Sustainable Mobility with Fuel Cell Vehicles and Battery Electric Vehicles 1. December 2008

Sustainable Mobility with Fuel Cell Vehicles and Battery Electric Vehicles 1. December 2008 P. Froeschle / Daimler AG / 01.12.2008 1 Sustainable Mo...
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Sustainable Mobility with Fuel Cell Vehicles and Battery Electric Vehicles 1. December 2008

P. Froeschle / Daimler AG / 01.12.2008 1

Sustainable Mobility

2

Sustainable Mobility

Responsibility for the Blue Planet Need for sustainable mobility

Growing world population and world mobility lead to higher CO2-emissions

• Reduction of CO2-emissions • Efficient use of energy 3

Sustainable Mobility

Total Energy Balance – Well-to-Wheel Classification 200

Internal Combustion Engines

150

Battery electric vehicle: small range and long charging time

125

75

Battery electric vehicle (Fueled by 100% electricity from EU-Mix)

Battery electric vehicle (Fueled by 100% renewable electricity)

50

Fuel Cell (Fueled by 100% renewable H2)

25

0

10

20

30

40

50

Diesel

Hybrid (Gasoline)

Plug-in Hybrid with Fuel Cell (Fueled by 100% renewable electricity)

100

Gasoline

Hybrid (Diesel)

Fuel Cell (Fueled by 100% H2 from fossil sources)

Costs for Transformation of Technology

GHG* Emissions [g CO2eq/km]

175

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

130

140

150

160

170

180

190

200

210

220

230

240

Energy Consumption Well-to-Wheel [MJ/100km] Source: EUCAR/CONCAWE "Well-to-Wheels Report 2004"; Optiresource, 2006 Reference vehicle class: VW Golf

*GHG: Green House Gas

4

Sustainable Mobility

Daimler’s Technology Portfolio for Sustainable Mobility Optimization of our vehicles with high-tech combustion engines

Hybridization for further increase in efficiency

Emission-free driving with fuel-cell/ electric vehicles

BlueEFFICIENCY

CGI

BlueTEC

DIESOTTO

HYBRID

Range Extender

Plug-In

Fuel-Cell

Battery-/E-Drive

Energy sources for the mobility of the future Clean fuels for combustion engines

Emission free driving

5

Sustainable Mobility

Daimler’s Technology Portfolio – BlueEFFICIENCY Conventional vehicles with several measurements to reduce consumption and emissions

Light weight construction

Energy management

Aerodynamics & rolling resistance

Direct injunction

Motor downsizing

6

Sustainable Mobility

BLUETEC Technology – the cleanest Diesel worldwide 2006: E 320 BLUETEC „World Green Car 2007“

Oxi catalyst Particulate filter

BLUETEC I SCR catalyst

Vision C220 BLUETEC DeNox catalyst

Oxi catalyst

BLUETEC II SCR catalyst

AdBlue tank

AdBlue Particulate filter* metering valve

*only passenger cars 7

Sustainable Mobility

S-Class Hybrid with modular Hybrid-Drive Fuel Economy (NEDC) HV-Battery DC/DCconverter

Recuperative braking

10,1 l (242g)

W221

-17% Hybrid Potential

8,3 l (199g)

7,9 l (190g)

hybrid drive Electr. Engine Power electronics

Powertrain integration

Basis S350

Energy storage

High-performance electronics

Target value S350 ISG

Hybrid transmission

8

Sustainable Mobility

Energy Sources for the Mobility of the Future CNG (Compressed Natural Gas)

+

-

• • •

Low raw emissions compared to gas and diesel engines low particulate matter emissions less CO2-emissions than gas engine (up to 25%)



Ideal for turbocharged engines

• •

Bigger tank capacity necessary Low range

Biofuels Food crops 1st generation

Biomass 2nd generation

• Synthetic fuel out of bio mass

Otto engine

Ethanol

Eco-Ethanol

• Potential for 20% of the diesel demand in the EU • Up to 90% less CO2-emissions • 50% less PM-emissions

Diesel engine

Bio-Ester

BTL

• 90% less CO- und HC-emissions

9

Sustainable Mobility

Emission-Free Driving: Fuel-Cell- and Battery-Vehicles Emission-fees

Congested urban areas

Zero-emission regions

Fuel Cell Vehicles

Megacities

Battery-electric veh.

Enablers • Technology/components: • Battery (esp. Li-Ion) • Fuel-cell stacks • Hydrogen storage • Electric engines • Power electronics

~100 F-CELL vehicles in customer hands

• IP-Rights • Partnerships

~100 smart in a ev test fleet in London / Berlin

1010

Sustainable Mobility

Motivation of Hydrogen with Fuel Cells Why fuel cell technology as alternative

Why hydrogen as an alternative fuel?

200

Internal Combustion Engines

powertrain?

GHG* Emissions [g CO 2eq/km]

175

150

75

Battery electric vehicle (Fueled by 100% electricity from EU-Mix)

Battery electric vehicle (Fueled by 100% renewable electricity)

50

Fuel Cell (Fueled by 100% renewable H2)

25

0

10

20

30

40

50

Diesel

Hybrid (Gasoline)

Plug-in Hybrid with Fuel Cell (Fueled by 100% renewable electricity)

100

Gasoline

Hybrid (Diesel)

Fuel Cell (Fueled by 100% H2 from fossil sources)

Battery electric vehicle: small range and long charging time

125

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

130

140

150

160

170

180

190

200

210

220

 Efficient use of energy: efficiency twice as high compared to conventional combustion engines

 Zero emission in terms of GHG and emissions (NOx, …)

 Diversity of feedstock, i.e. provide a secure energy supply

 Reduction of GHG emission, i.e. increasing share of renewable energy sources

 High torque leads to better acceleration  Low noise (especially important in urban areas)

Fuel Cell Vehicles realize highly efficient and emission-free mobility. 11

Sustainable Mobility

Five H2 Production Pathways with the Potential of Producing a Significant Amount of Hydrogen Natural Gas Reforming

• Production capacity in petrochemistry is usable on short term • Moderate CO2 reduction

Biomass Gasification

• CO2 neutrality • Sustainable, reduction of dependencies • Competition among different applications (synthetic fuels, stationary use)

Renew. Electr. Electrolysis

• Many big offshore wind parks already planned • Hydrogen is a means of storage for excess electricity • Good energy and CO2 balances at the same time

Nuclear Electr. Electrolysis

• Good CO2 balance • Trend towards an extension of nuclear energy capacity • Very unfavourable energy chain and limited resources

Coal Gasification

• Largest fossil energy resources • Only usable if CO2 capture and storage is technically and economically feasible

Hydrogen as a By-product

• In certain chemical processes (chlorine alkali electrolysis) hydrogen is produced as a by-product • Short term production capacity in chemical industry • Little energy input and costs, moderate CO2 reduction, limited capacity

Hydrogen as a by-product of the chemical industry as well as hydrogen from natural gas can cover a significant part of the H2 demand during the phase of introduction of FC vehicles  gradually switch to regenerative H2 12

Sustainable Mobility

History of Daimler’s Fuel Cell Vehicles Almost 15 years of Fuel Cell Development Concepts- and feasibility studies Methanol

Fit for daily use / Fleet test

Market launch

Necar 5

Necar 3

Passenger cars Necar 2

1994

1995

Necar 1

1996

Necar 4

1997

Nebus

1998

1999

F-Cell A-Class

2000

2001

Fuel Cell Sprinter

2002

2003

2004

Fuel Cell Citaro

F600

2005

F-Cell AClass Advanced

2006

2007

F-Cell B-Class

Future

Fuel Cell Sprinter

Light+heavy-duty vehicles 13

Sustainable Mobility

Preparing the Market Worldwide Fleet Operations

European Bus Project HyFLEET:CUTE

National Innovation Program H2 and Fuel Cell Germany MB NL Berlin

California Fuel Cell Partnership

Bus Project Beijing China

MBUSA

European Zero Regio Project

JHFC Program Japan MBJ

Clean Energy Partnership Germany

DoE Program USA DSEA Sinergy EDB Project Singapore

Bus Project STEP Perth, Australia

 Worldwide fleet operation in demo projects  Motivation for H2-infrastructure 14

Sustainable Mobility

Daimler’s Fuel Cell Vehicles Worldwide leading Experiences 60 F-Cell vehicles in customer hands

37 Buses (Citaro) Europe, Australia, China

3 Sprinter with UPS Europe, USA

∼ 2.000.000 km ∼ 58.000 h

∼ 2.100.000 km ∼ 136.000 h

∼ 64.000 km ∼ 2.400 h

 Since 2004: 100 fuel cell vehicles in daily operation.  First F-Cell vehicle surpassed 100.000 km / 2000 hrs in January 2007. *Data October 2008

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Sustainable Mobility

Daimler’s Fuel Cell Technology Roadmap Passenger Cars Lead Application

Bus Generation 1 Technology Demonstration

Generation 2

2004

2010

Customer Acceptance

Future Generations

2013

Generation 1

Generation 1

Technology Demonstration F-Cell

Technology Demonstration

Generation 2

Generation 2

Customer Acceptance B-Class F-Cell

Customer Acceptance

Generation 3 Cost Reduction I

~2015

Sprinter

Future Generations

Generation 4 Market Introduction Cost Reduction II

~2020

Generation 5 Mass Production

Daimler is dedicated to commercializing fuel cell vehicles 16

Sustainable Mobility

Development Steps T245CH2 Next Generation Fuel Cell Vehicle Next generation FC-Drivetrain: • Longer stack lifetime (>2000h) • increase of performance • higher reliability • freeze-start ability • Li-Ion Battery

A-Class F-Cell

Range +150%

Consumption - 16%

B-Class F-Cell Specifications

Specifications

Fuel Range Max. Speed Battery

FC-System

Output (Continuous / Peak): 45 kW / 65 kW (87hp) Max. torque: 210 Nm Hydrogen (350 bar / 5,000 psi)

[mpg]

PEM - 72 kW (97 hp) Elektro-Asynchron Motor

Drive

Vehicle type

Size - 40%

Power +30%

Fuel Range

170 km (105 miles / NEDC)

Max. Speed.

140 km/h (87 mph) NiMh, air-cooled, Power (Continuous / Peak): 15 kW / 20 kW (27hp); Capacity: 6 Ah, 1.2 kWh

Drive

Battery

Mercedes-Benz B-Class PEM, 80 kW IPT Output (Continuous / Peak) 70kW / 100kW (136hp) Max. torque: 320 Nm Hydrogen (70 MPa / 10,000 psi) 400 km (250 miles) 170 km/h (106 mph) Li-Ion (Mn), Power (Continuous / Peak): 24 kW / 30 kW (40hp); Capacity 6.8 Ah, 1.4 kWh

[kW]

FC-System

Mercedes-Benz A-Class (longVersion)

[km]

Vehicle type

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Sustainable Mobility

Implementation and Funding of the H2-Infrastructure in Germany Buildup H2-Infrastructure

Business-Case: H2-infrastructure Germany Feasibility



Area-wide buildup of a public H2-infrastructure until 2020 achievable (1,000 filling stations in Germany)



Buildup of a public H2-infrastructure with initial large investment



A positive business case for the H2infrastructure can also be achieved by untaxed subsidization of the investments for the operation of the filling stations Discussions for establishing a consortium in preparation Transfer Business Case to other markets

Investment [€]

Results

Startinvest for a minimalinfrastructure

Number of vehicles

Activities • •

 H2-infrastructure requires start-up investments

2013 150 FS  

2015 500 FS

2017 1000 FS

For the build up of 1000 filling stations until 2017 an investment of 1,5 – 2 bn € is needed. Realistic subsidization could reduce this cash need by 50% funding.

large

mediumsmall

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Sustainable Mobility

smart fortwo ev Test Fleet in London: Due to the excellent feedback, we will continue!

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Sustainable Mobility

Daimlers Battery Programs 1972

1974

1976

1978

1980

1982

1984

1986

1988

1990 1992

1994

1988 BR 308E

1972 LE 306

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

1998 - ? BR 451 ev

1979 BR 307E 1995 - 1998 MB 410E 1991 – 1995 W123 + MB100

1994 - 1998 W168 A-Klasse

1993 Vision A93 1982 W123 1993ff Transporter 308E + V108E 1993 W202 20

BEV Hype’s 1972

1994

Sustainable Mobility

2008

In 1972, Mercedes built an electrically powered people carrier called the LE 306. Its 31kW (42hp) motor could zip it along at 70km/h (44mph), with a range of 65km (40 miles).

What has really changed? 21

Sustainable Mobility

Battery Usable Energy of Cells in Dependence on Power

Spec. Power / W/kg

1000 800

energy optimized EV-batteries

600

Li-Tec ENAX

400

NiMH

200

Worldwide research programs with target of > 200 Wh/kg. No materials with good prospects in sight. (Prof. Sauer, Prof. Winter, Dr. Wohlfahrt-Mehrens in accordance with GR/VFB)

Pouch celltechnology

Li-Ionen JCS (VL41E) -cylindrical cell-

0 0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

Spec. Energy / Wh/kg

today

> 2012

> 2017 (Prof. Sauer, Uni Aachen in accordance with GR/VFB)

∆V 160

180

Range Smart / km [NEFZ]

 Results of discussions with external experts and internal investigations:  Worldwide research programs with target of > 200 Wh/kg.  Actual no materials with good prospects in sight. 22

Sustainable Mobility

Battery Summary Valuation of todays systems and development potentials  High-capacity-battery: The Mild-hybrid-battery of the 2. generation offers already with 50 Wh/kg and 80 Wh/ltr. excellent values. NiMH-battery-systems have 50% lower energy density.  Current development potentials of power cells promise higher specific power ratings at cell level (e.g. LiFePhO4), but due to minor cell voltage on battery level there are no improvements of the energy density.  High-energy-batteries : In future, energy contents of 130 Wh/kg on battery level are achievable. Flat cells to achieve these values are under way. Prospects  Further development of Solid-state-batteries promise a clearly higher energy density as 130 Wh/kg (e.g. Nano-wire-technology Standford). However, there are a lot of open questions (cycle stability, conductivity of battery components, volume change of phase to phase, etc.). Standford identifies the achievement of10 charging cycles (Vollzyklen) as success (Goal: 2000).  Further development of Li-Polymer batteries show no increase in energy. Advantage is the fast charge ability in comparison to Li-Ion.

High-capacity-batteries currently already show excellent values. High-energy-batteries have a technological gap (Potential approx. 15-20%) 23

Sustainable Mobility

smart ed – Next Generation of Battery Electric Vehicle smart ed phase I

smart ed phase III

2006 – 2008 Technology demonstration

from 2012 small Series

Acceleration

Range

+20%

+20%

+35%

[km]

Increased power (41 kW  50 kW) Higher reliability Longer range (110 km  150 km) Improved freeze start ability Improved battery (Sodium-Nickel-Chlorid  Li-Ion)

Power

[m/s2]

• • • • •

[kW]

smart ed phase 3:

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Sustainable Mobility

Optimal Mobility Scenarios – Call for an Innovative Powertrain Portfolio Long Distance

Interurban

Urban

Combustion Engine Hybridization Plug-In/Range Extender Battery Drive Fuel Cell 25

Sustainable Mobility

E-Drive-Portfolio - Potentials and Limitations (only technical View!) Each technology has particular advantages and should be applied where its optimal benefit can be guaranteed Compact Class

Medium-Sized Vehicles

Luxury & Family Cars

Fuel Cell Vehicles

City-Bus

Overland Bus

SOFCC*

LD Truck

MD Truck

HD Truck

SOFCC*

Battery Electric Vehicles

Principal technical fit of various propulsion variants Yes – without compromises based on todays • vehicle requirements and • vehicle architectures • range (operating) • packaging

* Solid Oxide Fuel Cell – yet not emission free!

No – principally not not from today's viewpoint Yes - but with compromises

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Sustainable Mobility

Conclusions

Strengths

Challenges



Sustainability is a core value of Daimler AG.



Battery electric and fuel cell vehicles the only way towards zero-emission mobility and independence from fossil fuels.



Both zero emission drive trains share a lot of technologies and components.



With battery electric and fuel cell vehicles the whole spectrum of mobility requirements can be covered.



There is rapid progress towards commercialization of both drive systems.

BEVs: FCVs:

Development of high power/energy batteries at fair costs Infrastructure buildup requires public and private partnerships

 There is no “one fits it all” solution for sustainable mobility at low cost.  There is no quick fix for 100% zero emission mobility and independence from fossil fuels. 27

Sustainable Mobility

Road to the future – sustainable mobility is no science fiction but will become a reality

Thanks for your attention !

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