contents

JUNE–JULY 2010

11 Update on Cotton Australia’s year 12 Pre-sowing considerations to preserve fibre quality

Water Matters

www.cottongrower.com.au

18 Piloting IrriSat SMS technology in the Gwydir Valley 22 Magnet – potential roles in management of resistance to Bt

 

The Australian Cottongrower

P.O. Box 766, Toowoomba, 4350. Ph: (07) 4659 3555. Fax (07) 4638 4520. Email: [email protected]  Website: www.cottongrower.com.au DELIVERIES: 120 Herries St, Toowoomba, Qld. 4350.

g inning & fibre quality series 34 The importance of moisture during ginning

EDITOR: David Dowling ASSOCIATE EDITOR: Lloyd O’Connell GROUP SALES MANAGER: Norm Neeld PRODUCTION MANAGER: Mick Allan OFFICE MANAGER: Catherine O’Connell



cotton conference feature

ADVERTISING:  Norm Neeld Ph: (07) 5450 1720  Fax: (07) 5450 1102  Mobile: 0428 794 801 CONTENTS OF ADVERTISEMENTS are the responsibility of the advertisers. All statements and opinions expressed in The Australian Cottongrower are published after due consideration of information gained from sources believed to be authentic. The following of advice given is at the reader’s own risk, and no responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of the matter published herein. No portion in whole or part may be reproduced without permission of the publisher. Copyright 2010. Published by Berekua Pty. Ltd., 40 Creek Street, Brisbane. Registered by Australia Post Print Post Approved Publication number PP 405518/00026. ISSN 1442–5289. PUBLISHED: FEBRUARY, APRIL, JUNE, AUGUST, OCTOBER, DECEMBER. COTTON YEARBOOK PUBLISHED IN SEPTEMBER.

40 F  rom dirt to shirt Conference registration costs kept to a minimum 42 Markets and trading – key focus at this year’s Cotton Conference 43 The science behind the results 44 Cotton Conference program summary 45 Past and Present: Two industry leaders give 30 years 46 Grower loyalty program Conference draws them back! 47 Cotton’s top picks announced in the 2010 Australian Cotton Industry Awards 49 Reducing greenhouse gas emissions from cotton farming practices

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2 Editorial 4 Cotton Research Roundup – Future of the cotton industry? 25 Classic Tractor Tales: The formidable Fitch

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Potential to manage resistance to Bt

Potential to manage resistance to Bt

Cotton Conference Feature

John Hornbuckle CSIRO (centre) explains the components of the Weemalah automatic weather station to Weemalah irrigator Gary Houston (left) while Tony Nedelko CSIRO looks on. See article on pages 18. THE AUSTRALIAN COTTONGROWER — 1

Editorial…

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Agribusiness Recruiters – LEADING THE WAY SINCE 1979

David Dowling, Editor

The Australian Cotton Conference has become an institution in the industry – perhaps its greatest institution. In the feature on the 15th Australian Conference in this issue, there is a small reference to one of the great contributors to the industry and to the Cotton Conference (page 40). Greg Constable spoke on planting dates and plant populations at the first conference in 1982 and has attended every one since. I suspect that Greg may not be alone in this regard. Other presenters at that very first conference over a couple of very hot days at the RSL Hall in Goondiwindi in early November 1982 included Geoff McIntyre, John Barber, Robyn Gunning, Dave Murray, Peter Reid, Bruce Pyke and Des McGarry – all of whom are still actively involved in the cotton industry or cotton research. I’m not sure whether they have attended every conference since, but I suspect that some of them have done so – or have come very close. Some of the presenters and session chairmen are no longer with us – people such as Richard Williams, Arthur Hodgson and Andrew von Mengersen. While others have retired or drifted away to the periphery of the industry. There are probably quite a few growers who have been to every conference. And looking back on it, I realise that I’ve only missed one myself – the second conference in 1984. Someone mentioned the other day that the same old things seem to be on the agenda at the Conference, even after 30 years. Things like row spacing, nutrition, plant breeding, soils and irrigation. Well, these topics will probably always be with us. They are what growing cotton is all about, and the fact we still discuss them doesn’t mean that huge strides haven’t been made in these areas over the past 30 years. Conversely, what struck me are the things being discussed in 2010 which were not even on the radar in 1982. Things like water for the environment, farm energy budgets, R&D knowledge management, branding Australian cotton, managing transgenic varieties, myBMP, generational change and capacity building. While the hot topics in 1982 were about survival strategies against a harsh physical environment, the 2010 version is more about survival in a harsh political environment. But the challenges are just as real and the Cotton Conference is just as important as it was in 1982 – perhaps more so.

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2 — THE AUSTRALIAN COTTONGROWER

JUNE–JULY 2010

In this issue... Considerations to preserve fibre quality

Reducing greenhouse gas emissions

One aim of FIBREpak was to raise awareness of issues that affect fibre quality. In this article we summarise important information relating to pre-season decisions which will optimise fibre quality.

Cotton growers can reduce their greenhouse gas emissions through reduced tillage, permanent beds and wheat rotations.

Cotton Australia and the Australian Cotton Shippers Association are lining up an ambitious program of speakers for the 15th Australian Cotton Conference that will cover the gamut of cotton production, from dirt to shirt.

See story.......................... Page 12

See story.......................... Page 49

Stories start...................... Page 40

Piloting IrriSat SMS technology

The importance of moisture during ginning

The formidable Fitch

Are you looking for a low cost method to help schedule irrigations? IrriSat SMS, the Satellite and SMS Irrigation Water Management Service being trialled as part of the NSW Sustaining the Basin: Border Rivers-Gwydir pilot project could be the answer. See story.......................... Page 18

Cotton Conference Feature

Modern gins are highly automated and productive systems that incorporate many processing stages besides the removal of lint from the cotton seed.

In 1929, horses still remained supreme on Australian farms. After all – they were reliable and providing you had no objection to rising before dawn in order to firstly catch the things, then feed them, then untangle the harness, slip the bridle over their heads, and so on. But an hour had passed and a furrow had yet to be turned.

See story.......................... Page 34

See story.......................... Page 25

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JUNE–JULY 2010

THE AUSTRALIAN COTTONGROWER — 3

COTTON COTTON COTTON

RESEARCH ROUNDUP

BRUCE PYKE

BRUCE FINNEY

Future of the cotton industry? By Bruce Finney

I

n 2009 leaders in the Australian cotton industry recognised the potential for improving industry performance, organisational collaboration and capacity through the development of a shared view of the future. The Vision 2029 project was a collaboration between CRDC, Cotton Australia and the Australian Cotton Industry Council (ACIC), with representatives from these organisations forming a Reference Group. The project scope covered the whole of the Australian cotton industry from input suppliers through to marketers. A 20-year timeframe was chosen in order to ensure a longer-term strategic focus. Cotton Australia Chair Joanne Grainger summarised the goal as “To develop a shared vision that inspires and unifies the Australian cotton industry.” In August 2009 CRDC engaged the consulting group Emergent Futures to facilitate the project, titled Cotton Industry Vision 2029. The project started in September 2009 and finished in March. A range of possible futures was explored before identifying a preferred future for

the industry. A series of workshops, stakeholder surveys and scanning activities were undertaken to identify trends, assumptions and driving forces that would influence the industry future. Opportunity to contribute to surveys was broadly available to industry and provided very useful criticisms and suggestions. Four scenarios were developed which identified the range of possible futures that the Australian cotton industry might face: • Boom; • Bust; • Food Replaces Fibre; or, • Present Day Projection. These were based on critical challenges and uncertainties identified at the beginning of the project. From these scenarios the draft Preferred Future and vision for the Australian cotton industry was developed: Below is a summary of the preferred industry future, representing the vision of how the industry might look in 20 years, having overcome challenges from its present situation.

The Journey In years leading up to 2009, the industry experienced particularly hard conditions. Drought plagued many regions and government reforms ensured water security was at an all time low. The cotton labour force was being ‘mined’, while climate change and the carbon pollution reduction scheme were big challenges knocking on the door. Industry rationalisation, public and political perceptions towards farming had all taken a toll. Industry confidence, profitability and resilience were waning. Some people felt the industry was in dire straits while others were cautiously optimistic that it would again rebound when conditions improved. The industry needed to find a way past the current major challenges to create a preferred future. The leaders identified that the challenges could be overcome through a combination of repositioning the industry in the global marketplace and achieving superior industry performance underpinned by science, technology and the passion and innovative nature of people within the industry. Clearly this would involve every link in the industry from seed and chemical distributors, growers, consultants, researchers, pickers, truckers, ginners, classers, merchants, spinners and brand owners.

The Destination – What Industry Looks Like in 2029 The preferred vision that emerged from the project was of an industry which will be differentiated, responsible, tough and capable. Differentiated

• In 2010 the Australian cotton industry recognised the need to differentiate its product and build a brand and strong positioning in the global marketplace to support this. The industry’s pre-existing reputation for quality, contaminant free  …6 s 4 — THE AUSTRALIAN COTTONGROWER

JUNE–JULY 2010

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w4…RESEARCH ROUNDUP

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and environmentally responsible production characteristics provided a good basis. A collaborative approach across the chain was developed to better understand future consumer and manufacturing needs and competitive forces. The combined effort and resources have lead to the development of a uniquely Australian brand owned and supported by the whole industry. Over time unique varieties adapted to Australian conditions have been developed to meet the brand requirements. Improved productivity and returns have resulted in a dedicated cotton production sector committed to best management practices. Extensive effort has been put into developing people with the knowledge and skills to achieve quality standards and maintain production levels. New traceability technology helps ensure product integrity and has transformed supply chain logistics. A small onshore manufacturing capacity has been established, supporting a 100 per cent Australian natural fibre product niche, as growth in local manufacturing became viable based on the emerging interest in ‘on-shoring’ (return to local manufacturing as transport costs escalate), new manufacturing technology and proper environmental accounting. The industry has new partnerships with leading global and Australian brand owners in developing and marketing new textile products. International consumers readily recognise the Australian cotton brand which enjoys a favourable reputation of similar standing to Egyptian Cotton, Supima, French champagne or Belgian chocolate – elite quality. Personal success and recognition reignite a sense of belonging, identity and passion for the cotton industry. Community spirit and collaboration have helped the industry pull together to achieve stretching goals and to weather hard times.

Responsible

• Once perceived by those outside the industry as an environmental vandal and water waster, Australian cotton is now valued for its credentials as the most environmentally friendly cotton production system on the globe with the lowest water use, carbon footprint and chemical use of any cotton producing region. 6 — THE AUSTRALIAN COTTONGROWER

the community and the benefits that industry provides them in terms of social, emotional and financial wellbeing. Tough

• Australian cotton is the world’s first cotton producer and first Australian agricultural sector to achieve international recognition for carbon neutrality. It is now the highest rating cotton producer on the international Corporate Social Responsibility Index (CSRI) . • Environmentally friendly easy care cotton products have been developed and are increasing their share of apparel sales worldwide. • The industry boasts the best health and safety record of any agricultural industry through its dedication to improved health and safety practices for employees and business owners. • Working conditions surpass those of all other cotton producing nations. • Through continuous improved performance on efficiency and responsibility of water use, cotton has a reputation as a valued and responsible water user. Respected

• Industry has gained recognition from government and community for the quality of its products, sustainable practices and contribution to the fibre and food needs of the world. • As a leading industry in productivity growth through innovation, there are significant spillovers from the knowledge, practices and technology developed through cotton R&D being adapted and applied in the production of food crops. • Australian consumers can now purchase and are proud to wear Australian cotton garments and textiles, confident in the quality and the story behind the product which supports their values and makes them feel good about supporting their local industry and the people in it. • People recognise the long term value of the contribution made by industry to

• Industry has a capacity for strategic awareness and is responsive to emerging challenges and opportunities. • The cotton production sector has developed business and financial management practices that make it resilient to the impacts of water scarcity. Some larger enterprises are spreading risk with operations in multiple growing regions while smaller operators have well established risk management systems, improved financial reserves and improved water security through new management systems and increased efficiency. • Production risk is accurately measured and is part of financial institutions’ requirements for funding agricultural activities. • Plant breeding has continued to deliver varieties of high quality and yield adapted to changing environments. • Improved farming systems especially those employing the benefits of a range of technologies have allowed much higher water use efficiencies to be achieved as well as increasing the resilience of farming operations to climate volatility. • The industry continues to invest in improving its productivity and market performance. Capable

• Industry continues to recognise the importance of people and their capacity to the future success of the industry. • Cotton is an attractive industry to be a part of as it is progressive, profitable and ethical. • The values and achievements of the industry and the resources available bring interest from new entrants, researchers and environmentalists. • The cotton industry’s mindset has always been at the forefront of agriculture in terms of forward thinking and nurturing people. This trait has paid off with cotton being a most attractive employer in the rural and research sectors, attracting talent from both Australia and overseas. • This is reflected in the industry’s adoption of best HR practices and career development programs including scholarships. • The industry is renowned for its culture of innovation and responsiveness to change. JUNE–JULY 2010

Advertising feature

The BEST start A Syngenta news bulletin for the cottton industry

OH&S is an important issue . . . Peter Dampney of Mirrabooka”, Narrabri, with Syngenta territory sales manager, Peter Henderson.

Extreme end to wireworm TRIALS CONDUCTED BY Cotton Growers Services have demonstrated that a new insecticidal seed treatment can significantly improve crop establishment and early vigour by providing long-lasting control of the soil-dwelling pest, wireworm. Comparison trials in the Narrabri and Walgett districts have shown CRUISER EXTREME® provides comparable efficacy against wireworms, aphids and thrips as in-furrow insecticides, but with the flexibility and convenience of a seed treatment. In one trial at Carinda, seed treated with the new product achieved an establishment rate of 7.9 plants per metre 27 days after planting compared to just 4.3 plants a metre in cotton treated with chlorpyrifos. The paddock on the Miralwyn Cotton property had previously been cropped to sorghum and had high levels of wireworm (35 to 50 wireworms per lineal metre). The paddock was pre-watered and then planted to Sicot 71BRF on October 3.

“Dead wireworms littered the soil surface in the CRUISER EXTREME block just four days after planting,” he says. “It definitely gave the crop more vigour and better residual against thrips than the alternative. “From an occupational health and safety perspective, a seed treatment like CRUISER EXTREME is much easier to use, so it’s got a lot going for it.” Another trial conducted at Maules Creek found crops treated with CRUISER EXTREME had three plants per metre more than a commonly used in-furrow granular insecticide. Narrabri-based CGS sales agronomist, Michael Smith, attributes the result to improved wireworm control. “It’s comparable, if not better than the alternative for wireworm control but the important thing is that it’s so much easier to handle,” he says.

Cotton Grower Services sales agronomist, Josh Townsend, Wee Waa, says CRUISER EXTREME produced an obvious result on worm counts.

†

CRUISER EXTREME is currently not registered and is awaiting approval from the APVMA.

Narrabri district cotton grower, Peter Dampney, hosted another commercial demonstration on his property, “Mirrabooka”, and intends to use CRUISER EXTREME this season following registration. “It did a very good job on the wireworms,” he said. “There’s less time required at sowing with filling up those extra boxes and less worry about blockages. “OH&S is an important consideration for me. “The less danger there is, the easier it is for everyone on the farm.” Together with his wife Janet, and son and daughter-in-law, Tony and Kylie, Peter grew 80 hectares of irrigated Sicot 71B and Sicot 70B cotton last season. “It was fairly hot early in November and then we had the big rains from Christmas to New Year, which gave us a bit of waterlogging,” Peter says. “But we were lucky because we hadn’t watered before the rain, so it wasn’t too bad.”

Advertising feature Mike Pearce of “Karminya”, Cecil Plains, in his crop of irrigated Sicot 71BRF, which was given a boost early in the season by the use of Syngenta seed treatments, BION and CRUISER.

Winning the Fusarium battle QUEENSLAND’S DARLING DOWNS has the dubious distinction of being the headquarters of the Fusarium Wilt. This insidious fungal disease, which stunts or even kills cotton plants by blocking the delicate vascular tissues in their roots and stems, was first identified in the region in the early 1990s. Properties with a long history of cotton production are particularly at risk, which squarely places the Pearce family’s Cecil Plains district property, “Karminya”, in the eye of danger. Brothers Mike and David Pearce, together with their wives, Danielle and Sandy, have continuously grown cotton on their 930 hectare property, since 1965. Given that Fusarium spores can survive for more than a decade and are readily dispersed in water, soil, seed and stubble, the brothers had considered taking some blocks out of cotton production.

“BION proved itself very quickly the first season we used it,” he says. “We had one 43 ha block that was going to be pulled out of cotton permanently because the Fusarium problem was so large. “We went in with BION last year and although we saw some disease late in the season, it was nothing like we had seen in the past.” Seed is also treated with the insecticidal seed treatment, CRUISER®, to provide residual control of a broad range of pests, including aphids, thrips and wireworms. “It’s a good product with an even application and it’s just a lot easier than the in-furrow granular alternative,” Mike says. “Combined with BION, it makes it easier to grow a cotton crop.”

Manager of Cotton Grower Services at Dalby, John Ash, says BION is ‘cheap insurance’. “You get a strong and more even plant stand,” he says. The Pearces planted about 350 hectares of Sicot 71BRF Flex cotton last season but ploughed about half of the crop back – the dryland contingent – after the dry start. “Flex is easier to grow and we consider to be a cost-efficient alternative,” Mike says.

“Fusarium was really starting to rear its ugly head in our older blocks and we weren’t the only ones in this situation,” Mike Pearce says.

“Until we can be guaranteed enough water for three in-crop irrigations, we’ll plant skip row because it just gives us the assurance of a crop.”

Hence, they didn’t hesitate to start using the revolutionary seed treatment, BIONTM, the moment it became available.

The crop was planted into a full soil moisture profile in skip rows in mid-October last year.

The crop was irrigated late, when water become available, in the first week of January and followed up with another late watering in mid-February, but then received little rainfall until the 150 millimetres that fell in early March. Limited moisture and very high temperatures early in the season resulted in the crop achieving a yield of 4.8 bales a hectare.

Plant activator ‘turns on’ defences BION from Syngenta is the revolutionary plant activator that gets seedlings off a brilliant start. It protects emerging plants from the damaging effects of Fusarium Wilt and Black Root Rot by activating the plant’s natural defences before it is exposed to pathogens. By restricting the opportunity for infection, it allows seedlings to focus their energy resources on growth during the crucial establishment phase. It is ideal for use as part of an integrated disease management strategy to reduce the incidence of both diseases. BION, DYNASTY and CRUISER are available on all CSD varieties in 2010.

Advertising feature

Dynamic duo put the test

Chris Humphries of “Caroale”, Moree, and Syngenta territory sales manager, Sally Poole.

A HORRIBLE TRIFECTA of hail, cold and insect pressure have provided a timely –even if unwelcome – reminder of the benefits of seed treatments in maximising plant establishment. Chris Humphries, “Caroale”, Moree, had the misfortune to experience all three this season, starting in November when a large hailstorm pelted his 500 hectare crop of irrigated Bollgard cotton, forcing him to replant 135 ha. This was followed by cool mid-season. “We had a fair bit of in-crop rain and cloudy weather mid-season, which led to water logging and some boll rot,” Chris says. “Combined, these will impact on yield when we harvest in late April. “We also had a major white fly presence this year but it was effectively controlled. While it is still too early to assess the total impact, Chris takes minor comfort that his decision to use the fungicidal seed treatment, BION, in combination with the widely-used insecticidal seed treatment, CRUISER, probably saved him money. “Anything that improves the uniformity and plant stand average is highly valuable because it reduces the risk of re-planting due to cool weather or hail damage,” he says. “The cost-benefit is great.”

An on-farm demonstration has convinced him beyond doubt of their benefit. “We put in a replicated trial in a field with known Black Root Rot issues,” he says. “We had a significant 10 to 15 per cent improved plant stand, particularly at the lower end of the fields where Black Root Rot was most evident, and a noticeable increase in plant biomass. “Improved plant establishment means you actually reduce your seed costs by actually reducing the planting rate. “Yield-mapping at harvest also showed a slight yield increase, which I think was about five to seven per cent.

Chris has used BION and CRUISER since their inception.

“We also use BION and CRUISER because they’re safer to handle.

“I’d regard BION and CRUISER as critical management inputs for disease and emergence insect control,” he says.

“As a seed treatment, we avoid having to handle seed furrow-applied chemicals at planting, which also improves efficiency at planting.

“We’re also in a marginal area for thrips damage, especially when we had wheat rotations in adjacent fields.

Longer and more effective control CRUISER seed treatment from Syngenta provides long-lasting residual control of a broad range of sucking, chewing and

“As seed treatments, they are extremely convenient.” soil-dwelling pests in cotton seedlings, including aphids, thrips and wireworms. Affected pests cease feeding almost immediately and starve to death within 24 hours. The active ingredient also dissipates into the surrounding soil, forming a protective ‘halo’ around the seed. The active ingredient in CRUISER has no adverse affect on germination, promotes

Syngenta’s Moree-based territory sales manager, Sally Poole, Moree, estimates that more than half of the crops in northwest NSW were treated with CRUISER and BION during the 2009/10 season. “The insecticidal advantages of CRUISER combined with the benefits of BION in suppressing two of the cotton industries’ worst diseases – Fusarium Wilt and Black Root Rot – make these two products a ‘dynamic duo’ in overall plant health and establishment,” she says. “Growers are seeing outstanding benefits in getting their crops out of the ground and off to a good start. “In seasons with cold starts, anything that enhances establishment and early vigour gives growers tremendous peace of mind. “Feedback from growers is extremely positive and this is reflected in the increasing usage of CRUISER and BION.” early crop vigour and is seven times more soluble than other products, making these products the logical choice for dryland cotton or uncertain water availability.

Advertising feature

Effective insurance against wilt

A good start . . . Peter Armitage of “Kurlew”, Cecil Plains.

DARLING DOWNS COTTON grower, Peter Armitage, says a good crop comes down to a good start – especially in a district where Fusarium Wilt is a constant threat. “It’s so important to get the best possible emergence to get the crop up and running,” he says. “With cotton, you’ve got to have a good, even plant stand. “If you don’t, it makes for problems down the track, which makes it harder to pick.” And with that in mind, Peter insists that all seed is treated with the revolutionary ‘plant activator’, BIONTM, to suppress Fusarium Wilt and CRUISER® insecticide to control aphids, thrips and wireworms. Last season, Peter and his wife, Denise, planted 108 hectares to Bollgard*, conventional and Flex varieties under dryland conditions on their Cecil Plains district property, “Kurlew”. The Armitages had sufficient irrigation allocation to pre-water 40 ha, ensuring a full moisture profile at planting, which began on October 9. “We specifically selected the Fusarium-resistant variety, Siokra V18BRF, and then treated the seed with BION for planting in a paddock that had a history of the disease,” Peter says. “We achieved an excellent plant stand and no fatalities. The crop never looked back. “I’d use BION again just for the insurance of getting your crop up and away.” However, the crop received no rainfall of any substance until a deluge of 194 millimetres in March, which greatly benefited two late-sown paddocks of Bollgard cotton. The Armitages, who have been growing cotton on “Kurlew” for nearly 20 years, are enjoying new developments in the industry, such as herbicide resistant cotton. In recent years, Peter has experimented with single and double-skip row spacings to suit his two-metre ‘tram line’ configuration. “I do my own spraying and I don’t like a row going under the tractor, so this year I have opted for double-skip row spacing,” he says. “If you’re short of water or can’t get it on quick enough – which is an issue if you are watering from a bore – the wider rows give a bit more leeway and you should get better quality cotton in a dry year.” Given the insect pressure of the previous growing season, Peter is considering planting an equal split of Bollgard and conventional varieties this year. “I don’t want to have as much area tied up with refuge crops, which is really just wasted ground,” he says.

For more information please contact your local Territory Sales Manager, call the Syngenta Advice Line on 1800 067 108 or visit www.syngenta.com.au ®Registered trademark of a Syngenta Group Company. ™Trademark of a Syngenta Group Company. *Registered trademark. All products written in uppercase are registered trademarks of a Syngenta Group Company. SYN-1705 PR10-086

Update on Cotton Australia’s year By Adam Kay, CEO

T

he 2009–10 financial year (ending March) was a big year for the Cotton Australia team, with the implementation of an ambitious Annual Operating Plan covering four key portfolio areas: • Member Services and Capacity Building; • Research Direction and Stewardship; • Policy and Advocacy; and, • Communication and Engagement. Importantly, this plan was driven by input from growers through our General Meetings and a successful Cotton Matters Forum to develop the issues that growers wanted addressed and to monitor progress. Staff were not only engaged in proactive implementation of the Annual Operating Plan this year, but a number of ‘left field’ issues arose including severe and widespread flooding throughout Queensland and the incursion of a new exotic pest, the solenopsis Mealybug. The floods in Theodore, St George and Dirranbandi brought mixed blessings for the industry. Crop losses on some farms were as high as 100 per cent, with quality severely affected in most areas and damage to on-farm infrastructure widespread. Cotton Australia worked closely with growers on the ground and the Queensland Rural Adjustment Authority to secure much needed relief funding and support in all areas. On the positive side, the floods have seen many on-farm storages fill and a subsequent predicted increase in the crop to a possible 250,000 hectares or more next season. Two new faces in the policy team and a new Regional Manager for Queensland saw grower representation ramped up at a critical time during the year, with issues of water and climate change firmly on government agendas at state and Federal levels. Cotton Australia was pleased with the announcement that a coalition deal on the Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme (CPRS) would exclude agriculture indefinitely. While this deal ended up being defeated in the Senate, it followed months of sustained lobbying, alongside the National Farmers Federation in Canberra. The team has also worked hard to influence the content of the Murray-Darling Basin Plan that will set new Sustainable Diversion Limits (SDLs) for irrigation that JUNE–JULY 2010

Adam Kay, CEO of Cotton Australia.

could heavily impact on individual farmers and our communities. Damage to cotton crops from phenoxy herbicide drift was reduced dramatically compared to last season. While we mustn’t become complacent, Cotton Australia’s campaign – including the new Cottonmap website, radio advertising and direct communication with resellers and applicators – appears to have had a positive effect. In terms of environmental stewardship, the ‘myBMP’ program was further developed under a new Best Management Practices (BMP) team. BMP continues to be a flagship program for Cotton Australia and we look forward to growers’ participation in the new program over the next 12 months. Cotton Australia’s role in providing grower-feedback to the Cotton Research and Development Corporation on research investment continued during the year, as did our coordinating role in the TIMS Committee to oversee industry stewardship of biotechnology traits. Communication with growers about their new, merged organisation continued with a new e-newsletter format, a series of Advancing Australian Cotton brochures and in-depth Background Briefings on issues such as Water, Phenoxy Herbicides and Safe Harvest. Keeping key decision makers such as politicians and the media informed of in-

dustry issues and facts continued to be a major focus of the communication strategy, and we’ve seen reduced incidents of negative publicity over the past three years. Looking forward, the team is working to influence proposed changes to water pricing in Queensland and the Productivity Commission Review into rural R&D Corporations. Ahead of next season, Cotton Australia is working on a project to ensure the supply chain is aware and prepared for a bigger cotton crop as well as again implementing the Phenoxy herbicide drift awareness campaign to minimise cotton crop damage. Working closely with other irrigator groups, the next few months will also be spent developing a cohesive approach and planned responses to the release of the draft Murray-Darling Basin Plan which could impact heavily throughout the Basin cotton communities. Cotton Australia’s Annual Report detailing all of the activities of the year will be mailed to growers ahead of its Annual General Meeting, to be held on Monday 9 August at the Gold Coast Convention and Exhibition Centre. All members, growers and industry associates are welcome to attend. Cotton Australia is always keen to hear constructive feedback from growers. Please do not hesitate to contact your Cotton Australia Regional Manager, policy staff or the CEO about any issue of concern. Contact details can be found at www.cottonaustralia.com.au

THE AUSTRALIAN COTTONGROWER — 11

Pre sowing decisions that can influence fibre quality are mainly concerned with variety selection and preparation of fields to ensure good seed beds and effective weed control early in crop growth to enable early crop vigour and reduce potential contamination in later stages of growth.

Pre-sowing considerations to preserve fibre quality By Michael Bange1, Greg Constable1, Stuart Gordon2, Robert Long2, Geoff Naylor2 and Marinus van der Sluijs2

O

ne aim of FIBREpak was to raise awareness of issues that affect fibre quality. In this article we summarise important information relating to pre-season decisions which will optimise fibre quality. Key management considerations prior to sowing include: • Variety selection; • Appropriate weed control; • Crop nutrition management; • Optimising sowing date for yield and quality; • Establishing uniform crops at optimum plant density; and, • Using skip rows in dryland production.

Variety selection

If you start with a variety with only average potential fibre quality, there is nothing that can be done with management and processing to make the quality better. But if you start with a variety with potential for good fibre quality traits (such as longer and stronger), there is some insurance against

unfavourable conditions, although careful management and processing are still required to preserve quality. Growers should use published seed company data to evaluate relative fibre properties of candidate varieties to ensure they will be optimising yield and fibre properties to avoid discounts and even attract a premium price. Discussion with seed companies on comparative data (not only absolute values) that show the quality of fibre for varieties and standards grown in your region will assist with these decisions. Specific considerations for variety selection include: • Strategic planning for irrigation water availability (including dryland) – crops with limited water availability may be more likely to encounter stress during fibre elongation, so a variety with inherently longer fibre to lessen the likelihood of fibre length discounts should be considered. • Selecting premium fibre types – Variet-

Strong fibres resulting from appropriate variety selection and by avoiding situations which delay crop maturity (which may result in more immature fibre that weakens the fibre) will avoid broken fibres which lower yarn and fabric quality. 12 — THE AUSTRALIAN COTTONGROWER

ies that have premium fibre attributes sometimes yield less. Growers should ensure that market premiums are negotiated and are in place to offset any potential yield reductions. Breeding material is in the pipeline that has premium fibre traits with improved yields. • Crop maturity – Selecting a variety with a long growing period in a cooler shorter season region is likely to create delayed crop maturity with the consequence of lower micronaire and, depending on conditions, poorer grades. • Achieving optimum micronaire – If crops (including Bollgard II) in your region are susceptible to producing higher  …14s

Delayed crop maturity There can be severe consequences of delayed crop maturity in terms of fibre quality. These will include: • A delay may mean more of the crop will be developing and maturing during cooler weather. Cooler weather means fibre wall thickening (development) will be slowed, fibre maturity will be reduced and the risks of discount for low micronaire will be increased. Immature fibre is more prone to nepping during ginning and is inferior for dyeing. • The crop will be more attractive to late season pests such as aphids and whitefly which may produce honeydew, a serious contamination problem for fibre quality particularly during the spinning process. • The crop may be more difficult to defoliate. This delay increases the risk of weather damage to fibre and colour grade reductions. • Later maturing crops may be at increased risk of Verticillium and Fusarium Wilts, and Alternaria leaf spot if they are present. These diseases may affect yield and quality. See integrated disease management guide. JUNE–JULY 2010

2010 CSD Information Tour The objective of the Cotton Seed Distributors Information Tour is to provide current and relevant information to growers, consultants, agronomists and other industry participants. 2010 is shaping up as an important season for dryland and irrigated cotton growers alike and it has never been more important to keep up to date with new innovations so you can make the best decisions to maximise returns from your summer cropping opportunities. The program will feature a comprehensive review of the CSIRO Cotton Breeding Program, including a detailed review of three new important varieties which are set to be released this year.

Discussions on the 2009/10 Trial and Research programs will provide an update of new innovations in seed treatment research. The format for the meeting is specifically designed to encourage plenty of questions and feedback. CSD also invites you to join us for a meal after the meetings so you can have quality conversations with all the members of the Research and Extension teams. For further information or to find out the dates and venues nearest to you please visit the CSD website at www.csd.net.au or contact your local CSD Extension and Development Agronomist.

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Phone (02) 6795 0000 Web www.csd.net.au THE AUSTRALIAN COTTONGROWER — 13

w12…PRE-SOWING CONSIDERATIONS

micronaire, consider varieties that have inherently lower micronaire. Similarly for short season areas, higher micronaire varieties help to minimise low micronaire discounts as a result of cool, cloudy, or stressed environments during boll maturation. • In variable climates there is a dilemma in choosing a variety with higher yield potential but with greater risk of encountering unfavourable conditions

during boll fill compared with an early maturing variety which may avoid late season problems, yet yield less (up to 0.3 to 0.6 bales per hectare every week of earliness). Under this situation, a mix of varieties would spread risk. Other issues to consider in variety choice that can impact fibre quality include: • Disease that will affect healthy growth and reduce fibre maturity (lower micronaire). • Herbicide tolerant varieties, such as Roundup Ready Flex in weedy fields.

Figure 1: Effect of sowing date on fibre quality of Bollgard II and non Bollgard II varieties

Data from three seasons at Narrabri (Adapted from Bange et al. 2008).

Lint harvested from weedy crops can have significant impact on classing grade which attract price discounts and can lead to imperfections in yarn and fabric appearance. (Photos: CSIRO)

14 — THE AUSTRALIAN COTTONGROWER

• Leaf type – Okra leaf varieties are well suited for dryland systems with better stress tolerance and yield. They are also more resistant to silver leaf whitefly and have less risk of honeydew contamination. But Okra leaf can cause an increase in trash content as the leaf shape stops the leaf from falling easily to the ground – approximately half a grade decrease can result. Obviously advantages and disadvantages of each variety need to be balanced. Weed control Effective control of weeds at this time and throughout the season is important as competition from weeds for water and nutrients will reduce both yield and quality, and there is also little that can be done at harvest time to reduce the consequences of poor weed control. Weeds at harvest have the potential to: • Reduce harvest efficiency by clogging or damaging picker heads. Vines, large weeds and bulky weeds in the pickerhead zone can particularly cause problems. Vines can wrap around picker spindles and bulky weeds can reduce harvest efficiency by up to 31 per cent. Large weeds, such as sesbania, thornapples or noogoora burrs can damage picker spindles, requiring expensive repairs and down-time. • Contaminate lint with their leaves, stems, bark and bracts, lowering grades and incurring discounts. This can increase the amount of (lint) cleaning in the gin, again exposing the lint to further damage. One large mature grass plant every six metres can reduce cotton by one grade. • Reduce the effectiveness of leaf desiccant applications which may lead to increases in boll rot and a reduction in the rate of boll opening. • When weeds are still actively growing there are increased chances of the lint being stained with green or coloured plant tissue. Weeds can also harbour insects that contaminate or stain the lint (for example, aphids, pale cotton stainer and whitefly). Controlling grass species is especially important as some grass parts when crushed have similar characteristics to cotton fibres and are difficult to separate, which in turn affects the spinning quality of the fibre. Some grasses also have dark seed coats that cannot be bleached and cause disfigurements in fabric. See WEEDpak for detailed information on appropriate weed control strategies and the possible consequences of herbicide damage to the crop. JUNE–JULY 2010

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Crop nutritional management tenance of cell turgor pressure needed These crops are also prone to reduced Cnr Buckland & Yaldwyn Sts to expand the fibre. Low potassium can insecticide penetration and are more atMeeting the nutritional requirements of Toowoomba Qld 4350 also cause premature senescence of leaves tractive to insects (such as aphids and the crop is important before flowering as 07nutritional 4635 9872 defiespecially in crops with high boll loads. whitefly). The fibre quality of crops with niit is very difficult toPhone: correct Fax: 07and 4635 6633 Leaves photosynthesise and provide cartrogen deficient conditions will be affected ciencies later. Nitrogen potassium nuwww.excelagr.com.au bohydrate for fibre secondary wall thickenless as the crop compensates to support trition can have a significant effect on fibre Brian Moran Brian Moran 0427affects 722 925 the growth of fibre on only those fruit that ing so if leaves are senesced or lost, fibre quality. Excessive nitrogen nutrition Dan Ryan 0427 700 779 are present. The crops have less leaf area maturity and thus micronaire, may be refibre quality indirectly by causing crops duced. and less yield overall. to produce excessive vegetative growth A DIVISION OF Construct and refine are seed-beds prior to pla ✓ Utilising the world renowned John Deere Where ✓nutrient deficiencies not the Potassium deficiency can have a sigwhich can shed fruit or promote late fruit, for enhanced seeding vigor metering system for superior seed placement major factor in a production podelaying crops leading to more immature and direct impact on fibretolength Australian made nificant ✓ Incorporate pre and system, post-emergence chemi ✓ Designed by Australian farmers reduce down and owned  …16 sweed con bollsDan at the because theboost role of potassium in mainRyantime of harvest. for fast knockdown and essential timeofand yields ✓ Cultivate serious weeds while preserving se ✓ Designed for dryland irrigation, contour growth and crop root systems following or Tram Trak needs ✓Aerate the soil, aiding water penetration and ✓Twin 16” disc opener with walking depth gauge retention for young plants wheels for greater reliability and accuracy ✓ Help control soil and water losses from ero ✓ Full range of planter options available Excellent product. Excellent service. whilst managing residue retention

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w15…PRE-SOWING CONSIDERATIONS

absolute population achieved. Uniform establishment is achieved by preparing an adequate seed bed, choosing the appropriate sowing date to optimise soil temperatures, avoiding disease and herbicide damage, and fertiliser toxicity (such as anhydrous ammonia placed too close to seed line) of young seedlings. Use of good-quality seed will also assist with uniform establishment.

tassium fertiliser treatments will not necessarily improve fibre length. Potassium deficiencies can also be exaggerated by water stress. The best approaches to meeting the nutritional needs of a cotton crop to maintain quality are similar to that to optimise yield. For specific crop nutritional information see NUTRIpak or utilise the NutriLOGIC decision aids on the CottASSIST website to assist with determining crop nutritional requirements (http://cottassist.cottoncrc.org.au/NutriLOGIC).

Optimising sowing date for yield and quality Choosing the optimal sowing date for a particular region is important for both yield and fibre quality. Sowing too early can affect crop establishment during cool weather and expose the crop to disease, reducing early crop vigour. Sowing too late can mean that yields are reduced as the length of season to grow cotton is reduced as well as delaying crop maturity. Considerations for establishing the optimum sowing date for your region include a number of factors: • Season length – this should be considered as it helps to determine how long a crop can be grown and whether there is flexibility in changing sowing date. • Climatic conditions experienced during fibre development – changing the time of sowing will influence the time when boll filling occurs and thus the climatic conditions experienced during fibre development. Recent research has shown that changes in fruit retention that results from the use of Bollgard II can influence the time of sowing response in long season regions. Results showed

16 — THE AUSTRALIAN COTTONGROWER

Skip row configuration can be a viable option. (Photo: Warwick Stiller, CSIRO)

that Bollgard II maintained its yield through the shorter fruiting cycle but allowed improvements in quality. Establishing uniform crops at optimum plant densities

Low plant densities (less than four plants per metre and especially non-uniform densities) can delay crop maturity and contribute to variable fibre properties. Extremely high plant densities (more than 15 plants per metre) may aggravate fruit shedding of squares and subtending leaves, also affecting crop maturity. In addition lower bolls also become vulnerable to shedding due to excessive shading. It is not uncommon for some plants in very high densities to be barren of fruit – even bolls that are retained will not develop properly and will be undersized which will affect yield and fibre maturity. Thick stands are also vulnerable to boll rot. If these instances can be predicted, a growth regulator may be required. Evenness of stand is more critical than

Consider skip row configurations in dryland and limited water situations In situations where there is a high chance of a sustained dry period early in flowering, the use of skip row configurations is a viable option to maintain fibre length. Research has also shown that the relative differences in both yield and quality for higher fruit retention crops such as Bollgard II compared to non-Bollgard II crops are the same across row configurations.

Conclusion For more detailed information on these topics refer to FIBREpak, which contains information for managing fibre quality at every step, from pre-planting through to processing. The aim of FIBREpak is to provide all involved in producing and delivering fibre with knowledge of what aspects of fibre quality they can influence; options for managing those aspects; and an understanding of the needs and constraints of the others in the fibre supply chain. FIBREpak can be ordered online at the Cotton CRC’s website www.cottoncrc.org.au/content/Industry/ Publications/Fibre_Quality/FIBREpak/ 1 CSIRO Plant Industry (Narrabri). 2 CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering (Geelong); Cotton Catchment Communities Cooperative Research Centre (Narrabri)

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Water Matters

Piloting IrriSat SMS technology in the Gwydir Valley By Janelle Montgomery I&I NSW, Moree and John Hornbuckle, CSIRO, Griffith

A

re you looking for a low cost method to help schedule irrigations? IrriSat SMS, the Satellite and SMS Irrigation Water Management Service being trialled as part of the NSW Sustaining the Basin: Border Rivers-Gwydir pilot project could be the answer. Developed by CSIRO, Griffith as part of the CRC for Irrigation Futures, Irrisat SMS is a weather based irrigation scheduling service. It uses satellite imagery to better determine crop coefficients that are needed to calculate crop water use. It will also provide customised irrigation scheduling information which is sent to irrigators by SMS messaging or via a website on the internet. The system uses on-ground weather sta-

tions to measure sunlight hours and intensity, cloud cover, rainfall and wind which are all used to calculate a potential water loss in the past 24 hours. This information when combined with the satellite-determined crop coefficient for your crop allows an actual water use figure to be calculated. Following the successful use of the service in the Murrumbidgee Irrigation Area with grape and citrus irrigators, IrrSat SMS has been trialled for the first time in irrigated cotton in the Gwydir valley. The main limitation with weather based scheduling methods is the need for representative evapotranspiration (Eto) measurements and, most importantly, reliable crop coefficients.

You will remember that actual crop water use or Crop Evapotranspiration (Etc) equals Eto multiplied by a crop coefficient (Kc). Actual water use of crop

Reference water use – Crop Coefficient – relates your weather station crop to the reference crop

The main issue in calculating crop water use (Etc) is obtaining a reliable crop coefficient (Kc). These have been established for different crops over a number of growth stages, but ‘book’ references can differ to what is actually happening in the field. Crop management (including water and fertiliser management), along with  …20s

From left John Hornbuckle (CSIRO), Garry Houston (Weemalah), Tony Nedelko (CSIRO), Roy Zandona (CSIRO) and Rob Holmes (HMAg). John explained the components of the weather station to Weemalah irrigator Gary Houston.

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w18…PILOTING IRRISAT

soil type and even varietal differences will change the crop coefficient within crops even across the same region. The IrriSat SMS service involves the installation of a network of two to four weather stations across the area so reliable estimates of Eto can be obtained. Most importantly, satellite images are used to determine crop coefficients for individual fields frequently over the entire growing season. These satellite images show different vegetative growth stages of the crops grown in the region which can

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20 — THE AUSTRALIAN COTTONGROWER

be directly related to a site specific crop coefficient. Researchers have found a strong relationship between Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and crop canopy cover. NDVI is a ratio between 0 and 1 of the red and near infrared reflectance by plants. This index is calculated from the satellite image data where larger, greener canopies give higher NDVI values than smaller or less healthy crops. Canopy cover is a direct driver of crop water, allowing a clear relationship to be developed between NDVI values and crop coefficients. This relationship has been found in a large range of crops, but this is the first time the relationship has been established for broad acre irrigated cotton. The IrriSat SMS service calculates individual crop coefficients for each 30 metre x 30 metre section (or pixel) of the satellite image, which are averaged to provide a Kc value for a particular field. In summary, once the NDVI data has been derived for a particular crop and field, it is then converted to a Kc value and used to determine crop water use by combining Kc with the Eto data collected from a nearby weather station. Trialling of the IrriSat SMS service in the Gwydir Valley was undertaken by two local consultants, Rob Holmes, HMAg and Nick Gillingham, Sundown Pastoral Co. Both consultants requested that water use information be provided on a web interface, rather than SMS messaging. This was key change for the provision of IrriSat SMS reflecting the fact that cotton consultants work on multiple farms with large numbers of irrigated fields across a region. Irrigation information can be uploaded to the

service much easier via a web site, rather than sending and receiving SMS information for individual fields. Two automatic weather stations were installed at Weemelah, 30 km east of Mungindi and Keytah, 30 km west of Moree. Information from the weather stations is freely available via the following link: http://www. irrigateway.net/weatherstations/ The consultants upload irrigation dates, ML applied and rainfall information for individual fields to the IrriSat SMS service and receive a water balance graph which is updated in real time, as shown in Figure 1. The green line of net water balance provides a rapid assessment of predicted crop water use and actual water supply from irrigation and rainfall. Both consultants provided feedback about the service and improvements for use in cotton. They agreed the tool had enormous potential. “IrriSat SMS won’t replace soil probes, but this technology has the potential to add value to irrigation scheduling decision making,” says Rob Holmes. Ideally they would like IrriSat SMS to include a forecasting ability that predicts crop water use for the following five to seven days and the researchers are actively incorporating these features. The consultants are keen to continue to trial IrriSat SMS next season to further refine the accuracy and ability of the system to meet cotton growers’ needs. IrriSat SMS was received favourably by irrigators at a field day recently held in Moree as part of the NSW Sustaining the Basin: Border Rivers-Gwydir pilot project. It was seen as another option within the ‘Scheduling Tool Box’ but with the advantage of low cost and wide coverage as the satellite images are available right across Australia NSW Sustaining the Basin: Border Rivers-Gwydir is an irrigation modernisation initiative of I&I NSW in partnership with the Border Rivers-Gwydir Catchment Management Authority, funded by the Australian Government’s Water for the Future initiative. Further information on NSW Sustaining the Basin: Border Rivers-Gwydir is available at www.industry.nsw.gov.au/info/ sustainingthebasin and information about the Australian Government’s Water for the Future initiative is available at www.environment.gov. au/water For further information please contact Janelle Montgomery, I&I NSW, Moree on 02 6750 6302 or John Hornbuckle, CSIRO Griffith on 02 6960 1500.

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Magnet – potential roles in management of resistance to Bt By Peter Gregg and Alice Del Socorro, Cotton Catchment Communities CRC and   University of New England

M

agnet was originally developed for conventional cotton and other crops, to reduce egg pressure and give natural enemies a greater chance of keeping larval numbers below thresholds. An article in The Australian Cottongrower in 2003 described this role. In the decade it has taken to develop, register and commercialise Magnet, the industry has become dominated by Bt cotton, which only occasionally needs additional protection from Helicoverpa. Recently, concerns over the potential development of resistance to Bt toxins have arisen. As Magnet represents a new class of pest management tool, unique in the way it targets the adult (moth) stage of Helicoverpa, there are questions from industry about the potential value of Magnet in resistance management for Bollgard II.

Mode of action of Magnet The mode of action of Magnet is well understood. Magnet is a blend of plant volatiles that contains the type of odours released by nectar-rich flowering plants. Magnet is applied using coarse drops to a narrow strip every 70 to 140 metres. It can be applied along a row, using liquid fertiliser nozzles with a low pressure pump in a ground rig.

What is Magnet? Magnet is a product recently registered for Helicoverpa management, developed by the Cotton Catchment Communities CRC with its commercial partner, Ag Biotech Aust. P/L. The science behind the product has recently been described in a series of papers in Australian Journal of Entomology (Gregg et al. 2010a, b, Del Socorro et al. 2010a, b).

Later in the season it can be applied by air across the rows (after the canopy is 50 per cent closed or more) using a special fitting on the aircraft. Moths in the vicinity perceive the plant volatile blend in Magnet and are attracted to the treated strips. The high sugar content in Magnet induces them to feed on the deposits. A toxicant (such as methomyl or thiodicarb, added prior to application) causes 100 per cent mortality of moths that feed. Efficacy relies on moths flying into the vicinity of a Magnet strip through their normal patterns of movement to forage, look for mates and lay eggs. Moths that are susceptible to control by Magnet are those that are present in the vicinity at application, or that enter a treated area in the course of their normal movement. This may be as pupae emerging within

A Helicoverpa armigera moth feeding on a Magnet deposit on a cotton leaf. 22 — THE AUSTRALIAN COTTONGROWER

the field, by local movement from nearby fields or through mass migration influx (often the case with H. punctigera). Magnet treated fields act as moth sinks, where a high proportion of moths in, and entering, the treated field are killed. This can have the effect of reducing moth numbers over a much wider area than just the Magnet treated fields.

What Magnet can and can’t do Based on extensive field trials and commercial experience, we believe that when applied with insecticide: • It can kill most of the resident moth population in a field over a four to six day period. • It can kill moths which move into a treated field over a four to six day period. As a consequence, egg pressure is not just reduced in the treated field. Particularly when repeated applications are made, egg pressure can be reduced in fields up to several km away. But this area-wide impact is not achieved at the cost of a local increase in egg pressure. In many field trials, we have not seen cases where egg numbers have risen, even temporarily, in Magnet treated fields compared to nearby untreated fields. This indicates that under normal circumstances and barring massive regional moth surges, Magnet can kill moths arriving in a field, as fast as they arrive, and before they lay eggs. When applied without insecticide, we believe Magnet can lead to accumulation of moths, but not necessarily eggs, on treated and nearby rows. These moths will roost on the treated rows during both day and night, but will move away from the treated area to lay eggs. Helicoverpa larvae (especially H. armigera) are extremely competitive, and will attack each other when closely confined. The moths are therefore adapted to laying eggs individually, and widely spaced. Consequently, it is difficult to greatly enhance egg laying in a refuge when there are other suitable hosts nearby.  …24s JUNE–JULY 2010

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w22…MAGNET

We believe Magnet: • Can’t specifically draw moths from long distances (more than 100 metres) in the way that sex attractant pheromones can. It is exploiting feeding rather than mating responses, and these tend to operate over shorter ranges. This limits the potential for Magnet applications to disrupt refuge productivity by attracting Bt susceptible moths from a distance. • Can’t draw moths from a highly attractive crop into an unattractive one. Magnet is best thought of as an artificial plant, using chemical signals similar to those which are already in the environment from other plants. In laboratory trials its attractiveness is comparable to, but no better than, attractive hosts such as silking corn, sunflower or flowering sorghum. For example, we have sometimes seen moths in silking corn, apparently ignoring Magnet placed on adjacent vegetative corn. Again, this limits the potential of Magnet to inadvertently disrupt refuge productivity. • Can’t, when applied without insecticide, produce large increases in egg laying in the immediate vicinity of its application. This is because Magnet is a feeding attractant, not an oviposition attractant, and because of the oviposition behaviour of Helicoverpa, discussed above.

Potential roles in resistance management We are investigating three potential uses for Magnet in resistance management. If trials are successful, these strategies may be incorporated into RMPs, but we must emphasise that at present they are only research topics, and neither Monsanto nor TIMS has endorsed any of them for commercial use. The strategies are: Refuge enhancement

In this strategy Magnet would be added, without insecticide, to refuges in order to increase egg laying to make the refuges more productive. Several trials by researchers from the Cotton CRC and Monsanto have indicated that some modest improvements in egg laying (typically 30–50 per cent) can be obtained. The reason this strategy is not more effective is that Magnet is a feeding attractant, not an attractant for egg laying. After feeding and before egg laying, female moths seem to disperse widely. So while refuge enhancement works (and is very cheap because small areas are treated), its impact is limited. For similar reasons, the idea of salvaging non-compliant and poor quality refuges using Magnet would probably be of limited value, though the critical research is lacking. Refuge enhancement would be more effective if an attractant, or combination of attractants, could selectively draw mated

females into a refuge and then entice them to lay. Research at the University of New England is attempting to find such attractants, but none are currently available. Moth busting, especially as a substitute for trap cropping in Central Queensland

In this strategy Magnet, with insecticide, would be applied late in the season to Bollgard II crops, with the idea of killing potentially resistant moths emerging in treated fields. In Central Queensland, these moths are currently lured to trap crops, where they lay eggs which are subsequently killed by destroying the crop. The efficacy of this practice has been questioned, and Magnet would offer a more direct alternative. Trials in Theodore by Paul Grundy, reported at the 2006 Cotton Conference, show the potential for this approach. It has been criticised because it might also kill unselected moths moving into the treated fields from refuges, both structured and unstructured. But in order to make a positive contribution to resistance management, it is only necessary to kill proportionately more moths from within the Bollgard II field than moths moving into the field from nearby refuges. Theoretical considerations discussed earlier in this article suggest that should be the case, but critical trials are lacking. We are hoping to conduct such trials but are restricted until an effective method for identifying the host origin of moths is found. Survivor suppression in Bollgard II

In this strategy, Magnet with insecticide would be applied to Bollgard II crops earlier in the season, with the aim of reducing egg pressure and the number of larvae which survive to pupation in the field. The idea is similar to using conventional insecticides as a source of mortality, unrelated to Bt, in Bollgard II except that the approach is preventative, not curative. It has the additional benefit of reducing the probability of needing a conventional spray to deal with Bollgard II survivors. In initial trials on Auscott, Narrabri last season, Cotton CRC researchers found reductions in the numbers of large larvae of around 50 per cent using this approach.

Summary

Aerial application of Magnet to a cotton crop.

Magnet offers possibilities in management of resistance to Bt toxins in Helicoverpa spp., but research is required on key issues before these possibilities can be included in RMPs, through collaboration with TIMS, Monsanto and the APVMA. Cotton CRC researchers are working on these issues.

24 — THE AUSTRALIAN COTTONGROWER

JUNE–JULY 2010

CLASSIC TRACTOR TALES

The formidable Fitch By Ian M Johnston

THE FARM HORSE In 1929, horses still remained supreme on Australian farms. After all – they were reliable and providing you had no objection to rising before dawn in order to firstly catch the things, then feed them, then untangle the harness, then stand on tippy toes in order to slip the bridle over their heads, plus wrestle the inverted weighty collar over their necks before screwing it around the right way up – then that was OK. But of course an hour had passed and a furrow had yet to be turned. Certainly most of the big draught horses had gentle temperaments and were quite docile. Mind you, in every team there was always the fella who flattened his ears and showed the whites of his eyes! He would

exhibit a set of yellow teeth, seemingly capable of biting through an iron bar, and featured a gigantic iron shod hoof at each corner, proficient at striking out with the speed of a red bellied black. But in the main, farmers were comfortable with their horses, they understood them and anyway the farm had always been worked with horses. However there were exceptions. A growing number of farmer’s sons were infact becoming a bit browned off with this early morning horse routine. After emerging from church on Sundays, they would stand around in groups and out of earshot of their fathers, discuss the merits of these new tractor things that were starting to appear with increasing frequency around agricultural regions.

A 1929 advertisement for the Fitch tractor, illustrating it mounted on the standard agricultural wheels. (IMJ archives) JUNE–JULY 2010

Tractors started trickling in to Australia during the first decade of the 1900s. But their initial acceptance suffered a serious setback following a dramatic and ill-informed statement by the South Australian Honourable Minister for Agriculture on August12, 1909, to the effect that – “These new tractors that are disturbing the tranquility of our countryside have proven to be utterly useless and inefficient and will never replace the horse.” Of course this egregious pronouncement was proved to be totally wrong! The penetration of indigenous and imported tractors was gradual but irreversible. By 1929, despite the fact that horse teams still far outnumbered tractors, the latter had ceased to be a novelty.  …26 s

A promotional illustration explaining the layout of the Fitch transmission. (IMJ archives) THE AUSTRALIAN COTTONGROWER — 25

ing constantly bogged, could appreciate the advantages of having of four wheels propelling a tractor. Accordingly, an order was placed with the Australian Fitch agents, The Sydney Auto Truck Company of Bowen Street, Brisbane, for the supply and delivery of one only Fitch Model D4. It emerged that this was to be the first of only a handful of these tractors to be sold in Australia. Bank managers, who had never experienced the frustrations of digging out a tractor bogged to the axles, were not enamoured by the high cost of the unit and usually suggested to a prospective buyer that investing in a Fordson, at a third of the price, made more sense.

SPECIFICATIONS

Pictured is Fitch No. 1640, Mr Bishop’s tractor, being driven in the grounds of The Gunnedah Rural Museum. Note the massive cast housing of the front axle bevel drive. (Photo: IMJ)

w25…CLASSIC TRACTORS

MR BISHOP’S FITCH The most accepted tractor brands in Australia in 1929 included Fordson (the most popular), International, Lanz, Twin City, Hart Parr and Case. So when the progressively minded Mr F E Bishop of Bando Station, Mullaley, NSW decided to purchase a tractor, the odds were he would settle on one of these, but if not

then maybe a Wallis, Ronaldson Tippett or a John Deere. But the astute Mr. Bishop could see flaws in all of the aforementioned tractors. They were only two wheel drive and he had seen a persuasive advertisement in ‘The American Agriculturist’ for the Fitch Four Drive tractor which, as its name suggested, featured four wheel drive! The soil in the Mullaley district consists of sticky black clay and Mr. Bishop, who had observed neighbour’s tractors becom-

A three quarter rear view of the Fitch showing the mounting of the grader blade. (Photo: IMJ 26 — THE AUSTRALIAN COTTONGROWER

The Fitch Four Drive Model D4 was indeed an amazing tractor. It was manufactured in Big Rapids, Michigan by the Four Drive Tractor Company Inc. The firm first released its visionary tractors in 1916. The Model D4 was not introduced until 1920, when it became apparent there was a need for a more robust and powerful unit. The new model was powered by a Climax K Series four cylinder engine made by the Climax Engineering Co. of Clinton, Iowa. The engine had its four cylinders of 5 x 6.5 inch bore and stroke cast in pairs. The tractor had a dry weight of 3.5 tons when equipped with the cast wheels and solid rubber tyres (36 x 7 inch front and 40 x 7 inch rear) and including the grader blade. Although not confirmed by a Nebraska Test, the engine in the Fitch was claimed by the manufacturers to develop 20 drawbar and 35 belt hp at 800 rpm, which was delivered to the gearbox via a Borg & Beck clutch. The three forward gears were rated at 1.5, 2.5 and 4 mph and reverse at 1.5 mph. The power to the rear axle was delivered by a Timken worm drive (similar to the Fordson Model F). The front axle was driven by a clever patented design using a bevel gear principal, so arranged to eliminate any power loss whilst steering into a curve. (It is worth noting that the entire axle turned as distinct from the fixed axle of modern four wheel drives with conventional steering and tie rods, necessitating universal or bevel drive at each wheel). The Fitch transmission was custom designed by The Cotti Transmission Co of Rockford, Illinois. The steering wheel was connected by the shaft to a worm gear in the steering box. The lateral shaft and pulley extending from the steering box acted as a windlass for the chain connected to the front axle. Unlike most chain windlass steering JUNE–JULY 2010

systems, the Fitch used an intermediate pulley between the steering box and the axle, which served to render the steering considerably more positive. Mr Bishop ordered the big tractor complete with a set of the optional solid rubber tyred wheels, in addition to the more conventional agricultural type 42 inch by 12 inch steel wheels with diagonal bar treads. He also specified the under belly grader blade. The all up weight of 3.5 tons presented him with a well balanced highly mobile grader for maintaining the roads in and around Bando Station. In standard trim, the Fitch completely lived up to the visionary expectations of Mr Bishop. It was able to plough and cultivate the black soil, without the tiresome problems associated with bogging. Following many seasons of relatively trouble free service, Mr Bishop’s Fitch (No. 1640) has quite remarkably survived the rigors of the passing years and remains today in excellent condition. It is on display as part of a comprehensive vintage tractor collection at The Gunnedah Rural Museum, NSW – a treasure house brimming with rare machinery artifacts, depicting farming as it used to be. But – and it has to be said – in a nearby paddock there is a wise old Clydesdale. He is frequently observed gazing in the direction of the museum, with a superior and disdainful expression upon his countenance. And so he might, for after all his ancestors were around long before the old tractors in the museum were ever thought of, and Clydesdales have always been four hoof drive!

The engine of the Fitch is a Climax K Series. The 4 cylinder are cast in pairs. Note the magneto with the twin magnets in the foreground. (Photo: IMJ)

Ian’s Mystery Tractor QUIZ Question: Giant tractors are not a recent phenomenon. This seven ton heavyweight, belonging to Norm Bates of WA, is a classic! Can you identify it? Clue: It is as British as Rule Britannia. Degree Of Difficulty: Easy if you marshall your thoughts. Answer: See page 56.

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World COMModity Watch

Turkish Imports US Cotton

US New Crop

Brisk business has been concluded in recent weeks for remnant US stock lots to Turkey. The latest numbers indicate Turkey imported 1.7 million bales, up 23% for the same period last year and could climb to levels above 2006–07 levels of 2.3 mb. Turkey’s consumption has rebounded after several years of consolidation compounded by EU consumption concerns.

As of June 7, 91% of the US crop was planted and above the five year average of 88%. The crop condition report indicated 66% ‘good-toexcellent’, 30% rated ‘fair’ and 4% rated ‘poor’. The Texas crop is planted except for small pockets and all reports indicate an excellent start. Warmer temperatures are forecast and a recent report predicts a La Niña forming over the Atlantic which is often associated with a higher chance of hurricanes.

US Certified Stocks US Certified Stocks currently stand at 1,008,121 bales with smaller amounts decertified as at the first week of June. Given the demand for cotton from spinning mills and July trading around 77.00c/lb these stocks are now considered at a level attractive to export sales, and supportive to July-10 futures given the lifting of hedges.

New York cotton futures

Australian dollar vs US dollar 1

80

0.95 0.9

70

$AUD vs $USD

US cents/lb

Brazil harvest It is estimated that 20% of the Bahia crop has been harvested to-date and yield estimates look promising. Mato Grosso harvest is expected to commence mid June, but recent cold weather is hampering defoliation.

60 50 40

Source: Queensland Cotton

2008

2009

0.85 0.8 0.75 0.7 0.65

2010

0.6

Source: Queensland Cotton

2008

2009

2010

From the field to t Queensland Cotto

Queensland Cotton has the longest suppl

World COMModity Watch

Chinese Mill Demand Chinese demand for remaining old crop stocks from both domestic and imported suppliers is high as indicated by domestic futures and also heavy sales of consignment cotton. Import quota remains available and rumours continue to circulate about additional quota being released, but this has failed to stall the advance to higher prices.

Chinese Stocks Questions remain around actual stocks held in China following a recent report indicating that commercial stocks were 3.0 million tonnes at the end of April 2010. If correct, this places stocks well ahead of last year, and in combination with the estimated 1.4 mt in the Reserve, China appears to have significant stocks until new crop arrivals. Given domestic futures continue to trade near 1.20c/lb these stock estimates remain a point of conjecture

Australian cotton price*

Australian basis*

500 480 440 420 400 380 360 340

Indian Monsoons The recent weather system associated with Cyclone Phet provided moderate rainfall only and growers await a resurgence of the Southwest Monsoon before full scale planting commences. Local sources estimate 85% of the cotton area in the Northern zone has been planted.

US cents/lb

$AUD per bale

460

10 8 6 4 2 0 -2 -4 -6 -8 -10 -12

Source: Queensland Cotton

2008

2009

2010

Source: Queensland Cotton

2008

2009

2010

the shirt you wear, on is at every step.

ly chain in the Australian cotton industry.

* Ex-gin price bids and basis for middling 1 1/8 inch cotton

55 Wyandra Street, Newstead Queensland Australia 4006, Tel: 61 7 3250 3300 Fax: 61 7 3852 1600

marketing

The World Cotton Market By Matt Robinson, Cotton Outlook

T

he reality of the global supply and demand figures for the current season, and specifically the depletion of stocks, discussed in our last contribution to The Australian Cottongrower back in April, has been felt with increasing acuity during the past couple of months. In a noteworthy period for the international raw cotton market, the Cotlook A Index has climbed above 92.00 cents per lb, a feat it has achieved on only six previous occasions since its inception in 1966, the last of those being as long ago as 1995. What perhaps separates the current market scenario from many of those other occasions is that spinners have, to a large degree, appeared able to absorb the high raw cotton replacement costs and maintain profitability. Demand for cotton yarn has held up remarkably well despite the record prices quoted in some parts of the world. Moreover, within that general increase in yarn

demand various dynamics have been at play, most importantly the continued emergence of China as a significant import market for yarn, taking up supplies from countries such as Pakistan and Vietnam in particular. During the first quarter, China imported 264,451 tonnes of cotton yarn, 48 per cent more than in the same period of 2009. However, the extent of cotton yarn demand alone has arguably been insufficient to sustain the current elevated yarn prices and a tightness in nearby supply has contributed to that strength. The impression gleaned is that spinners have struggled to gear up yarn production, following the idling of capacity during the depths of the global financial crisis, to meet the upturn in orders from downstream manufacturers. Shortages of labour and power in Asia have been restrictive factors. Mills’ production has remained well committed weeks in advance and, as a consequence, weav-

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ers and knitters have been forced to pay the elevated prices quoted in order to secure their short-term requirements. But it is worth noting that textile manufacturers have apparently been much less successful in passing on higher prices further down the production chain. Tensions between spinners and downstream manufacturers have mounted and, in South Asia, have resulted in industrial action and street protests. In both India and Pakistan, the government has intervened to stem exports, contributing further to the tightness in global supply and pushing international prices higher. The implication might be that a ‘bubble’ has formed in international cotton yarn values, one that could be burst either by a sustained drop in raw cotton replacement costs or by a rebalancing in the nearby yarn supply and demand situation.But in the immediate future, the major preoccupation facing mills is whether they can

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marketing sustain production, owing to the very tight availability of raw cotton during the next few months. Bridging the supply gap between old and new crop has perhaps never proved as problematic since the 1994–95 and 1995–96 seasons, when in May 1995, the A Index was withdrawn owing to a lack of quotations. A series of developments has fuelled raw cotton supply concerns. The first of those occurred in April when the Indian government firstly introduced an export duty on raw cotton and then banned, as of April 19, exports altogether. The ban has been applied initially in a retrospective manner to cotton registered for export but not yet shipped (which data indicate may involve close to 1,170,000 bales of 170 kilos). The government has indicated that those registrations must be ‘revalidated’ and that the cotton may then be released for shipment, but only if a sufficient local carryover stock can be ensured. An additional layer of bureaucracy was introduced, with the announcement that exporters would need to apply for a licence from the Ministry of Commerce. Much still needs to be clarified about the Indian government change in policy, which may have implica-

JUNE–JULY 2010

tions for the competitiveness of that origin on international markets beyond the current season. The announcement of a ban in India precipitated panic buying in the neighbouring markets of Pakistan and Bangladesh, which had purchased a good deal of

Indian cotton against short-term requirements that spinners then tried to replace with alternative growths. Substantial business was concluded in a range of growths, perhaps most prominently West African, but also US and Australian. Merchants in …32s

THE AUSTRALIAN COTTONGROWER — 31

marketing w31…WORLD COTTON MARKET

creasingly reported difficulties in shipping cotton against May and June enquiries, as a large chunk of current crop supply was taken out of the market. More recently, an additional wave of mill demand has emerged, this time from China, stimulated by a sustained rise in domestic prices and the release of additional import quota, believed to be 800,000 tonnes. Australian growths featured prominently in very brisk selling to that market during the first half of May. At the time of writing, very little cotton is still available for June shipment and July is already getting tight. Offers of Uzbek have for some time become very restricted, those of West African are dwindling in number and the volume of Australian 2010 crop left in traders’ hands may be close to 500,000 bales. As one might expect, unsold stocks are most abundant in the United States, but it is, nonetheless, noteworthy that offers of this origin (where carryover stocks have been plentiful in recent seasons) are becoming somewhat restricted. A great deal of attention is being paid to the fate of certified stocks in the US which currently

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stand at over a million bales, particularly with the December contract still trading at a substantial discount to the nearby month. The delivery period for the July contract may prove to be a very important phase for the market. With scant carryover stocks to provide a buffer, the expectation persists that the development of the Northern Hemisphere new crops will repay especially close scrutiny in the months ahead. The scope exists, it is felt, for a volatile period in New York futures, as yield potential and, therefore, 2010–11 production prospects, move into sharper focus. At present, Cotton Outlook’s production and consumption estimates point to a further modest downturn in world stocks next season, from already much-depleted levels. The substantial recovery in production predicted for the United States is not expected to be matched in most other major Northern Hemisphere origins. The crop in China is reported to be late and a more conservative view of potential output has emerged of late. Confidence remains of a significant upturn in plantings in Pakistan, but it is too early to predict a substantial upturn in yields. As always, the southwestern monsoon in India will

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prove key. The rains usually make landfall in early June. On the consumption side, we are forecasting a three per cent upturn globally, following a recovery of seven per cent during this marketing year. But question marks persist over whether consumption can be sustained if raw cotton prices remain close to, or move above, the current levels. Prices for synthetic fibres remain relatively attractive and, though not evident to any great extent as yet, substitution into those alternative raw materials cannot be ruled out. In addition, retail offtake in the Western Hemisphere has improved, but the recovery from the depressed spending witnessed last year has been faltering. The latest US retail figures for April are far from encouraging, while unease about sovereign debt in the eurozone continues to cast a shadow over the economic outlook in Europe’s key consuming centres. So, while short-term price sentiment is as bullish as it has ever been in recent history, it bears repeating that prices are already very firm by historical comparison. Whatever the next few months bring, recent times have shown us that we should expect the unexpected, and we should also anticipate that prices will remain volatile.

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Ginning & Fibre Quality Series In previous articles this year we have introduced the fundamental relationships that determine the moisture content of cotton lint and the instrument methods used to measure moisture in cotton. In this article we discuss the effect of moisture on gin productivity and on fibre quality during ginning. The effect of moisture in the bale is also covered.

The importance of moisture during ginning By Stuart Gordon1, Marinus van der Sluijs1 and Susan Horne1

M

odern gins are highly automated and productive systems that incorporate many processing stages besides the removal of lint from the cotton seed. Seed-cotton delivered in modules is opened by a series of beaters and transported using air through ducts to one or a series of pre-cleaners, which remove large trash particles like sticks, stones, unopened bolls, before the gin. If the seed-cotton is too wet, pre-cleaning may be preceded by passage through a drying tower or chamber where the seed-cotton is dried with large volumes of dry heated air. Drying wet cotton improves the cleaning ability of the seedcotton and improves classing grade. At the gin, lint is separated from the seed after which it travels by air through one or two lint cleaners for further cleaning and preparation. Cotton that is too dry can have moisture added prior to the gin stand at either the pre-cleaning stage (although addition at this point is not usual in Australia) or after the conveyor distributor above the gin stand, which although more typical is also not standard in Australia. The optimum moisture regain for cotton in the gin varies for each process in ginning and the recommendations for each process also vary in the literature. But the rule of thumb has been that cotton moisture regain in

Figure 1: The effect of moisture addition on fibre length post-gin stand and post-lint cleaner

the six to seven per cent range is best for seed-cotton cleaning, ginning, and lint cleaning to preserve fibre quality, and between six to eight per cent moisture range for ease of press operation and long-term bale storage. As the moisture content of lint decreases, the processing performance of cotton cleaning equipment improves. Ginning at lower moisture contents also results in improved colour. But ginning at higher moisture contents improves other fibre properties like fibre strength, uniformity, length and short fibre content (SFC). Other aspects of gin processing are also affected by fibre moisture. The compression force required to bale ginned lint, as well as the bale tie forces, decreases with increasing fibre moisture. The adverse effects of decreasing moisture content in ginning are related to reduced fibre strength and increased fibre breakage. It has been shown that single fibre breaking force increases with increasing moisture content in the range of three to 15 per cent, while fibre-seed attachment forces remain constant from three per cent to about 11 per cent moisture and then decrease up to 15 per cent moisture content. Also, as seed-cotton is dried from 10 per cent to four per cent during the ginning process, trash is removed more efficiently, cotton grades improved, and manufacturing waste declines in the textile mill.

Fibre length (inches)

UPPER MEAN FIBRE LENGTH Measurable increase in fibre length with increase in moisture content

Moisture content %

Ginning & Fibre Quality

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Ginning & Fibre Quality Series

A tradition of service since 1849 Cotton Trader Matthew Bradd

Australian research has shown similar effects on fibre properties as a result of drying and moistening fibre through the gin, in particular through the gin stand and lint cleaner. Table 1 lists the test results from CSIRO trials in 2001 showing the effect of moisture preservation on HVI properties. Figure 1 illustrates the effect post-gin and post-lint cleaner on staple length of increasing moisture regain above the gin stand in more recent trials. The effect of increasing moisture content from 5.5 per cent to 7.5 per cent through the lint cleaner was an increase of more than 1/32nd inches on the staple length with concomitant improvements in length uniformity (UNI) and SFC. It was also noted that the transport by air caused fibre moisture losses of between 0.5 and 1.0 per cent, between the back of the gin and the second lint cleaner. Drying cotton Whilst it is only seed-cotton that is purposely dried in cotton gin dryers, ginned lint also loses a significant amount of moisture as it is transported by air through the gin and lint cleaners. As air and cotton move through the gin dryer and gin duct work, moisture is vaporised from the cotton and heat is absorbed by the system of ducting, machines and cotton. Prior to recent seasons, most of the drying in Australian cotton gins was done using heated air. But in the recent dry seasons the ambient condition of the air has been dry enough for ginners to achieve the ‘desired’ equilibrium moisture content without the  …36 s

Table 1: The effect of moisture preservation on fibre quality Gin treatment* HVI UHML UNI SFC STR ELO

inches % % gf/tex %

Moist zero heat

Dry zero heat

Dry high heat

Ambient std. heat

Moist high heat

1.17 84.1 2.9 31.8 12.7

1.14 84.2 2.7 30.8 13

1.14 83.2 3.2 33.9 13.1

1.12 82.9 5.6 28.6 11.8

1.14 83.3 4.7 31.2 13.1

*Dry Storage = 5% moisture pre gin stand, Ambient Storage (module yard) = 7.5% moisture pre gin stand, Moist Storage = 9.5% moisture pre gin stand, Zero Heat = Ambient temperature 25°C – burners off, Standard Heat = Standard temperature 55°C, High Heat = Maximum temperature 90°C – burners on high

JUNE–JULY 2010

Ecom Commodities Pty Ltd Suite 1, Level 19, Tower A, Zenith Centre 821 - 843 Pacific Highway Chatswood NSW 2067 P 02 9419 8300

Agents Steve Dalton

AgVantage Commodities Pty Ltd Namoi, Gwydir, Mungindi and Boomi P 02 6792 2962

Polly Gibbons

Front Gate Darling Downs, Goondiwindi, St George and Dirranbandi P 0418 385 656

Don Cooper

Cooper Consulting Central Queensland and Dawson - Callide P 0428 794 698

Peter Horton

Gilgandra Marketing Co-operative Ltd Macquarie Valley P 02 6847 1116

www.ecomtrading.com THE AUSTRALIAN COTTONGROWER — 35

Ginning & Fibre Quality Series

Relative concentration of water

Figure 2: Relative concentration of water in air with temperature

Temperature degrees Celsius

w35…IMPORTANCE OF MOISTURE DURING GINNING

addition of heat, although in most cases the ambient conditions resulted in cotton that was too dry, and as a result cotton that was damaged during ginning. Drying cotton at high temperatures may damage cotton fibre and as such the lowest temperature should be used to produce satisfactory market grades and allow satisfactory gin operation. In no case should the temperature in any portion of the drying system exceed 177°C because irreversible damage may occur. Temperatures over 121°C cause moderate fibre damage and should not be used if at all possible. Cotton will scorch at 232°C, flash at 316°C and ignite at 460°C. Temperatures over 93°C have been shown to damage fibre and should not be used if at all possible. Similarly CSIRO research found that temperatures around 90°C caused significant damage in terms of fibre length and neps compared with cotton dried at 55°C and ambient conditions of around 25°C. Cotton with too low a moisture content may stick to metal surfaces as a result of static electricity generated on the fibres and cause machinery to choke and stop. Fibre dried to very low moisture content becomes brittle and will be damaged by the mechanical processes required for cleaning and ginning. When a second drying system is used to process high moisture cotton it should be at lower temperatures than the first drying system, as the major moisture removal should be done in the first system.

The primary function of the second drying system is to extend the drying time and to keep the seed cotton and the machinery hot and prevent condensation of moisture. Dryers should be adjusted to supply gin stands with lint having a moisture content of six to seven per cent. Cotton at this moisture level is more able to withstand the stresses of ginning without breaking. But as stated already, cotton with a moisture content of five per cent will result in better cleaning and a smoother appearance, which is erroneously preferred by many classing and marketing systems. Almost all of the moisture removed during the short drying time in commercial gin dryers comes from the fibres rather than from seed and trash. Whilst the seed constitutes 55 to 60 per cent of the weight of spindle‑harvested seed cotton, its moisture content is considerably less important from a ginning standpoint than the moisture content of the fibres, unless the seeds are so wet that they are soft. Automatic systems able to correct heat inputs to affect the moisture of incoming seed-cotton were first researched in the early 1960s and although now available, are not widely used in Australia. These automated drying systems measure seed-cotton moisture; the volume of seed-cotton entering the gin; and then manage bypass valves and/or heat inputs (usually by empirical calculation of the heat required to change moisture content) to realise a prescribed moisture content in the cotton, and to reduce energy, usually gas, inputs. The capability to rapidly monitor two variables; i.e. seed-cotton moisture and volume, crucial to real-time maintenance of an optimal ratio of heat input is relatively recent and not without issues, which centre around the accuracy of the seed-cotton moisture and volume flow measurements. Many gins use non-automated control by staging dry modules to be ginned consecutively and shutting off gas burners altogether when not needed. An example of a commercially available automatic drying system is the ‘IntelliGin’ system marketed by Uster Technologies, which uses one or more electrical resistance sensors to measure the moisture content of seed-cotton and lint, and enable control of heat inputs into the system. The Samuel Jackson Inc. ‘Moisture Mirror’ system reads moisture using electrical resistance and VOMAX microwave sensors and provides the operator with instant readings of incoming moisture, post-drying moisture and bale moisture. Using standard cotton flow into gin and ginning rates, the system allows operators instant and/or automatic control of Samuel Jackson ‘Humidaire’ and dryers. The system is able to let the ginner set the after-drying moisture as a control system target and is able to compensate for sudden upward spikes in the module moisture level. Other systems like the Cliff Granberry Corporation, Honeywell and Schaffner moisture sensor systems are less sophisticated with respect to gin control and centre on measuring moisture content, with simple bespoke automation or manual gin control. Moisture restoration To ameliorate the harsh effect of heat and/or dry cotton in the gin, moisture restoration systems are available. These systems typically add moisture to seed-cotton immediately before ginning and in doing so help maintain fibre length and reduce the number of fibres broken at the gin stand and lint cleaners. Other benefits resulting from moisture restoration include reducing the static electricity level of the cotton, reducing the volume of the cotton required to achieve a given bale size and reducing the force required to press the bale. The resilient forces

36 — THE AUSTRALIAN COTTONGROWER

JUNE–JULY 2010

Ginning & Fibre Quality Series exerted on the restraining bale ties are also lower for the higher moisture cotton. Many approaches have been used to restore moisture in cotton fibre. Moisture restoration may occur at several locations such as module feeder, feed control, pre- and post-gin dryer, above extractor feeders, into moving-bed conditioners, at battery condensers and other apparatus in the lint slide. There is a practical physical limit to the quantity of moisture that may be added to seed-cotton. Wetting of the cotton by condensation within machinery and pipes must be prevented or choking will result. If liquid water is present on the seed-cotton mass, gin stand operation will become irregular and may cease altogether. Cotton with fibre moisture in excess of nine per cent may be rough in appearance and will not smooth out properly when processed through the lint cleaners. So the recommended fibre moisture level of six per cent to seven per cent is based on production aspects as well as quality aspects. Lint moisture in the bale must be uniform and must not exceed 7.5 per cent in order to avoid fibre discoloration and significant weight loss during storage. One approach is to use humid air to moisten cotton. The air must be heated to carry sufficient moisture to the cotton fibre. Air can carry 10 times as much water vapour at 54°C as it can at 16°C – see Figure 2. Humidified air systems first heat air to high temperatures and it is then exposed to atomised water droplets, which evaporate into the air. The evaporation process lowers the air temperature and increases the ‘dew point’ temperature of the air. The dew point temperature of the air must be well above the temperature of the cotton. This humid air is then blown through the cotton, which lowers the air temperature below its dew point causing fine water droplets to form on the cotton fibres throughout the cotton batt. The amount of moisture restoration with this system is limited, especially at higher ginning rates. The Samuel Jackson Humidaire system where humid air is blown into the extractor feeder adds no more than 1.5 per cent and typically less than one per cent moisture to seed-cotton depending on ambient conditions. While in absolute terms this amount seems insignificant, significant improvements are seen in fibre quality, gin productivity and bale weight as a result. Another approach is to atomise water and spray it directly on the cotton. Sometimes a wetting agent is added to the water to hasten its distribution through the cotton. Most Australian gins use this type of spray system on the cotton at the lint slide in order to restore moisture and weight to the bale, although sprays can also be applied in other parts of the gin, e.g. in the post-dryer, precleaning area. Extreme care must be exercised to avoid wet spots in the bale, which promote bacterial and fungal growth and cause degradation of the fibre. The addition of moisture to the bale is reviewed in the next section. A recent study conducted by the USDA investigated the effect of installing commercially available atomising nozzles in a commercial cotton gin to apply water to seed-cotton between pre-cleaning and the conveyer-distributor before ginning. The moisture content of lint samples collected between the gin stand and the first lint cleaner was increased by between 0.2 per cent and 1.1 per cent points with this system. Lint subject to the moisture sprays had longer mean length and upper quartile length, and lower SFC. Non-lint content was also higher and nep content lower. Studies by CSIRO in which water and lubricants have been applied by nozzles pre-gin have shown similar results to those of the USDA. Atomising sprays must either be applied in line and in the middle of the air (cotton) flow and preferably just prior to a workJUNE–JULY 2010

ing roller to ensure the spray is applied as evenly as possible to the fibre, and to avoid the building of wet tags in the duct work. Add-on rates in excess of one per cent on weight of the fibre (owf) under ambient ginning conditions should be avoided. Higher addons can be applied with increased duct temperature according to Figure 2, although air and duct temperature must be maintained to avoid condensation. Moisture in the bale During 2003 and 2004 bales pressed with moisture levels in excess of eight per cent and delivered to overseas spinning mills raised concerns in the US cotton industry about the addition of water at some US gins. The concerns were based around the degradation of fibre quality in cotton stored at high moisture levels. These incidents and the industry concern that followed led to the National Cotton Council (NCC) Quality Task Force to set the following recommendation with respect to moisture in baled lint: “As precaution against undue risk of fibre degradation and until definitive research data can support higher levels of moisture addition at the cotton gin, the National Cotton Council recommends that moisture levels of cotton bales at the gin not exceed the targeted level of approximately 7.5 per cent.” In late 2006 the USDA issued new provisions (legislation) for cotton bales entering the Cotton Marketing Assistance Loan Program aimed at solving the “wet cotton” problem. The new regulations, which deal with the storage, handling and ginning requirement for cotton pledged as collateral for marketing assistance loans, define “wet cotton” as a bale that exceeds 7.5 per cent (wet basis) at any point in the bale when measured at the gin. According to the USDA, bales may not surpass this 7.5 per cent moisture level and be eligible for a marketing assistance loan, according to the regulations, which were part of a final rule issued by USDA in August 2006. The rule also established other new criteria for cotton gins and warehouses. In February 2007 at the NCC Annual Meeting, the Research and Education Committee clarified the NCC’s position on acceptable moisture content in cotton lint bales. The following policy recommendations were adopted. That the US cotton industry: • Continue their reviews of literature and research to determine appropriate moisture levels in baled lint; • Communicate that information to the cotton industry, and encourage continued research, particularly on a regional basis (recognising that widely divergent climatic conditions exist throughout the US cotton belt), to determine optimum moisture levels in baled lint that will preserve fibre qualities and spinning performance and mitigate gin bale weight losses; • As a precaution against undue risk of fibre degradation, recommend that restored moisture levels of cotton bales at the gin not exceed 7.5 per cent (wet basis); • Accept the designation of “wet cotton” as defined by USDA as one of the criteria for Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC) loan eligibility; and, • As a requirement for CCC loan eligibility, recommends CCC require gins to disclose on a revised Form 809 the type of moisture restoration system(s) available for use at the gin and that such disclosure be made publicly available. Prior to 2002, cotton packaging and storage condition research investigations mentioned little about bale moisture levels with respect to long-term storage. But around and after 2003 a number of US investigations describing the effects of high bale  …38s THE AUSTRALIAN COTTONGROWER — 37

Ginning & Fibre Quality Series w37…IMPORTANCE OF MOISTURE DURING GINNING

moisture levels over time on cotton fibre quality were published. The general gist of these was that excessive moisture in bales stored for extended periods creates quality problems for merchants and mills. The studies showed moisture augmentation of cotton bales with excessive amounts of water, mainly via spray systems, leads to a reduction in fibre quality. Noted in the studies was that water sprayed on cotton fibre can adversely impact greyness and yellowness, and thus colour grade, at moisture levels as low as 7.3 per cent (measured on a wet basis). The difficulties of applying uniform moisture via sprays to cotton at the battery condenser and lint slide were also noted. Two important problems associated with spray systems were posed: • Applying just the right amount of water to reach the most desirable moisture content and; • Applying the water in an even and consistent manner. The direct spraying of liquid water on the top of a fast moving several inch-thick-batt of cotton, achieves only a uniform application to the top surface of the batt of cotton. It is generally believed that transfer of the liquid water to the remaining four to 12 inches of cotton is difficult because raw cotton fibre does not readily absorb liquid water by dint of its hydrophobic wax layer and that the cotton bale is immediately packaged at high densities, which greatly retards any further movement of water vapour or liquid. In this respect humidified air, which contains water in a vapour phase is more readily absorbed by fibre, and that it is pulled or blown through the cotton, means that moisture is absorbed in a relatively more uniform manner. In the most recent review of the effects of moisture sprayed on fibre the USDA reported that where excessive moisture was used (up to as high as 15 per cent), fibre quality results indicated that after 116 days of storage bales were more yellow and darker as moisture content increased. Results from another study, where cotton was stored for six months and the target moisture ranged from ambient moisture, nominally around five per cent to six per cent, to 12 per cent, and the moisture content was found to be unevenly distributed in a bale, there were still direct relationships between moisture content and decreased reflectance and increased yellowness of fibre over time. Increased fungal density with increased moisture content was also observed. When lower maximum target moisture ranges were studied,

where final moisture content after storage did not exceed about 7.5 per cent moisture, the effect on fibre quality and microbial activity was minimal. This result in particular supports the NCC Quality Task Force recommendation that baled lint not exceed 7.5 per cent. Other reasons for adding moisture to bales Aside from adding weight to dry cotton in order to improve gin turn-out and financial returns, the addition of moisture by ginners is also used to aid the pressing and baling of low-moisture cotton, which is often difficult to press to the desired density. Dry cotton requires more force and power to compress than does moist cotton. Bale tie forces are also strongly influenced by the moisture content of the bale. Tie forces increase over time after compression and release. They also respond to the initial moisture content after packaging. An USDA investigation of bale tie forces over a 130 day storage period showed that tie forces increased for the first 60 days after packaging as the internal moistures of the bales increased and the bales equilibrated to the ambient conditions. Forces then remained constant and bale weight change stabilised at about the same time.

Conclusion This article has reviewed the effects of seed-cotton and lint moisture on gin productivity and fibre quality. Cotton is dried during ginning whether or not hot air is used by the large volumes of air used to transport it through the gin. Drying at high temperatures (>121°C) will damage cotton fibre by making it susceptible to breakage (reducing its strength) during ginning and particularly lint cleaning. At very low moisture contents, seed-cotton will not gin properly as a result of static electricity causing fibre to clump and cling to metallic surfaces. Ideally, cotton (lint) is between six per cent and seven per cent during ginning and cleaning, and above seven per cent in the bale. In this range, the fibre will be more resilient to breakage during these processes, and will not deteriorate during storage in the bale. A level of 7.5 per cent moisture should not be exceeded anywhere in the bale. The use of sprays to add water prior to baling must be carefully managed. The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support of the Australian Cotton Research and Development Corporation (CRDC) and CSIRO in preparing this work. The authors also gratefully acknowledge the comments made by Drs Robert Long and Greg Constable, and Mr Scott Barnes on the draft of this paper. CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering, Henry Street, Belmont VIC 3216.

1

Consultants ride for charity Three well known cotton consultants improved their fitness and did a great job for a worthy charity in a mountain bike ride from the Barossa Valley to Tamworth in March. Over $100,000 was raised for the Westpac Rescue helicopter Service in the north west of NSW. Steve Warden from Tamworth was joined by John Barber (St George) and Bernie Caffery (Darling Downs) on the gruelling journey. While most of the riders in this long distance event opted for lightweight, trimmed down bikes with no added extras, John (as always) took a different view. His mountain bike had a luggage rack, a stand and mudguards – and he carried a substantial picnic hamper on the back. It was so heavy, it was christened The Hummer by the other riders. But the important thing is that the bike, and John, made it to Tamworth. The three consultants were supported by many firms and organisations involved in the cotton industry and would like to thank them all for their help. Some of the sponsors included Nufarm, Syngenta, Ramsay Health Group, Forsyths, Freemans, Cotton Seed Distributors, Crop Management Services, Sumitomo and Caltex. 38 — THE AUSTRALIAN COTTONGROWER

Our three intrepid riders on the way from the Barossa. From left, Bernie Caffery, Steve Warden and John Barber (with The Hummer). JUNE–JULY 2010

Superior insecticide seed treatment – at a lower price

T

he proven superior performance of imidacloprid cotton seed insecticide treatment is now available at a comparable price to other seed treatments. eChem, manufacturers of Genero 600FS, has drastically reduced prices for the 2010 planting season to allow growers access to the best seed treatment at an affordable cost. Genero 600FS contains 600g/L imidacloprid and gives cotton seedlings tried and tested protection against thrips, aphids, brown beetles and wireworms. Col Hibbard, General Manager of eChem, suggests that growers have a close look at the CSD seed treatment price list this year before making their product selections. “We have been able to bring the price down because eChem is an Australianowned, grower controlled company and lower prices are one of the reasons for our existence,” says Col. “Like any company, we have to make a profit. But we also aim to supply products at the lowest possible price, and that’s what we have done with Genero 600FS this year.” Independent research trials have shown that Genero 600FS has equal performance when compared with other 600g/L imidacloprid products. It has also been tested for crop safety at more than four times the current use rate and undergoes rigorous product quality assurance testing. “The benefits of imidacloprid cotton seed dressing have been shown time and again in field trials,” says Col. “The price differential has been a stumbling block, but this has now been largely removed for this season.”

For more information contact Col Hibbard on 0428 658 390.

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THE AUSTRALIAN COTTONGROWER — 39

cotton conference

feature From dirt to shirt

C

otton Australia and the Australian Cotton Shippers Association are lining up an ambitious program of speakers for the 15th Australian Cotton Conference that will cover the gamut of cotton production, from dirt to shirt. With 30 years of conferencing now under their belts, organisers say the conference has evolved into an event relevant for all sectors of the cotton value chain – growers, agronomists, merchants, researchers, spinners and brand owners. To be held on the Gold Coast from August 10–12, the program promises something for everyone and with a strong line up of social events and child minding facilities, it’s being promoted as a great week for the whole family. “The Australian Cotton Conference has become a very important networking opportunity and we’re encouraging anyone involved in the cotton industry to start planning their week on the Gold Coast now,” Conference Committee Chairman, Cleave Rogan said. “Cotton is an extremely collaborative and united agricultural industry and this Conference showcases its latest research and development, the innovations of our growers and the needs of our international customers who sees Australian cotton as global leaders,” he said. “For the first time this year we’ll also hold a number of interactive workshops where delegates can discuss issues like soil nutrition and spinning technologies and the popular Hands-on Research sessions will make a return,” Cleave said. Organisers are particularly keen to attract a greater diversity of delegates this year, including the next generation of cotton growers, women, farmers from other industries and international guests.

Who’s who of the Cotton Conference Here’s the million dollar question… which current cotton industry identity attended and presented at the first official Cotton Conference in Goondiwindi in 1982 and has attended every one since? The answer should be clear – Dr Greg Constable, Leader of the Plant Breeding Program, CSIRO and Stream Leader, CSIRO Cotton is a part of the very fabric of our industry. With almost 40 years experience as first a research agronomist with the NSW Department of Agriculture, and then a plant breeder with CSIRO Plant Industry, Greg has seen many challenges in the industry come and go. 40 — THE AUSTRALIAN COTTONGROWER

Conference registration costs kept to a minimum

T

hanks to strong corporate sponsorship support and tight budgeting, conference registration costs have this year only been increased by a maximum of $25 compared to two years ago – with some registrations even being reduced in price. The Australian Cotton Conference remains a very cost-effective investment for growers and their staff, researchers, students and commercial industry representatives, particularly compared to the cost of other similar conferences. “Two of our key objectives this year have been to attract as many growers as possible, and to keep the costs low,” Cotton Australia CEO Adam Kay said. “To do this, we’ve raised substantial sponsorship dollars and worked hard on the budget to ensure no unnecessary costs. “The result is a conference that is highly price competitive. For example, the Australian Summer Grains Conference is $925 for a full registration, almost twice that of our general registration cost,” he said. Registrations for the Cotton Conference are now open. Delegate costs have been kept to a minimum, and if you register before July 1, you’ll save a further $25. If you’re a grower or a general delegate and you register three or more people, you’ll receive a further 10 per cent reduction – so get in quick!

Delegate type

Rate

Discounts

Grower

$375

Early bird (–$25) 3 or more regos –10 per cent

Spousal

$200

Early bird (–$25) 3 or more regos –10 per cent

General

$520

Early bird (–$25) 3 or more regos –10 per cent

Student

$220

Early bird (–$25) 3 or more regos –10 per cent

Day pass

$300

Early bird (–$25) 3 or more regos –10 per cent

Day exhibitor

$85

No discounts

To register: www.australiancottonconference.com.au or Ph (07) 3848 3823

JUNE–JULY 2010

Kenso Agcare

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Insecticides   n  Endo 350 E.C   n  Ken-Tac 100 (Alpha-Cyper)   n  Tal-Ken 100 (Bifenthrin)

PGR’s   n  Ethephon 720   n  Mepiquat 38   n  Thidiazuron 500 S.C

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WIN A SET OF Come and visit the Kenso Agcare trade display at the Australian Cotton Conference. Bring in this coupon for your chance to win a set of golf clubs valued at approximately $800. The prize will be drawn at 2pm on the final day of the conference (Thursday, August 12). Name.............................................................................. Address........................................................................... ....................................................................................... Post Code..................... State........................................... Phone.................................. Fax....................................... Email............................................................................... Don’t forget to enquire about our Yield Stars Loyalty program.

cotton conference

feature Markets and trading – key focus at this year’s Cotton Conference

V

olatile market conditions – and how to capitalize on the opportunities they present – will be a core focus of the ‘Trading and Markets’ sessions at this year’s Australian Cotton Conference. With cotton prices trading through the ‘magic A$500 per bale’ mark in early May, marketing is now key to 2010–11 crop planning, and conference vice-chairman Arthur Spellson believes the line-up of speakers at this year’s event would be critical to the process. “This is undoubtedly the highest calibre line up of trade speakers we have ever had. It’s a privilege for Australian cotton audiences to hear from the likes of Louis Dreyfus director Joe Nicosia and FC Stone Asia managing director Ed Jernigan – and this conference is offering it under the one roof,” Arthur said. Arthur said these speakers would be exploring both fundamental and technical reasons for the market’s recent volatility and would provide a crystal ball for what the future may hold. “They will also be exploring exactly where Australia fits in the global cotton landscape,” he said. Arthur expected the speakers to touch on a range of topics, including “outside” market impacts such as the Euro-zone debt crisis, as well as global cotton supply/ demand forecasts, and the impacts of fund participation in our markets. “We also anticipate they will explore the unique opportunities available to Australian cotton due to our advances in quality and yield, and proximity to markets,” he said. Arthur said the market presentations would be held in the morning sessions of Wednesday, August 11.

Arthur Spellson, ACSA Chairman. 42 — THE AUSTRALIAN COTTONGROWER

Joe Nicosia, Head of the Global Cotton Division at Louis Drefus Corporation will address the Cotton Conference.

Ed Jernigan, Managing Director of FCStone Asia.

Chair of the Murray Darling Basin Authority to address conference Chair of the Murray Darling Basin Authority, Mr Mike Taylor has been confirmed as a key note speaker for the conference session on Water Sharing for the Future: Industry, Environment, Communities, to be held on the first day. Mike was appointed to be the inaugural Chair of the Murray-Darling Basin Authority in May 2009. His Cotton Conference address will cover the development of the Basin Plan’s historical and legislative frameworks. At Conference time the Basin Plan will be in its final stages of consultation and so it will be an extremely timely address for industry.

Chair of the Murray Darling Basin Authority, Mike Taylor. JUNE–JULY 2010

The science behind the results

D

elegates to the Australian Cotton Conference will be able to access the science behind the revolutionary nitrogen phosphorus fertiliser coatings Black Urea, Black DAP and Black Blends. Black Urea has been developed and tested by Australian farmers. Independent field research and trials, overseen by Advanced Nutrients since 2002, show using Black Urea results in a significant reduction of nitrogen loss in urea. It will boost plant growth by improving nitrogen and phosphate efficiency – saving fertiliser costs by reducing leaching and volatisation into the atmosphere. Advanced Nutrients believes it is a real breakthrough

RESIDUAL NITROGEN as percentage of applied nitrogen TRIAL No 1 LOW MOISTURE Weeks Black Urea Urea 2 95% 55% 4 84% 30% 6 75% 15% 8 70% 3% 10 62% 1% TRIAL No 2 LOW TO MEDIUM MOISTURE 2 93% 66% 4 85% 45% 6 70% 28% 8 63% 10% 10 52% 4% TRIAL No 3 OPTIMUM MOISTURE 2 90% 75% 4 80% 42% 6 65% 26% 8 52% 8% 10 46% 5% TRIAL No 4 MODERATELY HIGH MOISTURE 2 90% 68% 4 76% 40% 6 65% 15% 8 50% 4% 10 45% 3% TRIAL No 5 VERY HIGH MOISTURE 2 85% 60% 4 70% 35% 6 60% 10% 8 52% 2% 10 48% 1% The trials were conducted for Advanced Nutrients by agronomist Mr J Ferguson and his staff at his soil plant laboratory at 188 Moorina Road Moorina, Qld. All readings are % of nitrogen left in soil at time of testing as compared to nitrogen added to the plots at the start of testing.

JUNE–JULY 2010

for growers of cotton, cereals, legumes, oil seed, dairy and horticulture crops “The Black Fertiliser range and particularly Black Urea, the longest researched Black product, has and continues to show results in the field, in the real commercial world,” says Craig Salmon, Advanced Nutrient’s Managing Director, “growers are getting a dollar return not seen from conventional fertilisers.”. For Craig and the team at Advanced Nutrients, the aim is to reduce farmer inputs – not only dollar wise but to reduce the effect on the environment by fertilisers, with field results validated by everyday farmers. “Good farming, high yields, minimal impact on the environment and nutrient rich soil – I think we are all on the same page with those goals,” Craig said. With the use of the Black Fertiliser products now expanding to five countries around the world, and interest in such markets as the US, the solid science behind the Black Technology is testament to its growth by farmers around the world.

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www.advancednutrients.com.au Aust Cotton Qtr pg June 10.indd 1

THE AUSTRALIAN COTTONGROWER — 43 3/06/2010 3:04:40 PM

2010 Australian Cotton Conference Program Summary

Day 1: 10 August 10, 2010

Session 1: Fashioning •  Welcome address: Fashioning the Future, the Way Forward •  The Global Future – food, carbon, water, population the Future •  2029 Australian Cotton Industry Vision •  Water for the Future, implications for the Australian cotton industry •  The Murray Darling Basin Plan Session 2: Water •  Water sharing for the environment Sharing for the •  Water scarcity: socio economic implications on a rural community Future – Industry, •  Priority issues and how do we respond? Environment, Communities •  Cotton yield: King or queen Session 3: Farming Systems for the Future •  Soil carbon – crop and soil values •  Nutrition – building a long term picture •  Energy – implications and industry case studies •  Irrigation systems •  Managing for high cotton yields and risks of pushing the future farming system •  A new R&D knowledge landscape for the future Welcome reception Evening

Day 2: August 11, 2010

•  Australian Cotton Shippers Association welcome & introduction •  Commodities, interest rates, Aussie dollar, economic outlook •  Managing risk for growers •  World cotton outlook •  Australian cotton outlook •  What ICA does for Australia – Integrity in World Trade Session 5: Positioning •  Generic commodity to premium product Australian Cotton for •  Macro view of global cotton movements and how Australia fits with the competition •  Sustainable cotton the Future •  Branding Australian Cotton Session 6a and 6b: 6a: Branding Australian Cotton Value Chain Forum 6b: Transgenic Farming Landscapes Concurrent •  CRDC value chain and premium cotton initiative •  Pest management in the future •  Textile and yarn market overview/trends • What’s changed in pest and weed management since the introduction of biotech traits • Textile, clothing and footwear sector trends and opportunities •  What brand owners want • Bt cotton as part of the ecosystem in farm landscapes • Farm health statistics – are cotton farms safer places to work? Session 7a and 7b: 7a: Branding Australian Cotton Value Chain cont. 7b: Transgenic Farming Landscapes cont. Concurrent • Supply chain management – the Izumiya experience • Managing transgenic versus conventional cotton systems – a consultant’s perspective • New spinning technologies and opportunities for Australian cotton • Testing the strength of the resistance management plan for Bollgard II •  Advancing our fibre from dirt to shirt • Australia’s Environmental footprint – organic versus BMP •  Managing cotton volunteers – farm case studies • Herbicide resistance – prevention is better than cure

Session 4: Trade and Markets

Day 3: August 12, 2010 Session 8a and 8b: Concurrent

Session 9a and 9b: Concurrent

Session 10: Workshops and Hands On Research Evening

8a: Sustaining the Farm Future 8b: Fashioning the Future of Farm Business •  Sustainability and the future •  Workforce trends •  myBMP – get online and do it •  Leadership in my business •  Future tools for farmers •  myBMP • New picking systems: how technology is changing the •  Business ethics industry • Agriculture and mining: human resource needs and working • Our family farms and the second generation of cotton together growing •  Placing city students in rural business •  Climate change – where to from here for cotton •  Future opportunities for the indigenous workforce Session 9a: Rain grown cotton and optimising limited irrigation Session 9b: Cotton People: Our Future water •  Putting it all into practice •  Future capacity: Cotton leaders • Fitting cotton into the dryland farming system rotation •  Future capacity: Our schools • Farming limited water in dryland and irrigation systems •  Future capacity: Research •  Cotton varieties for limited water •  Blended learning opportunities for cotton people •  Managing production risks •  Sustainable cotton farm families These interactive workshops and research sessions will cover a wide variety of topics, allowing delegates to move between sessions to maximise their involvement. Potential topics include ginning, nutrition, spray application, business leadership, socioeconomics, on-farm water quality, attractants, water benchmarking, sucking pests and fibre quality. 2010 Australian Cotton Industry Awards Dinner and Presentation

Please note: This program summary is subject to change. For program updates, please visit www.australiancottonconference.com.au

44 — THE AUSTRALIAN COTTONGROWER

JUNE–JULY 2010

Past and Present: Two industry leaders give 30 years Past

David Swallow, retired David Swallow, now retired from the cotton industry, was involved in all of the Australian Cotton Conferences from 1982 to 2008 with his participation increasing over 30 years. At the time of the first conference, David was the Assistant General Manager David Swallow’s of Cotton Seed Distributors involvement in the Cotton (CSD), one of the founders Conference stretched of ACGRA and also a foun- from 1982 to 2008. dation conference sponsor. ACGRA was established in 1972 but it wasn’t until a decade later that the organisation put on its first Cotton Conference, at a time of rapid industry expansion. Although his involvement was in the background, David well remembers the first conference which was held in the CWA Hall at Goondiwindi, on November 4–5, 1982. “My involvement in the first conference was more in the logistics side of things. I can say that we were probably under-resourced and I can remember running around getting more chairs and fans because it was very hot and we weren’t expecting the numbers we got,” David said. “The conference was the idea of the late Richard Williams who was the Chairman of ACGRA at the time, and came about because there was a real need to share the work of researchers with growers. There were many fields days and things like that, but the industry was crying out for a conference,” he said. When made Secretary of ACGRA in 1985, David’s role in the Conference started to expand. “The 1986 conference was my real initiation and a heck of a lot of work went into it. As Secretary of ACGRA we basically organised the whole conference from getting the sponsors to organising the speakers and everything in between. “We ended up at the Ramada Hotel on the Gold Coast which we soon outgrew and so moved to Jupiters Casino in 1990. This also became too small and the conference moved again, this time to Brisbane in 2000 and 2002. The industry was ever-expanding and the conference had to adapt,” David said. From 1986 to his last conference in 2008, David was closely involved in all aspects of the Conference organsation, with the help of his wife Judy and the conference committees. JUNE–JULY 2010

feature

cotton conference

Present

Adam Kay, CEO of Cotton Australia Current CEO of Cotton Australia, Adam Kay has experienced a lot in the cotton industry since his first conference in 1986, which he attended as a young District Agronomist with the NSW Department of Agriculture from Warren. Now responsible (along Cotton Australia CEO, with ACSA) for the entire Adam Kay, aims to put on oversight of the Conference, a world class conference Adam maintains that this that puts dollars in event remains the most sig- grower pockets. nificant in the cotton industry’s calendar. “The Cotton Conference has always been world class, and since Cotton Australia’s merger with the ACGRA in 2008, the challenge has been for us to maintain these high standards. In that same year we amalgamated with the ACSA Conference which broadened the base again, from a purely research-oriented focus in the early days to one that has added dimensions for all aspects of the supply chain,” Adam said. At the time of his first conference at the Ramada Hotel on the Gold Coast in 1986, Adam recalls being in awe of the cotton industry. “I was pretty much fresh out of uni and it was a big deal to be allowed to go to the conference. I remember being blown away by the quality and quantity of the research being presented and also being very excited at the prospect of taking it back to my growers for implementation on farms in the Macquarie,” he said. “The early conferences gave me a real insight into the cotton industry and made me realise it was where I wanted to be for my career. They also helped me realise that the issues I dealt with were across the whole industry and put me in touch with so many valuable people and resources,” he said. Adam’s greatest recollection of the 1986 conference, where the theme was ‘Cotton On’, was that the industry was going through a very tough period with prices low and fear of a mass exodus from growers. “A huge focus was on reducing production costs and also a lot of debate about what cotton prices were going to do in the immediate future – it was all fairly doom and gloom,” he said. On the one hand, Namoi Cotton’s John Howes was predicting a signifcant price increase for the following season, and on the other ABARE was predicting no price rise for a number of years. Luckily, John was correct. THE AUSTRALIAN COTTONGROWER — 45

cotton conference

feature Grower loyalty program

C

rop Protection manufacturer Kenso Agcare is again running their Yield Stars grower loyalty program for 2010. The Yield Stars program directly rewards growers for supporting the Kenso Agcare range. For growers, the Yield Stars program is very simple; points earned on Kenso purchases can be redeemed by growers via the Yield Stars Redemption Form. Growers are then sent Coles Group and Myer Gift Cards directly from Kenso Agcare. Growers can redeem their vouchers at any time during the program using their proof of purchase. Additionally they have two months after the close of the program to redeem their rewards. The 2010 Yield Stars program will run for purchases of a selection from the Kenso range from November 1, 2009 until October 31, 2010; points must be redeemed by December 31, 2010. There are 34 Kenso Agcare products in the 2010 program including new products such as Tri-Allate 500, Haloxyken 520, Ken-Star 450, and Ken-Up Dry 680. “Yield Stars has been a big hit with growers across

Australia” says General Manager for Kenso Agcare Rob Armstrong, “with the vouchers, growers can buy what they want when they want and the vouchers can be used at literally thousands of stores across Australia. This includes Coles, Myer, Target, Bi-Lo, Liquorland, Officeworks and others. “An additional advantage is the vouchers are valid for two years after the issue date. During the 2009 program we issued hundreds of vouchers many of which were of quite a high value.” The vouchers offer ‘full value’ where farming families can take advantage of store sales or buy up for Christmas. Kenso Agcare is a subsidiary of Kenso Corporation; Kenso has been manufacturing and formulating crop protection products for over 30 years. The company prides itself on producing quality formulations for tough Australian conditions. The company’s formulations are used all over Australia and are guaranteed to perform. Information on Yield Stars and the Kenso Agcare range including labels and MSDS’ can be found on www.kenso.com.au, or visit the Kenso staff at the Cotton Conference.

CONFERENCE DRAWS THEM BACK!!! A poem by Pete Johnson Now there’s a well-known cotton farmer Who’s been absent since ‘0-8, So when Cleave insisted “Bring Back Dwayne” I had to go and find my mate.

He’d rocked out with ACCA DACCA, At their concert in Des Moines, He’d even cheered on Jessie Watson, As she sailed around Cape Horn.

It was a difficult assignment, I looked every-bloody-where. Seemed he’d ambled off in wetsuit boots And just vanished in thin air.

So I sent a simple message Through the fabled “Twitter-verse” To Dwayne – who was in Bangkok Making havoc with “Red Shirts”.

But with Sherlock like persistence, That’d left me tonguing for a bitter, I finally tracked old Dwayno down He was posting blogs on Twitter. As I read his pointed postings I felt more and more amazed, By the things my mate had seen and done In the years he’d been away. He’d been one busy cotton farmer He’d been to all the world events, So I wagered that he wouldn’t miss The Aussie cotton conference. He’d been with Kev at Copenhagen, Then dodged Molotovs in Athens, He’d seen eruptions up in Iceland, He was right there when it happened. 46 — THE AUSTRALIAN COTTONGROWER

It said “Dwayne I know your busy, But there’s a gig you cannot miss It’s called ‘Fashioning the Future’, You’ve gotta put it on your list.” “There’ll be a heap of ripper speakers From Oz, America and such, And in the fashion show on Thursday They won’t be wearing very much.” “And there’s something else you’d better know, That’s bound to get you back. The cotton market’s going nuts So get your suitcase mate – and pack!” Well Dwayne’s reply was simple And the message very clear, “That’s the gig that I’ve been waiting For the last two bloody years!! SEE YOU AT THE COTTON CONFERENCE!!!” JUNE–JULY 2010

Cotton’s top picks announced in the 2010 Australian Cotton Industry Awards

T

he top picks for the 2010 Australian Cotton Industry Awards have been announced by Cotton Australia. Thirteen finalists in five categories will line up for top honours in the Awards, with winners to be announced at a glittering presentation and dinner for 1000 people at the Cotton Conference on the Gold Coast on August 12. The list of finalists includes a cotton grower who’s achieved 30 per cent water use efficiency gains, a project using biosolids to fertilise cotton crops, a property that’s used no-till farming practices for 20 back-to-back seasons, a prolific cotton researcher who’s shared his work through 130 journal and extension articles and a young grower challenging conventions. “I’ve been involved in these awards for seven years and the cotton industry for over 30 years, and I am constantly amazed at the depth of talent in the industry,” Australian Cotton Industry Awards Chairman, Geoff McIntyre said. “Some people are making their own small contributions on the farm that add up to fantastic innovations that can be shared by the whole industry, and others are at the leading edge of world R&D,” he said. “It’s no wonder the Australian cotton industry is held up as an example for others to follow, and it makes these awards all the more important in being able to showcase our achievements across a very broad spectrum of activity. “All of the finalists must be congratulated on the wonderful contributions they’ve made to our industry. While there can only be one winner, each finalist has made professional and personal commitments to advancing Australian cotton, going far beyond the call of duty and often for the benefit of many. “We need to see innovation, talent and new ideas being injected into the industry and the awards certainly highlight all of these,” Geoff said. Tickets to the 2010 Australian Cotton Industry Awards Dinner and Presentation are available now at www.australiancottonconference.com.au. “This will be a fantastic night of celebration, for congratulating our winners and looking forward to some better years ahead,” Geoff said. “The ticket price includes a first class JUNE–JULY 2010

three course meal, all drinks, entertainment and a professional MC to keep things moving. We look forward to seeing you there,” he said.

CSD Researcher of the Year Award Finalists

Grant Herron,   Industry and Investment, Menangle NSW Has led the development of resistance management plans for cotton aphids and spider mites in cotton and horticulture for over a decade.

Nilantha Hulugalle,  NSW DPI/Cotton CRC, Narrabri Eighteen years of cotton research including the development of management practices for stubble-mulched raised bed furrow-irrigated systems and identifying minimum tillage systems for pupae busting.

Warwick Stiller,   CSIRO Plant Industry, Narrabri Part of the team to develop and deliver new cotton varieties for all production regions with higher yield, better disease resistance and fibre properties sought by spinning customers.

Chris Lehman Trust   Young Achiever of the Year Finalists  Sponsored by Bayer CropScience

Greg Hutchinson, Cotton Grower, Moura A convention-challenging grower who’s in the thick of critical local issues such as water reform, mining’s threat to agriculture and Best Management Practices.  …48s THE AUSTRALIAN COTTONGROWER — 47

w47…COTTON INDUSTRY AWARDS

Susan Maas, Extension Officer, Emerald A leading extension officer involved in the evolution of myBMP, farm hygiene practices, herbicide resistance management and most recently managing the outbreak of a new exotic pest, the Solenopsis Mealybug. David Warburton,   Aerial Application Manager, Moree An industry ambassador using cutting edge technologies like GPS tracking and interfacing and highly accurate weather tools to eliminate problems with chemical applications.

Monsanto  Grower of the Year  AND  AgriRisk  Innovative Grower of the Year Finalists

Clapham Family, “Bonnington”, Nangwee With an open door policy, this farm shares its innovative practices including the use of bio-solids to replace fertilisers and improve soil structure and is also involved in a Fusarium wilt research project covering 20 hectares and 10,000 individual plots.

Alan Manwaring and   Andrew Ruhmann,  “Battery Hill”, Gunnedah Adopting soft chemical options and notill farming to focus on reducing production costs for maximum profitability, with all decisions founded in on-farm research.

Malcolm and Simon Doolin,   “Cleveland”, North Star Long-term commitments to no-till farming, control traffic and centre pivot irrigation has developed a state of the art cotton operation, with over 50 years of involvement in on-farm research trials.

Rob and Susannah Tuck,   “Newhaven”, Narromine An experienced and dedicated team that has seen massive water efficiency gains, soil structure and water retention improve, reliance on synthetic fertilisers decrease and yields improve.

Glenn and Julie Bischof, “Arrawatta”, Warra A flexible, professional farm business that experiments with new farming practices to maximise water use efficiency, soil health and profitability. 48 — THE AUSTRALIAN COTTONGROWER

John Norman, “Kalanga”, Toobeah Aiming to be in the top 20 per cent of cotton production in everything they do, this farm uses cutting edge technology and industry best practice to enhance every field’s ability to capture moisture, maximising water use efficiency both in crop and fallow.

Ian and Georgina Gourley,   “Blue Hills”, Narrabri NSW Dryland cotton operation using water flow maps to plan fields, a very soft chemistry approach to maximise beneficial insect populations and reduce the number of sprays and the extensive use of technology to minimise costs and make inputs work more efficiently. JUNE–JULY 2010

Reducing greenhouse gas emissions from cotton farming practices By Nilantha Hulugalle, Australian Cotton Research Institute, I & I NSW, Narrabri, NSW

C

otton growers can reduce their greenhouse gas emissions through reduced tillage, permanent beds and wheat rotations. A significant cause of greenhouse gas emissions in agriculture is claimed to be that produced by burning fossil fuel during various farming operations. But few long-term results exist for Australian cotton farming systems. This article presents emissions from fuel and electricity use (presented as carbon dioxide equivalents, e-CO2) from a dryland trial in the Darling Downs, and two longterm irrigated trials in northern New South Wales. One litre of diesel produces 2.89 kg of e-CO2 and one kWh of electricity produces 1.051 of e-CO2. Treatments included tillage systems, stubble retention, rotations and soil amendments such as gypsum and cattle manure. Emissions were calculated by relating them to diesel and electricity consumed during individual farming operations, based on

information from various sources. A tool called Energycalc can be used to assess cotton on-farm energy uses. The trials are outlined in Table 1. The results from these trials can be summarised as follows:

• Groundwater pumping can be a major contributor to greenhouse gas emissions. Emissions produced during irrigation with river water are relatively small whereas those produced by pumping  …50s

Figure 1: Seasonal variation in e-CO2 production from irrigated trials at the Australian Cotton Research Institute, near Narrabri

The ‘rotations on permanent beds’ trial was designed such that both cotton and rotation phases could be sown at the same time

Table 1: Outlines of the three trials and their treatments – all the trials were located on grey cracking clays Trial

Treatments

Tillage and rotation trial, ACRI , Narrabri, NSW. Established 1985. Irrigated. 1

1. Back-to-back cotton/conventional tillage (slashing cotton fb. discing/chiselling/knockdown of beds every year) 2. Back-to-back cotton/permanent beds (slashing cotton fb. go-devilling/bed renovation/cotton stubble incorporation) 3. Cotton-wheat rotation/permanent beds (slashing cotton fb. go-devilling/bed renovation/ cotton stubble incorporation and after stripping wheat, stubble retained as standing stubble, into which following cotton is sown)

Rotations on permanent beds trial, 1. Cotton-vetch-cotton (Vetch slashed and sprayed out and following cotton sown into dry vetch mulch) ACRI, Narrabri, NSW. Established 2. Cotton-winter fallow-cotton 2002. Irrigated. 3. Cotton-wheat-summer and winter fallow-cotton (Wheat stubble incorporated into beds with go-devils) 4. Cotton-wheat-vetch-cotton (After stripping wheat, stubble retained as standing stubble into which vetch is sown. Vetch slashed and sprayed out and following cotton sown into dry vetch mulch) Soil amendments trial, near Brigalow, Qld. Established 2005. Dryland. All crops sown after zero tillage. Wheat was sown during winter 2005, cotton during 2006–07 summer and sorghum during 2007–08 summer.

1. Ripping with two passes of a 6-tine Yeoman’s ripper to an average depth of 0.5 m, pulled by a JD 8400 tractor 2. Deep application of P, Zn and K2 3. Deep application of P and Zn2 4. Surface application3 and incorporation to depth of 5 cm of cattle manure at a rate of 16 t/ha 5. Gypsum at a rate of 9 t/ha3 followed by a single pass of a 6-tine Yeoman’s ripper to an average depth of 0.5 m 6. Gypsum at a rate of 9 t/ha3 followed by ripping and deep application of P, Zn and K2

Australian Cotton Research Institute. P, Zn and K applications were carried out to an average depth of 0.5 m, with a single pass of a 6-tine Yeoman’s ripper with a fertiliser box mounted on the machine. 3 Applied using a 12 m wide contract spreader subsequent years, as zero-tillage was practiced, there were no differences among treatments. 1 2

JUNE–JULY 2010

THE AUSTRALIAN COTTONGROWER — 49

w49…REDUCING GREENHOUSE GAS

groundwater are large – about six times higher, in fact. The sharp increases in e-CO2 after the 2005–06 cotton season shown in Figure 1 indicate the point at which irrigation with river water was replaced by groundwater pumped from an average depth of 35 metres. Energy use and emissions are high when pumping depths are high. • Reducing tillage will reduce emissions, continuous cotton rotations will increase them. High emissions occurred when cotton was sown every year (i.e. summer cotton-winter fallow or rotation

crop-summer cotton – Figures 1 and 2). Within this cropping system, sowing cotton onto permanent beds resulted in the least amount of emissions, with increases taking place when conventional tillage was practiced or a vetch rotation crop was sown. Conventional tillage produces about three times more e-CO2 (that is, three times more diesel is consumed) during land preparation. Sowing a vetch or any other rotation crop into dry soil immediately after cotton, when rainfall is insufficient to get the crop started, requires irrigation which produces emissions. • Least emissions were produced when

Figure 2: Average e-CO2 production from irrigated trials

wheat was part of the rotation (for example, cotton-wheat-summer and winter fallow-cotton; cotton-wheat-summer fallow-winter vetch-cotton). The lower emissions can be attributed mainly to the inclusion of a fallow in these rotations. Including vetch in a cotton-wheat rotation had a negligible effect on e-CO2 emission because vetch was grown mainly as a dryland crop with water used by vetch coming from stored soil water and in-crop rainfall. • Emissions were least when manure was applied as a soil amendment (Figure 3). e-CO2 emissions in this trial reflected depth and frequency of tillage operations associated with application of the amendments at its commencement. In subsequent years, as zero-tillage was practiced, there were no differences among treatments.

IN SUMMARY

Figure 3: Seasonal e-CO2 production from soil amendments trial, near Brigalow, Qld

In summary, reduction in e-CO2 production ranged between 28 per cent and 59 per cent when management practices such as reduced tillage, permanent beds and wheat rotation crops were used in comparison to cotton/cotton rotations with conventional tillage. The inclusion of wheat is able to reduce emissions because it includes a stubble-mulched fallow which facilitates harvesting of rain water, thereby reducing the number of irrigations. Past research has also shown that these are the very same practices which can improve soil health, cotton yield and fibre quality. Funding for this research was provided by the Cotton Catchment Communities CRC and Cotton Research & Development Corporation.

T1, Ripping alone to an average depth of 0.5 m; T2, Deep application (0.5 m) of P, Zn and K; T3, Deep application of P and Zn; T4, Surface application and incorporation (no ripping) of cattle manure at a rate of 16 t/ha; T5, Gypsum at a rate of 9 t/ha followed by ripping; T6, Gypsum at a rate of 9 t/ha followed by ripping, and deep application of P, Zn and K.

50 — THE AUSTRALIAN COTTONGROWER

JUNE–JULY 2010

Germinating ideas By CSD Extension and  Development Team

I

n this issue we discuss the importance of continuing to supply new elite varieties to growers based on market requirements. Over time we have seen a gradual but consistent yield increase since the early 1980s. A large component in the yield improvement has come from the advancement in new varieties developed by the CSIRO Plant Industry Cotton Breeding program. The importance of this can be seen in Figure 1 with a 40 per cent yield increase since the early 1980s or around two per cent improvement annually. According to Dr Greg Constable, it has been estimated that the CSIRO cotton breeding program has shown a return of over $5 billion of value to the Australian cotton industry and to the nation. This transposes into a cost/benefit ratio of 1:86 which is a very significant return. The importance of yield improvement over time cannot be overstated. Given rising production costs yield gains over time continue to drive grower returns and underpin the industry’s strength to maintain its competitive advantage. Furthermore, Australian cotton is renowned for its quality and this combined with a sustainable production system means typically that Australian cotton is one of the few sources that is used in high quality textiles all over the world. Similarly to the yield increases that we have seen, we have also witnessed improvements in fibre quality over a long period of time. This has been driven by spinner’s requirements for longer and stronger fibres suitable for new mechanised spinning mills and fibres with a more stable micronaire. Figure 2 illustrates the change in fibre length since 2003. Improvements in fibre length above 37s over this period are in the range of 60 per cent and have meant fewer penalties and more price premiums for growers. Continuing variety improvements in terms of

 JUNE–JULY 2010

…52s

FIGURE 1: Yield of each new conventional variety compared with DP16/Namcala across multiple sites in CSIRO small scale experiments

FIGURE 2: Illustrating the change in fibre length since 2003

Courtesy of the Australian Cotton Shippers Association.

THE AUSTRALIAN COTTONGROWER — 51

w51…GERMINATING IDEAS

fibre quality have meant that Australian cotton is seen as a high quality product. The return on this comes from maintaining our well established markets all over the world, but in particular, to our closest customers in South-east Asia. For this coming season a number of new varieties will be available from Cotton Seed Distributors. The improvements to lint yield and fibre quality are the main attributes, with some varieties also being adapted to dryland systems. Sicot 74BRF Sicot 74BRF is a full season high yielding variety which has a five per cent yield increase potential over Sicot 71BRF in full season areas based on CSIRO trials over

the past two seasons. This variety is slightly taller than Sicot 71 BRF with a similar fibre quality and disease resistance package. Sicot 74BRF has been shown to be adapted to the Northern and Western regions of NSW and Queensland, but is being evaluated across all growing regions this season. Dr Greg Constable, CSIRO plant breeder at Narrabri mentioned that, “Sicot 74BRF has been one of our highest yielding lines the past few years in full season areas and has shown outstanding yield performance and good fibre quality.” From CSD trial work this season we have found Sicot 74BRF to perform well across many growing regions. James Quinn, Extension Agronomist from CSD observed, “it is still early days in terms of trial program results, but this variety has

Table 1: CSIRO irrigated trials Rel yield (%)

Lint %

Length

Strength

Micronaire

Sicot 74BRF

105.3

44.3

1.24

31.6

4.3

Sicot 71BRF

100.0

41.6

1.22

31.9

4.2

Mean of 8 sites over two seasons at McIntyre, St George, Bourke and Emerald.

Table 2: CSIRO irrigated trials Sicala 340BRF Sicot 71BRF

Rel yield (%)

Lint %

Length

Strength

Micronaire

95.5

41.5

1.28

33.2

4.1

100.0

41.6

1.22

31.9

4.2

Mean of 8 sites over two seasons Northern and Central growing regions.

Table 3: CSIRO dryland trials Rel yield (%)

Lint %

Length

Strength

Micronaire

Siokra 24BRF

103

40.2

1.19

31.0

4.6

Sicot 71BRF

102

41.2

1.17

31.5

4.6

Siokra V-18BRF

100

40.6

1.18

31.2

4.7

97

39.1

1.14

31.4

4.6

Sicot 80BRF

Mean of 5 sites over two seasons.

FIGURE 3: Auscott Moree Bollgard/Roundup Ready Flex trial 2010

52 — THE AUSTRALIAN COTTONGROWER

performed well from a yield perspective, but also the quality from this variety is quite exceptional.” Figure 3 shows an example of one trial from this season. There are many more sites to be harvested and that data will be presented on the CSD Information Tour and in the 2010 CSD Trial Results book. Sicala 340BRF Sicala 340BRF is a high fibre quality variety, targeting premium fibre quality markets. The previous long staple variety, Sicala 350B, had very respectable quality but unfortunately didn’t compete on yield against the standard commercial varieties. This yield gap has been reduced with Sicala 340BRF while preserving excellent fibre quality characteristics. Sicala 340BRF is a full season variety which is well suited to the Northern and Western regions of NSW and Queensland. The variety has exceptional fibre characteristics and early indications of an F Rank similar to Sicot 71BRF. The fibre quality package from this variety is promising and provided growers are able to obtain a price premium through good marketing, Sicala 340BRF should offer competitive financial returns. Furthermore, if conditions are tough, Sicala 340BRF has one of the longest fibre lengths of any commercial variety which will help minimise the risk of fibre quality discounts. Siokra 24BRF Siokra 24BRF is a new okra leaf variety which has had strong performances in dryland as well as some irrigated trials in Northern regions. This is a vigorous, full season variety with good fibre length. Although it has a different growth habit, it is seen as a replacement to the long standing leading dryland variety Siokra V-16BR. Dr Warwick Stiller, CSIRO plant breeder at Narrabri, has evaluated this variety for a number of years. “This variety has performed very well in many of our dryland trials and has shown impressive fibre length.” Results from CSD trials have also shown that there may be a fit for this variety in the Northern valleys with irrigation. This variety has the added benefit of the okra leaf which has shown significant delay in whitefly populations building up in the crop. Further evaluation of this variety will be done next season. All new varieties will be available for this coming season and due to the lateness of the season, seed quantities have yet to be determined. CSD will discuss availability of these varieties at the CSD Information Tour scheduled to commence in June. JUNE–JULY 2010

Central Queensland Picking is continuing in Central Queensland, with some crops only recently defoliated. After such a difficult season it is not surprising that yields and quality have been affected. Yields across Central Queensland are significantly down on district averages, with many farms struggling to achieve 7.5 bales per hectare. Following an extremely dry start, cloud and rain have had the biggest impact on yields. For most CQ farming districts, rainfall for February was generally two to three times the average; March was one and a half to two times the average and April was one and a half times the average. With so much rain on open cotton it is not surprising that quality has also been severely impacted with $50 to $80 downgrades common. As one grower in a slightly wetter part of CQ put it: “It was the last seven inches that did it for us. The first 21 inches were not too bad!” Mealybug predators have moved in and cleaned up the population quite well. Growers are investing a lot of effort in ensuring that farms are clean of hosts, particularly volunteer cotton. Combined with a soft early season approach, it is hoped that problems from the past year will not be repeated. It is anticipated that there will be a large planting of chickpea and wheat over the winter, with the majority already in. With a full dam and some optimism about cotton pricing, it appears that 2010–11 will be a big year for cotton in CQ. Susan Maas  May 20, 2010

St George Dirranbandi Who would have thought after receiving over 400 mm of rain in the first three months of the year and record breaking floods that you would now be hearing the words, ‘gee an inch of rain would be good’. Well that’s what we needed up until about an hour ago, as I

sit here typing this I’m currently listening to the steady beat of rain on the corrugated roof of our verandah and it must now be getting close to that much needed inch. Both the St George and Dirranbandi areas have now started with the recovery process after the March floods. While there has been some extensive damage to homes, roads, pumps and the odd storage, the majority of the area has survived reasonably well considering. Currently with the greater majority of on farm storages full we are now looking at a record production area for the Lower Balonne in 2010–11, somewhere in the vicinity of 52–55,000 hectares. Already country is being fertilised and back to back country being mulched and centre busted. Although yields were initially looking very disappointing they did tend to increase once module weights came in. One of my growers had counted the lowest number of modules from his fields and working on last year’s module weight averages of 14,200 kg was not a happy camper, but when the module weights came back closer to an average of 16,500 kg with some at 18 and 19 tonnes, yields were looking a whole lot more respectable. The area still has a number of late fields to pick but back to back fields have ranged from 3.5 to 4.2 bales per acre and fallow fields around the 4.0 to 4.5 bales per acre mark. At this stage there have been very few five bale crops, though a local variety trial had the new Sicot 74BRF hit 5.03 bales per acre which was 0.4 of a bale per acre above Sicot 71BRF. Once again the CSIRO and CSD teams should be congratulated on the great varieties they continue to develop. Quality as expected, due to the high rainfall at the tail end of the season, has been a mixed bag with some discounts on colour being up to $60 per bale though we have had very good results with length and micronaire this season. Insect pressure was light to moderate with the Bollgard generally having one or two applications for mirids and one for whitefly or more of other products when Admiral and Pegasus was unavailable. The big news for the area is that the mealybug (Phenacoccus solenopsis) was found in a late crop of cotton in the St George area, so the Cotton CRC are running meetings in both

reports

district

District Reports are proudly supported by

JUNE–JULY 2010

THE AUSTRALIAN COTTONGROWER — 53

district

reports St George and Dirranbandi with Melina Miles and Dave Parlato to try and ensure we avoid a similar situation to that experienced in Emerald. Here’s hoping that inch gives the dryland wheat the boost it needs. Dallas King  May 25, 2010

Border Rivers Another season down – and one that most are glad to have out of the way – but despite the challenges there were some exceptional results for the Macintyre. Defoliation was a mixed bag. Crops that had periods of stop/start growth during the season, particularly early plants and dryland were a real challenge and a lot required three applications or more. Those crops with uninterrupted growth, particularly later planted crops, were a much simpler process. Picking started in the week after Easter but didn’t really get going in full swing until the middle of April and most was finished by the middle of May. The start was delayed a bit by the early March rainfall which delayed some of the early defoliation. Despite a couple of scares, there were minimal weather interruptions throughout the picking period. Irrigated crops with sufficient water throughout the season have achieved outstanding yields with very few going below 10 bales per hectare and plenty of reports of fields of 12.5 bales per hectare and more. Quality has generally been very good but has varied by location and crop maturity – particularly in relation to the early March rainfall. Those in the western end of the district had more rain during this period and, generally, it was only crops planted before October 15 that had open bolls exposed to this moisture. This meant more leaf and lower colour for crops that fell into these categories but the parameters of staple length, strength and micronaire have been good throughout. For dryland growers this year – if you could get it out of the ground and keep it alive until Christmas time you had a good result. For those growers that got some in, the first two to three months was very unforgiving and big differences in crop development showed up from minor changed in soil type, stubble cover and compaction to name a few examples. For most crops, rain at Christmas came just in the nick of time, setting up a good plant size and allowing the production of good fruit numbers. In the end, yields have been generally pleasing, ranging between two and five bales per hectare, and fibre quality excellent. Good stored soil moisture, a spike in cotton prices and depressed cereal prices have led to the most interest in dryland cotton in the Macintyre for over a decade. This not only includes the traditional areas north of Goondiwindi and North Star/Croppa Creek, but also areas in the west that have been inundated by flood water during the summer. 54 — THE AUSTRALIAN COTTONGROWER

Irrigators on the Weir River have good quantities of water in storage guaranteeing a near full plant for Mungindi. The upper reaches of the Macintyre is the only sad story with Pindari and Glenlyon Dams both at 25 per cent capacity, meaning only a small planting for growers relying on this system unless we see a change over the winter. David Kelly  May 26, 2010

Darling Downs Picking on the Downs this season has been a long drawn out process and is expected to continue well into the second half of June. The one saving grace has been the relatively ideal weather conditions over this period. Up to the beginning of June, there has been minimal interruption to picking from the weather and this has been reflected in the quality of the cotton. The overall quality of the cotton this year has been very good, according to the ginners. Some of the early cotton was a bit wet and trashy, but this has improved through the season. Colour has been very good with only very minimal downgrades. There has been a lot of high micronaire cotton, but it has been on the high end of the base grade, so has not resulted in any penalty. There has also been some short staple cotton, but this is a reflection of the harsh seasonal conditions the Darling Downs experienced through most of the growing period. Yields this year have been on both ends of the extremes. Irrigated cotton has tended to be below average. But there have been some exceptional results, particularly in the north-western areas where weather conditions and rainfall were more favourable, especially later in the season. Yields in excess of six bales per acre have been recorded. Dryland production yields have also varied widely, ranging from 0.5 bales per acre in the southern area to well over three bales per acre in the north-western areas. Even though these record crops experienced less than desirable weather conditions, particularly early in the growing season, it shows that with good management practices and timely rainfall, dryland cotton on the Downs has great potential. Duncan Weir  June 4, 2010

Gwydir Valley Picking is almost complete after what has turned out to be a challenging and surprising season, which seems to be drawn further and further into the year. This would have to be one of the latest picking periods recorded. Excellent growing conditions were experienced right through the New Year. Follow up rainfall and ideal temperature regimes accelerated the crop’s growth allowing JUNE–JULY 2010

it to recover from slow growth pre flowering. Vegetative control using Pix was needed on some of the more compact varieties for the first time in several years. These ideal conditions have continued right up to May which has enabled the crop to finish off extremely well. Due to the difficult conditions during the first one-third of the season there was a lot of yield generated and harvested from the last one-third of the season. Yield for irrigated crops have ranged from four bales to high five bales and the success of crops in no small way is due to how well they were able to survive till the rain fell at Christmas. Semi irrigated blocks have faired rather well with early indications that some blocks will yield over four bales per acre paddock. This is an encouraging achievement which has opened up a lot of eyes – double skip crops which are yielding eight bales per acre in the row are an impressive sight. Quality has been good to excellent with no reports of any issues with the quality even though defoliation became more difficult as the crops became later. Because of the later planting date, the dryland crop was still doing well when the rain arrived and was able to fully capitalise on the excellent growing conditions during the New Year. There is still a bit of dryland to be picked with yield range from 1.25–2 bales or more depending on the amount of rain received. James Quinn  June 2, 2010

Namoi Valley It has been a very late pick this season, but as of late May, 95 per cent of the crop has been harvested. Despite all the fears of a wet pick it has been quite dry and picking has had very few interruptions. Irrigated yields have been a bit better than expected. The best irrigated crops have yielded just over 5.0 bales per acre while the average in the lower Namoi is about 3.9 bales per acre and the average in the upper Namoi is about 3.7 bales per acre. Dryland yields have been well above average. Some fantastic dryland yields in the upper and lower Namoi have rivalled irrigated crops. An odd crop has exceeded 3.0 bales per acre. Overall fibre quality has also been very good. Nearly the whole crop is base grade or better. Almost half the crop achieved 21s. Length and micronaire have also been very good. The majority of the valley was planted to Sicot 71BRF with smaller areas of the new Sicot 74BRF grown for seed increase. Sicot 74BRF performed very well commercially and in variety trials. It is expected to become the preferred variety in the Namoi over the next few years. Sicot 71BRF continues to perform well in dryland fields. Planting of winter rotation crops is well under way, JUNE–JULY 2010

but some growers have decided not to plant wheat this season due to the low prices on offer. Chickpea rotations have become more popular in the Namoi. Prospects for the coming season are only fair at this stage. Keepit dam is about 26 per cent leaving very little water for irrigators. Ground water allocations continue to be reduced but many growers did not use their full allocation last year due to timely summer rain. Some of this unused water can be carried forward. Most Walgett growers on the Barwon have water in their storages for the first time in several years. Irrigated area prospects are about 11,000 hectares in the upper Namoi and 30,000 in the lower Namoi. The dryland area could be as high as 40,000 hectares in the Namoi region. We are still waiting for a wet winter and full dams! Robert Eveleigh  May 29, 2010

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Macquarie Valley Dry weather has meant reasonable conditions for cotton picking in the Macquarie Valley. With growers almost finished picking in the region, many are busy planting winter crops. While soil conditions were drying on the surface, there is good subsoil moisture and the recent rainfall was timely and wide spread, refilling the soil profile. Defoliation was difficult for many farms and up to three applications were needed to remove leaves and to open bolls in particularly heavy canopies. The combination of abundant summer rain, good levels of nutrition and fallow fields may have contributed to heavy crop canopies. Cotton quality has generally been good with most fields going base grade or above. There has been minor discounting for the higher leaf count and reports of lower gin out turns than expected, with some exceptions. Staple lengths and strengths have also been good with few if any discounts. There was some discounting due to colour issues. Yields have been average to good, as many crops averaged around 11–12 bales per hectare with only a very small number higher than 13 bales per hectare. The major dam levels continue to remain low despite the huge amount of rain received downstream over summer and early autumn. The catchment areas for both Windamere and Burrendong dams remain very dry and will need substantial rain before any runoff will occur. Some areas in the upper Cudgegong valley catchment have extremely low on-farm water due to little or no runoff for more than three years. The prospect of a wet winter continues to entice farmers in the region. If the rain eventuates, good inflows into the dams with secure allocation and full on-farm storages will allow growers to capitalise on improving cotton prices. The Macquarie Valley Growers Association Cotton THE AUSTRALIAN COTTONGROWER — 55

district

reports Crop Competition attracted several entries and the in field judging was held in mid April. Ginning of the entries is currently underway and final yields will determine placings. It was good to see and hear about the types of innovations being tried about by growers. Many are willing to adopt new technologies and management techniques to improve soil health, increase yields and conserve the environment. Growing more with less water and inputs was a common theme. Craig McDonald  May 24, 2010

Southern NSW As per my comments in the last season summary it is amazing what a little water can do for optimism. Combine this with $500 prices and exceptional yields and things really start to hot up. The majority of the 2009–10 crop has been picked with only small areas to go. Ginning has really only just started yet I would not be surprised if the combined valley average for the Lachlan and Murrumbidgee nudges 12 bales to the hectare. The CSD variety trial yields will provide a little insight into this season’s yields. In addition, these fantastic yields have been in combination with earliness and excellent quality. The remarkable thing is that it was by no means the perfect season with extreme

cold experienced early and periods of extreme heat. But we did not have flooding rains or weeks of cloud plus once again we have had a dry and warm finish. There is a lot of excitement and anticipation building in respect to next season with quite a few first time growers forward selling cotton. The picture below was taken at Tim and Roger Commin’s farm where approximately 40 irrigation farmers attended a meeting organised by MIA Rural due to demand aimed at potential growers. The growers attending this meeting came from all areas of the Riverina including Coleambally, Narranderra, Darlington Point and Jerilderie to hear representatives from CSD, Monsanto, Namoi Cotton and Dunavant speak. Following on from this has been the demand to run another two meetings in coming weeks. There could be in excess of 10,000 hectares in Southern NSW next season which is a vast increase on this season’s 3300 hectares. This area expansion is taking place without a general security announcement and is solely based on carry over and of course bores. James Hill  May 28, 2010

Answer to Ian’s Mystery Tractor Quiz The Mystery Tractor is a 1911 Marshall Class C, manufactured by William Marshall Sons & Co. of Gainsborough, Lincolnshire. Its massive two cylinder engine developed a mere 35 bhp. (Photo: IMJ) This second photo is of an identical unit which is on display at the fabulous Swan Hill Pioneer Settlement Village, in Western Victoria. (Photo: IMJ)

Tim and Roger Commin’s farm where approximately 40 irrigation farmers attended a meeting organised by MIA Rural due to demand aimed at potential growers.

Advertiser’s Index

56 — THE AUSTRALIAN COTTONGROWER

Aquatech Consulting.................... 20

Incitec Pivot................................... 5

Advanced Nutrients...................... 43

Kenso.......................................... 41

Cargill Cotton............................... 30

Moree Real Estate........................ 30

Case IH.........................................17

Namoi Cotton.............................. 33

Charlton.......................................16

Neils Parts..................................... 3

Cotton Grower Services................IFC

Queensland Cotton...................... 31

Cotton Outlook........................... IBC

Serafin Machinery................... 3, 32

Countryco.................................... 32

SMK Consultants............................ 2

CSD..............................................13

Syngenta..........................7, 8, 9, 10

Dinner Plain.................................. 1

Sumitomo..................................OBC

eChem......................................... 39

The Appointments Group............... 2

Ecom........................................... 35

Valmont........................................19

Excel Ag........................................15

Volvo Penta Oceania.................... 21

Gessner....................................... 23

Westfield Augers.......................... 27 JUNE–JULY 2010