
Sustainable Mobility
Development Steps T245CH2 Next Generation Fuel Cell Vehicle Next generation FC-Drivetrain: • Longer stack lifetime (>2000h) • increase of performance • higher reliability • freeze-start ability • Li-Ion Battery
A-Class F-Cell
Range +150%
Consumption - 16%
B-Class F-Cell Specifications
Specifications
Fuel Range Max. Speed Battery
FC-System
Output (Continuous / Peak): 45 kW / 65 kW (87hp) Max. torque: 210 Nm Hydrogen (350 bar / 5,000 psi)
[mpg]
PEM - 72 kW (97 hp) Elektro-Asynchron Motor
Drive
Vehicle type
Size - 40%
Power +30%
Fuel Range
170 km (105 miles / NEDC)
Max. Speed.
140 km/h (87 mph) NiMh, air-cooled, Power (Continuous / Peak): 15 kW / 20 kW (27hp); Capacity: 6 Ah, 1.2 kWh
Drive
Battery
Mercedes-Benz B-Class PEM, 80 kW IPT Output (Continuous / Peak) 70kW / 100kW (136hp) Max. torque: 320 Nm Hydrogen (70 MPa / 10,000 psi) 400 km (250 miles) 170 km/h (106 mph) Li-Ion (Mn), Power (Continuous / Peak): 24 kW / 30 kW (40hp); Capacity 6.8 Ah, 1.4 kWh
[kW]
FC-System
Mercedes-Benz A-Class (longVersion)
[km]
Vehicle type
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Sustainable Mobility
Implementation and Funding of the H2-Infrastructure in Germany Buildup H2-Infrastructure
Business-Case: H2-infrastructure Germany Feasibility
•
Area-wide buildup of a public H2-infrastructure until 2020 achievable (1,000 filling stations in Germany)
•
Buildup of a public H2-infrastructure with initial large investment
•
A positive business case for the H2infrastructure can also be achieved by untaxed subsidization of the investments for the operation of the filling stations Discussions for establishing a consortium in preparation Transfer Business Case to other markets
Investment [€]
Results
Startinvest for a minimalinfrastructure
Number of vehicles
Activities • •
H2-infrastructure requires start-up investments
2013 150 FS
2015 500 FS
2017 1000 FS
For the build up of 1000 filling stations until 2017 an investment of 1,5 – 2 bn € is needed. Realistic subsidization could reduce this cash need by 50% funding.
large
mediumsmall
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Sustainable Mobility
smart fortwo ev Test Fleet in London: Due to the excellent feedback, we will continue!
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Sustainable Mobility
Daimlers Battery Programs 1972
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990 1992
1994
1988 BR 308E
1972 LE 306
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
1998 - ? BR 451 ev
1979 BR 307E 1995 - 1998 MB 410E 1991 – 1995 W123 + MB100
1994 - 1998 W168 A-Klasse
1993 Vision A93 1982 W123 1993ff Transporter 308E + V108E 1993 W202 20
BEV Hype’s 1972
1994
Sustainable Mobility
2008
In 1972, Mercedes built an electrically powered people carrier called the LE 306. Its 31kW (42hp) motor could zip it along at 70km/h (44mph), with a range of 65km (40 miles).
What has really changed? 21
Sustainable Mobility
Battery Usable Energy of Cells in Dependence on Power
Spec. Power / W/kg
1000 800
energy optimized EV-batteries
600
Li-Tec ENAX
400
NiMH
200
Worldwide research programs with target of > 200 Wh/kg. No materials with good prospects in sight. (Prof. Sauer, Prof. Winter, Dr. Wohlfahrt-Mehrens in accordance with GR/VFB)
Pouch celltechnology
Li-Ionen JCS (VL41E) -cylindrical cell-
0 0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
Spec. Energy / Wh/kg
today
> 2012
> 2017 (Prof. Sauer, Uni Aachen in accordance with GR/VFB)
∆V 160
180
Range Smart / km [NEFZ]
Results of discussions with external experts and internal investigations: Worldwide research programs with target of > 200 Wh/kg. Actual no materials with good prospects in sight. 22
Sustainable Mobility
Battery Summary Valuation of todays systems and development potentials High-capacity-battery: The Mild-hybrid-battery of the 2. generation offers already with 50 Wh/kg and 80 Wh/ltr. excellent values. NiMH-battery-systems have 50% lower energy density. Current development potentials of power cells promise higher specific power ratings at cell level (e.g. LiFePhO4), but due to minor cell voltage on battery level there are no improvements of the energy density. High-energy-batteries : In future, energy contents of 130 Wh/kg on battery level are achievable. Flat cells to achieve these values are under way. Prospects Further development of Solid-state-batteries promise a clearly higher energy density as 130 Wh/kg (e.g. Nano-wire-technology Standford). However, there are a lot of open questions (cycle stability, conductivity of battery components, volume change of phase to phase, etc.). Standford identifies the achievement of10 charging cycles (Vollzyklen) as success (Goal: 2000). Further development of Li-Polymer batteries show no increase in energy. Advantage is the fast charge ability in comparison to Li-Ion.
High-capacity-batteries currently already show excellent values. High-energy-batteries have a technological gap (Potential approx. 15-20%) 23
Sustainable Mobility
smart ed – Next Generation of Battery Electric Vehicle smart ed phase I
smart ed phase III
2006 – 2008 Technology demonstration
from 2012 small Series
Acceleration
Range
+20%
+20%
+35%
[km]
Increased power (41 kW 50 kW) Higher reliability Longer range (110 km 150 km) Improved freeze start ability Improved battery (Sodium-Nickel-Chlorid Li-Ion)
Power
[m/s2]
• • • • •
[kW]
smart ed phase 3:
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Sustainable Mobility
Optimal Mobility Scenarios – Call for an Innovative Powertrain Portfolio Long Distance
Interurban
Urban
Combustion Engine Hybridization Plug-In/Range Extender Battery Drive Fuel Cell 25
Sustainable Mobility
E-Drive-Portfolio - Potentials and Limitations (only technical View!) Each technology has particular advantages and should be applied where its optimal benefit can be guaranteed Compact Class
Medium-Sized Vehicles
Luxury & Family Cars
Fuel Cell Vehicles
City-Bus
Overland Bus
SOFCC*
LD Truck
MD Truck
HD Truck
SOFCC*
Battery Electric Vehicles
Principal technical fit of various propulsion variants Yes – without compromises based on todays • vehicle requirements and • vehicle architectures • range (operating) • packaging
* Solid Oxide Fuel Cell – yet not emission free!
No – principally not not from today's viewpoint Yes - but with compromises
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Sustainable Mobility
Conclusions
Strengths
Challenges
•
Sustainability is a core value of Daimler AG.
•
Battery electric and fuel cell vehicles the only way towards zero-emission mobility and independence from fossil fuels.
•
Both zero emission drive trains share a lot of technologies and components.
•
With battery electric and fuel cell vehicles the whole spectrum of mobility requirements can be covered.
•
There is rapid progress towards commercialization of both drive systems.
BEVs: FCVs:
Development of high power/energy batteries at fair costs Infrastructure buildup requires public and private partnerships
There is no “one fits it all” solution for sustainable mobility at low cost. There is no quick fix for 100% zero emission mobility and independence from fossil fuels. 27
Sustainable Mobility
Road to the future – sustainable mobility is no science fiction but will become a reality
Thanks for your attention !
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