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AP BIOLOGY SURVEY OF THE ANIMAL KINGDOM

Teacher Packet

AP* is a trademark of the College Entrance Examination Board. The College Entrance Examination Board was not involved in the production of this material. Pictures reprinted from Biology by Campbell & Reece, Benjamin Cummings, 2002, 6th edition. Permissions Pending. ® Copyright © 2009 Laying the Foundation , Inc., Dallas, TX. All rights reserved. Visit: www.layingthefoundation.org

Survey of the Animal Kingdom

Objective To review the student on the concepts and processes necessary to successfully answer questions over animals. Standards Plant hormones and responses is addressed in the topic outline of the College Board AP Biology Course Description Guide as described below.

III. Organisms and Populations A. Diversity of Organsims Evolutionary patterns Survey of the diversity of life Phylogenetic classification Evolutionary relationships B. Structure and Function of Plants and Animals Reproduction, growth, and development AP Biology Exam Connections Structural, physiological and behavioral adaptations Response to the environment

Questions involving relationships between animal phyla are common on the AP exam. As with many AP Biology free response questions, these topics are often intertwined with other topics. This question is sometimes asked as a standalone topic, but is also often found within an evolution question (see 2008 B #4) or within a body system related question (see 2007 #2). The list below identifies free response questions that have been previously asked over this topic. These questions are available from the College Board and can be downloaded free of charge from AP Central http://apcentral.collegeboard.com. Free Response Questions 2007 Question #2(a) 2008 B Question #4 2004 Question #2(a) 2005 B Question #2 1999 Question #3 2004 B Question #4 2002 B Question #3

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Survey of the Animal Kingdom

A word about the classification of animals The animal kingdom traditionally consists of 15 phyla. Each phylum is typically separated due to at least one major evolutionary adaptation. Important features of classification include: Body cavity type, symmetry, type and number of germ layers, and coelom development (deuterostome or protostome) where applicable. In addition, each group or phylum has additional adaptations that allow them to survive and reproduce. Not every traditional phylum will be addressed. General Characteristics All animals are: ƒ heterotrophic, multicellular, and lacking in any type of cell wall Most animals: ƒ are mobile ƒ ingest and then digest their food in an internal cavity ƒ are invertebrates (~99%) ƒ produce sexually Body Cavities: Acoelomate, Pseudocoelomate, & Coelomates Acoelomates ƒ Acoelomates lack a body cavity between the digestive tract and the outer wall. Conceptually there is a single tube (digestive tract) running through the organism. Pseudocoelomates ƒ Pseudocoelomates have a fluid filed cavity outside of the digestive tract though the fluid filled cavity is incompletely lined. Coelomates ƒ The digestive tract is surrounded by a fluid filled cavity that is completely lined with mesoderm. This is a true “tube within a tube” system. The advantage of this is that the organs can be suspended within the mesoderm. Note: These terms apply only to animals that are triploblastic meaning that they contain ecto-, meso-, and endoderm. Tissue layers in triploblastic animals Ectoderm will develop into the epidermis, epidermal derivatives, and nervous tissue. Endoderm will develop into the digestive system and most organs. Mesoderm will develop into essentially everything else in between: muscle, bone, vessels, etc.

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Survey of the Animal Kingdom

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Development: Protostomes & Deuterostomes Protostome Coelomate animals can be further subdivided into protostomes and deuterostomes.

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Protostomes (Annelids, Mollusks, and Arthropods) differ from Deuterostomes based on the fate of the blastopore during embryological development.

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If the blastopore develops into a mouth, the animal is a protostome. If the blastopore develops into an anus, the animal is a deuterostome.

Deuterostome

Symmetry: Asymmetrical, Radially symmetrical, bilaterally symmetrical Asymmetrical: Asymmetrical animals are without symmetry. Typically a word proceeded by “a-“ or “an” denotes the opposite meaning of the word alone. Example: aerobic (with O2 ) vs. anaerobic (without O2)

Radial symmetry: Radially symmetrical animals have a top and a bottom that can be divided evenly through the center from above or below. They have no head or tail. They have no left or right.

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Bilateral Symmetry: Bilaterally symmetrical animals are two sided. They have a top, bottom, left, right, front, and rear. Cephalization is associated with bilateral symmetry.

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Survey of the Animal Kingdom

Phylum: Porifera- Sponges

Primary characteristics: ƒ Simplest animals ƒ Asymmetrical ƒ No true tissues ƒ Choanocytes Additional adaptations and explanation of characteristics : ƒ Typically secrete CaCO3 or similar substances to make rigid spicules though some secrete collagen rich structures instead. ƒ Sponges are filter feeders and contain porocytes that allow for the flow of H2O into the sponge while the osculum in the top allows for the outward flow of H2O. ƒ Choanocytes contain a flagellum for the circulation of H2O and a sieve-like collar for trapping food. The choanocyte then ingests the food by phagocytosis. ƒ Sponges are hermaphroditic and can reproduce sexually or asexually.

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Survey of the Animal Kingdom

Phylum: Cnidaria- Jellyfish, Coral, Anemones & Phylum: Ctenophora- Comb Jellies Primary characteristics ƒ Radial symmetry ƒ Diploblastic (ectoderm and endoderm), but no organs ƒ Gastrovascular cavity w/ one opening ƒ Cnidocytes Note: Coral may excrete a CaCO3 exoskeleton. Additional adaptations and explanations of characteristics: ƒ The gastrovascular cavity functions as both a mouth and an anus. ƒ The two body plans include the sessile polyp stage and the mobile medusa stage. ƒ Cnidocytes contain nematocysts which are harpoonlike stinging cells. A trigger controls a water propulsion mechanism that shoots a long filament outward at up to 140 atm of pressure. As the long filament shoots out, the cnidae organelle inverts and tiny barbs on the filament inject poison.

Cnidocyte

Note: Some nudibranchs (sea slugs) are able to ingest nematocysts and pass them through to the surface of their skin for defense. NoteÆThe distinguishing characteristics between Cnidarians and Ctneophora are the rows of cilia and colloblasts found in comb jellies in place of cnidocytes. Phylum: Platyhelminthes- Flatworms Primary characteristics ƒ Bilateral symmetry ƒ Cephalization ƒ Triploblastic (ecto-, meso-, and endoderm) ƒ Acoelomate ƒ Gastrovascular cavity w/ one opening (this is in common with Cnidarians) Additional adaptations and explanation of characteristics: ƒ Flatworms use their pharynx (voice box in humans) to tear food apart. ƒ The mesodermal layer results in a more complex organ systems and true muscular tissue. ƒ Circulatory and respiratory systems are not necessary as the thin, flat shape allows for adequate surface area for exchange of materials. They have a simple excretory system that utilizes flame cells primarily to maintain osmolarity. ƒ The nervous system is more centralized and more complex than cnidarians due to cephalization. Eyespots are able to sense light and flatworms are able to respond to stimuli. ƒ Many flatworms are parasitic (tapeworms, flukes, etc.). In general, the adult stage lives in the intestine of its host for at least part of its life cycle. The adult lays eggs that exit the body through the anus. The consumption of these eggs through whatever means will continue the life cycle. Liver flukes, Schistosoma, and others may migrate to other areas of the body for portions of the life cycle.

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Survey of the Animal Kingdom

Phylum: Rotifera- “Wheel bearers” Primary characteristics ƒ Bilateral symmetry ƒ Triploblastic ƒ Pseudocoelomate ƒ Complete digestive system (as opposed to a simple gastrovascular cavity) ƒ Jaws ƒ Crowns of cilia Additional adaptations and explanation of characteristics: ƒ A fluid-filled pseudocoelom acts as a hydrostatic skeleton and transport system. ƒ Cilia create a current to bring water and food into the mouth. ƒ Some rotifers display parthenogenesis in which unfertilized eggs can result in offspring.

Phylum: Nematoda- Roundworms Primary characteristics ƒ Bilateral symmetry ƒ Triploblastic ƒ Pseudocoelomate ƒ Complete digestive system but lacking a true circulatory system ƒ Cuticle covering on outer skin Additional adaptations and explanation of characteristics: ƒ Roundworms display a characteristic “whipping” motion due to the fact that all of their muscles run longitudinally. ƒ Trichinella spiralis is the cause of trichinosis. Consumption of the eggs (often from undercooked pork) will result in the maturing of adults in the intestine. Juveniles eventually bore throughout the body and often end up in the lymph system or in muscle tissue where they will become encysted. ƒ Some nematodes can produce up to 100,000 eggs per day.

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Survey of the Animal Kingdom

Phylum: Annelida- Segmented worms & Leeches Primary characteristics ƒ Bilateral symmetry ƒ Triploblastic ƒ Segmentation ƒ Coelomate- Protostome ƒ Hydrostatic skeleton

Additional adaptations and explanation of characteristics ƒ Annelids have closed circulatory systems with hemoglobin bearing blood cells. ƒ Segmented worms are confined to moist areas as they breathe through their skin. ƒ Annelids have complex digestive systems with several specializations. ƒ They display cerebral ganglia, the beginnings of a brain. ƒ Their excretory system consists of metanephridia. ƒ They may have foot-like structures called setae. ƒ The hydrostatic skeleton is essential to movement. ƒ Segmentation allows for increased specialization in different regions of the body. Phylum: Mollusca- Chitons, Gastropods, Bivalves, & Cephalopods Primary characteristics ƒ Bilateral symmetry ƒ Triploblastic ƒ Coelomate- Protostome ƒ Muscular foot, visceral mass, and mantle

Additional adaptations and explanation of characteristics ƒ The visceral mass is the primary portion containing organs. The muscular foot is utilized for mobility. The mantle is responsible for secreting a shell in most mollusks. ƒ Many mollusks utilize a radula in the mouth for scraping food. ƒ Most mollusks have an open circulatory system except the cephalopods (squid, octopus, nautilus). ƒ While most mollusks are water dwelling and therefore contain gills, some gastropods such as snails utilize the lining of the mantle cavity as a modified lung.

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Survey of the Animal Kingdom

Phylum: Arthropoda Trilobites, Chelicerates (spiders, ticks, etc.), Uniramins (insects, -pedes), & Crustaceans Primary characteristics ƒ Bilateral symmetry ƒ Triploblastic ƒ Coelomate- Protostome ƒ Segmented ƒ Exoskeleton (chitin) ƒ Jointed appendages

Additional adaptations and explanation of characteristics ƒ Body segments and jointed appendages (increasing mechanical advantage) have allowed for a great variety of specialization for movement, eating, etc. ƒ The exoskeleton provides areas of attachment for muscles in addition to providing a protective armor for the organism. Because the exoskeleton is essentially impermeable to water, the evolutionary move to terrestrial environments was made possible. In addition, the strength of the exoskeleton was able to overcome the lack of buoyancy encountered in terrestrial living. The primary disadvantage of the exoskeleton is that the animal is vulnerable during molting. ƒ There is great diversity in the respiratory systems of arthropods. Gills are present in aquatic arthropods while land dwelling arthropods contain internal surfaces for gas exchange. Insects for example contain a tracheal system for respiration, while spiders contain book lungs that increase surface area at the interface of hemolymph and the external environment. ƒ Insects utilize Malpighian tubules for excretory purposes. ƒ Chelicerates have chelcerae “claws” for feeding, while the uniramins have mandibles.

Phylum: Echinodermata- Sea Stars, Sea Cucumbers, Sand Dollars, & Urchins Primary characteristics ƒ Bilateral symmetry (larvae) and secondarily radial as adults ƒ Triploblastic ƒ Coelomate- Deuterostome ƒ Water vascular system (with tube feet) ƒ Endoskeleton

Additional adaptations and explanation of characteristics ƒ Echinoderms are the only deuterostomes that are not chordates. ƒ The tube feet allow for suction via a water vascular system. Sea stars for example are able to slowly crawl along rocks and pry apart bivalves with tube feet.

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Survey of the Animal Kingdom

Phylum: Chordata- Lancets, Fish, Amphibians, Reptiles, and Mammals Primary characteristics ƒ Notochord ƒ Dorsal, hollow nerve cord ƒ Pharyngeal gill slits ƒ Muscular postanal tail ƒ Bilateral symmetry ƒ Triploblastic ƒ Coelomate- Deuterostome ƒ Endoskeleton Additional adaptations and explanation of characteristics ƒ The notochord may stay in most invertebrate chordates, but it most vertebrates it turns into a jointed, bony vertebral column. ƒ The dorsal nerve cord, hollow due to the inward folding of ectoderm, forms the central nervous system in developed chordates. ƒ Gill slits have been modified for hearing, speech, and jaw support in some vertebrates ƒ The chordate tail extends past the anus. This is unlike most nonchordates. Selected classes of vertebrates ƒ Myxini (hagfishes) are considered the most primitive living vertebrates. Entirely cartilaginous, the notochord provides attachment sites for muscle tissue. ƒ Chondrichthyes (sharks and rays) have secondarily developed cartilaginous skeletons and most have bony teeth. Sharks utilize the lateral line system for detection of vibrations. Sharks can be oviparous, ovoviparous, or viviparous. ƒ Osteichthyes (bony fish) have evolved opercula allowing for respiration even when the fish is not swimming. In addition, most bony fish have a swim bladder that allows for adjustments in buoyancy. It is thought that swim bladders evolved from lung-like structures in earlier ancestors. ƒ Amphibia (salamanders, frogs, caecilians) means “two lives” as many amphibians are tied to water for reproduction since their eggs are not encased in shells. In addition, many amphibians rely heavily on their moist skin for increased respiration on land. ƒ Reptiles are better adapted to terrestrial living than amphibians due to: -waterproof, keratin containing scales that aid in avoiding desiccation -efficient lungs since they cannot breath through the skin due to keratin -shelled amniotic eggs that are no longer dependent on an aquatic environment ƒ Mammals are unique in that they have mammary glands for milk production, body hair, and are endothermic. Most mammals develop inside of a uterus instead of an egg and most mammals have brains larger than other vertebrates of similar size. Lastly, mammalian teeth are adapted for eating various food substances (square herbivore teeth vs. sharp carnivore teeth). Note: Birds have claws, scaled legs, modified scales (feathers), lay eggs, and are descended from dinosaurs. Birds are now considered reptiles.

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Survey of the Animal Kingdom

Multiple Choice 1. Which of the following pairs are most closely related? (A) Spider, Beetle (B) Jellyfish, Sponge (C) Lancet, Sea Urchin (D) Octopus, Comb jelly (E) Planarians, Roundworm A

Spiders and beetles are both arthropods and are therefore most closely related one to another. The other examples represent animals from different phyla.

2. All of the following statements about the exoskeletons of arthropods are true EXCEPT: (A) They allow for the attachment of muscles. (B) They provide protection from predators. (C) They help to protect against desiccation. (D) Arthropod exoskeletons contain chitin. (E) They allow for the exchange of O2. E

The exoskeleton is not designed to allow for gas exchange. All other statements are accurate

3. All of the following statements describe annelids EXCEPT: (A) They contain an excretory system including metanephridia. (B) They utilize a hydrostatic skeleton to aid in movement. (C) They maintain moist skin for gas exchange. (D) They display segmentation. (E) They are deuterostomes. E

Annelids are protostomes. All other statements are accurate.

4. Which of the following pairs are incorrectly matched? (A) Annelids, Setae (B) Muscular foot, Mollusks (C) Choanocytes, Roundworms (D) Jointed appendages, Arthropods (E) Pharyngeal gill slits, Chordates C

Choanocytes are found in sponges. All other statements are accurate.

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Survey of the Animal Kingdom

5. In general, all of the following statements describe coelomates EXCEPT: (A) Coelomates display advanced organ systems suspended in mesoderm. (B) Coelomates are triploblastic (containing ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm). (C) Coelomates are asymmetrical. (D) Coelomates may be deuterostomes. (E) Coelomates may be protostomes. C

Coelomates do not display asymmetry. All other statements are true.

6. Which of the following adaptations are found in annelids? I. II. III.

Segmentation Hydrostatic skeleton Closed circulatory system

(A) I only (B) II only (C) I and II only (D) I and III only (E) I, II, and III E

Annelids display all 3 of these adaptations.

Questions 7−10 refer to the table below Animal Body Plans Organism

Coelomate

Animal A Animal B Animal C Animal D Animal E

Pseudocoelomate

Deuterostome

Protostome

Bilateral Symmetry

+

+

+ +

Radial Symmetry +

Triploblastic + +

+ + +

+

+ +

+

7. This animal may have cnidocytes. C

Cnidarians display radial symmetry and possess cnidocytes. Animal “A,” is fictitious as there are no triploblastic, radially symmetrical, pseudocoelomates.

8. Chordates are most closely related to this phylum.

E

The closest relative to chordates are the echinoderms. Echinoderms display bilateral symmetry early in development (though they display nearly perfect radial symmetry as adults), are coelomates, and are triploblastic.

9. Roundworms (nematodes) belong in this group. D

Nematodes are pseudocoelomates with bilateral symmetry.

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Survey of the Animal Kingdom

10. Spiders belong in this group. B

Spiders are arthropods and therefore are triploblastic protostomes with bilateral symmetry. The fact that they are protostomes means that they are also coelomates.

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Survey of the Animal Kingdom

Free Response 1. Adaptations allow for the success of animals. A. Describe bilateral and radial symmetry and explain the evolutionary advantages of bilateral symmetry relative to radial symmetry. Radial Symmetry: Description (1 point maximum) _Radially symmetrical animals have a top and bottom

Bilateral Symmetry: Description (1 point maximum) _Bilaterally symmetrical animals are two sided OR have a top, bottom, left, right, front, and back

Radial Symmetry: Evolutionary significance (2 point maximum) _Radial symmetry results in sensing the environment equally in all directions

Bilateral Symmetry Evolutionary Significance (2 point maximum) _Bilateral symmetry promotes cephalization.

_A lack of cephalization results in a decrease in specialization.

_Cephalization tends to increase specialization. ƒ Cephalization tends to increase neurological complexity (brain development). ƒ Cephalization tends to promote enhanced sensory organ formation on the “head.” ƒ Additional relevant answers

B. Coeloms are a key evolutionary advancement in animals. i. Describe how coelomate animals are structurally different from pseudocoelomate animals. ii. Explain the advantages of having a coelom. iii. Give an example of a coelomate and an acoelomate animal. 1 point for each of the following (6 point maximum) Description _Coelomate animals have a true “tube within a tube” arrangement. The area between which is completely lined with mesoderm. _Pseudocoelomate animals have an incomplete lining of mesoderm. Advantages _The coelom or the mesodermal layer allows for separation of internal organs from the body tube. _Coeloms allow for more complex organs OR organ systems. _Coeloms allow for increased musculature. Examples _Coelomate animals: Accept any animal that is a coelomate (example: annelids, mollusks, arthropods, echinoderms, chordates) _Acoelomate animals: Accept any animal that is an acoelomate (example: Platyhelminthes)

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Survey of the Animal Kingdom

Free Response 2. The identification and classification of an animal is based on shared as well as unique characteristics. Compare and contrast arthropods and chordates by addressing each of the following. A. List and explain the evolutionary significance of 2 adaptations common to arthropods and chordates. Adaptations common to both arthropods and chordates Adaptation (1point for each of the following) Significance (1 point for each of the following) _Triploblastic _Increased complexity of tissue and organ types _Coelomate _Complete mesoderm allows for separation of organs from the body tube _Bilateral Symmetry _Results in specific front, back, left, right, top, and bottom which leads to increased specialization such as cephalization _Segmentation* _Segmentation allows for further specialization of body parts (thorax, head, etc.). *Segmentation of chordates may not be as evident at first glance, but is visible in chordates with vertebral columns as well as during the embryological development of chordates for example.

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Survey of the Animal Kingdom

B. List and explain the evolutionary significance of 3 adaptations that are unique to each phyla when contrasting arthropods and chordates. Adaptations unique arthropods and chordates Adaptation Significance (1 point for each of the following) (1 point for each of the following) Arthropods _Jointed appendages _Increased mobility or increased mechanical advantage of lever arms _Exoskeleton (chitin) _Increased protection (armor-like function) _Waterproofing to decrease water loss _Strong and increased surface area for attachment of muscle _Respiratory: tracheal systems _Found in insects, tracheal systems increase the surface area for gas exchange. _Respiratory: book lungs _Found in spiders, book lungs increase the surface area for gas exchange. _Excretory/Osmolarity: Malpighian tubules _Results in increased efficiency (less water loss) of excretion. Chordates _Endoskeleton _Bone structure increases strength to weight ratio relative to the chitinous exoskeleton. _Vulnerability during molting is no longer an issue _Notochord _Notochord may act as muscular attachment and in most chordates represents the precursor of a backbone. _Dorsal hollow nerve cord _Increased nervous system complexity _Pharyngeal gill slits _More advanced gill structures for gas exchange _Gill slits may develop into other structures in chordates bearing lungs (ear slits and vocal structures in humans for example). _Muscular postanal tail _Increased mobility in aquatic creatures

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