Sustainability & the Process Industry lecture to NAP 24 February 2005

Problems and Opportunities - Climate - Ecology - Society - Economy Prof. ir Jan Harmsen Hoogewerff-leerstoel Duurzame Chemische Technologie

740 6 60 60 2 550

10

13

T

1200 0.5

10000

Warm 600 2

2 biota 37

25

Cold 300 1

2

37

1 biota 1

34000

0.5 Mondial Carbonflows (Gton/y) en reservoirs (Gton) : NASA Hoogewerff-leerstoel Duurzame Chemische Technologie

Global warming Ref. E. Boeker, Environmental physics Gas

conc. ppm

H2O CO2 O3 N2O CH4

5000 350 0.03 0.3 1.7

310 21

~ 0.03

1000

HFC-134

GWP factor G. Warming (K) 1

20.6 7.2 2.4 0.8 0.8 0.6 Total 32.4 Hoogewerff-leerstoel Duurzame Chemische Technologie

Windstorm catastrophes North Am. and Europe 1960 - 1992 Loss in 109 $ G.Berz, The Review, June 1993, 32 90 80 70 60 number Econ. Loss Insured loss

50 40 30 20 10 0 ''60-69

''70-79

''80-89

''83-92 Hoogewerff-leerstoel Duurzame Chemische Technologie

Global Antropogenic Carbon flow 22 %

Atmosphere 32 %

46 %

0.7 1.0 Transport

1.3

Housing

Power

1.2

1.7

Industry

1.8

Fossil resources Hoogewerff-leerstoel Duurzame Chemische Technologie

Major problem areas Carbon Cycle Process Industry •CO2 emission Now factor 2 too high Development China, India
factor 8 too high • Fossil Carbon production rate near maximum • Endothermic reactions heated by fossil fuel: - Alkanes to Olefins - Metal Ore reduction - Cement: carbonate reduction Separations: 70 % of process energy; 20-30 X theoretical minimum Hoogewerff-leerstoel Duurzame Chemische Technologie

Major ecology concerns • Atmospheric - climate change - ozone layer - asian brown cloud

by green house gas emissions by CFC emissions by combustion gases

• Water - ocean biotope changes by chemicals in waste water - ground water by Fertiliser seapage - ground water by extraction> supply

- drought

by climate change Hoogewerff-leerstoel Duurzame Chemische Technologie

Major Ecology problem areas Process Industry * CO2 emission and fossil C depletion *Atmospheric emissions HFC, VOC (Diffusive Emission) *Persistant Organic Polutants to surface waters *Unknown toxicity majority chemical products (REACH) * Highly toxic heavy metal waste (ore processes) Hoogewerff-leerstoel Duurzame Chemische Technologie

Industrial Hazardous Waste USA source: D. Allen U of Texas

• 0.25 - 0.75 billion tons/year • 75 - 90% from chemical manufacturing • Much of the rest from petroleum refining

Hoogewerff-leerstoel Duurzame Chemische Technologie

Social Sustainability Process Industry - People needs (in particular the poor) provision Okay: Water Treatment, Reverse osmosis sea water Food Fertilizers Clothing Polymers Housing Cement Health Sewage treatment, Pharmacy Energy Fuels, Electricity - Public acceptance? Hoogewerff-leerstoel Duurzame Chemische Technologie

Chemical Industry Image 2004 Pan-european survey (CEFIC), ECN 12 July 2004, p. 27

Industry

Positive Rating (%)

1 Electronics 2 Food 3 Automobile 4 Pharmaceutical 5 Electricity

78 77 73 70 70

6 Chemical 7 Oil 8 Nuclear

48 45 35 Hoogewerff-leerstoel Duurzame Chemische Technologie

Economic Sustainability Process Industry Prosperity?

Yes; Growth faster than GNP Housing, Food, Health

World Chemicals capacity :

1800 bEURO/year

Scarce resources maintained? No;

Fossil based

External cost internalised?

(except some CO2)

No;

Hoogewerff-leerstoel Duurzame Chemische Technologie

External cost values Emission CO2 Hydrocarbon

$/ton

location

46

Sweden

8000

“

Source: SIKA(1995) Samplan nr. 13, 951213 Stockholm

Hoogewerff-leerstoel Duurzame Chemische Technologie

Business Motives Sustainable Development South African Breweries: Market growth developing world Social : Education workers Economic: Lowest cost, lowest water use: 5
4.5
3 l/l beer Ecological: Waste water treatment Dupont: Shell: P&G: Nuon: AVEBE:

Efficiency Survival Green Image Market differentiator Driver for innovation Hoogewerff-leerstoel Duurzame Chemische Technologie

Sustainability Lens: Global Pyramid Purchasing Power Parity in U.S. dollars

>$10,000

$3,000-10,000